Sustainable Development and Biodiversity 6

Dinesh K. Maheshwari Meenu Saraf Editors Halophiles Biodiversity and Sustainable Exploitation

123 Sustainable Development and Biodiversity

Volume 6

Series editor Kishan Gopal Ramawat M.L. Sukhadia University, Botany Department Udaipur, Rajasthan, India This book series provides complete, comprehensive and broad subject based reviews about existing biodiversity of different habitats and conservation strate- gies in the framework of different technologies, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity. The ways by which these resources are used with sustainable management and replenishment are also dealt with. The topics of interest include but are not restricted only to sustainable development of various ecosystems and conservation of hotspots, traditional methods and role of local people, threatened and endangered species, global climate change and effect on biodiversity, invasive species, impact of various activities on biodiversity, biodiversity conservation in sustaining liveli- hoods and reducing poverty, and technologies available and required. The books in this series will be useful to botanists, environmentalists, marine biologists, policy makers, conservationists, and NGOs working for environment protection.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11920 Dinesh K. Maheshwari • Meenu Saraf Editors

Halophiles

Biodiversity and Sustainable Exploitation Editors Dinesh K. Maheshwari Meenu Saraf Department of Botany and Microbiology Department of Microbiology Gurukula Kangri University and Biotechnology Haridwar (Uttarakhand) , India University School of Sciences Gujarat University Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India

ISSN 2352-474X ISSN 2352-4758 (electronic) Sustainable Development and Biodiversity ISBN 978-3-319-14594-5 ISBN 978-3-319-14595-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14595-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015948373

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com) Pref ace

There is a great interest on study of extreme microorganisms, particularly halophilic microorganisms which live in saline environments through different adaptation mechanisms and produce metabolites with great potential. Saline environments such as saline habitats are excellent sources for isolation of halophilic microorganisms. Microbial adaptation has played a major role when in all forms branched out into different environmental niches, arising from the hypersaline conditions of the primordial sea. Halophiles are among the best model microorganisms to study cellular adaptation. Their low nutritional requirements and resistance to high con- centrations of salt make them a potent candidate in a wide range of biotechnological applications. Halophilic bacteria are very divergent and more than 150 species in 70 genera of halophilic bacteria are reported. Use of these halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms and their metabolites under harsh industrially conditions is a strikingly important subject for industrial sectors. This volume deals with the diversity and importance of halophilic bacteria and for biotechnological industries; methods for their isolation and techniques for physiological, taxonomical and molecular characterization have been highlighted. The halophiles as important sources of enzyme production has been discussed. Metabolites and biological functions may resolve the ever-increas- ing thirst of industry to cope up with a range of issues from environmental pollu- tions to diseases and world’s hunger. The combination of these bio- molecules with various nanomaterials like thin-layers, nanotubes, and nanospheres that results in novel compounds possessing both biological properties of biomolecules and physico-chemical characteristics of nanomaterials has been suitably described. The book presents insights into the main biomolecules produced by both halophilic archaea and bacteria revealing their potential implications in some nanotechnolo- gies. Attempts have been made to outline progress in our understanding of their environmental diversity and biological survivability. The adaptation of enzymes during the course of their evolutionary development and some metabolic differ- ences helped them expand and achieve environmental diversity. One of the most interesting fi ndings in this fi eld of research is spatial and temporal variation in microbial community structure, which was related to variations in salinity of the

v vi Preface microenvironment. Many of the isolated halophiles have been artifi cially aug- mented and applied directly to saline soils to improve the nutrient status of such soil and contribute to soil fertility and remediation . Metabolic processes, like osmoregulation in halotolerant cells, dictate the regulation of the bacterial cell membrane. Some of their biomolecules that have been studied and applied in industrial processes include exopolysaccharides, carotenoid pigments, bacteriorhodopsin, hydrolytic enzymes, etc. Various halophilic enzymes in different enzymatically processes, compatible solutes as macromolecules stabilizers, biopolymers, biofertilizers and pharmaceutically active molecules from halophilic bacteria are among the important applications of these group. Quorum sensing (QS) could infl uence the production of these biomolecules; thus a better understanding of halophilic bacterial communication mechanisms can help to improve the yields of these biotechnological processes. The highlights of this book which include the distribution of the halobacteria, their adaptation in different stress conditions, and mining of their unique antimicrobial and enzymatic potential shall be useful to senior as well as budding researchers in the emerging fi elds of microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, environmental sciences and nanotechnology. We would like to express our gratitude to all the subject experts and reviewers for their much needed mutual co-operation of scientifi c benefi ts. Their authoritative contribution and up-to-date information could make this project a success. Assistance rendered by our research scholars, Mohit and Shrivardhan, is thankfully acknowledged. We extend our sincere appreciation to Dr. Valeria Rinaudo and Dr. Ineke from the publisher Springer for their valuable support to facilitate the completion of this book.

Haridwar , Uttarakhand , India Dinesh K. Maheshwari Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India Meenu Saraf Contents

1 Biodiversity of Halophilic and Halotolerant Actinobacteria ...... 1 Wael N. Hozzein 2 Antimicrobial and Biocatalytic Potential of Haloalkaliphilic Actinobacteria ...... 29 Sangeeta D. Gohel , Amit K. Sharma , Kruti G. Dangar , Foram J. Thakrar , and Satya P. Singh 3 Biotechnological Exploitation of Actinobacterial Members ...... 57 Javad Hamedi , Fatemeh Mohammadipanah , and Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi 4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles from Halophiles ...... 145 Pallavee Srivastava and Meenal Kowshik 5 Halophilic Microorganisms and Their Biomolecules: Approaching into Frame of Bio(Nano) Technologies ...... 161 M ădălin Enache , Roxana Cojoc , and Masahiro Kamekura 6 Environmental Diversity and Biological Survivability of Halophilic Bacteria ...... 173 Narayanan Rajendran 7 Investigating the Quorum Sensing System in Halophilic Bacteria ...... 189 Tommonaro Giuseppina , Abbamondi Gennaro Roberto , Toksoy Oner Ebru , and Nicolaus Barbara 8 Site Specific Bioinoculants for Sustainable Agriculture in Coastal Saline Soil ...... 209 Sudipta Tripathi , Shilajit Barua , and Kalyan Chakrabarti

vii viii Contents

9 Application of Halotolerant Bacteria to Restore Plant Growth Under Salt Stress...... 235 Elhafi d Nabti , Michael Schmid , and Anton Hartmann 10 Beneficial Usages of Halophilic Microorganisms ...... 261 S a fi ye Elif Korcan , Muhsin Konuk , and Sevim Feyza Erdoğmuş 11 Halophilic Bacteria: Potentials and Applications in Biotechnology ...... 277 Fatemeh Mohammadipanah , Javad Hamedi , and Mona Dehhaghi 12 Microbial Hydrocarbon-Removal Under Halostress ...... 323 Samir S-A. Radwan and Dina M. Al-Mailem 13 Hydrolytic Enzymes in Halophilic Bacteria, Properties and Biotechnological Potential ...... 355 Mohammad Ali Amoozegar and Maryam Siroosi 14 Isolation and Screening of Halophilic Bacteria for Production of Hydrolytic Enzymes ...... 379 M. Delgado-García , B. Nicolaus , A. Poli , C. N. Aguilar , and R. Rodríguez-Herrera 15 Perspectives and Application of Halophilic Enzymes ...... 403 Stuti Patel and Meenu Saraf 16 Extracellular Proteases from Halophilic and Haloalkaliphilic Bacteria: Occurrence and Biochemical Properties...... 421 Vikram H. Raval , Megha K. Purohit , and Satya P. Singh

Index ...... 451 Contributors

C. N. Aguilar Food Research Department, School of Chemistry , Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila , Coahuila , Mexico Dina M. Al-Mailem Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences , Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait Mohammad Ali Amoozegar Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran Nicolaus Barbara National Research Council of Italy , Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry , Pozzuoli , Naples , Italy Shilajit Barua Department of Microbiol , Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College , Kolkata , India Kalyan Chakrabarti Institute of Agric Science , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India Roxana Cojoc Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania Kruti G. Dangar Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India Mona Dehhaghi Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran Microbial Technology and Products Research Center, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran M. Delgado-García Food Research Department, School of Chemistry , Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila , Coahuila , Mexico

ix x Contributors

Toksoy Oner Ebru Department of Bioengineering , Marmara University , Istanbul , T u r k e y M ădălin Enache Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest , Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania Sevim Feyza Erdoğmuş Department of Laboratory and Veterinary Health, Technical Vocational School of Higher Education of Bayat, Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar , Turkey Tommonaro Giuseppina National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry , Pozzuoli , Naples , Italy Sangeeta D. Gohel Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India Javad Hamedi Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran Microbial Technology and Products Research Center , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran Anton Hartmann Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions , Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) , Neuherberg , Germany Wael N. Hozzein Bioproducts Research Chair (BRC), College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef , Egypt Masahiro Kamekura Halophiles Research Institute , Noda , Chiba-ken , Japan Muhsin Konuk Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Üsküdar University , İ stanbul , Turkey S a fi ye Elif Korcan Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Literature , Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar , Turkey Meenal Kowshik Department of Biological Sciences , BITS Pilani , Zuarinagar , Goa , India Fatemeh Mohammadipanah Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran Microbial Technology and Products Research Center, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran Elhafi d Nabti Laboratory of Renewable Energies, Group of Biomass and Environment , University of Bejaia, FSNV , Bejaïa , Algeria Contributors xi

B. Nicolaus Istituto Di Chimica Biomolecolare , Comprensorio ex Olivetti , Pozzuoli , Naples , Italy Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi Department of Microbial Biotechnology , School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran Microbial Technology and Products Research Center, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran Stuti Patel Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India A. Poli Istituto Di Chimica Biomolecolare , Comprensorio ex Olivetti , Pozzuoli , Naples , Italy Megha K. Purohit Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , India Samir S-A. Radwan Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait Narayanan Rajendran MASC , Kentucky State University , Frankfort , KY , USA Vikram H. Raval Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , India Abbamondi Gennaro Roberto National Research Council of Italy , Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry , Pozzuoli , Naples , Italy R. Rodríguez-Herrera Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila , Coahuila , Mexico Meenu Saraf Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology , University School of Sciences, Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India Michael Schmid Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions , Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) , Neuherberg , Germany Amit K. Sharma Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India Satya P. Singh Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India Maryam Siroosi Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran Pallavee Srivastava Department of Biological Sciences , BITS Pilani , Zuarinagar , Goa , India Foram J. Thakrar Department of Biosciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India Sudipta Tripathi Institute of Agric Science , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India Chapter 1 Biodiversity of Halophilic and Halotolerant Actinobacteria

Wael N. Hozzein

Abstract The halophiles possess interesting biotechnological capabilities which increase the importance of their exploitation for commercial purposes. The halo- philic microorganisms are highly diverse and among those organisms the halophilic actinobacterial group is of special interest for their secondary metabolites. The halo- philic actinobacteria have morphological, taxonomical, ecological and physiologi- cal diversity. In terms of morphological diversity, they are ranging from coccoid, rod-shaped, fragmented to extensively branched fi lamentous organisms. In terms of taxonomical diversity, they are distributed among different taxonomical orders, sub- orders, families and genera. Ecologically, they are found in different ecosystems from hypersaline soils, salt lakes, marine sediments, salted food, and brines to endo- phytes. The physiological diversity is apparent from the variation in tolerance or response to the salt in their environment. The focus of the following chapter will be the diversity of halophilic and halotolerant actinobacteria from different aspects.

Keywords Biodiversity • Halophilic • Halotolerant • Actinobacteria • • Ecology

1.1 Introduction

Halophilic microorganisms are salt-loving organisms inhabiting diverse environ- ments with the capacity to balance the osmotic pressure of the environment. The world of the halophilic microorganisms is highly diverse, as representatives of the three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya belong to this world. There are aerobic as well as anaerobic halophiles, heterotrophic, phototrophic, and chemoautotrophic types (Oren 2002 , 2008 ) (Table 1.1 ).

W. N. Hozzein (*) Bioproducts Research Chair (BRC), College of Science , King Saud University , P.O. Box 2455 , Riyadh 11451 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science , Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , Egypt e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 1 D.K. Maheshwari, M. Saraf (eds.), Halophiles, Sustainable Development and Biodiversity 6, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14595-2_1 2 W.N. Hozzein ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1975 ) ) ) 2011 ) 2011 1991 ) ) 2014 2012 2013a 2013b 2013c 2014 2010 2013b 2013a 2011b 2004 2011b 2011a 2010a 2011 2013 2004 2005a ) 1998 ( Guan et al. ( , et al. ( Tang et al. ( Tang et al. ( Traiwan Meklat et al. ( Ahmed et al. ( , Guan et al. ( Li et al. ( Chen et al. ( Takeuchi and Hatano , Guan et al. ( et al. ( Rusznyák Zhang et al. ( , Meklat et al. ( , et al. ( Yoshida , Meklat et al. ( et al. ( Yu Guan et al. ( , Gochnauer et al. ( A. erythraea , Meklat et al. ( Xiao et al. ( et al. ( Yi et al. ( Tang and A. mzabensis H. alkaliphila C. phragmiteti A. dayingensis M. halotolerans A. algeriensis S. chungangensis A. xinjiangensis A. alba A. righensis Glycomyces halotolerans halophile Georgenia M. sediminis S. marinus M. halophilum A. mortivallis A. saharensis A. lacussalsi and C. pakistanensis S. profundi C. halotolerans A. halophila H. alba

Jiangella Cellulomonas Serinicoccus Microbacterium Corynebacterium Actinopolyspora Glycomyces Haloactinopolyspora Georgenia Cellulomonadaceae Microbacteriaceae Taxonomic diversity of halophilic actinobacteria of halophilic actinobacteria diversity Taxonomic Corynebacterineae Corynebacteriaceae Sub-order Actinopolysporineae Actinopolysporaceae Family Genus Species Reference Glycomycineae Jiangellineae Micrococcineae Glycomycetaceae Jiangellaceae Bogoriellaceae Table Table 1.1 1 Biodiversity of Halophilic and Halotolerant Actinobacteria 3 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1968 2013 ) ) ) ) ) 2008a 2008b ) ) ) 2006 ) 2002 2008 2005 (continued) 2013 2006 2010 2009a 2009b 2010b 2004 2010 2003 2009 2008 2007 2008b 2004b 2005b ) 1972 ( Li et al. ( Chen et al. ( Li et al. ( Onishi and Kamekura et al. ( Tang Collins et al. ( N. xinjiangensis Kim et al. ( Carro et al. ( Kim et al. ( Dastager et al. ( , Han et al. ( et al. ( Weinstein et al. ( Yoon Zhang et al. ( Zhang et al. ( Delgado et al. ( Gu et al. ( Dastager et al. ( Li et al. ( et al. ( Yoon et al. ( Govender et al. ( Tang N. sandarakina , Luo et al. ( Luo et al. ( N. halotolerans Kocuria halotolerans Kocuria N. aethiopica N. daedukensis N. tritolerans N. fl ava N. fl N. halophile N. halotolerans N. jeotgali N. lacusekhoensis N. suensis Kocuria marina Kocuria halobia Nesterenkonia H. album S. xinjiangense halodurans Arthrobacter N. lutea ava R. albidifl N. alba M. halotolerans A. halocynthiae I. halotolerans S. amurskyense M. halophytica

Nesterenkonia Haloactinobacterium Nocardioides Arthrobacter Ruania Kocuria Aeromicrobium Isoptericola Salinibacterium Micromonospora Micrococcaceae Ruaniaceae Promicromonosporaceae Propionibacterineae Nocardioidaceae Sub-order Family Genus Species Reference Micromonosporineae Micromonosporaceae