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Ti:Sapphire Laser •Excimer Laser, Chemical Laser •Nd:YAG Laser, Ti:Saph Laser

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Ti:Sapphire Laser •Excimer Laser, Chemical Laser •Nd:YAG Laser, Ti:Saph Laser “Coherent Light Sources" A pedestrian guide Credit: www.national.com Experimental Methods in Physics [2011-2012] J-D Ganiere EPFL - SB - ICMP - IPEQ CH - 1015 Lausanne IPEQ - ICMP - SB - EPFL Station 3 CH - 1015 LAUSANNE jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 The context Optical spectroscopy coherent light light light light sample sourcesource analyzer detector Lasers J-D Ganiere 2 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 Bibliography For the curious or the beginners Introduction aux lasers Daniel O’Shea, W. Callen, W.T. Rhode, Eyrolles 1977 For people interested in the domain, but who do not like too much the theory ... Principles of lasers Orazio Svelto, D.C. Hanna, Plenum Press 1982 For those who love the theory ... and the lasers Laser Physics M. Sargent, M. Scully, W. Lamb Addison-Wesley 1974 On the Internet Wikipedia Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - http://www.rp-photonics.com/ J-D Ganiere 3 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 Content Introduction • history • principle, intuitive aspects, characteristics • what we can learn from the 2 levels system, NH3 Maser Laser • gain - absorption, linewidth • 3-4 levels models • Optical feedback, threshold conditions • Single line, single frequency operating modes • pulsed lasers (Q-switched, mode-locked lasers) Examples + • He-Ne, CO2, Ar , Nd:YAG, Ti:saph, semiconductor lasers J-D Ganiere 4 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Lasers characteristics • 2 levels systems 1917 A. Einstein, stimulated emission Iy Iy & & stimulated emission & & Iy 1950 C.H. Townes, Maser (Microwave Amplification of Stimulated Emission of Radiation) The Inventor, The Nobel Laureates, and the Thirty-Year Patent War 1957 G. Gould 1958 C.H. Townes - A.-L.Shawlow 1960 T.H. Maiman, First laser (Ruby Laser) J-D Ganiere 5 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history Introduction • principle, historyintuitive aspects, Lasers ... patent war characteristics • 2 levels systems Charles H. Townes The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 Production of Coherent Radiation by Atoms and Molecules Arthur L. Schawlow The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 Spectroscopy in a New Light Gordon Gould Born Jul 17 1920 - Died September 16, 2005 Optically Pumped Laser Amplifiers; Light Amplifiers Employing Collisions to Produce a Population Inversion Laser Patent Number(s) 4,053,845; 4,704,583 J-D Ganiere 6 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history Introduction • principle, historyintuitive aspects, Laser ... the first one characteristics • 2 levels systems Ruby crystal Al2O3::Cr Howard HUGHES T.H. Maiman J-D Ganiere 7 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history Introduction characteristics• principle, intuitive aspects, Lasers ... spectral domain characteristics • 2 levels systems Texte spectral domain Texte Texte Texte J-D Ganiere 8 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... the principle characteristics • 2 levels systems Back Output Lasing medium mirror coupler (100%) gaz, liquid, solid Optical cavity (95%) Laser Brightness Active medium beam Excitation mechanism Monochromaticity power supply, flash lamp, laser, … Directivity Coherence J-D Ganiere 9 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Lasers ... the active medium characteristics • 2 levels systems liquids gaz rhodamine Argon + ... Nitrogen Texte ... solids Nd: YAG How to choose the Cr:Al2O3 TexteTi:Al2O3 active medium ? GaAs GaN ... J-D Ganiere 10 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Lasers ... pumping mechanism characteristics • 2 levels systems Pumping mechanism optical pumping Ruby Nd:YAG Ti:Al2O3 Dye ... electrical discharge Argon Krypton Helium Neon Nitrogen ... electrical injection Semiconductors .... J-D Ganiere 11 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Laser emission ... energy conservation characteristics • 2 levels systems blue absorption energy conservation 4F1 2F2 green absorption 4F2 stockes-shift 2E R2 = 694.3 nm optical pumping R1 = 692.7 nm crystal field splitted levels of the first crystal field splitted levels excited state of Cr 3+ of the fundamental state of Cr 3+ Absorption band Emission band Ruby laser radiative transitions between discret Emission and absorption energy levels 450 500 550 600 Wavelength [nm] J-D Ganiere 12 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Lasers ... the optical cavity characteristics • 2 levels systems Ti:Helium Al2O3 - Neonmodel-locked laser laser VCSEL bragg mirrors cleaved facets J-D Ganiere 13 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... characteristics characteristics • 2 levels systems Sun Luminance = 1,5 x 105 lm/cm2·sr Spectral luminance at 633 nm = 500 lm/cm2·sr·nm Multimode He-Ne laser (1 mW, Ø = 1 mm, divergence = 10-3 rad) Luminance = 2,0 x 107 lm/cm2·sr Spectral luminance at 633 nm = 108 lm/cm2·sr·nm Spectral luminance of laser = 106 Spectral luminance of sun J-D Ganiere 14 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history Characteristics monochromaticity• principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... monochromaticity characteristics • 2 levels systems The spectral purity of the laser is a direct consequence of the fact that a laser is an oscillator, i.e. formed of an optical cavity + an active material. Δνemission line >> Δνcavity mode Example: He-Ne laser (single frequency) Δνemission line = 1600 MHz Δνcavity mode < 1 MHz Laser sun 6i100 Hz 14 6i10 Hz Spectral emission band of the sun and a laser J-D Ganiere 15 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history Characteristics directionality• principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... directivity characteristics • 2 levels systems The divergence of a laser beam is limited by the diffraction. Because bouncing back between mirrored ends of the laser cavity, those paths which sustain amplification must pass between the mirrors many times and be nearly perpendicular to the mirrors. As a result, laser beams are very narrow and do not spread very much. iE laser m id . D J-D Ganiere 16 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history Characteristics coherence• principle, intuitive aspects, Lasers ... coherence characteristics • 2 levels systems Spatial coherence Spatial coherence describes the ability for two points in space, x1 and x2, in the extent of a wave to interfere (from wikipedia) Temporal coherence Temporal coherence is the measure of the average correlation between the value of a wave at any pair of times, separated by delay τ (from wikipedia) In practice, the coherence is measured using an interferometer. The visibility of the interference fringes is given by: Intensitymax - Intensitymin C = Intensitymax + Intensitymin and is a direct measure of the coherence J-D Ganiere 17 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Lasers ... characteristics characteristics • 2 levels systems Brigthness, coherence, directivity and monochromaticity are not independent ! 1 lc xc = = Do c where τc and lc are, respectively, the temporal coherence and the spatial coherence of the light source. J-D Ganiere 18 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Lasers ... stimulated emission characteristics • 2 levels systems Iy & & absorption & & Iy Iy & & stimulated emission & & Iy & & Iy spontaneous emission & & J-D Ganiere 19 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... spontaneous emission characteristics • 2 levels systems The numbers of atoms which spontaneously pass, by unit of time, from the state “1” in the state “0” is given by: spon dN1 " 0 dt = A10 $ N1 A10 is known under the name of Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission: 1 x10 = A10 τ10 is the lifetime of the state "1" J-D Ganiere 20 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... absorption characteristics • 2 levels systems The numbers of atoms which pass, by unit of time, from the state “0” in the state “1”, when the system is illuminated with an EM wave, characterized by a spectral energy density, ρν , is given by: dNabs 0 " 1 = dt t o $ B01 $ N0 B01 is known under the name of Einstein coefficient for absorption J-D Ganiere 21 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... stimulated emission characteristics • 2 levels systems The numbers of atoms which pass, by unit of time, from the state “1” in the state “0”, when the system is illuminated with an EM wave, characterized by a spectral energy density, ρν , is given by: dNstim 1 " 0 = dt t o $ B10 $ N1 B10 is known under the name of Einstein coefficient for stimulated emission. J-D Ganiere 22 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... Einstein coefficients characteristics • 2 levels systems B01 = B10 Relationships between the 3 8ro10 Einstein coefficients A10 = $ B10 c3 At optical frequencies, spontaneous emission is an important factor of noise J-D Ganiere 23 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history • principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... thermal equilibrium characteristics • 2 levels systems thermodynamical equilibrium with a bath at temperature T N0 = Ni + Nj E - i Ni = N0 $ e kT Boltzmann statistics J-D Ganiere 24 MEP/2011-2012 jeudi, 1 décembre 2011 • history Optical and/or microwave frequencies 2 levels • principle, intuitive aspects, Laser ... population characteristics • 2 levels systems (Ei -Ej) Ni - = e kT Nj optical frequencies radiofrequencies
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