Znii and Cuii-Based Coordination Polymers and Metal Organic Frameworks by the of Use of 2-Pyridyl Oximes and 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic Acid

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Znii and Cuii-Based Coordination Polymers and Metal Organic Frameworks by the of Use of 2-Pyridyl Oximes and 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic Acid molecules Article ZnII and CuII-Based Coordination Polymers and Metal Organic Frameworks by the of Use of 2-Pyridyl Oximes and 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic Acid Ioannis Mylonas-Margaritis 1 , Julia Mayans 2 , Patrick McArdle 1 and Constantina Papatriantafyllopoulou 1,* 1 School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; [email protected] (I.M.-M.); [email protected] (P.M.) 2 Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna Valencia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +353-91-493-462 Abstract: The simultaneous use of 2-pyridyl oximes (pyridine-2 amidoxime, H2pyaox; 2-methyl pyridyl ketoxime, Hmpko) and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3btc) provided access to five new compounds, namely [Zn(H2btc)2(H2pyaox)2]•2H2O(1•2H2O), [Zn(Hbtc)(H2pyaox)2]n (2), [Cu(Hbtc)(H2pyaox)]n (3), [Cu(Hbtc)(HmpKo)]n (4) and [Cu2(Hbtc)2(Hmpko)2(H2O)2]•4H2O(5•4H2O). Among them, 3 is the first example of a metal-organic framework (MOF) containing H2pyaox. Its framework can be described as a 3-c uninodal net of hcb topology with the layers being parallel to the (1,0,1) plane. Furthermore, 3 is the third reported MOF based on a 2-pyridyl oxime in general. 2 and 4 are new members of a small family of coordination polymers containing an oximic ligand. 1–5 form 3D networks through strong intermolecular interactions. Dc magnetic susceptibility studies were carried out in a crystalline sample of 3 and revealed the presence of weak exchange interactions between the metal centres; the Citation: Mylonas-Margaritis, I.; − −1 Mayans, J.; McArdle, P.; experimental data were fitted to a theoretical model with the fitting parameters being J = 0.16(1) cm Papatriantafyllopoulou, C. ZnII and and g = 2.085(1). The isotropic g value was also confirmed by electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) CuII-Based Coordination Polymers spectroscopy. Reactivity studies were performed for 3 in the presence of metal ions; the reaction progress and Metal Organic Frameworks by was studied and discussed for Fe(NO3)3 by the use of several characterization techniques, including the of Use of 2-Pyridyl Oximes and single crystal X-ray crystallography and IR spectroscopy. 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic Acid. Molecules 2021, 26, 491. https:// Keywords: coordination polymers; metal-organic frameworks (MOFs); carboxylates; pyridyl oximes; doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020491 zinc; copper Academic Editor: Vito Lippolis Received: 22 December 2020 Accepted: 12 January 2021 1. Introduction Published: 18 January 2021 The synthesis and characterization of metal coordination polymers and metal-organic Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral frameworks (MOFs) have attracted a considerable research interest worldwide over the last with regard to jurisdictional claims in decades, which stems from their technological, environmental and biomedical applications published maps and institutional affil- in sensing, catalysis, imaging, drug delivery, etc. [1–10]. Such species consist of mononu- iations. clear or low nuclearity inorganic units, which are linked through organic linkers with the nature of the metal ions and the organic linkers affecting their structure, having also the po- tential to introduce additional functionalities and physical properties in to the framework, e.g., photoluminescence, magnetism. For example, some 1D coordination polymers exhibit single chain magnetism (SCM) behaviour, and are promising candidates for applications in Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. quantum computing, high-density information storage, etc. [11–24]. As the dimensionality This article is an open access article of the framework increases, the induced porosity is combined in a synergistic way with distributed under the terms and its other physical properties, leading to the formation of hybrid multifunctional materials, conditions of the Creative Commons with enhanced performance in a variety of applications (spintronics, photonics, catalysis Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// and others). creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Restricting further discussion to MOFs [8–10], they display a wide range of desirable 4.0/). structural features, such as large surface area, high porosity, flexible structure, stability Molecules 2021, 26, 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020491 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2021, 26, 491 2 of 16 gistic way with its other physical properties, leading to the formation of hybrid multifunc- tional materials, with enhanced performance in a variety of applications (spintronics, pho- tonics, catalysis and others). Molecules 2021, 26, 491 Restricting further discussion to MOFs [8–10], they display a wide range of desirable2 of 16 structural features, such as large surface area, high porosity, flexible structure, stability and the possibility of controlled and targeted introduction of functional groups into the framework. Furthermore, some MOFs possess phenomena that affect their porosity and and the possibility of controlled and targeted introduction of functional groups into the stability, namely the interpenetration and the breathing effect [25–29]. The former refers framework. Furthermore, some MOFs possess phenomena that affect their porosity and to the cases where more than one networks are catenated with each other [25–27], which stability, namely the interpenetration and the breathing effect [25–29]. The former refers potentially results in the increase of the surface area and stability of the MOF, and in the to the cases where more than one networks are catenated with each other [25–27], which decrease of its pore diameter. The breathing effect is related to the change of the MOF pore potentially results in the increase of the surface area and stability of the MOF, and in the dimensions upon encapsulation of a guest molecule as a result of the change of the inter- decrease of its pore diameter. The breathing effect is related to the change of the MOF molecular interactions [28,29]. The unique properties of MOFs and their structural tuna- pore dimensions upon encapsulation of a guest molecule as a result of the change of the bility make these materials especially suitable for encapsulating a plethora of different intermolecular interactions [28,29]. The unique properties of MOFs and their structural guesttunability molecules. make these materials especially suitable for encapsulating a plethora of different guestThe molecules. wide range of applications of MOFs and coordination polymers constitute an increasingThe wide need range for the of development applications ofof MOFsefficient and synthetic coordination approaches polymers towards constitute new spe- an ciesincreasing with enhanced need for porosity the development and stability. of efficient The vast synthetic majority approaches of MOFs has towards been newsynthesized species withusing enhanced solvothermal porosity techniques, and stability. while Theother vast approaches majority have of MOFs been has developed been synthesized in recent years,using solvothermalbased on post techniques,-synthetic, isoreticular, while other microwave approaches-assisted, have been mechanochemical developed in recent and years,sonochemical based on synthesis post-synthetic, [30–38]. Each isoreticular, of thesemicrowave-assisted, synthetic approaches mechanochemical often leads to different and species,sonochemical whose synthesis properties [30 are–38 me].rely Each dictated of these by synthetic the organic approaches ligands that often link leads the neigh- to dif- bouringferent species, SBUs, whoseand by propertiesthe nuclearity are and merely type dictated of the metal by the ion organic that is ligandspresent thatin the link struc- the ture.neighbouring The organic SBUs, linkers and possess by thenuclearity suitable coordination and type of sites the metalfor the ion formation that is present of the frame- in the work,structure. providing The organic the desirable linkers possessflexibility suitable and stability. coordination The hydrogen sites for thebonding, formation π–π ofstack- the ing,framework, and other providing intermolecular the desirable interactions flexibility also affect and stability. the architecture The hydrogen of the overall bonding, frame-π–π workstacking, and and the otherMOF intermolecularselectivity towards interactions specific alsoguest affect molecules. the architecture A large number of the overall of or- ganicframework linkers and has the now MOF been selectivity employed towards in MOFs specific synthesis guest including molecules. imidazolates, A large number pyri- dine,of organic carboxylates linkers, hasetc., nowwith beenthe latter employed being one in MOFs of the synthesismost commonly including used, imidazolates, resulting in pyridine,MOFs with carboxylates, a wide range etc., of with pores the sizes latter and being shapes one of[39 the–49 most]. The commonly combination used, ofresulting two dif- ferentin MOFs linkers with has a wide been rangealso employed of pores sizesfor the and synthesis shapes [of39 new–49]. MOFs; The combination in this case, ofone two of thedifferent ligands linkers often has plays been the also role employed of the pillar for the that synthesis link parallel of new layers MOFs; leading in this case, to the one for- of mationthe ligands of oftenpillar plays-layered the roleMOFs of thewith pillar
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