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Exercise 1 Protists: Observation and Classification of Specimens

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Exercise 1 Protists: Observation and Classification of Specimens EXERCISE 1 PROTISTS: OBSERVATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIMENS Structure 1.1 Introduction Objectives 1.2 Materials Required 1.3 General Characters and Classification Super Group – Excavata Super Group – ‘SAR’ Clade Super Group – Unikonta 1.4 Observation of Slides of Protists Amoeba Euglena Paramecium Plasmodium 1.5 Terminal Questions 1.1 INTRODUCTION In Unit 2 of Block 1 of Animal Diversity course you have already learnt that animal protists or the protozoans constitute a large assemblage of microscopic, unicellular organisms. These organisms exhibit all sorts of symmetry; show varied modes of nutrition and have diverse life histories. Some are autotrophic (chlorophyll bearing flagellates); others are heterotrophic including the saprozoic, phagotrophic or holozoic protozoa. They may be free living or mutualistic or commensals or parasites. They do not have tissues or organs, rather they have specialised organelles, and possess one or many nuclei. In this exercise you will observe prepared slides of some representative protozoans. You will learn to classify these protozoans giving justification for placing them within their various groups and classes. You will also draw diagrams of the specimens displayed in the prepared slides as you observe them and compare them with figures given in this manual. Objectives After performing this exercise you should be able to: • identify the specimens belonging to the genera – Amoeba , Paramecium , Euglena , and Plasmodium and give their scientific and common names, • draw labelled diagrams of the identified genera, • classify the identified protozoans up to the level of class, • list characters justifying their classification and mention special features, if any, Animal Diversity: • mention the habitat and geographical distribution of the identified Laboratory genera, and • mention the economic importance, if any, of the identified specimens. 1.2 MATERIALS REQUIRED 1. Compound microscope. 2. Prepared slides of Amoeba, Paramecium , Euglena , and Plasmodium . 3. Drawing sheets/note book, an HB pencil and eraser. 1.3 GENERAL CHARACTERERS AND CLASSIFICATION Unicellular eukaryotes make up a group of all other eukaryotes that are not green plants, fungi, or animals. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus to enclose their genetic material and other membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus or dictyosomes. These provide specific locations in the cell for its diverse functions, making the structural organization more complicated than the prokaryotic cell. Unicellular eukaryotes are a very diverse group. The single celled eukaryotes or protists are considered to be the simplest eukaryotes but at the cellular level they are very complex as they perform all the functions in a single cell that multicellular organisms perform in various organs. Of these the animal like protists which were traditionally called protozoans have organelles and cytoskeleton that vary in structure, and they also use different modes of nutrition. Some are parasitic and others are predatory or mixotrophs (combining photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition). Some may spend their lifetime in one position and others may be constantly motile. Reproduction and life cycles are also highly varied. Genetic and morphological studies have shown that some protists are more closely related to plants, or fungi or animals than they are to each other; as a result Kingdom Protista in which all protozoans and plant like protists were placed has been abandoned. Though various lineages of protists are now recognized, the terms protists and their animal like representatives, that is, protozoans is still in use for convenience. Traditionally, the protozoans have been classified as flagellates, amoebae, sporozoans and ciliates. However, over the past thirty years molecular phylogenetic studies have led to extensive modifications of the traditional classification schemes and the most dramatic changes have occurred in the protist groups. The recent system of classification places all unicellular eukaryotes in four major supergroups namely Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida and Unikonta. We advise you to reread the Section on classification in Unit 1of the Animal Diversity course and refer to Figure 1.1 before you take up this exercise. We will only refer to the classifications of those protists (that were put under the former Kingdom Protozoa) which you will observe during this exercise. 6 1.3.1 Super Group – Excavata Protists: Observation and Classification of All members of Excavata have similar cytoskeletal features. Some of the Specimens unicellular species that form this group have a distinguishing morphological feature that is an ‘excavated’ feeding groove found on one side of the cell. They include photosynthetic, parasitic, heterotrophic and symbiotic taxa. Mitochondria may be reduced or modified in some groups and have flagella in some that differ from other organisms. The main protozoans of this super- group are placed in three phyla as given below one of which is Phylum Euglenozoa that is of interest to us: Super Group Excavata Phylum Diplomonada Parabasala Euglenozoa Subphylum Kinetoplastida Euglenida Class Euglenoidea Phylum Euglenozoa: This phylum includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs and parasites. Members of this phylum have a series of longitudinal microtubules that lie below the cell membrane and help it to stiffen into a pellicle.The main distinguishing feature is the presence of a rod with either a spiral or crystalline structure inside each of their flagella. The two best studied groups of euglenozoans are. Subphylum Kinetoplasta and Subphylum Euglenida. Subphylum Kinetoplasta: Members of this subphylum have a single large mitochondrion with a mass of DNA associated with the kinetosome or basal body of the flagellum forming a unique organelle kinetoplast. Class Trypanosomatidea: This class includes member which have one or two flagella arising out of a pocket typically with paraxial rod. All are parasitic; examples, Trypanosoma gambiense that infects humans causing sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma cruzi that causes an important disease i.e. Chagas’s disease. Leishmania that causes kala azar or visceral leishmaniasis which is widely distributed in eastern India. Subphylum Euglenida: Members have pellicular microtubules that stiffen pellicle. Class Euglenoidea: Members of this class have a pocket at one end from which arise two flagella, one is small and the other is large. Mostly photosynthetic but some euglinids are mixotrophs. They have chloroplasts and these chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and perform photosynthesis when sunlight is available and become heterotrophic in the absence of sunlight, absorbing organic nutrients from the environment. Many 7 Animal Diversity: other species ingest prey by phagocytosis. The most frequently studied Laboratory euglenid in the laboratory is Euglena. A red eyespot or stigma is present that functions to orient the organism towards light. 1.3.2 Super Group – ‘SAR’ Clade The SAR clade has been proposed recently (Adl et al. (2012) ) based on the whole genome DNA sequence analysis which has revealed that the three major groups of protists Stramenopiles, Alveolata and Rhizaria can be placed together in a super group. This is a highly diverse collection of protists. Of the three major groups, Stramenopiles include the photosynthetic diatoms and golden and brown algae (these will be dealt in the course on Plant Diversity) and the protozoan members are placed in Alveolata and Rhizaria. Super Group SAR-Clade Group Stramenopiles Alveolata Rhizaria Phylum Phylum Ciliophora Dinoflagellata Apicomplexa Cercozoa Foraminifera Radiolaria Class Gregarinea Coccidia Group Alveolata (unranked): They have membrane enclosed sacs or alveoli under the plasma membrane. They include both photosynthetic and heterotrophic protists. Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliates are named because of the cilia that cover them. A structural system of fibers along with the kinetosomes (basal bodies of the cilia) forms the infraciliature just beneath the pellicle. They are present in fresh water and marine habitats as well in moist soils. They are free living, parasitic and symbiotic. The distinguishing feature is the presence of two types of nuclei, one large macronucleus and tiny micronuclei. Macronucleus is responsible for the functioning of the organism and the micronucleus is diploid and involved only in reproduction. They have a special type of reproduction – conjugation during which two cells line up and micronuclei are exchanged via a cytoplasmic bridge between the two cells. Example is Paramecium . Phylum Apicomplexa : All the species are parasitic and specialised for living and reproducing in animal tissue; the infectious stage is called sporozoite. The sporozoites have a system of organelles at one end known as apical complex that allows the apicomplexan parasite to penetrate the host cell membrane. Although apicomplexans are not photosynthetic, they retain a Noctiluca has the same compound as modified plastid which suggests their algal origin. Most apicomplexans have fireflies elaborate lifecycles involving one or two hosts. that makes it glow Class Gregarinea: Mature gamonts (individuals that produce gametes) are and when millio 8 of these protists float they form spectacular glowing tides. large, extracellular parasites of digestive tract or body cavity of invertebrates; Protists: Observation and Life cycle with one host.
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