DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Thesis Draft

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Thesis Draft EXPLORING THE SOCIAL BASES OF HOME GARDENING A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Justin Schupp, B.S. Graduate Program in Rural Sociology The Ohio State University 2009 Master’s Examination Committee: Dr. Jeff S. Sharp, Advisor Dr. Joseph Donnermeyer Copyright by Justin Schupp 2009 ABSTRACT The study of and participation in alternatives to conventional industrial agricultural production have risen steadily in popularity in recent years. Several different types of production have been embraced, utilized, and studied. While many types of alternative production and the motivations to participate have been studied, there have been significant gaps in the literature. One such dearth appears in the work done on those participating in self-provisioning activities. This study begins to fill the gap by looking at the self-provisioning activity of household home gardening using data from the 2008 Ohio Survey of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Issues. Discerning who the household gardeners are seems important given the recent economic, cultural, and political climate of the United States. The results show that household home gardening is occurring throughout the state of Ohio. In addition, bivariate and multivariate analysis show noteworthy associations between gardening and several household characteristics, including location in the countryside and on farms; the demonstration of environmentalist and economic hardship behaviors; and high levels of engagement in more localized food systems. ii DEDICATION Dedicated to my wife, Carly Keehn-Schupp, whose love and support made this possible, and Snoopy and Zamboni, for keeping the good life in perspective iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many individuals to whom I owe a deep sense of gratitude as I have completed this thesis. I would first like to thank Jeff Sharp as serving as my advisor. I am especially thankful for his time and guidance in helping me prepare this project, as without it I would have never been able to finish. I will forever remember our weekly chats in his office while we worked out the finer details not only of this document, but of my plans for life as an effective individual in academia. I would also like to thank Joseph Donnermeyer for agreeing to serve on my committee. His contribution to this document was invaluable. May I one day be able to emulate the deep passion and drive that you bring to your work every day. There are many others whom I would like to thank because their assistance was indispensable in helping me to complete this project. In no particular order, I would like to thank: Dr. Lazarus Adua, Dr. Molly Bean-Smith, Kelly Turpin, Anjel Stough-Hunter, Dani Deemer, and Daniel Foster. All of you have contributed not only to the success in this project but also to my development as a sociologist. Lastly, I would like to thank my wife, Carly Keehn-Schupp. Words cannot begin to express how important she has been as I have worked on this document. Her constant love, support, and challenge to succeed have been irreplaceable and, though it may not have seemed like this all the time, deeply appreciated. iv VITA June 9th, 1981 . Born, Boulder, Colorado 2005 . B.S. in Sociology, Colorado State University 2007 - Present . .Graduate Student, The Ohio State University 2008 - Present . .Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Rural Sociology v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii VITA . v LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF FIGURES . x Chapters: 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Study Background and Goal . 1 1.2 Significance of the Study . .. 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW . .. 7 2.1 Review of the Literature and Propositions . .. 7 Gardening in Historical Context . .. 7 2.2 Empirical and Theoretical Foundation . 20 Differences between Rural and Urban . 22 Environmental Literature . .. 26 Economic Hardship and Self-Provisioning. 33 Literature on Agriculture and Food . .43 2.3 Reviewing the Theoretical Predictions and Hypotheses . 49 3. RESEARCH DESIGN . 51 3.1 Source of Data . .51 3.2 Sampling Procedure . 51 3.3 Sample Limitations. 51 3.4 Variable Measurements. 52 vi 3.4.1 Dependent Variable . 55 3.4.2 Independent Variables . 57 3.4.3 Control Variables. 70 3.5 Type of Data Analyses . 73 3.6 Measurement Model. 73 4. RESULTS . 75 4.1 Results from Bivariate Analysis . 75 4.2 Bivariate Analysis Between Dependent and Independent Variables . 76 4.3 Logistic Regression Analysis. 83 4.3.1 Logistic Regression Diagnostics . 83 4.3.2 Logistic Regression . 86 4.4 Putting the Results Together . 91 5. CONCLUSION . 95 5.1 Summary and Discussion of the Overall Study Findings . 96 5.2 Reviewing the Research Question . 99 5.3 Study Limitations . .100 5.4 Implications for Theory and Future Research . 106 5.5 Implications for Policy. .108 LIST OF REFERENCES . 110 APPENDIX: SURVEY INSTRUMENT . .120 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Survey Sample and the state of Ohio .53 3.2 Descriptive Statistics for the Dependent Variable. 55 3.3 Descriptive Statistics for the Rural to Urban Continuum Variable. 58 3.4 Descriptive Statistics for the Current Geographic Location Variable . .. .60 3.5 Sample Statistic of Variables Making Up Environmental Behaviors . .63 3.6 Histogram of the Environmental Behavior Count Variable . 63 3.7 Histogram of the Economic Hardship Behavior Count Variable . .. 65 3.8 Factor Analysis Results for Engagement in Local Foods. 67 3.9 Sample Statistic for the Variables Measuring Engagement in Local Foods . 67 3.10 Histogram of Money Spent on Buying Directly From a Farmer . 67 3.11 Descriptive Statistics for the Control Variables. 71 4.1 Chi2 test on Garden Present with Independent Variables . 80 4.2 Independent t-sample Tests between Dependent and Independent Variables .. 81 4.3 Correlation Coefficients of the Independent Variables . .. 84 4.4 Logistic Regression Model for the Likelihood of Household Gardening . 89 4.5 Goodness of Fit Test Results . 89 4.6 Direction of Predicted Relationship Between Independent and Dependent Variables from the Literature Review, Study Predictions, and Model Results.. 92 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 3.1 Measurement Model . 73 4.1 Revisiting the Measurement Model . 93 ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Study Background and Goal Participation in alternatives to conventional industrial agricultural production has steadily risen in popularity in recent years. Several different types of production have been embraced, utilized, and studied. One of the most cited examples of alternative agriculture production is the organic industrial production system. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, 2006) reported that in 2005, for the first time, each of the fifty States in the U.S. had some amount of certified organic cropland, totaling more than four million acres nationwide. Further demonstrating this growth in production, Fromartz (2006) states that sales of food items produced organically have increased by an average of twenty percent per year since 1990, reaching the $40 billion level worldwide in 2006 (Organic Monitor 2006). In addition, there has been an increased participation in the local foods movement, which is another indicator of the rising tide of interest in alternative production types. Both Lyson (2007) and Ostrom et al. (2007) have documented the increasing level of involvement in civic agriculture and direct farmer-to- consumer interaction as alternatives to the conventional industrial production system. Typically, supporters have been motivated to get involved in alternative production techniques because of three overarching themes: food production preference, the consideration of the environment, and concerns of societal impact. Notably, these 1 themes are rarely subscribed to individually and should not be considered mutually exclusive. Consumers have demonstrated an inclination for food that is produced outside the conventional agricultural norms. Govindasamy et al. (1998) found that the reemergence of farmers’ markets could be traced in part to consumers' desire to have fresher and better-quality food than the conventional industrial system offers. Similarly, Allen (2004) posits that certain individuals attempt to avoid conventionally produced food because it has, “become almost a negation of itself, either because it is absent, harmful to . health, or because it is virtual in the sense of any nutritional content has been neutralized (p. 24).” Gaining significant momentum in the 1970s in the United States, Hannigan (1995) notes, concern for the preservation of the environment has been significant in several areas of life, especially agriculture. Beus and Dunlap (1990) note that an increasing number of individuals consider the environmental cost of conventional agriculture to be too high. For example, individuals and organizations identifying themselves as environmentally concerned decry the deleterious effects of conventional food production upon the environment, especially on the soil and water utilized (see Trautmann and Porter 1989 for example). The negative externalities have functioned as one of the prime motivating factors for attracting individuals to alternative agricultural techniques. Concern for the social impact of conventional agriculture has served as the third motivating theme for individuals to consider alternative agriculture techniques. 2 Literature has documented numerous instances of individuals choosing alternative
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History and Development of Groves in English Formal Gardens
    This is a repository copy of The history and development of groves in English formal gardens. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/120902/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Woudstra, J. orcid.org/0000-0001-9625-2998 (2017) The history and development of groves in English formal gardens. In: Woudstra, J. and Roth, C., (eds.) A History of Groves. Routledge , Abingdon, Oxon , pp. 67-85. ISBN 978-1-138-67480-6 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ The history and development of groves in English formal gardens (1600- 1750) Jan Woudstra It is possible to identify national trends in the development of groves in gardens in England from their inception in the sixteenth century as so-called wildernesses. By looking through the lens of an early eighteenth century French garden design treatise, we can trace their rise to popularity during the second half of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century to their gradual decline as a garden feature during the second half of the eighteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • The RHS Lindley Library IBRARY L INDLEY RHS, L
    Occasional Papers from The RHS Lindley Library IBRARY L INDLEY RHS, L VOLUME NINE DECEMBER 2012 The history of garden history Cover illustration: Engraved illustration of the gardens at Versailles, from Les Jardins: histoire et description by Arthur Mangin (c.1825–1887), published in 1867. Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library Editor: Dr Brent Elliott Production & layout: Richard Sanford Printed copies are distributed to libraries and institutions with an interest in horticulture. Volumes are also available on the RHS website (www. rhs.org.uk/occasionalpapers). Requests for further information may be sent to the Editor at the address (Vincent Square) below, or by email (brentelliottrhs.org.uk). Access and consultation arrangements for works listed in this volume The RHS Lindley Library is the world’s leading horticultural library. The majority of the Library’s holdings are open access. However, our rarer items, including many mentioned throughout this volume, are fragile and cannot take frequent handling. The works listed here should be requested in writing, in advance, to check their availability for consultation. Items may be unavailable for various reasons, so readers should make prior appointments to consult materials from the art, rare books, archive, research and ephemera collections. It is the Library’s policy to provide or create surrogates for consultation wherever possible. We are actively seeking fundraising in support of our ongoing surrogacy, preservation and conservation programmes. For further information, or to request an appointment, please contact: RHS Lindley Library, London RHS Lindley Library, Wisley 80 Vincent Square RHS Garden Wisley London SW1P 2PE Woking GU23 6QB T: 020 7821 3050 T: 01483 212428 E: library.londonrhs.org.uk E : library.wisleyrhs.org.uk Occasional Papers from The RHS Lindley Library Volume 9, December 2012 B.
    [Show full text]
  • A Christ-Centered Garden a Quick Glance at the History of Gardening
    A Christ-Centered Garden A quick glance at the history of gardening in the United States reveals the vital role of the home garden as a means of achieving household security and economic independence. As the United States moved from an agrarian to an industrialized society in the 19th century, the apothecary’s garden of Plymouth, Abigail Adams’ domain during the Revolutionary War, and the Victory Gardens of WW I and WW II were forgotten much to our national detriment. On a personal level, as we distanced ourselves from nature, we simultaneously and unwittingly distanced ourselves from nature’s God. It is my desire through this document to encourage a return to personal responsibility for our food sources and a renewed focus on the Gardener of our souls. A garden is ever particular to the people it serves and its location. This garden supports a family of 6 and produces spare to share with friends, family, and the needy. As it is located on the tundra of the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska, it has one major advantage and several disadvantages. While this land boasts magnificent-sized vegetables due to excessively long summer days, variety of produce and seed saving are limited by a short 3 month growing season. Furthermore, the long dark winter months and generally cold climate prevent the success of most perennial food crops (such as grains, asparagus, herbs, artichokes, fruit and nut trees) and most perennial flowers. Thankfully, there are often wild substitutes for these such as cranberries, blueberries, salmonberries, strawberries, yarrow, stinging nettle, chamomile, wild rose, and others.
    [Show full text]
  • Dacha Dwellers and Gardeners: Garden Plots and Second Houses in Europe and Russia
    Population and Economics 3(1): 107–124 DOI 10.3897/popecon.3.e34783 RESEARCH ARTICLE Dacha dwellers and gardeners: garden plots and second homes in Europe and Russia Alexander V. Rusanov1 1 Faculty of Geography, The Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Received 1 February 2019 ♦ Accepted 25 March 2019 ♦ Published 12 April 2019 Citation: Rusanov AV (2019) Dacha dwellers and gardeners: garden plots and second homes in Europe and Russia. Population and Economics 3(1): 107–124. https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e34783 Abstract One of the ways to solve the problems associated with rapid growth of urban population and the development of industry in Western Europe in the 19th century was the creation of collective gar- dens and vegetable plots, which could be used to grow food for personal consumption. The peak of their popularity was during the First and Second World Wars. In the second half of the 20th century, as food shortages decrease, the number of garden plots in Western Europe sharply decreased. The revival of interest in gardening at the end of the 20 century is connected with the development of na- ture protection movement and ecological culture. In Eastern Europe, most of the collective gardens and vegetable plots appeared after the Second World War in a planned economy, they were most popular during the periods of economic recession. In some countries – Russia, Poland – gardeners have now become one of the largest land users. The article deals with the history and main factors that influenced the development of collective gardening and vegetable gardening in Europe and ana- lyzes the laws presently regulating the activity of gardeners.
    [Show full text]
  • Gardens and Stewardship
    GARDENS AND STEWARDSHIP Thaddeus Zagorski (Bachelor of Theology; Diploma of Education; Certificate 111 in Amenity Horticulture; Graduate Diploma in Environmental Studies with Honours) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2007 School of Geography and Environmental Studies University of Tasmania STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for any other degree or graduate diploma by the University of Tasmania or in any other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by other persons, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis or in footnotes. Thaddeus Zagorski University of Tasmania Date: This thesis may be made available for loan or limited copying in accordance with the Australian Copyright Act of 1968. Thaddeus Zagorski University of Tasmania Date: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is not merely the achievement of a personal goal, but a culmination of a journey that started many, many years ago. As culmination it is also an impetus to continue to that journey. In achieving this personal goal many people, supervisors, friends, family and University colleagues have been instrumental in contributing to the final product. The initial motivation and inspiration for me to start this study was given by Professor Jamie Kirkpatrick, Dr. Elaine Stratford, and my friend Alison Howman. For that challenge I thank you. I am deeply indebted to my three supervisors Professor Jamie Kirkpatrick, Dr. Elaine Stratford and Dr. Aidan Davison. Each in their individual, concerted and special way guided me to this omega point.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Gardening
    Hist ory of Gardening 600-850 HE COLOR OF RIPE TOMATOES, the juicy tang of a peach, the Tgreen evenness of a lawn, the sweet scent of lilies and lilacs… Summer is the time for gardeners, and this exhibit celebrates the season with a select ion of books on several diff erent types of garden- ing. From antiquity to the present, interest in gardens has generated a steady supply of books on plants, planting advice, and landscape design. Th is exhibit focuses on gardening in the seventeenth, eigh- teenth, and nineteenth centuries, taking into account formal es- tate gardens, kitchen gardens, tree nurseries, and other plantings. Gardeners during this period ranged from aristocratic hobbyists and landowners to the more humbly born professional grounds- keepers hired to manage estates both great and small. Hybridizers and botanists introduced exciting new varieties of fruits, vegetables, and fl owers into gardens across the Europe and the Americas. In England, fi gures like “Capability” Brown and Humphry Repton made names for themselves as landscape architect s on a grand scale, while botanists and nurserymen like William Curtis and Leonard Meager contributed to the gardener’s stock of pract ical information on specifi c plants. From the proper way to prune fruit trees to the fashionable layout of a great estate, these books record how gardeners select ed, planned, and cared for their plantings. Viewers are invited to read, enjoy, and imagine the colors, fl avors, sights and smells of summers long past. e Kitchen Garden ITCHENITCHEN gardens were the heart of rural food produc- Ktion, wherewhere everythingeverything fromfrom the tenderesttenderest peaches and plums to the hardiest cabbage and kale were grown.
    [Show full text]
  • Making and Running Great Gardens 1700 - 1900 Transcript
    Making and Running Great Gardens 1700 - 1900 Transcript Date: Thursday, 20 June 2013 - 6:00PM Location: Barnard's Inn Hall 20 June 2013 Making and Running Great Gardens 1700 - 1900 Professor Sir Roderick Floud In my first Gresham lecture on the economic history of British gardening, two years ago, I argued that gardening is not only a pleasant pastime, or some might say an all-consuming obsession, but also an economic activity of substantial importance. Today, the annual turnover of the horticultural trades is about £5 billion, but even this large sum is dwarfed by the value of the amount of time that we spend on gardening – more on average than we use looking after children – and by the value of the land that we use for gardens in our towns and cities. Moreover, this economic activity has been carried on, on a large scale, since at least the middle of the seventeenth century. For these reasons, gardening deserves to be described and analysed by historians not just as an aspect of the history of art and design – which has been fhe focus of most garden history – but as the history of an important industry. Most gardening is and was done by ordinary people, growing their vegetables and flowers in backyards, plots and allotments. But one of the most visible signs today of the historical love of gardens and gardening is the plethora of great gardens. These were created during the past four centuries and survive today, lovingly cared for by their owners, by the National Trust or by English Heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Gardening in India
    HISTORY OF GARDENING IN INDIA Gardening has been popular in India since ancient times, India is the place of origin of many plants of floricultural importance like orchids (Cymbidium, Dendrobium etc.), Asoka tree, Cassia fistula, jasmine, Barleria, Clitoria etc. The epics of the Aryans, the Ramayana and the Mahabharatha (compiled during 500 BC) mentioned about gardens, trees and flowers. In Mahabharatha, reference has been made about the beautiful gardens of the city of Indraprastha. We have also read about the garden named ‘Ashokasvana’ in the Ramayana, in which Sita was in captivity. Kalidasa in his play ‘Shakunthalam’ referred to pleasure gardens with beautiful ornamental trees and climbers. During the Buddhist period, gardens were laid out around the monasteries and stupas and there were beautiful gardens in Nalanda and Takshashila. The custom of use of flowers in worship was borrowed by the Chinese and Japanese from India. Since time immemorial some trees were considered sacred in India. The early Islamic gardens in India were designed by Persians and very much resembled the gardens of Iran. The greatest Islamic gardens in India were those planted by the Mughal emperors. Mughals were the true lovers of plants and gardens. They introduced many new ornamental and plants in India. Moreover, several historic gardens were developed during Mughal period. Babar (1526-1530AD), /Akbar (1556-1605 AD), Jahangir (1605-1627 AD), Shah Jahan (1627-1658 AD) were the mughal rulers who made significant contribution in garden development in India and laid the foundation of ‘Mughal style gardening’ and its popularization. Remarkable gardens like ‘Nishat gardens’, ‘Shalimar gardens’ etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Early 19Th Century Planting Pots from Gore Place, Waltham, Massachusetts Rita A
    University of Massachusetts Boston ScholarWorks at UMass Boston Graduate Masters Theses Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses 8-2010 "A Good Sized Pot": Early 19th Century Planting Pots from Gore Place, Waltham, Massachusetts Rita A. DeForest University of Massachusetts Boston Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.umb.edu/masters_theses Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation DeForest, Rita A., ""A Good Sized Pot": Early 19th Century Planting Pots from Gore Place, Waltham, Massachusetts" (2010). Graduate Masters Theses. Paper 16. This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses at ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “A GOOD SIZED POT”: EARLY 19TH CENTURY PLANTING POTS FROM GORE PLACE, WALTHAM, MASSACHUSETTS A Thesis Presented by RITA A. DEFOREST Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2010 Historical Archaeology Program © 2010 by Rita A. DeForest All rights reserved “A GOOD SIZED POT”: EARLY 19TH CENTURY PLANTING POTS FROM GORE PLACE, WALTHAM, MASSACHUSETTS A Thesis Presented by RITA A. DEFOREST Approved as to style and content by: ____________________________________________ Christa
    [Show full text]
  • Library Catalog by Author
    HPSO Library Catalog sorted by Author Dec. 10, 2020 CALL AUTHOR TITLE CALL CATEGORY CALL# LETTERS Ackerman, Diane Cultivating Delight LITERATURE 800 ACK Adams, Dave Winter Care VIDEO: Winter 999 ADA Adams, Denise Wiles Restoring American Gardens DESIGN: Specific Flowers 757 ADA Adams, George Birdscaping Your Garden NHG: Wildlife 763 ADA Adams, George Gardening for the Birds NHG:Wildlife 763 ADA Adams, Ian Art of Garden Photography, The PHOTOGRAPHY 157 ADA Adams, James Landscaping With Herbs HERBS 540 ADA Adams, Peter D. Bonsai Design Japanese Maples BONSAI 570 ADA Adams, Peter D. Bonsai with Japanese Maples BONSAI 570 ADA Adams, William Howard Grounds For Change GARDEN HISTORY 710 ADA Addkison, Andrew R 100 Garden Plans DESIGN: Conditions 750 ADD Adkins, Dorcas Simple Fountains WATER GARDENS 780 ADK Adler, Bill Jr. Outwitting Deer PEST MGMT: Animals 431 ADL Adler, Bill, Jr Outwitting Squirrels PEST MGMT: Animals 431 ADL Aiello, Amy Bryant, and Bryant, Terrarium Craft ARTS/CRAFTS 150 AIE Kate Albers, John J. Northwest Garden Manifesto, The SUSTAINABILITY 441 ALB Alexander, Rosemary English Gardening School, The DESIGN: European 734 ALE Alexander, Rosemary Essential Garden Design Wookbook, The DESIGN 730 ALE Alexander, Rosemary Essential Garden Maintenance Workbook, The GEN'L MAINTAINENCE 490 ALE Alexander, Rosemary Handbook For Garden Designers DESIGN 730 ALE Allaby, Michael Gardener's Guide to Weather and Climate ENVIRONMENT 140 ALL GARDENING: Gen'l and American Horticultural Society New Encyclopedia of Gardening Techniques 500 AME Reference Ammer, Christine Dictonary of Cliches ON WRITING 825 AMM DESIGN: Amos, Sharon Tough Plants 750 AMO Conditions/Wet/Dry/Difficult Anderson, Edward F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development and History of Horticulture - Edwinna Von Baeyer
    WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY - The Development and History of Horticulture - Edwinna von Baeyer THE DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE Edwinna von Baeyer 131 Sunnyside Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1S 0R2, Canada. Keywords: agriculture, bioengineering, flowers, fruit, garden, herbs, horticulture, hybrid, landscape, market gardening, nuts, ornamentals, plants, plant breeding, vegetables Contents 1. Introduction 2. What is horticulture? 3. The beginnings: the Neolithic Age 4. Egypt: birthplace of horticulture 5. Pre-Columbian Central and South American horticulture 6. Greek and Roman advances 7. China and Japan: horticultural centers of the Far East 8. Middle Ages in Europe up to the 1400s 8.1 Increasing Cross-fertilization between World Regions 9. Advancements during the Renaissance, 1400-1600 10. Horticultural science on the rise,1600s-1700s 11. Market garden history overview 12. The Industrial Revolution and up into the 1800s 12.1 Machine Power 12.2 Plant Exploration 12.3 The Home Garden 12.4 New Lands, New Crops 12.5 Supports for the Advancement of Horticulture 13. 1900s and into the 21st century 13.1 Chemicals 13.2. Plant Breeding 13.3. Refrigeration and Storage 13.4. Plastics 13.5. Standardization and Regulation 14. Conclusion GlossaryUNESCO – EOLSS Bibliography Biographical SketchSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary The history of horticulture is traced as it gradually developed independent of agriculture, into the sophisticated art and science that it is today. The article, given the wide scope of time, major events and geographic range, can only touch
    [Show full text]
  • History of Gardening in the N.W.T. by Karen Legresley
    Potato field by Anglican school and rectory, Hay River, N.W.T., 1928. History of Gardening in the N.W.T. by Karen LeGresley Gardening in the north has a relatively short history. Both in the Arc­ greater effort at agriculture, wishing to be less dependent on the HBC.• tic and subarctic, indigenous groups have traditional dietary patterns Many of these gardens took substantial effort to establish. Brother Patrick based on hunting and fishing. A variety of berries, leaves and roots have Kearney at the Fort Good Hope Mission: been used to supplyment the diets, but the nomadic lifestyles were not ". literally gathered handfuls of good soil from nearby lake conducive to any forms of gardening. The climate and soil also work bottoms. Eventually a tiny surplus was available to supply other against the gardener, though at least there are few insect species in the missions at Arctic Red River and later at Aklavik."' Arctic to eat the plants. Gradually the size and scope of the religious institutions expanded The best areas for gardening, in terms of climate and soil, are along to include schools and hospitals and the need for vegetables also the rivers. The early settlers from the Hudson's Bay Company took ad­ increased. 6 vantage of these areas. George Simpson, Governor of the HBC when it In early 1890s an Anglican farm and residential school were establish- merged with the North West Company, set up district headquarters of ed at Hay River. Reverend A. Vale reported in 1922: the company at Fort Simpson in 1821. By 1828, the Fort Simpson jour­ nal records the annual harvest: "About six acres of land are cultivated.
    [Show full text]