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Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine

Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine

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TITLE Contrasts in Blue: Life on the and the Rocky of Maine. INSTITUTION Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. PUB DATE 96 NOTE 17p. AVAILABLE FROM Smithsonian Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, "Art to Zoo," Arts and Industries Building 1163/MRC 402, Washington, DC 20560. PUB TYPE Collected Works - Serials (022)-- Guides Classroom - Teacher (052) JOURNAL CIT Art to Zoo: Teaching with the Power of Objects; Nov-Dec 1996 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *; Elementary Education; Instructional Materials; Integrated Activities; Interdisciplinary Approach; Marine -Biology; *Marine Education; Science Activities; Social Studies IDENTIFIERS * (Ocean); *Coral Reefs; Maine

ABSTRACT contrasts between the Caribbean and the Rocky coast of Maine are the focus of this instructional resource. The publication, issued four times a , explores single topics through an interdisciplinary, multicultural approach. The activities presented in this issue encourage students to consider the role of , sunlight, waves, and in the creation of unique marine environments.Following background information concerning the theme, a 3-step, integrated science and social studies lesson plan is given. Objectives, materials, and procedures are indicated. Three reproducible student activity pages,including one given in both English and Spanish, are included. A glossary, answer keys, and list of resources conclude the issue. (MM)

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help teachers bring into You may request a Cover photo Art to Zoo's purpose is to /Vep-trotei. coral reef. coast large-print or disk their classrooms the educational powerof museums I lard and soli and other community resources. version of Art to Zoo . fans, spinwes, Art toZoodrawson the Smithsonian'shundreds by writing to the and are visible. of exhibitions and programsfrom art,history. and address listed on the classroom- hack cover or by faxing Above photo science to aviation and folklifeto create wide, -strelm ready materials for grades fourthrough nine. to (202) 357-2116. intertidal :one at Pinkhant Each of the four annual issues explores asingle Point. central Maine. The topic through an interdisciplinary,multicultural algae-i.overed rocks nJ this ecosystem /('male organisms approach. with protection flynn predators The Smithsonian invites teachers toduplicate and the San: rays. Art to Zoo materials foreducational use. CONTRASTS IN BLUE: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine

A travel poster for features the clear azure waterof the coral reef, where a diver encounters an electric blue and yellowangelfish. A Maine vacation brochure depicts gleeful children gathering mussels amongthe , as powerful waves crash upon the rockyshore. These distinctive scenes describe two verydiffer- ent marine : the coral reef ofthe Caribbean and the rocky coast of Maine.

The striking contrasts present Maine coast was to great variations in feathery legs. Rockweeds between these two dynamic several hundred feet above level between high and low cover the lower surfaces, ecosystems are the theme of and a hundred . Many become where mussels attach this issue of Art to Zoo and miles from the sea. When shallow at low tide, provid- themselves to these are among the many topics the glaciers fmally began to ing where animals with silken threads. In the visitors can ponder in melt about eighteen thousand can hide and plants can tidal pool, ribbons of marine Exploring Marine Ecosystems, ago, sea levels began flourish. Tidal pools form grass, brown kelp, sea stars, a permanent exhibition at to rise. Although the land wherever water is trapped anemones, , and the Smithsonian's National rose, too, as the groaning and left behind by the-reced- small thrive. Museum of Natural History. of the glaciers was ing tide. The tide pools expe- With every tide and The activities that follow lifted, the sea rose even rience extreme fluctuations season, the populations of encourage students to consider higher. The flooded in temperature, salinity, and organisms change. In the the role of temperature, the basins and submerged the content. On any cold months of winter, sunlight, waves, and tides coastal river valleys, forming given rock, living indicators lobsters head for the stable in the creation of uniqiie from the high ground detail precisely where the of the deep sea marine environments. as well as numerous-bays water level rests at both high while the warming of spring and inlets. The rushing water and low tides. From top to brings pollack to hunt for The Distinctive Coast of Maine also carried away molten bottom, this tidal zone can smaller fish. In turn, people Over millions of years, lava and deposited it to form be from twenty to forty feet hunt the pollack. Humans 's crust gradually - lifted thick layers of . in height. The living things have been so successful in and squeezed layers of rock These spectacular actions, (organisms) near the top pursuing the pollack that to fashion the of combined with continual are exposed to the air much their continued survival in the Northeast. Eventually by and water, of the time while those this ecosystem is threatened. hundreds of streams formed resulted in Maine's irregular, near the bottom are usually on these mountains and began jagged coastline. submerged. The Dynamic Coral Reef to flow toward the Atlantic Living things along,this Near the top of the Far from the northern lati- Ocean. About forty thousand rugged, rocky endure rocks, rough periwinkle tudes of Maine, the diverse years ago, massive glaciers many biological stresses. snails graze on dark stains of and productive ecosystem of crept along these same Rocks don't give plants or algae. Below them, barnacles the coral reef centers around stream beds, scouring and animals much protection. cement themselves to the coral, a group of organisms straightening them. There is summer heat, winter rocks and capture microscop- with a body design similar to During the last Ice Age, freezing, the drying ic with their that of an anemone. A single the land that constitutes the of air, and the diluting power coral is called a of rain. The rockiness and (POL-ip). Its tiny, saclike irregularity of the coast leads body comprises a stomach

4 Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine NovemberlDecember1996 3 and a central opening lined the use during wave back and forth in the with waving tentacles. Stony . Through , using their coral polyps use minerals this mutually beneficial rela- tentacles to catch particulates from the sea to build tionship, the coral and algae and tiny organisms floating supporting cups of calcium are able to exchange energy in the water. Other reef carbonate around their bod- and important gases with animals eat the coral or the ies, while "soft" coral polyps each other. The exact nature mucus that coats it. make flexible supports of of this relationship is not The coral reef ecosystem protein. Polyps generally live completely understood, but displays a complex interde- together in a colony, their without algae the reef-build- pendency of organisms. individual cups fusing ing corals could not secrete Some depend more on each together to form a large coral their massive skeletons. other than others and develop skeleton. As they grow and When corals become symbiotic relations. The die, new polyps form along stressed from environmental corals and zooxanthellae are the outer surface of the coral conditions, they eject so one example of a mutually and continually expand the much zooxanthellae that they beneficial relationship. structure outward. Some turn white. Coral "bleaching" Another example is the coral, like , may has been reported by more cleaners and their hosts. have many convolutions that than ninety nations in reefs Organisms such as the scarlet appear like a human brain. all over the world. Scientists banded and neon This type of coral may live attribute much of bleaching goby "clean" other organ- for up to a century on a reef to increased human isms by removing parasites that is ten times its age. (e.g., , agricultural and food particles from The growing calcium runoff, oil slicks, and over- their gills and mouths. The carbonate framework of fishing) that often make it cleaners get food while the coral creates habitats for difficult for reefs to recover host organisms stay free of other organisms. Brilliantly from natural stresses. potentially harmful parasites. colored invertebrates and fish Within the reef exists a find their niches in the coral complex in which Protecting the Balance reef, along the sandy bottom nothing goes to waste. Both the coral reef of the of the sheltered , in Animals such as conch, sea Caribbean and the rocky the deep water of the outer urchins, and surgeonfish shore of Maine have intrinsic reef, or anywhere in graze on algae, thereby pre- value as unique marine between. venting it from overtaking ecosystems. They provide The reef-building corals and killing the coral. Huge people with a variety of depend on photosynthetic eyed squirrelfish feed along fishing, , and recre- algae, or zooxanthellae (zo- the reef at night and help ational opportunities but are zan-THELL-lee), that live keep the grazers in check. at the same time threatened inside their tissues. These Sea fans and sea anemones by these and other human organisms produce food and activities. As we learn more oxygen that corals use to about these special places, grow. In turn, the corals we find that the world itself release waste products that is one larger ecosystem where our actions affect the lives of all , including 5our own.

4 Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine November /December /996 LESSON PLAN Step 1

on currents, oceans, and SETTING LIMITS Procedure has a warmer, sunnier cli- 1. Have students imagine mate (the Caribbean); which weather, see Art to Zoo, September/October 1995, Objectives they are going on a trip to probably has a cold winter Identify environmental the coast (to a famous resort (Maine); and which has the Tomorrow's Forecast: conditions of the rocky coast or less visited spot) or same warm temperatures all Oceans and Weather.) of Maine and the coral reefs designing a travel poster for year long (the Caribbean). 4. Hand out copies of of the Caribbean. a vacation. Ask them 3. Ask students to name the Take-Home pages. After Interpret the relations to think of words that charac- an instrument that measures students have completed among latitude, temperature, terize this location (e.g., temperature (thermometer) the exercises individually, and sunlight within the two beach, , surf, or waves) and have them discuss review the correct answers. ecosystems. and have them describe the briefly how temperature Ask your students to predict Predict the location of weather conditions they' affects their daily lives (e.g., which of the two locations marine ecosystems with would expect to find there. in deciding how to dress has the greater average similar environmental 2. Using a globe or world according to the weather). amount of sunlight. (Be sure conditions. map, ask students to locate Ask your students if they to remind students that the the places that the has know the names of the two equator has a latitude of zero Materials mentioned. Then ask them to most common temperature degrees and that lower Copies of Take-Home find the coast of Maine and scales (Fahrenheit and latitudes generally have Pages, pages 6-9. the islands of the Caribbean, Celsius). Then ask them how warmer climates and more Globe or large world map. two locations that they winter temperatures in Maine hours of direct sunlight.) Tell will later compare in detail. might be different from those your students that sunlight is Subjects Review the concept of in the Caribbean. (Maine has the source of energy that Science, social studies latitude, measured in colder winter temperatures.) fuels each living community imaginary lines that circle Would they expect to see the or ecosystem. Plants use the the globe parallel to the same plants and animals in Sun's energy, nutrients in the equator. (Latitude increases each place? (No: Some water, and to as one travels north or south animals live better in cold produce sugars that animals toward the poles and away places, and others in warm.) then eat. To conclude the les- from the equator, which is Tell your students that son, ask students to predict located at zero degrees lati- temperatures limit the kinds the temperature conditions tude.) Have students estimate of organisms that can live in of other locations along the latitude of each location a given location. Stress that the Atlantic coast as shown they found on the map or close-in currents, which act on the map. Students will globe. (Maine and the like rivers flowing within conclude that coral reefs are islands of the Caribbean are the oceans, also influence a located close to the equator located at about forty-five coastal region's temperature. and that rocky, temperate and twenty-five degrees Currents that begin near the coasts are further north. north latitude, respectively.) equator, like the Northern Ask students which location Equatorial or the is closer to the equator and Stream, are warm. Currents that begin in Greenland or Labrador (show these loca- tions on a globe) begin closer to the North Pole and are cold. (For more information 6

Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine NovemberlDecember19965

: ' , ..` To the teacher Publication of Art to Zoo is TAKE-HOME PAGE Duplicate this page made possible through the for students. generous support of the Setting Limits Use with Lesson Pacific Mutual Foundation. Plan Step 1.

Directions:Although the coast of Maine and the islands of the Bahamas are both in the , each receives a different amount of sunlight and has a different water temperature. These conditions limit the kinds of plants and animals that can live in each ecosystem. Use the map on page 7 to complete the chart below.

CONDITION ECOSYSTEM Caribbean coral reef Rocky coast of Maine

Latitude

Temperature (summer and winter)

Two nearby ocean currents

Answer these questions 1. Which location has greater temperature differences between winter and summer? Why?

2. Which location has a greater amount of sunlight? Why?

3. Find the latitude where you live and mark it on the map. How do the conditions where you live compare with those of the Maine coast and the islands of the Caribbean? 7

6 Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of MaineNovemberlDecernber1996 East Greenland (cold current)

45°

Canada Labrador Current (cold current) 40°

Atlantic Ocean

SummerWinter 35° Temperature

USA 30°

Gulf Stream (warm current)

25° Temperature all year

80°F 27°C IP°

North Equatorial Current (warm current) Bahama Islands

Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine November/December1996 7 r 7-- 7-'77-71777 .: .. !*"'. + . ; '.'..;, . Al maestro (a) Esta publicacion ha lido TRABAJO PARA Copie esta pagina para posible gracias al generoso los alumnos. aporte de la Pacific Mutual HACER EN LA CASA Use la con el tercer paso Foundation. Fijando LImites del plan de la leccion.

Instrucciones:Aunque las aguas de Maine y quedan en el Ocean° Atlantic°, cada cual recibe una cantidad diferente de luz solar y tiene, por lo tanto, una temperatu- ra diferente. Estas condiciones limitan las clases de animales y plantas queviven en estos ecosistemas. Usa el mapa en la pagina 9 para completar el cuadro.

CONDICION ECOSISTEMAS Arecife en el Caribe Costa Rocosa de Maine

Latitud

Temperature (verano e invierno)

Dos corrientes ocednicas cercanas

Contesta estas preguntas 1. LQue lugar tiene las mayores diferencias de temperatura de invierno a verano? zPor que?

2. i,Que lugar recibe una mayor cantidad de luz solar? j,Por que?

3. Encuentra la latitud donde vives y marcala en el mapa. 1,Corno se comparan las condiciones donde vives con esas que se encuentran en la costa de Maine y las islas del Caribe? 9

8 Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine NovemberlDecember1996 -- Corriente Oriental de Groelandia (corriente fria)

45°

Canada Corriente de Labrador (corriente fria) 40°

Ocean° Atlantic°

VeranoInv iemo 35° Temperatura

USA 30°

Corriente del Golfo (corriente de aguas calidas)

25° Temperatura todo el alio

80°F 27°C

Corriente Ecuatorial del Norte (corriente de aguas ealidas) Las Islas Bahamas (Lucayas)

'21' 0

Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of MaineNovemberlDecember1996 9 ,LESSON PLAN Step 2

DINNERTIME ON THE REEF Procedure food throughout the ecosys- 0 On the outer reef, Elkhorn 1. Using the Introduction tem, creating a hospitable coral extends its branches Objectives as a guide, present the coral environment for animals). like sign posts and withstands Identify the main parts reef as an example of a Tell your students that many the constant pounding of of a coral reef. dynamic ecosystem. Within kinds of living things make the waves. Sea fans expose Describe a coral reef every ecosystem, physical up the coral reef community: themselves to the prevailing . conditions such as tempera- producers (plants), filter current to receive food, while ture and the amount of feeders (animals that take in predators like the barracuda Materials sunlight affect and are affect- microscopic plants and ani- ready themselves for the Copies of Activity ed by the organisms in an mals from the water), grazers hunt. Page 2, page 11. environment, such as plants, (algae eaters), predators (ani- 0 Between the reef and the Additional reference animals, and microscopic mals that eat other animals), shore is a quieter environ- books with pictures of organisms. Ask students if and scavengers (animals that ment known as the lagoon. coral reefs. they have ever visited a coral eat the remains of dead crea- Here the turtle grass is dense, reef or seen pictures of one. tures). A complex food web protecting the young mem- Subject Perhaps they can name some connects all of these living bers of reef species. Schools Science of the fish that live there. things. You might wish to of French grunts who stay (Angelfish and barracuda write the five organism types among the corals all day might be two fish that on the blackboard and ask move to the grass beds at students can recognize.) If an students to suggest an animal night to hunt for small crus- or fish supply store that fits into each type. taceans like grass shrimp. is nearby, you might arrange 3. Give each student a Nearby, a pink-tipped for a class visit. You might copy of Activity Page 2. anemone floats food its also refer students to one of Tell the class to examine way by waving its tentacles. the many reference books carefully the diagram as 4. Ask your students to with colorful photographs you describe some of the complete Activity Page 2 of coral reefs. following organisms found_ by writing their answers 2. Tell your students that along a coral reef: on a blank piece of paper. each dynamic ecosystem At the highest point (crest) When they finish, discuss consists of many interacting of the reef, large, dome- the correct answers with parts, each using energy and shaped, brain coral forms them. Be sure to emphasize producing wastes. Ask them huge boulders. Colorful that all of the organisms to speculate why coral reefs , their large front depicted in the diagram are host an abundance of marine teeth fused together like a related to each other in a life. (The key is that the parrot's beak, scrape algae vast food web. coral reef receives a wealth off the coral rock. (Refer to of sunlight, which causes the Introduction to remind algae within the reef to pro- students that coral grows duce an abundance of food. with the help of algae.) The waves crashing over the Nearby, the queen angelfish reef distribute oxygen and sports an electric-blue, crown-like growth and eats , which in turn feed on microscopic life.

10 Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine NovemberlDecember1996

7,7717.77;.:7i ACTIVITY PAGE 2

It's always Corals such as the 1 coral live in the highest part of the reef, the dinnertime for 2 .Corals are tiny animals that live together in large, stony some animals colonies as big as boulders. Inside the coral are 3 that produce on the coral reef. food and oxygen using sunlight. A 4 grazes on the coral to get Fill in the missing food. The crashing waves circulate 5 and 6 .A nearby words as you 7 is a that uses waves to capture its dinner. observe what's on The 8 is a predator that patrols the 9 reef, looking for other the menu for these fish. In the calmer waters of the 10, alittle 11 12 reef organisms. scavenges through the lagoon. Watchout! A hungry is coming closer. Nearby, a 13 waves its tentacles to take in its food.

OUTER REEF BEACH LAGOON REEF CREST

Parrotfish Waves circulate Turtle grass food and oxygen Brain coral Coral algae4Al!! 443.1p Sea fan ti

horn coral Grass shr

Pink-tipped anemone Queen angelfish

French grunt 12 Barracuda

Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of MaineNovemberlDecetnber1996 11 LESSON PLAN Step 3

RIDE THE TIDE oceans, resulting in low tide conditions elsewhere. During Objectives a full moon, when the Sun, Identify the zones of Earth, and Moon are aligned, life along the rocky coast the tides are highest. Such of Maine. high tides, and their corre- Describe the cause-and- sponding low tides, occur effect relation between twice each day. The many tides and the rocky coast bays and inlets along the ecosystem. northeast coast of the United Interpret the interrelations States may experience of organisms within a rocky considerable variation in coast food chain. water level between high and low tides. Materials 2. Tell your students that other shelled animals fix body structure consists of an Copies of Activity Page 3, conditions along the Maine themselves to rocks to of tiny spines page 13. coast change from hour to withstand the awesome and a mouth in the center of hour, day to day, and season power of crashing waves. By the ventral, or bottom, side. Subject to season. Short summers some estimates, the They use the suction of their Science give way to long, stormy exerted by a pounding wave tube feet to open the shells of winters. Cold winter temper- may be one and a half tons their prey. Lobsters also live Procedure atures drive intertidal ani- per square foot of rock. in this zone, eating almost 1. Begin the lesson by mals close to the low-tide El In the , anything, alive or dead. The reminding students that elevations or out of the barnacles build tides, currents, and waves stir waves deliver food and cir- intertidal region entirely. forts around themselves. up nutrients, delivering food culate oxygen to organisms Many vertebrate animals Then, as some scientists to many organisms that on the coral reef. Emphasize fly or swim out of the cold explain, they spend their attach themselves to the that tides play a similar role shallows into deep water lives lying on their backs ocean floor. Inside the mud in Maine's rocky coast or to the south, where kicking food into their and among the waving ecosystem. Explain that temperatures tend to be mouths with their feet. grasses, worms, clams, and tides result mainly from the warmer. The invertebrates Below the barnacles are the bacteria digest dead organ- gravitational pull of the that cannot migrate have rockweeds, which need to be isms and recycle wastes. Moon on the rotating Earth breeding cycles that closely submerged at least an hour 4. Ask your students to (see diagram, above right). align with seasonal and during each tide. Mussels complete Activity Page 3 by On the side of Earth facing even tidal cycles. live among the rockweeds, writing their answers on a the Moon, gravitational pull 3. Give each student a attaching themselves to rock blank piece of paper. When is greatest. Here, and on the copy of Activity Page 3. Ask by silken threads. These they finish, discuss the cor- opposite side of Earth, the your students to examine the organisms close their shells rect answers with the class. sea bulges, causing high tide diagram carefully as you when the tide is low and then To conclude the lesson, ask conditions. These bulges take describe some of the living open them to filter-feed students to describe what the water away from the things found along the rocky when the tide is high. diagram might look like at remaining areas of the shore. Emphasize that the CI Sea stars make their high tide. (Water would be changing tides expose homes in the subtidal zone up to the high-tide line, and many organisms to varying and prey upon mussels and only the periwinkles would amounts of water and direct sea urchins. Their five-sided be out of the water.) sunlight. In the splash zone, algae, periwinkles, and 13

12 Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine NovemberlDecember 1 996

7 :-7-77:7.7,77:7'7.Z.t-,777:::47r777.-.7,-:47,:--.77-77:-°:,,Fr.'7,.3'; 7:: ACTIVITY PAGE 3

Imagine you are a nature photographer along the rocky coast of Maine. Watch your step! Rough periwinkles The rock is slippery and the tide is SPLASH ZONE coming in. The algae and shelled animals pictured here live in special regions where they get Water level at high tide just the right amount of water.

1. The picture shows that the water is still at tide. Green Barnacles 2. The live closest to the INTERTIDAL ZONE top of the rock, where they only get splashed with water. 3. Nearby, a scurries Mussels up the rock. 4. Barnacles, periwinkles, and mus- sels are covered with a hard Rockweed Water level This covering keeps them from dry- at low tide ing out in the .As the tide comes in, the barnacles and mussels become covered with and can Lobste filter-feed. 5. The animals of the zone have to be adapted to both wet and dry conditions. 6. Under the water, a grazes on a long ribbon of 7. Suppose you want to take a picture of a eating a sea urchin. Sea urchin 0 . You'll have to look in the zone. ov SUBTIDAL ZONE 8. A in the subtidal zone eats Sea stars plants, animals, even dead things 14 anything it can get with its big claws.

Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of MaineNovember/December/996 13

k GLOSSARY AND ANSWER KEYS

GLOSSARY The place where an ANSWER KEY TO TAKE-HOME PAGE organism lives. Algae A large group of Latitude simple plants that are mostly Invertebrate An animal Coral reef: twenty-five degrees north latitude; Maine coast: aquatic and lack true stems, without a backbone. forty-five degrees north latitude. leaves, and roots. This group includes the microscopic Plankton The small floating Temperature zooxanthellae that live in or weakly swimming plants Coral reef: about twenty-seven degrees C (eighty degrees F) the tissues of coral and the () and animals all year. Temperatures of twenty-four to thirty degrees C twenty-foot-tall kelp that () that are (seventy-five to eighty-five degrees F) are best for coral reefs thrive in milder water carried by the currents and worldwide. Maine: fifteen degrees C (fifty-nine degrees F) habitats. serve as a food source. in summer and four degrees C (39 degrees F) in winter.

Ecosystem Communities Vertebrate An animal with Ocean currents of plants, animals, and a backbone. The and the North Equatorial Current help keep microbes interacting with coral reefs warm. The surrounding cool Labrador and East each other and their Zooxanthellae The tiny, Greenland Currents as well as Maine's high latitude make the environment. The term single-celled algae that live coast of this state relatively cold. ecosystem describes both symbiotically with corals. the living and nonliving Questions components of an area that Splash zone Portion of rocky 1. Maine, because it has a higher latitude and winter is severe. interact with one another. shoreline above the high- 2. The Caribbean Islands, because they are closer to the tide mark that is splashed equator. This location makes for a climate that does not differ Food chain The transfer of by waves rather than from winter to summer, so there is a lot of sunlight all year. energy, in the form of food, submerged underwater. 3. If your school's latitude is shown on the map, help students through a chain of organ- locate it. If not, provide a suitable map so students may learn isms, starting with producers Intertidal zone Portion of their latitude. Briefly discuss climate in your region. and ending with consumers. rocky shoreline that is Every time an organism in submerged during high tide the chain is eaten, some and exposed during low tide. ANSWER KEY TO ACTIVITY PAGE 2 of its energy is transferred to the organism that has Subtidal zone Portion of 1. brain 2. reef crest 3. algae 4. parrotfish 5. food6. oxygen eaten it. rocky shoreline that is 7. sea fan 8. barracuda 9. outer 10. lagoon 11. grass shrimp always underwater. 12. French grunt13. pink-tipped anemone Food web A series of inter- connected, interlocking food Lagoon Area of shallow chains. Food chains become water between a coral ANSWER KEY TO ACTIVITY PAGE 3 interconnected because reef and shore. most organisms eat more 1. low 2. rough periwinkles 3. green crab 4. shell, sun, water than one kind of food and Exoskeleton Hard outer 5. intertidal 6. kelp 7. sea star, subtidal 8. lobster therefore are involved in covering of an animal more than one food chain. without a backbone, such as a crab. 15

14 Art to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of MaineNovemberlDecernber1996

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BOOKS PERIODICALS Visit http: / /photo2si.edu/uw. ART TO ZOO html to see how Smithsonian Art to Zoo is a publication Audubon Society Guide to News, Institution photographers have of the Office of Elementary North American Seashore a quarterly publication of chronicled underwater scenes and Secondary Education, Creatures. New York: Alfred the Center for Marine from , Panama, and the Smithsonian Institution, A. Knopf, 1990. Conservation, contains a host Keys. of student activities on ocean Washington, DC 20560. Berri 11, Michael, and Deborah The Woods Hole issues. To subscribe, call (202) Writer Berrill. A Sierra Club Oceanographic Institution 429-5609 or write to Center Barbara Branca Naturalist's Guide to the North for Marine Conservation, maintains an extensive research Atlantic Coast, Cod to 1725 De Sales Street NW, catalog of marine species at Editor Newfoundland. San Francisco: Washington, DC 20036. http://www.mbl.edu/html/ Douglas Casey Sierra Club Books, 1981. MRC/specimens.html. You can read about current Translator Cerullo, Mary M. Coral Reef: research and The U.S. Geological Survey Sarita Rodriguez A City That Never Sleeps. New issues in the quarterly web site (http://www.usgs. Illustrator York: Cobblehill Books, 1996. publication Sea Frontiers. gov/education/learnweb/ James Cook Coulombe, Deborah. The For more information, write to Maps.html) offers lesson plans Seaside Naturalist: A Guide to Sea Frontiers, 400 SE Second on map reading. Photo Research Study at the Seashore. New Avenue, 4th floor, Knight Alan Smigielski Centre, , FL 33131. PHOTOGRAPHS York: Simon and Schuster, Designer 1984. Cover photo by Carl Hansen, Karlic Design Associates, Li..c ELECTRONIC RESOURCES Duxbury, Alyn, and Alison ©1996 Smithsonian Institution. Baltimore, Maryland The web site of the Duxbury. An Introduction to Inside cover photo by Peter Publications Director Smithsonian's traveling the World's Oceans 4th ed. Larsen, Bigelow Laboratory, Michelle Knovic Smith exhibition Ocean Planet Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Boothbay Harbor, Maine, (http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/) Brown, 1994. ©1996. ART TO ZOO ONLINE offers a vast array of text Greenberg, Jerry, and Idaz and images related to marine This publication is available Greenberg. The Living Reef: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS science. electronically through the Corals and of Florida, Carl Hansen Internet via anonymous ftp to the Bahamas, , and Teachers and students Office of Imaging, Printing, educatesi.edu. Follow the path the Caribbean. Miami: interested in the sights and and Photographic Services pub/publications_ for_ Seahawk Press, 1982. sounds of marine animals can Smithsonian Institution teachers/art-to-zoo. Recent visit the Electronic Zoo at Gosner, Kenneth. A Field issues and supplementary http://netvet.wustl.edu/ Dottie Kluge' Guide to the Atlantic Seashore: materials are offered in e- zoo.htm. National Museum of Invertebrates and of hypertext format via the Natural History the Atlantic Coast. Boston: Bigelow Laboratory's web site World Wide Web at http:// Houghton Mifflin, 1979. (http://www.bigelow.org/) Peter Larsen educatesi.edu/art-to-zoo/ offers information on some Bigelow Laboratory azindex.htm. Current and Niesen, Thomas M. Marine current research activities Boothbay Harbor, Maine back issues (starting with Biology Coloring Book. along the of spring 1993) are also available Oakville, California: Coloring Laura McKie Maine. through America Online Concepts, 1982. National Museum of (keyword SMITHSONIAN). Natural History Taylor, Barbara. Coral Reef. London: Dorling Kindersley, 16 1992.

All to Zoo Contrasts in Blue: Life on the Caribbean Coral Reef and the Rocky Coast of Maine November /Decemberl996 15

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Looking for Time Machine toon characters known as Museum of Natural History. Published for kids ages the "New Muses" bring the Readers will enjoy this ways to get your nine to fourteen by the Smithsonian's ideas and behind-the-scenes view of the National Museum of resources to life for kids ages Institution and gain inside students excited American History, this six to fourteen, taking them information on what to see about learning? magazine uses lively writing on a journey through when visiting the Smithsonian. and clever anecdotes to tell such themes as architecture, Paperback: $14.95. Check out the the greatest stories of our biology, geography, music, Call 1-800-782-4612. nation's history. paleontology, physics, and Smithsonian's Yearly rates (eight issues): theater. Art to Zoo three new classroom, $12 per student Yearly rate (six issues): $22. As always, you can receive (minimum of twenty Call 1-800-827-0227. a free subscription to Art to publications students); individual, $17.76. Zoo by writing to Smithsonian Call 1-800-742-5401. A Kid's Guide to the Office of Elementary and for kids: Smithsonian Secondary Education/Art to Muse This full-color book for kidsZoo, Arts and Industries The creators of Cricket ages nine to thirteen highlights Building 1163/MRC 402, children's magazine and the Smithsonian's three most Washington, DC 20560. Smithsonian magazine popular museums: the National Please include your name and bring general-interest readers Air and Space Museum, the complete address (indicate the new bimonthly Muse National Museum of American whether school or home). magazine. In each issue, car- History, and the National

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