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Lay Medical Culture and Its English Critics C. 1620 to C. 1720 Lay M edical Culture and its English Critics c.1620 to c.1720 Alexander Goldbloom 1 University College London A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London University of London June 2000 ProQuest Number: U642319 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642319 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 A b s tr a c t This thesis deals with the way in which lay medical culture was perceived by literate elites in seventeenth-century England. It seeks to reappraise an existing historical picture in which the growth of scientific rationalism is seen as leading to a growing divide between the mentahties and medical practices of élites and those of the rest of society. Rather than treating these two groups as polar opposites the thesis examines the means by which they interacted. This is chiefly based on an examination of commonplace books which, from the Renaissance onwards, were central to the way in which literate laymen and women recorded information both from printed and manuscript material and from talking with others. The introductory chapter looks at the various ways in which the meaning of words such as ‘lay’ and ‘vulgar’ was constructed by their users. Chapter 2 goes on to describe the manner in which commonplace books contributed to the vulgarisation of medical knowledge amongst private individuals, at a family level, within local communities, and beyond. Chapters 3 and 4 continue this theme by looking at the collection of material within the institutional context of first, the Hartlib Circle, and second, the Royal Society. In both cases, it is argued, the individuals concerned were motivated by an increased emphasis on simple empiricism (instead of textual dogmatism) and on public utihty. Chapters 5 and 6 address the question of cultural bifurcation by considering criticism of lay medicine as a product both of a far wider political and theological debate over superstition and the place of the supernatural, and of a growing emphasis on gentility and taste. Contents Acknowledgements page 4 Abbreviations and a Note about the Text 5 hist of Illustrations and Tables 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1: Lay medicine and Vulgar Medicine 40 Chapter 2: Commonplace Medicine 75 Chapter 3: The Hartlib Circle, the Ephemerides and 110 Lay M edical Culture Chapter 4: Restoration Society and the Interest in Lay 147 M edical Culture Chapter 5: Supernatural Medicine 192 Chapter 6: Taste 224 Conclusion 244 Bibliography 252 Acknowledgements Every thesis has a long story to teU both in terms of its content and in terms of the way it came about. In this regard my initial thanks must go to the teaching staff of the Wellcome Institute for History of Medicine, Since I was privileged to study there as an undergraduate they have nurtured my interests in the history of medicine and in the wider realm of cultural and intellectual history. It was through their encouragement that I entered into a course of postgraduate study. My studies during this time have been assisted by the help I received from the staff of the British Library, the Bodleian Library, the Royal Society, and the Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, I would like give particular thanks to Francis Harris and Andrew Prescott of the British Library for the advice they gave me with regards to the Hartlib Papers and the Evelyn Papers respectively; Richard Aspin and John Symons of the Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine for their assistance with early modern books and manuscripts; and the staff of the Hartlib Project at the University of Sheffield for providing me with scanned images from Samuel Harthb’s Ephemerides. My gratitude also goes to Lowinger Madison of Gloucester Cathedral Library for permitting me to look at Henry Fowler’s manuscripts. My studies have been helped by the opportunity that was afforded me of presenting my ideas at seminars and symposia organised by the Institute for Historical Research, the Wellcome Institute, The Warburg Institute, and the Modern History Faculty, University of Oxford, While abroad, I was also graciously invited to present my work at seminars hosted by the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, I would like to thank the organisers and participants at all these events for their advice and their suggestions, I am indebted to numerous friends, colleagues and correspondents for their advice, encouragement and the moral support. Among these I would like to mention Noga Arikha, Iordan Avramov, Cornelius O’ Boyle, Sally Bragg, Janet Browne, BiU Bynum, Stefan Collini, Ann Dally, Mark Greengrass, David Harley, Natsu Hattori, Geoff Hudson, Michael Hunter, Sergius Kodera, Chris Lawrence, Mary Lindemann, Eileen Magnello, Diana Manuel, Sharon Messenger, Michael Neve, Kim Pelis, Margaret Pelling, Alheydis Plassmann, Nikola) Serikoff, and Andrew Wear. My gratefiil thanks go to my thesis supervisors Vivian Nutton and Roy Porter, Both have been an extraordinary source of intellectual support, friendship and assistance, I have invaded their offices on numerous occasions, bringing with me ideas and suggestions that must have seemed oudandish, only to have them softened with candour and good advice. AU the errors in this text are, of course, my own, I would also to thank the British Academy for the funding I have received throughout my course of postgraduate study. FinaUy I would hke to thank my family for their love and forbearance, and, above aU my wife, without whose love I would never have finished this project. A List of the Abbreviations Used in the Footnotes Bacon, Works The Works of Francis Bacon^ (ed.) James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis, and Douglas Denon Heath, 14 Volumes, (London: Longmans and Co., 1857-74) BLAdd British Library Additional Manuscripts BL Evelyn British Library Evelyn Manuscripts BL Sloane British Library Sloane Manuscripts Boyle, Works The Works of the Hon. Robert Boyle^ (ed.) Thomas Birch, 6 Volumes, (London: J. and F. Rivington, 1772) BL Royal British Library Royal Manuscripts Browne, Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, (ed.) Robin Robbins, 2 Volumes, Pseudodoxia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981) Epidemica Foster, A lum ni Joseph Foster, Alumni Oxoniensis: the Members of the University of 0:>ford, 1500- Ox. 1714, 4 Volumes, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1891-92) Gloucester MS Gloucester Cathedral Library Manuscripts HP Hartlib Papers, University of Sheffield. All references are taken from The Hartlib Papers: a Complete T ext and Image Database o f the Papers o f Samuel Hartlib (c. 1600-1662) (2 CD-Rom discs and User Guide, Ann Arbor, 1995) Hunter, yB 6S\ 2A.H\xssX.tx., John Aubrey and the P^alm o f Ijearning^ (London: Duckworth, Aubrey 1975) Hunter, Science Michael Hunter, Science and Society in Restoration England, (Cambridge: and Society Cambridge University Press, 1981) Hunter, Michael Hunter, Establishing the New Science: the Experience o f the Early Royal ETNS Society, (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1989) OED 0>ford English Dictionary Oldenburg The Correspondence of Heny Oldenburg, (ed.) A.R. and M.B. Hall, 13 Volumes, Correspondence (Madison and Milwaukee and London, 1965-86) R.S.E.L Royal Society Early Letters RSMS Royal Society Manuscripts Stubbs I Mayhng Stubbs, ‘John Beale, Philosophical Gardener of Herefordshire Part 1. Prelude to the Royal Society (1608-1663)’, Annals o f Science, 39, (1982), pp.463-489 Stubbs II Mayling Stubbs, ‘John Beale, Philosophical Gardener of Herefordshire Part II. The Improvement of Agriculture and Trade in the Royal Society (1663-1683)’, A nnals o f Science, 46, (1989), pp.323-363 Venn J.A. Venn (ed.). A lum ni Cantabrigienses, 10 Volumes, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922-54). Webster Charles Webster, The Great Instauration. Science, Medicine and Reform 1626-1660, (London: Duckworth, 1975) Wellcome MS Wellcome Library Manuscripts A Note about the Text AU dates are given as they appear, except that the year has been taken to begin on January 1st ratiier than March 25th. Only works published after 1800 are referenced in fuU (place of pubhcation, pubhsher, and date) in the footnotes. FuU references for aU works can be found in the bibliography at the end of the thesis. Illustrations and Tables Figure 1. Wellcome MS 757, f.21v from the commonplace book of page 85 Augustine Spinney and Henry Fowler Figure 2. HP 28/2/14A Samuel Hartlib’s Ephemerides, 1651 120 Table 1. Medical manuscripts belonging to Henry Fowler 101 Introduction Introduction Writers, Preachers, Moralists, Rhetoricians, Orators and Poets...depending upon invention deduce their mediums from all things whatsoever...they take up popular conceits, and from traditions unjustifiable or really false, illustrate matters of undeniable truth. Wherein although their intentions be sincere, and that course not much condemnable, yet doth it notoriously strengthen common errors, and authorise opinions injurious unto truth. Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica: OR, E N Q U IR IE S into Very Many Received Tenents and Commonly Presumed Truths^ Sixth edition (London: J.R. for Nath. Ekins, 1672), Book I, Chapter IX, p.54 Tradition has in no Instance so clearly evinced her Faithfulness as in the transmitting of vulgar rites and popular Opinions. Of these, when we are desirous of tracing them backwards to their Origin, many lose themselves in Antiquity.
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