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Apocynoideae Dan Asclepiadoideae Dari Pegunungan Baturagung

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Apocynoideae Dan Asclepiadoideae Dari Pegunungan Baturagung SP001- 010 Widodo, Apocynoideae dan Asclepiadoideae dari Pegunungan Baturagung Apocynoideae dan Asclepiadoideae dari Pegunungan Baturagung (Gunung Nglanggeran, Gunung Mintorogo, Gunung Parangan, Gunung Gedang, Gunung Ijo): Inisiasi Pencirian dan Konservasi Apocynoideae and Asclepiadoideae of Baturagung Mountains (Mount Nglanggeran, Mount Mintorogo, Mount Parangan, Mount Gedang, Mount Ijo): Initiation Characterization and Conservation Widodo Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta Jl. Marsda Adisucipto, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract: Fenomena kepunahan jenis tumbuhan mendorong timbulnya kesadaran pentingnya usaha konservasi. Langkah eksplorasi, pendataan dan penelitian mendalam merupakan tonggak awal penentuan strategi konservasi tumbuhan. Tulisan ini mempresentasikan keragaman tumbuhan subfamili Apocynoideae dan Asclepiadoideae di Pegunungan Baturagung Yogyakarta. Sejak eksplorasi tahun 2009 telah diidentifikasi dan ditemukan sekitar 17 species dari anggota subfamili Apocynoideae dan Asclepiadoideae tersebar di Gunung Nglanggeran, Gunung Mintorogo, Gunung Parangan, Gunung Gedang, Gunung Ijo pada wilayah Pegunungan Baturagung Yogyakarta. Species-species tumbuhan tersebut pada umumnya ditemukan dalam populasi yang sangat terbatas, teramankan pada lahan-lahan liar, tebing curam, tepi hutan rakyat, lahan- lahan yang tidak dibuka untuk peladangan. Tumbuhan tersebut hampir tidak dikenali lagi identitasnya oleh masyarakat, terutama yang berhabitus bukan pohon. Informasi yang berkaitan dengan tumbuhan-tumbuhan tersebut sangat sedikit dalam literatur maupun informasi internet sehingga proses identifikasinya relatif sulit dan bahkan beberapa diantaranya memerlukan publikasi penemuan kembali, redeskripsi, pencirian dan penemuan di Jawa. Identitas dan data taksonomik tumbuhan sangat penting dalam mengawali tindakan konservasi dan pemanfaatannya. Keywords: Apocynoideae, Asclepiadoideae, Pegunungan Baturagung, Pencirian, Konservasi 1. PENDAHULUAN hayati potensial yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah krisis lingkungan, Percepatan laju kepunahan jenis dan berkurangnya pangan, kesehatan dan lain-lain. Aktualisasi potensi keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan telah disadari tumbuhan dapat dimanfaatkan jika penelitian dan bersama masyarakat dunia sebagai masalah dan pengkajian dari aspek ilmu dasar maupun aplikasi tantangan yang harus diatasi. Langkah-langkah telah dilakukan secara intensif. terencana dan kesepakatan program solusi tersebut Diperkirakan sekitar 60.000 – 100.000 telah banyak diseminarkan. Langkah penting jenis tumbuhan di seluruh dunia berada dalam pertama adalah langkah mempelajari ( learn it) , keadaan terancam kepunahan. Meningkatkan baru dapat ditentukan langkah-langkah selanjutnya. penelitian bidang keanekaragaman genetik, Terdapat kecenderungan bahwa proses riset, kajian, sistematika, taksonomi, ekologi merupakan tujuan dan penelitian terfokus pada sekitar tumbuh- strategi global konservasi tumbuhan, demikian pula tumbuhan yang sudah diketahui manfaatnya saat ini mendorong pendidikan dan kesadaran tentang sedangkan tumbuh-tumbuhan liar yang belum keanekaragaman tumbuhan (CBD, 2002: 1-13). terungkap manfaatnya relatif diabaikan. Status Target pentingnya mengetahui, memahami dan tumbuhan liar dalam data keragaman jenis tumbuhan mendokumentasikan keanekaragaman tumbuhan dunia menjadi tidak jelas, tidak ada data, kekurangan tetap menjadi target pertama stategi konservasi data, tidak ada record. Tumbuh-tumbuhan liar tumbuhan dunia 2011-2020 (Convention On tersebut pada hakekatnya adalah sumber daya alam 74 Pendidikan Biologi, Pendidikan Geografi, Pendidikan Sains, PKLH – FKIP UNS Widodo, Apocynoideae dan Asclepiadoideae dari Pegunungan Baturagung International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild 2. METODE Fauna And Flora, 2011). Kajian paling dasar untuk mempelajari Metode penelitian dengan eksplorasi dan kunjungan tumbuh-tumbuhan liar yang tidak dikenal adalah dengan koleksi (exploration and collection trip, mengetahui hakekat dan identitasnya melalui kajian (Singh, 1999). Eksplorasi awal dilakukan pada tahun taksonomi (sistematika). Dengan diketahuinya 2009.. Pemotretan dilakukan untuk langkah awal identitas dan hakekat tumbuhan maka informasi- identifikasi. Pengambilan sampel specimen untuk informasi terkait akan terungkap, digali dan herbarium juga dilakukan dengan tetap dikomunikasikan. Apapun masalah yang diungkap memperhatikan kelestarian populasi. Bersamaan melalui riset dasar, eksplorasi pemanfaatan, riset- dengan proses identifikasi dilakukan pemantauan riset aplikasi terhadap organisme, memerlukan dan kunjungan berdasarkan prediksi masa informasi identitas organisme. Informasi taksonomi perbungaan dan pembentukan buah. Koleksi bunga diperlukan untuk kajian-kajian biologi, ekologi, dengan teknik awetan basah dilakukan untuk pertanian maupun masyarakat atau publik (John dan identifikasi lebih lanjut. Luchinger, 1986). Alat-alat untuk pengamatan dan koleksi Observasi penulis terhadap tumbuh- terdiri: kamera digital Sony Nex F3, kamera digital tumbuhan unik dan liar di wilayah pegunungan Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-W180, kamera digital Canon Baturagung Yogyakarta serta kesulitan DSLR, mistar, mikrometer, jangka sorong, roll identifikasinya mendorong penulis melakukan meter kecil, plastik koleksi, gunting, cutter, kertas eksplorasi periodik. Eksplorasi tahun 2009 pada label, GPS (Global Positioning System), lokasi Gunung Nglanggeran diperoleh banyak jenis perlengkapan koleksi herbarium kering, botol tumbuhan unik dan jarang ditemui lagi di wilayah- flakon, mikroskop stereo Nikon SMZ 1500 wilayah hunian penduduk. Gunung Nglanggeran dilengkapi kamera, mikroskop cahaya Nikon Eclipse merupakan wilayah yang hampir tidak berpenduduk 50 dilengkapi kamera Nikon DSF1. Bahan untuk dan merupakan sisa magma gunung api purba. pengamatan dan koleksi terdiri: Aquadest, Alkohol Sebagian tumbuh-tumbuhan unik tersebut ditemukan 70 %, larutan FAA (Formalin Acetic Alchohol). pula di gunung-gunung sekitarnya dalam wilayah Cara Kerja terdiri: (1) Pemotretan specimen pegunungan Baturagung. dalam kondisi alamiah di lokasi atau di laboratorium Eksplorasi berkala dari tahun 2009 hingga (2) Pemotretan detail daun, batang, bunga dan buah sekarang telah diperoleh data karakteristik (3) Pembuatan herbarium kering (4) Koleksi awetan taksonomik masing-masing specimen secara dan pengamatan struktur bunga (5) Identifikasi awal perlahan sehingga sebagian dapat diidentifikasi dan specimen untuk anggota Apocynaceae dan diketahui speciesnya. Sebagian tumbuhan unik di Asclepiadaceae berdasarkan buku Flora of Java Vol. pegunungan Baturagung adalah species-species 2 (Backer dan Bakhuizen, 1965) (6) Identifikasi kelompok famili Apocynaceae dan Asclepiadaceae lanjut specimen untuk anggota Asclepiadaceae (Berdasar APG II (2006, dua famili ini digabung berdasarkan literatur lain yang ada serta checking menjadi satu sebagai famili Apocynaceae dengan dan pencocokan dengan specimen atau herbarium subfamili Apocynoideae dan Asclepiadoideae).Di tipe. dalam buku Flora of Java (Backer dan Bakhuizen, 1965), famili Apocynaceae dideskripsikan sebanyak 3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 43 genera dari 82 species dan famili Asclepiadaceae dideskripsikan sebanyak 33 genera dari 92 species. Eksplorasi berawal dari tahun 2009 di gunung Menurut Simpson (2006), dari berbagai referensi Nglanggeran. Total kunjungan dari awal eksplorasi diketahui bahwa Famili Apocynaceae (termasuk di sampai saat ini sekitar 56 kali. Koleksi dan dalamnya Asclepiadaceae) di dunia terdiri 411 identifkasi dilakukan secara bertahap hingga laporan genera terdiri 4650 species. penelitian ini ditulis. Eksplorasi diperluas di gunung- Menurut The Plant List (2010), famili gunung sekitarnya pada wilayah pegunungan Apocynaceae (termasuk di dalamnya Baturagung. Temuan genus atau species anggota Asclepiadaceae) terdiri sekitar 402 genera dari 5031 famili Apocynaceae subfamili Apocynoideae tertera species. pada Tabel 1. Temuan genus atau species anggota Tulisan ini mempresentasikan genus atau famili Asclepiadoideae tertera pada Tabel 2. species Apocynoideae dan Asclepiadoideae yang diperkirakan liar dan asli dari pegunungan Baturagung Yogyakarta. Genus atau species yang ditanam sebagai tanaman hias, pagar atau ditanam dipekarangan tidak dimasukkan dalam daftar amatan. Seminar Nasional Konservasi dan Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam 2015 75 Widodo, Apocynoideae dan Asclepiadoideae dari Pegunungan Baturagung memperkirakan species ini adalah Tabernaemontana Tabel 1. Temuan genus atau species anggota famili sphaerocarpa. Backer dan Bakhuizen (1965) Apocynaceae subfamili Apocynoideae di Pegunungan mendeskrepsikan 6 jenis atau species dari genus Baturagung Yogyakarta Tabernaemontana di Jawa. Di seluruh wilayah malesiana (Asia Tenggara), Middleton No Species Pengamatan Status identifikasi mendeskripsikan 14 jenis Tabernaemontana. pertama 1 Tabernaemon 25-7-2009 On going A B tana sp 2 Ochrosia 4-11-2009 On going minima 3 Anodendron 20-11-2011 Selesai paniculatum 4 Ichnocarpus 22-1-2012 Selesai frutescens Chonemorpha 5 22-1-2012 Selesai fragrans C 6 Alstonia sp 4-11-2009 On going 7 Wrightia 22-1-2012 On going pubescens Tabel 2. Temuan genus atau species anggota famili Apocynaceae subfamili Asclepiadoideae di Pegunungan Baturagung Yogyakarta D E F No Species Pengamatan Status identifikasi pertama 1 Cosmostigma 4-11-2009 Selesai racemosum 2 Telosma 7-5-2011 Selesai puberula 3 Marsdenia 30-10-2011 Selesai brunoniana Gambar 1 Tabernaemontana sp. A. Habitus, B.
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