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U·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrightmaterial had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sectionswith small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9230479 Finding Victorias/reading biographies Fassiotto, Michael Eugene, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1992 Copyright @1992 by Fassiotto, Michael Eugene. All rights reserved. V·M·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 FINDING VICTORIAS/ READING BIOGRAPHIES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOcrOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH MAY 1992 By Michael E. Fassiotto Dissertation Committee: George Simson, Chairperson Anthony Friedson Craig Howes Alan MacGregor Larry Riggs iii © Copyright 1992 by Michael E. Fassiotto All rights reserved iv ABSTRACT Using biographies of Queen Victoria as an example, Finding Victorias/Reading Biographies traces the process a reader follows and the problems encountered when reading biographies. For the reader, the first step involves the recognition of the text as biography. This recognition is based on the presence of three attributes: that the text is organized chronologically, that the events discussed are considered "fact," and that the dominant general purpose of the text is to inform. Once the reader has recognized these defining attributes the text is processed through the reader's memory. Normally the reader will process the text using one or more of several perspectives. These perspectives can be classified into three general groups: those of source, those of compositions, and those of meaning. Finding Victorias/Reading Biographies posits that the perspectives are overlapping and that the reader will always use more than one perspective to process a text and because no two readers use exactly the same combination of perspectives in processing the text, each reading of a biography creates a new text. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .i v List of Tables vi What This Is Not/What This Is A Preface for Readers vii I. Victoria, Biography, and Victoria's Biographies l II. Art is Long 4 9 III. "That Dreadful, Infamous Book By Mr. C. Greville"......... 81 IV. 1839 109 V. Portraits of Real Victorias l 34 VI. Who Saved the Crown? .162 VII. The Mother of Us All.. .207 VIII. In the Year of the Jubilee 236 IX. And Afterwards: Reading Biographies 2 6 9 A Bibliography 288 vi LIST OF TABLES Table PAGE 1 Positive, Negative, and Neutral References 90 Queen Victoria in the First Four Chapters of Greville's Memoirs vii WHAT THIS IS NOT/ WHAT THIS IS? A PREFACE FOR READERS This is not a biography. For that the reader is directed to the two lists of biographies contained in the "Bibliography" at the end of this essay. The first list contains the works relevant to this work; the second contains other biographies which are not. I have read all of the biographies on the first list and some on the second. The better ones are mentioned within this text. Because I have read over seventy biographies of one kind or another which focus on Queen Victoria as the central subject-a task I would not wish on any other human being-please accept my word for it: they each tell pretty much the same story. Second, this is not a work of literary criticism. A book of literary criticism this size, it seems to me, would have to layout a complete theory of biography. This one does not. While it strays once in a while close to criticism, borrowing ideas eclectically, I like to believe-haphazardly I sometimes think-from many of what George Simson, the editor of Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly has called the current "ivities," it is not a consistent viii critical attack. I would refer those interested in biographical criticism again to the "Bibliography" at the end of the book, and, for those interested in developing such a theory, to Dr. Simson's journal. As encouragement to would-be theorists, I would also like to remind the reader that biography as a genre receives a surprising amount of discussion. Given the number of reviews of biographies, the number of books about biography, the number of periodicals from People and Us magazines to Biography, devoted to biography, and the number of articles about biography appearing in other journals, one would assume that biography as a genre would be a large factor in publishing. According to Publisher's Weekly (March 11, 1988, pp. 30-33), however, biographies make up only about 4% of the hardbound and paperback books published in the United States yearly and a little more than 1.8% of the mass market books published. Given the critical interest, one can assume that the small number of biographies published indicates a big return on the investment or a serious biography-buying public. Perhaps both. This work is a description of how we read biographies. It makes several points about the reading process as it pertains to biography and I would like to save the busy reader some time by explaining what these points are. First, this book contends that in reading biography, the reader is very conscious of the genre. Readers are consistently aware that the text is based on events ix which are assumed to have actually taken place, that the text will be arranged in roughly chronological order, and that the author has provided information about the subject. If these three conditions are not met, readers decide that they are reading something other than biography and change to a reading process other than the one outlined here. If they accept the text as biography, they move to a second step. The second step involves choosing a perspective from which to process the text. This book discusses seven different perspectives which are divided into three general groups. Two of these perspectives, those of subject and source, deal with the raw material, the evidence of biographical writing. Two deal with the structure and method of the biographer. Three-belief, context, and symbol-deal with the levels of explicit meaning in the text. The important thing for the reader to understand is that no one actually reads any biography from only one perspective. We mix and match the perspectives as we read the text depending upon the content and difficulty of the reading. For the average reader, whatever is easiest will be the reading method employed. Each reader of biography, then, creates a particular understanding of the text. As a result, each reader of biography discovers a different subject. While the biographer might give several clues or structures which will naturally lead the reader to see the text In a particular way, the actual process is based on the reader's x particular experience and the combination of different perspectives applied to the reading. Having said all of this, I would like to remind the reader that the text which follows simply elaborates on those ideas. Therefore, should your interest lie in some other direction than reading about reading, I would invite you, again, to use the lists at the back of this book. If, however, you would like to read about reading, and read about my reading of Queen Victoria biographies, I invite you to read on and create your own version of what you read here. 1 CHAPTER I VICTORIA, BIOGRAPHY, AND VICTORIA'S BIOGRAPHIES March 27th. Went yesterday to Wilkie to sit for the picture of the Queen's first Council. The likenesses are generally pretty good, but it is a very unfaithful representation of what actually took place. It was, of course, impossible to preserve all the details without sacrificing the effect, but the picture has some glaring improprieties, which diminish its interest, and deprive it of all value as an historical piece. Charles Greville, Memoirs You could hear her first: the rush of air as the footman, almost unseen, opened wide the door; the rustle of layers of silk; the soft tap of the cane upon the floor; and there she was on the arm of a tall Indian who looked taller and much slimmer because she was small and rather round. He helped her across the room to one end of the long, oval, Empire table, the table's edge paralleling the book-laden walls of the 2 room. After pulling out the chair and settling her into it, with a slight bow, and perhaps a salaam, he disappeared.
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