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Implementing Gehl's Theory to Study Urban Space. the Case Of sustainability Article Implementing Gehl’s Theory to Study Urban Space. The Case of Monotowns Damiano Cerrone 1, Jesús López Baeza 2,* , Panu Lehtovuori 1, Daniele Quercia 3,4, Rossano Schifanella 5 and Luca Aiello 6 1 Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland; [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (P.L.) 2 Digital City Science, Hafen City Universität Hamburg, 20535 Hamburg, Germany 3 Social Dynamics, Nokia Bell Labs, Cambridge CB21TN, UK; [email protected] 4 3 CUSP, King’s College London, London WC2R2LS, UK 5 Computer Science Department, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; [email protected] 6 Computational Social Science, IT University of Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The paper presents a method to operationalize Jan Gehl’s questions for public space into metrics to map Russian monotowns’ urban life in 2017. With the use of social media data, it becomes possible to scale Gehl’s approach from the survey of small urban areas to the analysis of entire cities while maintaining the human scale’s resolution. When underperforming public spaces are detected, we propose a matrix for urban design interventions using Jane Jacobs’ typologies for good city life. Furthermore, this method could be deployed to improve the conditions of public spaces Citation: Cerrone, D.; López Baeza, in Russian monotowns through a series of architectural briefs for design competitions and urban J.; Lehtovuori, P.; Quercia, D.; design guidelines for local administrations. Schifanella, R.; Aiello, L. Implementing Gehl’s Theory to Study Keywords: monotowns; urban analytics; G.I.S.; dataviz Urban Space. The Case of Monotowns. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su13095105 1. Introduction Academic Editors: Leticia Monotowns are urban settlements whose economy is dominated by a single industry Serrano-Estrada, Pablo Martí and or company. The term is relevant, especially in Russia, where the Soviet-era economic and Carmela Cucuzzella military planning created hundreds of single-industry towns. Typically, monotowns were planned close to natural resources, such as precious minerals, coal, and waterpower, and Received: 5 March 2021 far from state borders for protection from war [1]. While the majority of monotowns are Accepted: 30 April 2021 located in central Russia and along the river Volga, many are also in Southern and Eastern Published: 2 May 2021 Siberia and Russia’s arctic zone (Figure1). In an international comparison, rather similar factory towns, mill towns, or company Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral towns were built in the UK, US, Germany, and Japan during the early phases of industri- with regard to jurisdictional claims in alization. In Western societies, the rise of the welfare state and structural changes in the published maps and institutional affil- economy made the company town model gradually obsolete. In Russia, the economy’s iations. structural change is currently underway, making monotowns topical both for academic analysis and policy interventions [2]. According to Turgel [3], monotowns account for 43–46 percent of all Russian cities. Roughly 40 percent of the country’s G.D.P. is put up in monotowns [4]. Officially, a Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. municipality is considered a monotown if it fills the following criteria: (1) it has status Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. as an urban district or urban settlement; (2) its population exceeds 3000 people; (3) the This article is an open access article core-company employs at least 20 per cent of the local workforce; and (4) the core-company distributed under the terms and operates in mining or industry, except oil and gas. With these criteria, Russia had 319 conditions of the Creative Commons monotowns in 2017, with a total population of 14 million. The largest monotown is Tolyatti, Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// a car-making city of 700,000, and the most remote is Beringovsky, a tiny port at the arctic creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Bering Sea. 4.0/). Sustainability 2021, 13, 5105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095105 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 17 Sustainability 2021, 13, 5105 2 of 17 Figure 1. Location of Russian monotowns. Amongst academics, it is generally understood that Russian monotowns experience Figureserious 1. Location difficulties of Russian [5]. Since monotowns. the collapse of the Soviet Union, their problems have evolved in complex ways, however, and the general picture of monotowns and their future is varied.In an In international the 1990s, monotowns comparison, lost rather the Soviet-planned similar factory towns, economic mill support towns, andor company linkages. townTheirs were production built in declinedthe UK, US, and Germany, became uncompetitive, and Japan during and the workers’ early phases wages of decreased.industri- alization.The town-forming In Western enterprisessocieties, the downsized rise of the the welfare social state services and structural they used changes to provide in the for economycitizens, loweringmade the theircompany quality town of life. model Kryukova gradually et al. obsolete. [1] succinctly In Russia, summarize the economy’s that “the structuralmain problem change of social is currently development underway, of monotowns making in monotowns Russia is a fact,topical that both living for standards academic of analysisthe population and policy directly interventions depend on [2]. the financial and economic situation at the core enterprise.” AroundAccording the year to 2000,Turgel monotowns’ [3], monotowns living standardsaccount for started 43–46to percent differentiate; of all Russian however, cities. cities Roughlybased on 40 oil percent and metallurgy of the country’s could tap G.D.P. into theis put international up in monotowns export markets [4]. Officially, and developed a mu- nicipalityrelatively is well. considered The World a monoto Financialwn Crisisif it fills and the subsequent following national criteria: shocks (1) it has stopped status most as an of urbanthe positive district developments, or urban settlement; leading (2) to protestsits population and unrest exceeds in some 3000 locations people; (3) (e.g., the [4 ]),core- but companysome monotowns employs remainat least stable20 per today cent [of1]. th Ae specificlocal workforce; challenge and is a predatory(4) the core-company privatization. operatesAn example in mining is provided or industry, by the aluminumexcept oil companyand gas. RUSAL,With these which criteria, possesses Russia a number had 319 of town-forming plants but failed to invest any profits into the production, not to mention monotowns in 2017, with a total population of 14 million. The largest monotown is Toly- city-building, thus damaging its own business [5]. atti, a car-making city of 700,000, and the most remote is Beringovsky, a tiny port at the arctic1.1. ImportanceBering Sea. to Study the Quality of Life in Monotowns Amongst academics, it is generally understood that Russian monotowns experience Monotowns are, by definition specialized. Specialization made them efficient in the serious difficulties [5]. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, their problems have evolved Soviet era, but they lack the diversity that could foster innovation and good social life in complex ways, however, and the general picture of monotowns and their future is var- in the contemporary situation. Monotowns fell prey to lock-ins, which turned the initial ied. In the 1990s, monotowns lost the Soviet-planned economic support and linkages. strengths of the highly developed and specialized infrastructure, close interfirm linkages, Their production declined and became uncompetitive, and workers’ wages decreased. and political support to obstacles and shortcomings. Grabher [6] distinguishes three major The town-forming enterprises downsized the social services they used to provide for cit- lock-ins that old industrial districts have the tendency to face: functional, cognitive, and izens, lowering their quality of life. Kryukova et al. [1] succinctly summarize that “the main political. In the Russian context, Didyk et al. [7] further highlight the notion of geographical problem of social development of monotowns in Russia is a fact, that living standards of the popu- lock-ins, which refers to the long distances, inadequate infrastructures, and harsh climate lationthat maydirectly make depend some on monotownsthe financial and hostile economic places situation to live. at the core enterprise.” Around the year 2000,While monotowns’ there are significant living standards differences started from to town differentiate; to town, in however, general, Russia’scities based Federal on oilGovernment and metallurgy aims tocould diversify tap into monotowns’ the international economy. export This is markets reflected and in the developed national policyrela- tivelyprogram well. “Comprehensive The World Financial Development Crisis and of subsequent Monotowns”. national Among shocks more stopped traditional most tools, of thethe positive program developments, focuses on improving leading to the protests urban and environment unrest in some and publiclocations space (e.g., to [4]), improve but somethe quality monotowns of life andremain foster stable positive today socioeconomic [1]. A specific processes. challenge Thus,is a predatory Russian monotowns privatiza- tion.clearly An example
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