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Coals, Source Rocks and Hydrocarbons in the South Palembang Sub-Basin, South Sumatra, Indonesia Rubianto Indrayudha Amier University of Wollongong

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Coals, Source Rocks and Hydrocarbons in the South Palembang Sub-Basin, South Sumatra, Indonesia Rubianto Indrayudha Amier University of Wollongong University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1991 Coals, source rocks and hydrocarbons in the South Palembang sub-basin, south Sumatra, Indonesia Rubianto Indrayudha Amier University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Amier, Rubianto Indrayudha, Coals, source rocks and hydrocarbons in the South Palembang sub-basin, south Sumatra, Indonesia, Master of Science (Hons.) thesis, Department of Geology, University of Wollongong, 1991. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2828 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] COALS, SOURCE ROCKS AND HYDROCARBONS IN THE SOUTH PALEMBANG SUB-BASIN, SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA A thesis submitted in (partial) fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (HONS.) from THE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by RUBIANTO INDRAYUDHA AMIER (B.Sc. AGP BANDUNG) Department of Geology 1991 013657 I certify that the substance of this thesis is original and has not already been submitted for any degree and is not being currently submitted for any other degree. Rubianto Indrayudha Amier TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF PLATES PAGE CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 AIM OF THE STUDY * 2 1.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES 3 1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN 4 1.4 LOCATION AND ACCESS 7 1.5 . MORPHOLOGY 8 CHAPTER TWO - TERMINOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 10 2.1 TERMINOLOGY 10 2.2 ANALYTICAL METHODS 14 2.2.1 Sampling 14 2.2.2 Sample Preparation 15 2.2.3 Microscopy 15 2.2.3.1 Reflected white light microscopy 15 and determination of vitrinite reflectance 2.2.3.2 Fluorescence-mode microscopy 17 2.2.3.3 Maceral analysis 18 CHAPTER THREE - REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC 19 SETTING 3.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 19 3.2 STRATIGRAPHY 21 3.2.1 The pre-Tertiary rocks 22 3.2.2 Lahat Formation (LAF) 23 3.2.3 Talang Akar Formation (TAF) 24 3.2.4 Baturaja Formation (BRF) 26 3.2.5 Gumai Formation (GUF) 28 3.2.6 Air Benakat Formation (ABF) 29 3.2.7 Muara Enim Formation (MEF) 30 3.2.8 Kasai Formation (KAF) 32 3.3 DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE TERTIARY SEDIMENTS 33 CHAPTER FOUR - ORGANIC MATTER TYPE OF TERTIARY 38 SEQUENCES 4.1 INTRODUCTION 38 4.2 TYPE AND ABUNDANCE 39 4.2.1 Lahat Formation 39 4.2.2 Talang Akar Formation 41 4.2.2.1 DOM 41 4.2.2.2 Coal and shaly coal 42 4.2.3 Baturaja Formation 43 4,2.4 Gumai Formation 44 4.2.5 Air Benakat Formation 45 4.2.6 Muara Enim Formation 46 4.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RANK AND MACERAL TEXTURES 5 0 AND FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY CHAPTER FIVE - ORGANIC MATURATION AND THERMAL HISTORY 54 5.1 INTRODUCTION 54 5.2 RANK VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION 55 5.3 THERMAL HISTORY 61 5.4 SOURCE ROCKS AND GENERATION HYDROCARBONS 66 5.4.1 Source rocks for hydrocarbons 66 5.4.2 Hydrocarbon generation 74 5.4.2.1 Timing of hydrocarbon generation 77 using Lopatin Method 5.5 POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS 82 CHAPTER SIX - CRUDE OIL AND SOURCE ROCKS GEOCHEMISTRY 85 6.1 INTRODUCTION 85 6.2 OIL GEOCHEMISTRY 86 6.2.1 Experimental Methods 86 6.2.2 Sample fractionation 86 6.2.3 Gas chromatography analysis 86 6.2.4 Preparation of b/c fraction 87 6.2.5 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 88 analysis 6.2.6 Results 88 6.2.6.1 Gas chromatography 89 6.2.6.1 Gas chromatography-mass 92 spectrometry 6.3 SOURCE ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY 6.3.1 Experimental Section 9 5 6.3.1.1 Sample extraction 96 6.3.2 Results 96 CHAPTER SEVEN - COAL POTENTIAL OF SOUTH PALEMBANG 100 SUB-BASIN 7.1 INTRODUCTION 100 7.2 COAL DIVISIONS IN THE MUARA ENIM FORMATION 101 7.3 DISTRIBUTION OF MUARA ENIM COALS 103 7.3.1 Enim Prospect Areas 104 7.3.2 Pendopo Areas 105 7.4 COAL QUALITY 106 7.5 ASH COMPOSITION 108 7.6 STRUCTURES 109 7.7 COAL RESERVES HI 7.8 BUKIT ASAM COAL MINES 112 7.8.1 Stratigraphy 113 7.8.1.1 Quarternary succession 113 7.8.1.2 Tertiary succession 113 7.8.1.2.1- Coal seams 113 7.8.1.2.2 Overburden and 114 Intercalations 7.8.2 Coal Quality 115 7.8.3 Coal Reserves 116 7.9 BUKIT KENDI COALS 117 7.10 BUKIT BUNIAN COALS CHAPTER EIGHT - COAL UTILIZATION 120 8.1 INTRODUCTION 120 8.2 COMBUSTION 121 8.3 GASIFICATION 124 8.4 CARBONISATION 125 CHAPTER NINE - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 128 9.1 SUMMARY 128 9.1.1 Type 128 9.1.2 Rank 131 9.1.3 Thermal History 132 9.1.4 Source rock and hydrocarbon generation 133 potential 9.1.5 Coal potential and utilization 136 9.2 CONCLUSIONS 137 REFERENCES 143 APPENDIX 1 Short descriptions of lithologies and organic matter type, abundance and maceral composition from wells studied. APPENDIX 2 Summary of the composition of maceral groups in the Tertiary sequences from wells studied. ABSTRACT The South Palembang Sub-basin, in the southern part of the South Sumatra Basin, is an important area for coal and oil production. In order to develop the economy of this region, an understanding of the coal and source rock potential of the Tertiary sequences within the South Palembang Sub-basin is essential. Collisions between the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian Plates formed the South Sumatra Basin and particularly influenced the development of the South Palembang Sub-basin since the Middle Mesozoic to Plio-Pleistocene. The Tertiary sequences comprise from oldest to youngest unit; the Lahat, Talang Akar, Baturaja, Gumai, Air Benakat, Muara Enim and Kasai Formations. These sequences were developed on the pre-Tertiary rocks which consist of a complex of Mesozoic igneous rocks and of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic metamorphics and carbonates. Coals occur in the Muara Enim, Talang Akar and Lahat Formations. The main workable coal measures are concentrated in the Muara Enim Formation. The Muara Enim coals are brown coal to sub-bituminous coal in rank, while the Lahat and Talang Akar coals are sub-bituminous to high volatile bituminous coals in rank. From the viewpoint of economically mineable coal reserves, the M2 Subdivision is locally the most important coal unit. Thicknesses of the M2 coals range from 2 to 20 metres. The coals can be utilized for electric power generation, gasification but are generally unsuitable as blends for coke manufacture. They have some potential for the manufacture of activated carbons. In general, coals and DOM of the Tertiary sequences are dominated by vitrinite with detrovitrinite and telovitrinite as the main macerals. Liptinite is the second most abundant maceral group of the coals and DOM and comprises mainly liptodetrinite, sporinite and cutinite. The Lahat, Talang Akar, Air Benakat and Muara Enim Formations have good to very good hydrocarbon generation potential. The Baturaja and Gumai Formations have less significant source potential as this unit contains little organic matter but in some places these formations are considered to have good potential to generate gas. The vitrinite reflectance data and studies using the Lopatin model indicate that the onset of oil generation in the South Palembang Sub-basin occurs below 1500 metres. In general the Gumai Formation lies within the onset of oil generation zone, but in some places, the lower part of Air Benakat and Muara Enim Formations occur within this zone. Crude oil geochemistry shows that the oils are characterized ' by high ratios of pristane to phytane indicating a source from land-derived organic matter. The presence of bicadinane-type resin and oleanane in the oils is further evidence of a terrestrial source. The biomarker and thermal maturity of the source rocks and coals from the Talang Akar Formation are similar to those of the oils studied. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was carried out at the Department of Geology, University of Wollongong under the tenure of a Colombo Plan funded by the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau (A.I.D.A.B). I am thankful to Associate Professor A.J. Wright, the Chairman of the Department for his support and for allowing me to use the Department facilities during my study. This study was carried out under the supervision of Professor A.C. Cook and Associate Professor B.G. Jones. I would like to thank to Associate Professor B.G Jones for his suggestion and guidance during the finishing of this thesis. I am also grateful especially to Professor A.C. Cook for introducing me to the field of organic petrology and also for his assistance, patience guidance and suggestions throughout this study. I wish to record my deep appreciation to Dr. A.C. Hutton for his suggestion, encouragement, help and general assistance during the finishing of this thesis. I also wish to thank all members of the staff of the Geology Department, University of Wollongong, for their help, including Mrs R. Varga, Mr Aivars Depers and Mrs B.R. McGoldrick who gave general assistance and helped in numerous ways. I thank the Government of Indonesia, particularly the Ministry of Mines and Energy for selecting me to accept the Colombo Plan Award. The author also wishes to specially thank the management and staff of PERTAMINA, particularly Ir M. Anwar, Ir L. Samuel, Ir L. Gultom, Ir. H.Hatuwe and Ir A. Pribadi for allowing me to collect and to use the samples and technical data from various wells of the South Palembang Sub-basin. I am also grateful to Ir Busono SE, Director of Directorate of Coal and to his predecessor, Drs Johannas for permitting me to study in the Geology Department, University of Wollongong.
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