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Nova Report 2008-2009 NOVA REPORT 2008-2009 NOVA REPORTNOVA 2008 - 2009 Illustration on the front cover In the background an artist’s impression of the changing phases of exoplanet CoRoT-1b is shown. The panel shows the phase folded lightcurve of this planet as observed with the CoRoT satellite. In sequence, the planet first transits the star, after which the dayside rotates into view, the planet gets eclipsed by the star, and finally the nightside rotates into view and the planet transits the star again. The nightside hemisphere is consistent with being entirely black, just as seen for the interior planets in our own solar system. The dayside flux is most likely thermal emission (from: Snellen, de Mooij & Albrecht, 2009, Nature 459, 543). Illustrations on the back cover Counter clockwise starting at upper left. 1. The Sloan Great Wall. Top and face-on view of the SDSS DR7 volume within R<300 h-1Mpc. The Sloan Great Wall is the region roughly located in between the grey lines at Y=155-230 h-1Mpc. The location of well known supercluster are indicated, along with prominent underdense regions like the Bahcall-Soneira Rift and the Boötes and Virgo Supervoid. The outline of supervoids that lie in front are shown as dashed circles (from: Platen & van de Weygaert MNRAS, submitted). 2. Spectral scan of the Orion molecular cloud around 1 THz obtained with the Herschel-HIFI instrument built under leadership of SRON, showing strong lines of water and other simple and complex molecules (credit: ESA, HEXOS and the HIFI consortium). Dutch astronomers are using similarly high quality HIFI spectra to investigate the physical and chemical structure of star-forming regions in our own and nearby galaxies. 3. Hα image of the field of SAX J1712.6-3739. The bright and large bow shock shaped nebula is most likely associated with the X-ray binary. The position of the bright X-ray source is indicated with a white circle. The inset gives a rough guide to the main features (from: Wiersema et al. 2009, MNRAS 397, L6). 4. The Polarimetric Imaging sub-system ZIMPOL overview of the optical bench. NOVA Report 2008 - 2009 NOVA Report 2008 - 2009 NOVA Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie Netherlands Research School for Astronomy Postal address P.O. Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Phone: +31 (0)71 527 5835 Fax: +31 (0)71 527 5743 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/nova Address J.H. Oort building Niels Bohrweg 2 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands Public outreach NOVA Information Center Web: http://www.astronomie.nl NOVA is a federation of the astronomical institutes at the universities of Amsterdam, Groningen, Leiden, Nijmegen and Utrecht, legally represented by Utrecht University. 2 NOVA Report 2008 - 2009 Table of contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5 2. Mission statement and research program ....................................................................................... 7 3. Progress reports from the research networks ............................................................................... 9 3.1. Formation and evolution of galaxies: from high redshift to the present .............................. 9 3.2 Formation and evolution of stars and planetary systems........................................................... 30 3.3. Final stages of stellar evolution: physics of neutron stars and black holes ........................... 57 4. PhD’s in astronomy awarded in 2008 – 2009 ................................................................................. 84 5. Instrumentation program .................................................................................................................... 86 5.1. ALMA high-frequency prototype receiver ..................................................................................... 86 5.2. OmegaCAM ............................................................................................................................................... 88 5.3. Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics ................................................................................................. 91 5.4. JWST-MIRI ................................................................................................................................................ 92 5.5. Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) ................................................................................... 93 5.6. X-SHOOTER ............................................................................................................................................. 95 5.7. Spectro-Polarimetric Exoplanet Research (SPHERE) ................................................................ 96 5.8. LOFAR for astronomy ............................................................................................................................ 97 5.9. Photometric instrument algorithms for the Gaia mission ........................................................ 99 5.10. MATISSE .................................................................................................................................................... 101 5.11. S5T ................................................................................................................................................................. 102 5.12. Seed funding projects ............................................................................................................................. 103 5.13. Other instrumentation projects ......................................................................................................... 104 5.14. Involvement in the instrumentation for the E-ELT ..................................................................... 105 5.15. Astrophysical Multi-purpose Software Environment (AMUSE) ............................................ 109 6. NOVA funded research and instrumentation positions ........................................................... 111 7. Workshops and Visitors ........................................................................................................................ 115 8. Public outreach and education ........................................................................................................... 127 9. Organization ............................................................................................................................................. 131 10. Financial report 2008 – 2009 .............................................................................................................. 133 11. List of abbreviations................................................................................................................................ 134 3 NOVA Report 2008 - 2009 1. Introduction Throughout the ages, mankind has been fascinated by the night sky. Questions concerning the nature and evolution of the Universe appeal to a deep human desire to understand our origins and place in the Universe. Much remains to be understood. Only in the last few years has it become clear that the Universe consists for 96% of dark energy and dark matter which leave no directly observable trace; everything we see with the most powerful telescopes comprises the remaining 4%. Galaxies can now be studied at the edge of the Universe from which the radiation takes 13 bil- lion years to reach Earth. Much closer to home an amazing variety of planets circling nearby stars has been found, none of which resemble our own Solar System. The tip of the dusty veils surround- ing the birth of galaxies, stars and planets, and perhaps even life itself, is finally being lifted. New interdisciplinary topics such as astroparticle physics, computational astrophysics, astrochemistry and astrobiology are emerging worldwide. Astrophysicists study phenomena involving enormous scales of length and mass (the entire Universe), huge densities (e.g., neutron stars), enormous gravi- tational fields (black holes), ultra-high vacua (interstellar and circumstellar media), and immense energies and intense fluxes of particles and radiation (gamma ray bursts and supernovae, accreting neutron stars and black holes). The desire and curiosity to understand this fascinating Universe is shared between astronomers and the general public, and astronomy presents a unique opportunity to enhance appreciation for the natural sciences to the younger generation. The NOVA program: The life-cycle of stars and galaxies In 1998, NOVA, together with five other national research schools, received significant funding for a ten year program covering 1999-2008 through the Incentive Bonus Scheme for National Research Combinations funded by the Ministry of OCW, following a highly competitive selection process among all disciplines. In 2007, this funding was renewed for an additional 5 years for the period 2009-2013. This grant enabled NOVA to set up its collaborative research and instrumentation program. The purpose of the incentive bonus scheme was ‘to identify and foster national focuses of excellence in scientific research at research schools. They must compare favorably with leading institutes in other countries working in related fields at the outset (1999), and have the potential to develop further into world-class research centers.’ A major program review will occur in 2010 which could result in continuation of funding beyond 2013 if excellent quality in comparison with the best foreign institutes in their
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