Connection-Oriented DNS to Improve Privacy and Security
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Evolution of the Linux TCP Stack: a Simulation Study
UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE LOUVAIN Evolution of the Linux TCP stack: a simulation study Thesis submitted for the Master's degree Supervisor: Olivier Bonaventure in computer science and engineering (120 credits) Readers: Ramin Sadre, Fabien Duch^ene options: networking and security by Esteban Sastre Ferr´andez Louvain-la-Neuve Academic year 2014-2015 \My laughter is my sword, and my joy is my shield." Martin Lutero. Abstract TCP (Transport Control Protocol) is widely known as a communication protocol be- tween devices that guarantees a reliable, ordered and error-checked exchange of informa- tion flow between them. As research progresses, changes in it's design and architecture are made, new features are added or modified, etc.. This translates into the existence of a large variety of different implementations of the same. Every new Linux Kernel version comes on the heels of representative changes inside TCP that may incur an en- hancement or a disadvantage when it comes to use one or another in certain specific network scenario. Measuring performance of all distinct versions of the protocol turns into an impossible task to carry out in the ample variety of heterogeneous real envi- ronments. This thesis provides a set of simulations of different TCP implementations under diverse traffic scenarios, all performed in several network topologies considered representative to a range of real cases. To achieve this goal, simulations are done within the ns-3 discrete event network simulator along with the DCE(Direct Code Execution) framework. Obviously taking into account every potential scenario is impossible. Hence, what this work offers is a representative subset of tests that may be useful to later re- searchers/sysadmins as a reference when it comes to deploy one or other version in a real environment. -
How Speedy Is SPDY?
How Speedy is SPDY? Xiao Sophia Wang, Aruna Balasubramanian, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and David Wetherall, University of Washington https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi14/technical-sessions/wang This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI ’14). April 2–4, 2014 • Seattle, WA, USA ISBN 978-1-931971-09-6 Open access to the Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI ’14) is sponsored by USENIX How speedy is SPDY? Xiao Sophia Wang, Aruna Balasubramanian, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and David Wetherall University of Washington Abstract provides only a modest improvement [13, 19]. In our SPDY is increasingly being used as an enhancement own study [25] of page load time (PLT) for the top 200 to HTTP/1.1. To understand its impact on performance, Web pages from Alexa [1], we found either SPDY or we conduct a systematic study of Web page load time HTTP could provide better performance by a significant (PLT) under SPDY and compare it to HTTP. To identify margin, with SPDY performing only slightly better than the factors that affect PLT, we proceed from simple, syn- HTTP in the median case. thetic pages to complete page loads based on the top 200 As we have looked more deeply into the performance Alexa sites. We find that SPDY provides a significant im- of SPDY, we have come to appreciate why it is chal- provement over HTTP when we ignore dependencies in lenging to understand. Both SPDY and HTTP perfor- the page load process and the effects of browser compu- mance depend on many factors external to the protocols tation. -
NSA's MORECOWBELL
NSA's MORECOWBELL: Knell for DNS Christian Grothoff Matthias Wachs Monika Ermert Jacob Appelbaum Inria TU Munich Heise Verlag Tor Project 1 Introduction On the net, close to everything starts with a request to the Domain Name System (DNS), a core Internet protocol to allow users to access Internet services by names, such as www.example.com, instead of using numeric IP addresses, like 2001:DB8:4145::4242. Developed in the \Internet good old times" the contemporary DNS is like a large network activity chart for the visually impaired. Consequently, it now attracts not only all sorts of commercially-motivated surveillance, but, as new documents of the NSA spy program MORECOWBELL confirm, also the National Security Agency. Given the design weaknesses of DNS, this begs the question if DNS be secured and saved, or if it has to be replaced | at least for some use cases. In the last two years, there has been a flurry of activity to address security and privacy in DNS at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the body that documents the DNS standards. The Internet Architecture Board, peer body of the IETF, just called on the engineers to use encryption everywhere, possibly including DNS. [4] A recent draft [6] by the IETF on DNS privacy starts by acknowledging that the DNS \... is one of the most important infrastructure components of the Internet and one of the most often ignored or misunderstood. Almost every activity on the Internet starts with a DNS query (and often several). Its use has many privacy implications ..." Despite seemingly quick consensus on this assessment, the IETF is not expecting that existing industry solutions will change the situation anytime soon: \It seems today that the possibility of massive encryption of DNS traffic is very remote." [5] From a surveillance perspective, DNS currently treats all information in the DNS database as public data. -
TCP Fast Open
TCP Fast Open Sivasankar Radhakrishnan, Yuchung Cheng, Jerry Chu, Arvind Jain Barath Raghavan Google ICSI [email protected], {ycheng, hkchu, arvind}@google.com [email protected] ABSTRACT 2.4KB respectively [25]. As a result of the preponderance of Today’s web services are dominated by TCP flows so short small objects in large pages, web transfer latency has come that they terminate a few round trips after handshaking; this to be dominated by both the round-trip time (RTT) between handshake is a significant source of latency for such flows. In the client and server and the number of round trips required this paper we describe the design, implementation, and de- to transfer application data. The RTT of a web flow largely ployment of the TCP Fast Open protocol, a new mechanism comprises two components: transmission delay and propa- that enables data exchange during TCP’s initial handshake. gation delay. Though network bandwidth has grown substan- In doing so, TCP Fast Open decreases application network tially over the past two decades thereby significantly reduc- latency by one full round-trip time, decreasing the delay ex- ing transmission delays, propagation delay is largely con- perienced by such short TCP transfers. strained by the speed of light and therefore has remained un- We address the security issues inherent in allowing data changed. Thus reducing the number of round trips required exchange during the three-way handshake, which we miti- for the transfer of a web object is the most effective way to gate using a security token that verifies IP address owner- improve the latency of web applications [14, 18, 28, 31]. -
TLS 1.3 (Over TCP Fast Open) Vs. QUIC
An extended abstract of this paper appeared in the 24th European Symposium on Research in Com- puter Security, ESORICS 2019. This is the full version. Secure Communication Channel Establishment: TLS 1.3 (over TCP Fast Open) vs. QUIC Shan Chen1, Samuel Jero2, Matthew Jagielski3, Alexandra Boldyreva4, and Cristina Nita-Rotaru3 1Technische Universit¨atDarmstadt∗, [email protected] 2MIT Lincoln Laboratoryy, [email protected] 3Northeastern University, [email protected] [email protected] 4Georgia Institute of Technology, [email protected] November 27, 2020 Abstract Secure channel establishment protocols such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) are some of the most important cryptographic protocols, enabling the encryption of Internet traffic. Reducing latency (the number of interactions between parties before encrypted data can be transmitted) in such protocols has become an important design goal to improve user experience. The most important protocols addressing this goal are TLS 1.3, the latest TLS version standardized in 2018 to replace the widely deployed TLS 1.2, and Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC), a secure transport protocol from Google that is implemented in the Chrome browser. There have been a number of formal security analyses for TLS 1.3 and QUIC, but their security, when layered with their underlying transport protocols, cannot be easily compared. Our work is the first to thoroughly compare the security and availability properties of these protocols. Towards this goal, we develop novel security models that permit \layered" security analysis. In addition to the standard goals of server authentication and data confidentiality and integrity, we consider the goals of IP spoofing prevention, key exchange packet integrity, secure channel header integrity, and reset authentication, which capture a range of practical threats not usually taken into account by existing security models that focus mainly on the cryptographic cores of the protocols. -
The QUIC Transport Protocol:Design and Internet-Scale Deployment
The QUIC Transport Protocol: Design and Internet-Scale Deployment Adam Langley, Alistair Riddoch, Alyssa Wilk, Antonio Vicente, Charles Krasic, Dan Zhang, Fan Yang, Fedor Kouranov, Ian Swett, Janardhan Iyengar, Jeff Bailey, Jeremy Dorfman, Jim Roskind, Joanna Kulik, Patrik Westin, Raman Tenneti, Robbie Shade, Ryan Hamilton, Victor Vasiliev, Wan-Teh Chang, Zhongyi Shi * Google [email protected] ABSTRACT We present our experience with QUIC, an encrypted, multiplexed, and low-latency transport protocol designed from the ground up to improve transport performance for HTTPS traffic and to enable rapid deployment and continued evolution of transport mechanisms. QUIC has been globally deployed at Google on thousands of servers and is used to serve traffic to a range of clients including a widely-used web browser (Chrome) and a popular mobile video streaming app (YouTube). We estimate that 7% of Internet traffic is now QUIC. We describe our motivations for developing a new transport, the princi- ples that guided our design, the Internet-scale process that we used Figure 1: QUIC in the traditional HTTPS stack. to perform iterative experiments on QUIC, performance improve- ments seen by our various services, and our experience deploying TCP (Figure 1). We developed QUIC as a user-space transport with QUIC globally. We also share lessons about transport design and the UDP as a substrate. Building QUIC in user-space facilitated its Internet ecosystem that we learned from our deployment. deployment as part of various applications and enabled iterative changes to occur at application update timescales. The use of UDP CCS CONCEPTS allows QUIC packets to traverse middleboxes. -
WAN Optimization for Satellite Networking
Masaryk University Faculty of Informatics WAN optimization for satellite networking Master’s Thesis Patrik Rehuš Brno, Spring 2019 Masaryk University Faculty of Informatics WAN optimization for satellite networking Master’s Thesis Patrik Rehuš Brno, Spring 2019 Declaration Hereby I declare that this paper is my original authorial work, which I have worked out on my own. All sources, references, and literature used or excerpted during elaboration of this work are properly cited and listed in complete reference to the due source. Patrik Rehuš Advisor: doc. Ing. RNDr. Barbora Bühnová, Ph.D. i Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor doc. Ing. RNDr. Barbora Bühnová, Ph.D. for her comments and supervision of my the- sis. I would also like to thank Ing. Petr Holášek for patience, guidance, support and provide input data for testing. Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife for support during my studies. ii Abstract The modern airplane provides satellite connectivity not only for op- erational data but also for Internet access for customers. However, satellite links are characterized by the long delay in contrast to terres- trial networks, which degrade the whole throughput connection. So the goal of my thesis is to explore approaches to accelerate satellite connection using a different way. Part of this thesis is alsoa virtual machine of satellite accelerator which contains installed tools used for testing. It can also be applied for other testing purposes or development of the new satellite accelerating technique. With a small modification, it can be deployed in the real link too. -
DNS-Sicherheit Am Beispiel Eines Mittelständischen Softwareunternehmens
Bachelorarbeit Kevin Hüsgen DNS-Sicherheit am Beispiel eines mittelständischen Softwareunternehmens Fakultät Technik und Informatik Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Department Informatik Department Computer Science Kevin Hüsgen DNS-Sicherheit am Beispiel eines mittelständischen Softwareunternehmens Bachelorarbeit eingereicht im Rahmen der Bachelorprüfung im Studiengang Bachelor of Science Angewandte Informatik am Department Informatik der Fakultät Technik und Informatik der Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg Betreuender Prüfer: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Hübner Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Klaus-Peter Kossakowski Eingereicht am: 08.12.2020 Kevin Hüsgen Thema der Arbeit DNS-Sicherheit am Beispiel eines mittelständischen Softwareunternehmens Stichworte DNS, IT-Sicherheit, IT-Grundschutz, DNSSEC, DNS-over-TLS, DNS-over-HTTPS, Be- drohungsanalyse, Risikoanalyse, DNS-Sicherheit, DNSCurve, DNS-Cookies, TSIG, DoT, DoH Kurzzusammenfassung Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist es, die Sicherheit von DNS anhand eines fiktiven, mit- telständischen Softwareunternehmens aus der Versicherungsbranche zu analysieren. Dazu werden die Schwachstellen, Bedrohungen und Angriffe beim Betrieb von DNS analysiert und die Risiken für das Unternehmen evaluiert. Es werden DNS-Sicherheitserweiterungen vorgestellt und die identifizierten Bedrohungen im Hinblick auf diese überprüft. Ein Maß- nahmenkatalog wurde erarbeitet, um die Risiken zu vermeiden oder zu reduzieren. Zum Schluss werden Empfehlungen ausgesprochen und im Bezug auf das Anwendungsszenario -
Securing Communication
news from leading universities and research institutes in the Netherlands reSearcherS • Daniel J. Bernstein, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, and University of Illinois at Chicago, USA • Tanja Lange, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands • Peter Schwabe, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. High-security and high-speed protection for computer networks Securing communication Internet and mobile communication has become a vital part of our lives in the past decade, but almost all of it is exposed to criminals. Researchers at the Eindhoven University of Technology have developed a new cryptographic library that is fast enough to allow universal deployment of high-security encryption. We often assume that communication downloading a game from an online These essential requirements over the internet is just as secure store. Users begin by accessing the of communication over computer as traditional forms of personal online store, and want to be sure that networks are ensured through communication. We assume that we they are in fact accessing the right cryptographic protection. Encryption know who we are communicating website and not a look-alike that will is what provides communication with; we assume our conversations are take their money but not let them with confidentiality, the assurance private, that only the person we talk download the software. Users then that transmitted information is only to can hear what we are saying; and submit their credit-card details or other read by the recipient and not by we assume that what we are saying banking information, and want to be an eavesdropper. Authentication will reach the recipient without being sure that this information is protected of users and data is provided by modified. -
LNICST 154, Pp
Evaluating the Performance of Next Generation Web Access via Satellite B Raffaello Secchi( ), Althaff Mohideen, and Gorry Fairhurst School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Fraser Noble Building, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK [email protected] Abstract. Responsiveness is a critical metric for web performance. Update to the web protocols to reduce web page latency have been intro- duced by joint work between the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). This has resulted in new protocols, including HTTP/2 and TCP modifications, offering an alter- native to the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP/1.1). This paper eval- uates the performance of the new web architecture over an operational satellite network. It presents the main features of the new protocols and discusses their impact when using a satellite network. Our tests compar- ing the performance of web-based applications over the satellite network with HTTP/2 confirm important reductions of page load times with respect to HTTP/1.1. However, it was also shown that performance could be significantly improved by changing the default server/client HTTP/2 configuration to best suit the satellite network. Keywords: SPDY · HTTP/2 · PEP 1 Introduction In the last ten years, the types of data exchanged using HTTP has changed rad- ically. Early web pages typically consisted of a few tens of kilobytes of data and were normally not updated frequently (static web). Today, typical web pages are more complex, consisting of (many) tens of elements, including images, style sheets, programming scripts, audio/video clips, HTML frames, etc.[1,2]. -
CARSTEN STROTMANN, DNSWORKSHOP.DE CCCAMP 2019 Created: 2019-08-21 Wed 08:37
DOH, OR DON'T? CARSTEN STROTMANN, DNSWORKSHOP.DE CCCAMP 2019 Created: 2019-08-21 Wed 08:37 1 AGENDA DNS-Privacy DoH/DoT/DoQ The Dilemma Summary 2 . 1 ABOUT ME? Carsten Strotmann dnsworkshop.de DNS(SEC)/DANE/DHCP/IPv6 trainer and supporter RIPE/IETF 3 . 1 PRIVACY IN DNS? in recent years, the IETF has expanded the DNS protocol with privacy features DNS-over-TLS (transport encryption between DNS client and DNS resolver) DNS-over-HTTPS (transport encryption between DNS client and DNS resolver) QNAME Minimization (less metadata in DNS) EDNS-Padding (hiding of DNS data in encrypted connections) 4 . 1 THE NEED FOR MORE DNS PRIVACY a study presented at IETF 105 during the Applied Networking Research Workshop in July 2019 found that 8.5 % of networks (AS) intercept DNS queries (27.9% in China) (today) most queries are answered un-altered but the situation might change, intercept server might change DNS answers 5 . 1 ENCRYPTED TRANSPORT FOR DNS Terminology Do53 = DNS-over-Port53 - classic DNS (UDP/TCP port 53) DoT = DNS-over-TLS - TLS as the transport for DNS DoH = DNS-over-HTTPS - HTTPS as the transport for DNS DoQ = DNS-over-QUIC - QUIC as the transport for DNS DoC = DNS-over-Cloud - DNS resolution via cloud services (Google, Q9, Cloudare …) 6 . 1 PERFORMANCE OF DOT/DOH (1/2) with TLS 1.3 performance of DoT/DoH is quite good with established connections, performance can be similar to DNS-over-UDP due to Pipelining TCP fast open 0-RTT resume on connections with packet loss, DoT/DoH can be faster and more reliable than Do53! not all implementations are fully optimized 6 . -
Minimalt: Minimal-Latency Networking Through Better Security W
MinimaLT: Minimal-latency Networking Through Better Security W. Michael Petullo Xu Zhang Jon A. Solworth United States Military Academy University of Illinois at Chicago University of Illinois at Chicago West Point, New York USA Chicago, Illinois USA Chicago, Illinois USA mike@flyn.org [email protected] [email protected] Daniel J. Bernstein Tanja Lange University of Illinois at Chicago TU Eindhoven TU Eindhoven Chicago, Illinois USA Eindhoven, Netherlands Eindhoven, Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT users [55]. For example, Google found that a latency in- crease of 500ms resulted in a 25% dropoff in page searches, Minimal Latency Tunneling ( ) is a new net- MinimaLT and studies have shown that user experience degrades at la- work protocol that provides ubiquitous encryption for max- tencies as low as 100ms [12]. In response, there have been imal confidentiality, including protecting packet headers. several efforts to reduce latency for both TCP and encrypted provides server and user authentication, exten- MinimaLT networking [14, 41, 37, 10, 48, 56]. sive Denial-of-Service protections, privacy-preserving IP mo- bility, and fast key erasure. We describe the protocol, We describe here MinimaLT, a secure network protocol demonstrate its performance relative to TLS and unen- which delivers protected data on the first packet of a typical crypted TCP/IP, and analyze its protections, including its client-server connection. MinimaLT provides cryptographic resilience against DoS attacks. By exploiting the proper- authentication of servers and users; encryption of communi- ties of its cryptographic protections, MinimaLT is able to cation; simplicity of protocol, implementation, and configu- eliminate three-way handshakes and thus create connections ration; clean IP-address mobility; and DoS protections.