When Aloha Meets Martin Luther King Jr. --The Historical Title Relationship between Hawaii and the Civil Rights Movement--
Author(s) SAITO, Yumi
Citation 人間・環境学 (2016), 25: 119-128
Issue Date 2016-12-20
URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/218443
Right ©2016 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科
Type Departmental Bulletin Paper
Textversion publisher
Kyoto University 人1111 環境学術25 巻 1 19 128 l'f. 2016 '1' 119
When Aloha M 巴巴 ts Martin Luther King Jr.
一一一 The Historical Relationship between Hawai'i and the Civil Rights Movement 一一一
Yumi SAITO
Grnduatc Grnduatc School of I luman and EnvuonmαHal Studies, Kyoto Kyoto University, Kyoto 606 8501 Japan
S1111111talJ' S1111111talJ' This paper brings to light the historical relationships between llawai ‘i and the Civil Rights
Mm 叩 nent. By examining thr ℃e encountm of 1lawai'i and Luther Martin King fr., a 、町 II-known leader of
the the Civil Rights Mo 刊 ment-King's two visits to Hawai 白 i in 1959 and 1964 and Hawai'i's re Party Party of Hmvai'i came to supp 肝 t the Civil Rights Movement in the eontinental United Stutes. Additionally, this this study considers H 川刊i'i's grassrnrts movements for social and political change, whieh 日＇＂＇ emerged during during the 1940s and 1950s. It depicts how it was given a new di 陀 ction in the late 1960s locally ＂＇、 vell as emmects emmects 11 wllh llawmι ドS involvement m the Civil Rtghts Movement historical historical bonds between llawai'i and the Civil Rights lntroduetion lntroduetion M 印 cmcnt and its leaders.'' Additionally 、Takai 111 印 1tioncd King ’s visit in 1964 to Hawai'i cmphasiz ・ In In March of 20 日， two Democratic politicians 白・om ing 削 endship between the civil rights leader and 1-Iawai'i, 1-Iawai'i, the U.S. Senator Mazie K. Ilirono and the U. Reverend Akaka." Journalists in Hawai'i ft 日 qucntly S. S. Representati;cs Mark Takai ttw cled to Alabama for covered the story of King and other civil rights leaders the 日ftieth anniversary of the historie “Blordy during the 1965 Selma Montgomery March with Sunday ”Mar ℃h ealling for African Americans' voting photos of partieipants wearing the Hawaiian leis. The rights. rights. The two polieymakers presented more than a 2015 souvenir book for Martin Luther King Jr. 's Day hundred flower leis to the attendees of the event in the in Hawai'i, fe 剖 tred the story of the residents of same fashion that Rev 町 end Abraham Kahikina Akaka 1-Iawai'i who took pmt in the 1965 Selma March.'' of Kawaiaha'o Church had sent to march leaders, Pt ℃ vious scholarship has explored grassroots move- including including Reverend Martin Luth 目 King Jr ，日 fty yea 四 ments for social and politieal change within Hawai'i. ago. ago. Hirono stated that their delegation with Hawaiian 01 amura (2014) argues that racial 問 form movements leis leis aimed to bring the spirit of pcaee and aloha" began in Hawai ‘i even before the end of the World from aeross the Paeific to Selma. ”＇＇ War II, while the similar mov 目nents did not em 町 ge in The historical relationship between I-lawai'i and the the continental United States until the 1950s.'" Civil Civil Rights Mo ＇℃ mcnt ean be traeecl through an Movements advocating equality for nonwhite residents anal; anal; sis of the diseourse of the lawmakers and eur 問 llt ¥VC 問 mobilized through labor organization, eleetoral journalism. journalism. During his address to the I-louse of polities, and the stateho cd movement.'' A strike in Representatives, Representatives, Mark Takai expressed his intention to 1946 initiated by the International Longshore and partieipate partieipate in the anniversary ev 叩 t to honor the Warehouse Union (hereinafter ILWU), seeured a ban 120 120 Yumi SAITO on racial discrimination against plantation workers the 1965 Selma, Alabama March. By traeing each eighteen eighteen yea 四 befo 悶 the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In evcnt, this paper explores when and why the residents 1954, 1954, the Democratic victory"' achieved largely due to of Hawai'i began to support and take part in the Civil the the support 五・om the IL WU and Japanese Ameriean Rights Mov 目 nent traveling aeross the Paeifie to the veterans veterans to end white Republicans ’ control in eontincntal U.S. Additionally, this paper aims to Hawai ‘i."' p問 vious literatu 問 also not 回 the of impact uncovcr the aim ofthc Democratic Party ofl-lawai'i's the the Civil Rights Movement on the growing Hawaiian eoalition with thc Civil Rights Movcmcnt and the way sovereignty sovereignty movement and other local activist move- in whieh the image of !Jawai'i benefited the federal men ts 悶 ga 吋mg such issues as anti Vietnam War, government. Finally, it examines its relationship with housing 、and land reform from the late 1960s, the growth of social aetivism in I-lawai'i clming the including including the establishment of the Ethnic Studies 1940s and the 1950s and from the late 1960s. Department Department at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. '"' Yet, Yet, the details of the story of Hawai'i 's partieipation I King ’s Visits to Hawai'i in in the Civil Rights Movement have yet not been fully explot 右d ln this section, I will analyze the interaetions Reeent Reeent seholars often interpr 叫 clomestie politieal between Luther Martin King Jr. and residents of issues issues from the international perspeetive. Studies as Hawai ‘i dt 日ing his two visits to Hawai ‘l Mary L. MarγL Dudziak (201 I) argue that the federal Dudziak (2011) di 日 usses how raeial segregation and government promoted eivil rights 問 form as Cold War lyne iing eaptmccl international attention after World poliey poliey to deal with international eritieism regarding War II, making raeial issues of Ameriea grist for raeial raeial issues.'" The history and polities of Hawai'i Sovict propaganda by 1949 '" Through an analysis of also also have r℃ eently beαl analyzed 仕・om a global King ’s speeehes and inte1vi 品開 with thc I-Ionolulu pe 四 pectivc to explore the 日 lationship between newspapcrs, this scetion explores when and how the Hawai'i Hawai'i and the eontinental United States. Recent residents beeame awa 日 of the Civil Rights Movcment. studies studies often point out that both leacle 四 on the eontincnt eontincnt and in the Islands embraeecl the importance 1 Martin Lnthcr King Jr.'s First Visit to of Hawai'i during the Cold War. John S. Whitehead Hawai't m 1959 (2004) (2004) claims that Hawai'i became an ideological King ’s 日rst visit to Hawai'i was from September 14 outpost outpost the for U.S. after 1950. '" Furthermore, to 18, 1959. After leading the Montgomery bus Gretehen Gretehen Heefner (2005 ）副島1es that the statehood boyeott and becoming a world renown 日gurc in 1955, was not only important for the residents ofHawai'i but King traveled widely, gave Jecturcs on eivil rights for for the fed 町 al government becausc it would enable the struggles, and fought for sehool intcgration. His 日目 t U. U. S to present America ’ S positive imagc and its ideal visit was part of his sehedulcd speaking engagem 田its of demc c四 ey to thc world by emphasizing I-la ＼＼匂 i'i ’s for that year. role role of a bridge to Asia and 問 pr 回目iting Hawaiιi as a During his visit, King focused on three issu 田 First, symbol of raeial harmony."' he eritieizcd the federal government ’s leadership and Building Building on p日 vious seholarship, this study strcssed the need 日。 r eivil rights legislation. In an considers considers I-lawai'i ’s role in participating in the Civil intcrview with Honolulu daily newspapers, King Rights Rights Mo• ement. This paper pays attention to three opposed the idea of slowing clown on eivtl rights eneounte 日 between Luther Martin King Jr. and lcgislation aclvoeated by Congressmen sueh as a I-Iawai'i, I-Iawai'i, which King ’s two visits to I-Iawai ‘i in 1959 U. Republiean S. Senator Hiram L. Fong 仕0111 and 1964 and the Hawai'i delegation's partieipation in Hawai'i. Fong argued that Congrcss should t問 ad 、Nhen Aloha Meets Mmtln Luthe.・ King Jr. t21 carefully carefully with civil righ 臼 legislation because racial interested in racial issues in other parts of their issues issues gradually 悶 sohe themselves as time elapsed.'" countty. Articles in Ka Leo, the student newsp 叩 er at In 問 sponse, King stated, looking baek at the Little the University offlawai'i, at Miinoa in the early 1964, Roek Crisis of 1957 ，“ time does not heal problems of a criticized the apathy of most students towards the Civil social social order ，” the 問自 ore, a strong federal law was Rights Movc nent, unlike the rest of Americn which 印 quired to em 巴b white Southerners ’raeially discrimi ・ was spellbound by King ’s famous “I have a dream ” natory natory behaviors.'"' In addition, King critieized speeeh at the Lincoln Memorial in 1963. 初＇ Inspired President President Eisenhower for eaving in to Southern by thc 1963 speech, some of the University ’s studcnt resistance resistance to scho 。 1 integration, deelaring that only body invited King and other civil rights leadcrs to a federal federal eivil rights legislation would improve sehool wcck long syn 甲osium called “Civ 目立tghts Weck ” at mtegratton mtegratton "' the Miinoa campus to arouse students who were Second, Second, King provided a critique of raeial problcms indifferent to the Civil Rights Movement. in in the eontin 白 ital U. S. from the perspective of King often referred to the civil rights bill. After international international relations. 日lhen he addressed thc public arriving in Honolulu on February 18, he addressed an at at the McKinley High School auditorium, King audience of 5.500 people at the Central Union demonstrated demonstrated a conccrn ovcr thc growing criticism Church.'" King stated that nothing eould be more against against racial scg 問 gation, espeeially from thc Soviet tragic than witnessing the defeat of the civil rights bill Union and ncwly decolonizcd African countrics. King in the session of Congress."' Although, the eivil stated stated that if Amcriea wanted to remain a 訂rst class rights bill passed in the House on Feburary 10 by a nation, nation, th 白 1 citizcnship rights should not be denied vote of 2$ J to 130, King was coneerned that the Senate based based on racial diffcrenees. l川 would bloek the bill's passage or kill it entirely. In Third, Third, King found much to comm 日1d in the addition, he predicted that the civil rights bill would demoeratization demoeratization of llawai'i whcn he addressed the require a long struggle because the Republican State State House of Rcprescntatives on September 17. candidate in the 1964 presidential compaign, Senator King praised the residents ’ contribution to the Barry Goldwater opposed it. King then warned that if grassroots grassroots movements for social justice and equality in Goldwater won thc election, it would be a catastrnphe Hawai'i. Hawai'i. lie saw thc statchood movement as a me 沼ns for the Civil Rights Movement.'" On the morning of to to providc grcatcr opportunities and enhanee racial Febntary 19, King addressed for the annual “God and equality equality for non 、.vhite rcsidents in the Islands. King Country Service ” at Kawaiaha'o Chmch sponsored by also also claimed that Jlawai'i had accomplished relatively the Honolulu Council of Churches, in co 町unction with harmonious harmonious racial rclations and its success in that the opcning of the State Legislature. Although cndeavor cndeavor should scrvc as an example 自由 the nation 111 Governor John A. Burns did not attend, an estimated fostering fostering racial equality."' half to two thirds of the legislators werc in attendance."' attendance."' King mged the legislators and other 2. 2. King ’s Second Visit to Hawm ‘im 1964 listeners to write letters to their cong 悶 ssmen asking It It was King ’s second visit to Hawai'i in 1964 that them to push through the civil rights bill. お I Conccrned dit なcted thc public ’s attention to the Civil Rights that the t ℃sult of the upcoming presidential election Mo' eme 1t. His visit was co sponsored by the would damage their efforts on behalf of the enactment Assoeiated Assoeiated Students of the University of Hawai'i, at of eivil rights legislation, King urged the audienee to M 百noa as well as the Honolulu Couneil of Churehes act now before it was too late."" Following Following the flowcring of student activism in the At noon of the same day, 10 COO people,"' 8.000 of eontinental eontinental U 山ted States, some students became which were University ofHawai'i students ，剖 gathered 122 122 Yumi SAITO at at the Andrews Amphitheater of the University of ofHawai'i and the Hawai ‘iAdvismy Committee to the Hawai'i Hawai'i Manoa to hear King ’s speech. It was the U. S. Civil Rights Commission, and the Reverend largest largest erowd in the history of the stadium. This Lawerence S. Jones, president of the Honolulu Couneil attendance attendance is indicative of the growing attention of Churches, traveled to Washington, D. C. to p間 SS for towards towards the Civil Rights Movement and King among passage of the civil rights legislation. the the students as well as the wider public in Hawai'i, in comparison, comparison, the audienec at King ’s add 悶 ss just six II. The Partieipation in the Selma, year 宮 earlier at the MeKinley High School numbered Alabama Campaign in 1965 only only 1 200 ＇引 Simeon Aeoba Jr., who brought up the idea idea of inviting King for organizing the Civil Rights Martin Luther King Jr. and his organization, Week symposium, commented Southern Christian Leadership Confer 叩 ce (herein afte afte ・SCLC), launehed a campaign in Selma, Alabama There There wasn ’t 四 ry much empathy for the eivil challenging the racial exclusion in the local voting rights rights movement in Hawaii in publie or on system and for ℃ ing President Lyndon Johnson to campus [bcfo 四 King ’s speeches]. 1 thiuk what legislate a federal law to 叩 sure the voting rights for all was important was that aft 田 he came and the African Americans. Attempts to walk 日i・om Selma to week of speake 四， people became mo 悶 sensitive Montgomery on Mar ℃h 7 and 9 w 副官 blocked by state to to the civil rights movement and what it was.'"' t問。pers and the city police twice as the marchers we 悶 trying trying to 口・o 田 Edmund Pettis Bridge. After witness- King not did only address the audicnec about his blo the ing ndy sccncs on March 7 on national 口ght 「or racial equality but also encouraged the television and hcaring thc tragic news of a white students students to get involved in his movement. King m 百ed minister, James Reeb, who eamc from Boston for the university university students to come to the South and join his protest, being attacked and beaten by a group of eampaign to help register Afriean Americnn vote 四 rn segregationists, many people across America 自ound the James Farmer, Director of the Cong 悶 ss of Racial ir 日 ident outrageous and gathe 悶 d in Selma to protest. Equality Equality (he 四 inaft 町 CORE), invited to the Civil In I-Iawai'i, there 、vas also a movement to pa 此icipate Rights Rights Week symposium as one of the guest speakers, in the Selma campaign. In this section I will focus on stated stated CORE recruited young people of all races 自m its the residents of Hawai'i's participation in the Selma no ーviolent direct ・aehon programs. The participants eampaign. First, the motivation 日or traveling from would be paid only subsistenee wages-about $25 a Hawai'i to join the historic event is examined. week-and eould volunteer for a summer, six months, Second, it consid 町 S the significant political role or or a year.,,, Farmer stated that the students eould still played by Daniel K. Inouye, a Congressman 凸om support support CORE financially if they could not partieipate Hawai'i, in both I-Iawai ‘i and in the eontinental United in in the Civil Rights Moveme1t direetly.'" States. Finally, the relationship betweαl the Civil It It was the civil rights leaders ’ eall for involved Rights Movement and the social mov 白ncnts in action action in their campaign that stimulated interest in the Hawat ‘ t is considered. Civil Civil Rights Movem 叩 t among the residents of Hawai'i. Hawai'i. After King ’s seeond visit to Hawai ‘i, the I The Delegation Team from Hawai'i in the residents residents developed an affinity for the Civil Rights Selma Campaign Movement. Jn Mareh of 1964, three resic 叩 ts of Six residents of Hawai'i joined the third civil rights I-Iawai'i, I-Iawai'i, Reverent Abraham K. Akaka, Charles M. mareh 日om Selma to Montgomery, Alabama begin- Campbell, Campbell, the ehairrnan of the Civil Rights Conference ning on Mareh 21, 1965. It was a multiracial Wh 叩 Aloha Meets Martin Lurher・ King k 123 delegation delegation consisting of an African American, tlu ℃G Mareh leaders ineluding Martin Luther King Jr. and whites, whites, and a Japancsc Americon student together with Ralph Bunche, the 山idc 四ecretary of the United a Japanese American news reporter. The A 白ican Nations. The delegation received cheers 自om the American, American, Charles M. Campbell, headed two civil erowd of more than 7 000 participants. It was obvious rights rights associations in Hawai'i, and was flanked by that King 自己 It honored by the distance this dclegation thr ℃C white supportc 日一一 Robert Browne, a psychiatrist had travelled to express thcir support for thc voting at at St. Francis Hospital ; Linus C. Pauling Jr., a rights act for the African Americans. When Charles psychiatrist psychiatrist whose fath 町 awarded two Nobel Prizes, M. Campbell presented the l日 to the civil rights leader, one in chemistry and the other for peace ; and Nona King sta 阻止“ to think you came all that way. You Springe!, Springe!, a graduate student and a research assistant in don ’t know what this means to us. ”＂＇ King and other psychology psychology at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. leaders wor ℃ thc leis during March until all of the Also Also included in this delegation from Hawai'i were petals fell off. Glenn T. lzutsu of the University ofllawai'i at Manoa, The partieipants strengthened Hawai'i ’s narrative of I ℃presenting the student body and Tomi Knae 日er, a racial harmony in the Civil Rights Movement. In the Japanese Japanese Amcriean news reporter at the !10110/11/11 St 山一 March 22, 1965 issue of the Honolu/11 Star-8111/etin, 8111/etin. 8111/etin. Tomi Knae 日目 showed how both of the leis and the An article, dated Janumy 15, 2015, in the !10110/11/11 banner symbolized the hope for raeial ham 】ony to be S/C/r S/C/r Advertiser explains the renson for the delegation. achieved in Sein a through a peaceful cmnpaign. 苅｝ The eonecpt of the Selma campaign 一peaceful The delcgation tcam belie 、cd racial integration had mobilization mobilization for justiee-resonated with 1-lawai'i ’s bcen aehicvcd in 1-lawai'i after they embraccd the politieal politieal grassroots movem 印 its that historically chal- importanee of solidarity aeross racial and ethnic lcnged lcnged the 、.vhite elites ’ p olitical, economical, and clifferenees through labor and politieal grassroots soeial soeial domination in the Islands."' Knaefler noted that movements during the 1940s and 1950s, effectively the the residents of 1-Iawai 'i, especially the students of the ehallenging raeism against nonwhite minorities."' University University of llawai ‘i and the intellectuals sympa- One of the partieipants, Nona Springel explained the thized thized with the Afriean American sensibilities about Hawai 'i's delegate ’s motivation to take part in the racial racial ir リustice by reflceting 1-IawaγI ’S own immigrant Selma campaign was due to the delegation m 目nbe 日， history history of injustice and struggles against white strongly held belief that raeial integration could be hegemony.'" Will 悶m D. 1-Ioshijo, the executive achieved at that time, although, she realized that it was direetor direetor of the llawai'i Civil Rights Commission, hard to make the ideal a reality in today ’ s world.'"' whieh Charles M. Campbell headed, explained the On the first day of the march, National Gua 吋 reason reason for the delegation's pr ℃S印iec in Selma saying pc 目 onnel were assigned by President Johnson to that that the historieal expα・ie iee of people of color in protect the 8.000 marchers.'" King led the March, Hawai'i Hawai'i before World War II was in some ways successfully crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge, and paralleled paralleled the diserimination and segregation against walked to a campsite eight miles away. About 300 of A 自iean Amerieans in the South."" the marchers camped there while others went back to The llawai ‘ i delegation made an imn 】ediate splash. Selma 品目 the night. From the second day of the On Mareh 21, they reeci' cd att 印llion at the opening march, the number of marchers was limited to 3C J by a for for the five day mareh in front ofBrown Chapel A. M. federal comt order which provided the permit 自由 the E. E. Chureh bceause they brought がumeria leis and a March. Among the delegation from I-Iawai'i, Charles banner, banner, "Hawaii Kno 附 Integration Works. ”The team M. Campbell and Glenn lzutsu were ineluded in the was invited to go on stage and present the leis to the 3日日 and walked the entire 日fty miles. Robert Browne, 124 124 Ymni SAITO Linus Linus C. Pauling Jr., and Nona Springe! volunteer ℃din Islands. 州 The senator ’s support for civil rights the the medical unit backing up the 300 mar ℃hers."' legislation provided a powerful tool 自or the Demeeratie A key facet of the March was, multi-racial unity Party of 1-Iawai'i. Sending his assistant to the March, among the delegation team from Hawai'i, other Inouye e rnbled the Party to visibly demonstrate its rnar ℃hers, and local residents in Alabama. The African eommitment to raeial equality and soeial justice. As American community in Alabama and civil right Okamura (2014) has claimed that the Dcmoeratie leaders leaders were welcoming to participants from outside of Party foeused on eliminating raeial inequality m 吋 Alabama. Alabama. Lucile Smith, who provided the Hawai'i 日ostering economic reform after thc 1954 De noc 問 tic tcam tcam with housing told the participants ，“ you ’ve con1e victoryand the political leaders successfully garnered to to hclp us and we ’re grateful. ”。＇ The delegation 白.・0111 strong support from nonwhites voters who felt lawai'i llawai'i appreciated their warm welcome. oppressed under the Republican dominanee. 判 1 The On the other hand, the delegation members 白0111 senator ’s mvolvement m the grassroots movement to llawai'i llawai'i experienced hostility from those opposed to challenge racial discrimination and segregation in the !he !he Mai ℃h in Alabama. Some white residents treated continental United States also faeilitated the non non local marchers as outsiders by asserting the idea of Democratic Party ’ s political goal of winning the local “local sovereignty ”or “local eontrol ” as the governing support of nonwhite 印 sidents of Hawai'i. prineiple prineiple of democracy widely accepted lhroughout 1-Iawai'i ’s Democratic Party attempted in advocating many Southern states. They held signs that read, their commitment, improving racial equality in “ Slay out of Alabama ’s business, Johnson," and llawai'i, as a vivid example for the 問 st parts of '"Dethrone '"Dethrone King. ”＂＇ They called the marchers from America. ln addition to his support for the civil rights 1-Iawai ‘i and other regions of the United Slates and legislation and the Civil Rights Movement, Inouye Canada “agitato 目” or “provocateurs. ”相 employed the strategy of emphasizing Hawai'i's Democratic Democratic Party ’s promise in Congress. For exam- 2. 2. AnalySis of the Democ1 a tic Patty of Hawai 中 s ple, in his 1963 s1 冗 eeh before the U. S. Senate, Inouye Involvement Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement artieulated his intent to address the issue of racial SCLC invited members of Cong 問問 in the House inequality and soeial justice for minorities. In addi- and and Senate to provide ma 四 hers from their staffs to the tion, the senator declared that the minority voice would Selma Mareh. In 問 sponse, Senator Inouye sent his be re 日e cted in his appearance before Congress.'"' spccial spccial assistant, Henry Ku'ualoha Giuguni. Giugni Ellen D Wu (2014) elaims that Senator Inoui e serv 田 joined joined Izutsu and Campbell and walked all the way to as a metaphor of raeial progress under the American the the end, carrying the Hawai'i ’S flag to the Capitol in liberal demoeracy by highlighting his achievement as a Montgomery. Inouye, the 而 st Japanese Ameiic 叩 to nonwhite politieian of prominence and his ambivalent serve serve in Congress, strongly supported civil rights relationship 、.vith Japan."' In the presidential cam- legislation, legislation, as opposed to Republican U. S. Senator paign of 1968, President Johnson urged Hubert Hiram L. Fong. lr 旧 uye strengthened his ties with the Humphrey to make Inouye his running mate believing delegation delegation team from I-Iawai'i by inviting them to his that it would be a useful way to gain support 白0111 office office in Washington, D. C.'" After the passage of the nonwhite voters as well as to show Amerieo ’s Civil Civil Rights Bill, Martin Luther King Jr. sent a letter to eommitment to raeial issues by choosing for the vice Inouye Inouye expr ℃ ssing his appreeiation for the senator's president a nonwhite eandidate who advoeated raeial support support of the bill.'" equality and soeial justiee for the vice president. Inouye ’s link with the Civil Rights Movement Thus, Hawai'i ’s Democratic Party ’s manifesto of galvanized galvanized support from nonwhite residents in the add 悶 ssing raeial equality was folded into the national When Aloha Meets Macfo1 L Participatton Participatton 111 the Civil Rights Movement the local activists sinec the late 1960s. In addition, and Social Movements in Hawai ‘i through solidarity with the Civil Rights Movement, the Despite Despite S町田tor Inoue ’s support for King ’s Civil Democratic Party of 1-lawai'i can praise its historic Rights Rights Movement, social movements in Hawai'i, contribution to 日ght against white supremacy in the inspired inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, were Islands in local grassroots movements during the 1940s confronted confronted by the contradictions of Hawai'i ’s and 1950s. Also, the Democratic Party can evade its Democratic Democratic Party policies. In fact, as Kotani (1985) own l℃sponsibility and plaee all blame on the points points out 1-lawai'i's social movements which emcrgcd Re iublicnn Party for 1-lawai'i's racism, inequality, and from from the late 1960s often opposed the Democratic ir リustice by placing white oppression against African Party Party leadership."' Hawai'i ’s Democratic Party Americans in the contin 目ital United States and racial produced produced an economic boom by expanding tourism minorities in llawai'i on the same moral ground through through a partnership with the U.S. military beginning Furthcrmor ℃， the illusion of llawai'i the realization in in the l96Js. 灯 l However, their policy, coupled with of raeial unity and equality for all incorporated into the the overdepencence on tourism, did not focilitate the American raeial liberalism was reinforced. upward economic and educotional mobility for ethnic minor 山田 such as Filipinos, Native Hawaii 征ans, and Conclusion Samoans, resulting in widespread ethnic and racial inequality inequality among resi 仁lents."' In addition, the This pap 町 has examined the historieal relationship militalization militalization of 1-Iawai'i and land development bctwcen the Civil Rights Movement and 1-lawai'i 「ro111 presented presented unique challenges to the ideals of democracy the late 1950s to 1960s through th 陀 e encounters as as it dispossessed Native Hawaiians ’ lands, nature, between Martin Luther King Jr. and the residents of resources 『 and culture in the Party ’ s alliance with the 1-lawai'i-King ’s two visits to 1-lawai 白t in 1959 and military."' military."' Thus, the activists have organized move- 1964 and llawai'i ’s participation in the Selma March ments in support of native sovereignty, opposition to of 1965. Through these encounters, historical, W 町、 demilitarization, and affor 吐able housing 守 much of cultural, and political reasons 自ar Hawai ‘I’S 陀 sidents ’ whieh derived considerable inspiration 白om grassroots participation in the sccial movements challenging movements against economie ine 司uality and the racial segregation and discrimination against African Vietnam War organizing which Martin Luther King Jr. Americans in the continental United States and the took took up in his later years of his life."" nuances of thcu tmpltcattons are uncovered The nuances of a/oh αas “peaee ” and "raeial Although Martin Luther King Jr. visited Hawai'i for harmony ” blended well with the symbolism of King ’s the first time in 1959, it was his second visit in 1964 message of non violence and racial integration. In that sparked the residents of I-lawai'i ’ s interest in the some ways, the Hawaiian /ei.,--n symbol of peaec, Civil Rights Movement. Student activists of the love, love, and compassion adorning the eivil rights lenders ’ Assoeiated Students of the Univer 別ty of I-Iawai'i at in in the March obscured 1-Iawai'i's role in the U. S. Manoa provided a bridge between King and llawai'i. militatγand the Vietnam War, the loeal power Through their interactions with King, the 問 sidαHS strncture strncture among the residents, and the subjugation of were stimulated to take part in the Civil Rights the the Islands ’s indigenous ！日 ople. Yet, the emphasis of Movement across the Pacific Oc 四 n peaee peaee and racial harmony by the two eurr 白1t The delegation's involvement in the civil rights 126 126 Yumi SAITO march had both cultural and historical motivations. Maran Lu/Ira Khrg, k 27 ル Annual Ho/frlay, ed. Marnha Joyner・ (Honlulu Hawaiian National Conm The members saw their own immigrant historγin nicalico nicalico Co~ aration, 2015), 7 23. Hawai'i reflected in the A 耐can American struggle 6) Jonathan Y. Okamura, From Rαce lo Et/ur/cily against against racial segregation in the south. They believed (Honolulu Univ 町 sity of Hawaiιi Press, 2014), 82. 7) Since the United States annexed Hawai'i as a tenito 叩 in in the importance of eoalition building across racial in in 1898, the territory had pctiti 間 1'd for statchood 16 and ethnic divides resulting from the successes of times and introdueed 33 bills for the statclrned until racial racial solidarity in their own multiracial labor and pas 官 d by the Cong 同日 in 1959. The statehood movement during the l 95Cs was organized by the political political movements. King ’s ideal of racial integralion Demoerat politieians with a belief that it would allow and non-violence appealed to the pa 此rcipants from residents ofH"'v"i'i to obtain full rights "s Ameriean lawai'i. Ilawai'i. They brought leis-a symbol of peace-as crtizens 8) The 1954 election is oftcn r℃fer 問 d to "the Demo- wcll wcll as a banner which was titled Hawaii Knows “ cratie victory ” as it ehanged thc politicol trajectory of lnlcgration lnlcgration Works ，” which exp 悶 ssed the hope for Ha war ‘I’s history by ending white Republi 凶 ns dominance dominance and replacmg legrslator-s wrth Japanese l冗 ace and ra 口al integration. and and Chinese Americans Drn10crats. llawai'i ’s Democratic Party also took part in the 9) Dan Boylan and M にhacl Holmes, Jo/rn A. Bwm. Civil Civil Righls Movemenl to show firm !heir commitment Tire man and Iris tim 町（ Honolulu; Unive<・sity of Ilawai'i Ilawai'i Press, 2000), 68. to to racial equality and social justice. This strategy 10) 10) See, e. g ，目別戸 incd. lbrahim G. Aoud6 and Ulla worked well in gaining support for thc Dcmocratic Ihrsager, Tire Et/wk Studies Sr°'y Po/Wes and Party Party from nonwhites r℃ sidents in Hawai'i who Social Mo,.emenls in H 山叩＇ i Essays in Honor of Mw 回H Kelly, (Honolulu University of Hawai 白 i al opposed !he historie domination of white Republicans Marwa, Dept. of Sociology, 1999). ovcr thc state politics and called for racial equality and 11) Mary L. DL dziak, Cold War Cir•il Righi.< Race and social social justice. Thus, pa はrcipation in the Civil Rights !he Image of Ame ，.； 叩 ＂ D 叩 /OCI 叫ん 2nd ed 山叩 (Pr・inceton (Pr・inceton Uni 刊 rsity Pr 田 s,2011),249 251. Movemenl played a role in strengthening their political 12) 12) John S. Whitchcad, Com1 リleting tire Union Alaska, power and in shifting the ideological responsibility of Hawa;';, and lire Bal/le for Siate/wod (Albu- querque querque University of New Mexieo P同日， 2日日 4), incqualily incqualily and injustice in the Islands to the Repul ヲlican 169. 169. Parly. Parly. Within the many layers that must be read in 13) Gretchen Heefner "A Sym 凶 1of the New Frontier," these these encount 町民 we see the complex relationship that Pac;fic Ifato,.;cal Re,;ew 74, no. 4 (2005), 545 574. 14) 14) Dudziak, Cold 1陥r Civil R;glrts, 15 Hav 刊行 has had with Martin Luther King Jr. and the 15) 15) "Rev. King Critieiz 田 Fong ’s Civil Rights Stand," Civil Civil Rights Movement. Honolnlu Stm・-Bnl/e1;,r, September 14, 1959, 19. 16) 16) Ibid 17) 17) Ibid. ，主 18) King Suggsted Stcps towar・d Racial Justice,' I) Aloha originally mcans “love ”m Hawaiian language Honolulu Stw・ Buller;u, September 17, 1959, 823. and and 四 fers ro Hawar 白1’s residents ’attircdcs of 19) Ibid friendliness friendliness and tolernnce for othe s. 20) Susan Yim, A Passiorrnte Voice in a Passive Se ＂，” 2 ）“ Hirano & Takai to Travel to Alab 巾ma for・ 5011 】 Honolnlu Star-Ad 叩rliser. January 20, 1986, B1 and Anni 町田ry ofB!ordy Sunday," March 5, 2015, hllp 83. //www. hirono. senate. gov/pre 回一閃leascs/hirona 21) Evinger ，” King Staterl Convictions During 2 Visits to and and takai to travcl 『 to alabama for 50th anniversar・y Hawaii, ' Honolnlu Adr ぽ・r1;ser, April 5, 1968, A6. oιblcndy-sunday. oιblcndy-sunday. 22) Moral Growth Lags in U.S. King Says. ” 3) Marl 《Takai, March 4, 2015 ，“ Takai Addresses House 23 ）“ Tragedy if CR Bill Fails King," Honolulul on on Upcoming Civil Rights Pilgrimage," March 4, A めぞ ra.rer-, February 20, 1964, AS. hllps hllps //takai. house. gov/media-center ゾp問団ー四ー 24 ）凶Moral Growth Lags in U. S. King Soys. ” leases/takar-add 日sses-house-upcnmmg crvrl-nghts- 25 ）“ Tragedy if CR Bill Fails King. ” pilgr・imagc. pilgr・imagc. 26) Ibid. 4) Takai, "Takai Addresses House on Uprnming Civil 27) Chuek Frankel ，“ 10 000 at UH H 田 r the Rev. 恥1artin Rights Rights Pilgrimage. ” Luther・," Honoluln Stm・-Bnllelhr, Februa 叩 20 1964, 5) Marsha Rose Joyner, From Hawaii to Selma," in 43. When Aloha Meets ルlartin Luther King Jr. 127 28) 28) Bcb Jon ＂，“ King Condemns Slowup in Rights 47) Martin Luther King Jr., Letter to Daniel K. Inouye, Fight," Fight," Honolulu Adreraw, Febrna 叩 20, 1964, Al Janua 叩 24, 1964, http //www.thekingcenter.org/ and and A2. arehive/document/letter・ mlk daniel k inouye. 29) 29) “King Suggsted Steps to 、刊吋 Racial Justice. 48) Aocor・ding to the U.S. Census 1960, nonwhites 30) 30) Yim ，“ A Passion >le V0>ce 111 a Pas"vc S'" ” residents consisted of68 % of the total population of J l) “U of H. Students Told How to Aid Rights Fight,' Hawai'i. Honolulu Honolulu Su,,.-Bulletin, Febnmry 20 1964, 43. 49) Okamura, From Race to Etirnicity 、105. 32) 32) Ibid. 50) Daniel K. Inouye, Jam 凶 ryJl.1963 ，“ Maidα1 Speech 33) 33) Ibid. Dclimed to the U.S. Senate," http //www. 34) 34) Vicki Vi 叫 ti ，“ H 品川口 to Selma," Honolulu St αド dan ielk 1 nouycr n str tute org/ speech es/ ma iden-spc cc h民 Adwrliser, Adwrliser, January 11, 2015, El. de live 悶 d- to-the-u-s-sena te 35) 35) Ibid. 51) Ellen D. Wu, The Color of Suceess (Princeton 36) 36) Ibid. University of Prineeton, 2014), 238 37) 37) Tomi Knaener ，” Le 俗、.Vom in Selma," Honolulu 52) Roland M. Kotani ，刀re Japan 四 e in Hm 附 ii. A Star Star Bulletin, Macch 22, 1965, AI and A トA CenttnJ• of おn•g, 40) 40) Ibid. cnpall 印 L Accommodatron and Re'lstance," m Amm 41 ）”Show ℃ red by Segr ℃ gatio 'ist Leaflets Rights Mar ℃h Se/lier Coloniali.rnr From Loral Go 山mwnce to tire in in 2"" Day," Honolulu Su,,. Bulletin, Mar ℃h 22, 1965, fh 山 r.s of E 山戸lay Lije in Hmmi 'i, ed. Candace Al and A IA. Ft リikane and Jonathan Y. Okamura (Honolulu 42) 42) Ibid. University of llawai'i Press 句 20081, 174. 43) 43) K1rnel1er, 'Leis Worn in Selma." 54) Okamu 悶， Etir 川city mnl Inequality in Hmmi 'i 44 ）”Showered by Seg 悶 gationist Leaflets Rights Ma 四 h (Philacelphia Temple Uni 刊 rsity P悶＂・ 2008), in in 2nd Day. ” 199-200 45) 45) Kmrcller', "Leis Worn in Selma. 55) Kajihirn, "The Militacizing of Hawai'i ，” 176. 46) 46) Daniel K. Inouye, Black and /Virile. Tire Eα r・ly Years 56 ）“ Introduction to the Ethnic Studies Story The of Dan Inouye, Trailor, directed by I-leather Giugni, Political Ee α1αnie Environemαll," in 刀 ・re Etlt,,ic (2015; Honolulu 'Uln ‘ ulu,20151 http //program. Studies Story. Politics and Sc dal Mol'emeot., in hi 配 org ／日 lms/ c etail/black _38 一、、 d1ite_the ＿凹rly_ HaU'ai 'i Es.w. り古川 Honor qf Marion Kelly ycor・s ycor・s of_dan i 2015 128 128 Yumi SAITO アロハとマーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジ、ュニアが出会ったとき ハワイと公民権運動の歴史的関係の考察 務 jfr§ 有：笑 京都大学穴学院人！日j 環境学研究科 共生文明学専攻 干 606-8501 京都市左京区吉田二本松町 要旨 本稿はハワイと公民権運動の歴史的関係性を考祭する 公民権運rrw の主要な指導者であるキ ングとハワイの住民やハワイ民主党議只との｜剖わりを分析するために＇ 1959 年と 1964 年のキング の 2 皮のハワイ訪問 1965 年のハワイ住民のアラパマ州セルマ行進の参加という 3 つの股史的出 来＇ Ii・ にだ点を当て？ハワイ世民がアメリカ本土で展開された公民権運動に関して興味を持つように なった経過や公民棋連動に参加してきたハワイ民主党の立図を明らかにする そして ハワイ自民 の公民！ 1'"1 ：助の参加は 1 1140 ・50 年代のハワイ内の相会的 政治的措造改司王のための民衆述動や 1960 1960 1jCf~ の段＇ i ＇からハワイで取り組まれるようになった反戦辺助やネイテイブハワイアンの文化 五指間後辺動などの相会運動とどのような附わりがあったかを議論する