Dictionary of Explosives Has Been and Published, , in the Meantime, Many New Explosives Have V Been Introduced

D I CT I O N A RY O F EXPLOSIVES

ARTH UR M AR SHALL

F . I . C . F . C . S.

CHEM I CAL I NSP ECTOR I N DI AN OR DNANCE DEPARTM ENT

PHILADELPHIA

’

P . BLAKI STON S S ON 8: CO .

1 0 1 2 WALNUT STREET

I N TR ODUCTION

I T is a generation since a dictionary of explosives has been and published, , in the meantime, many new explosives have v been introduced . It is hoped, therefore, that this small olume , giving concise information about these special materials , i may prove useful to those who have to deal w th them . ’ ” Cu ll In ndi and Thomson s Dictionary of Explosives , 1 8 95 e of issued in , there are many entri s the names of inventors and of mixtures which had been proposed but have “ As never been used commercially , nor are likely to be . modern explosives were then in their infancy , it was no doubt wise to insert all the available information whether it appe ared to be important or not ; but now it seems to me better to restrict the scope o f the dictionary so as to keep its size within moderate limits . Practically only explosives with special or proprietary names are therefore dealt with here . For information concerning chemical substances , such - - o as the nitro toluenes and other nitro c mpounds , reference should be made to the text - books on explosives and

A a r few words may, however, be s id here about the nit o celluloses . These are made by treating cellulose with a mix ture of nitric and sulphuric acids , and then purifying the product by washing it thoroughly with hot water . The of variety cellulose most used for this purpose is cotton , and f the product obtained rom it is frequently called nitrocotton , of c o three special varieties which are ollodion c tton , pyro collodion and guncotton (q . The only other form of cellulose which is nitrated on a commercial scale is chemical a cellulose obt ined by the treatment of wood or straw . v

M1 645 9 3 vi INTRODUCTION

Nitrated wood cellulose has long been used fo r the manu f - acture of smokeless powders for shot guns , and during the

- War the Germans made powders for rifled fire arms from it . No trouble has been spared to make the dictionary com le t e p and accurate, but there must inevitably be omissions of and errors in it , especially as regards the explosives foreign f countries . The author will be grate ul for any additional information that may be sent him . E d xplosives may be classifie d in various ways , accor ing to of bu of the purpose the classification , t the great majority them fall naturally into two main divisions propellants and high explosives . Propellants explode comparatively slowly , fir - and are used to propel projectiles from e arms . High c explosives are mu h more rapid in their action , and are used b o for ursting and shattering . Propellants are f two sorts , according as they are intended for use in shot -guns or rifled fire - for - arms . Those shot guns burn more rapidly than those for the latter, but both practically always contain a consider i oi able proport on nitrocellulose , gelatinised by means of such - of solvents as acetone or ether alcohol, according as it is high S or low nitration . ome contain also nitroglycerine, and are s then called nitroglycerine powders , wherea those that do not contain this substance are termed nitrocellulose powders .

Many powders also contain other ingredients , as may be seen from the compositions given in this dictionary . Of high explosives an impo rtant class is used for charging b A shells and ombs . s a rule, but not necessarily, these are not the same as the explosives use d for mining operations A and other general blasting purposes . nother important of a - w class is that the co l mine explosives , hich are designed to give only a short and comparatively cool flame so as to fi - - diminish the danger of igniting re damp and coal dust .

- Nearly half the explosives in this dictionary are . coal mine explosives . The reason for this large number is that no finality has yet been reached as to the best and safest W explosives to use in coal mines . hen more experience has been gained it is probable that the numbe r of these explosives INTRODUCTION vu

E an the t d on the market will be reduced . In ngl d Permi te

List has re ce ntly b e e n cut down considerably . In Great B ritain these coal -mine explosives have to be e E l submitted to th Inspectors of xp osives , and are subj ected o If to tests f r safety and strength . they pass they are placed ” of s on the list Permitted Explo ives , and the compositions C M are published in the Explosives in oal ines Orders . In these Orders the upper and lower limits of the percentage of int e rme each constituent are given , but in this dictionary diate percentages are given so that the sum for any explosive 1 00 Co M amounts to . In the Explosives in al ines Orders the percentage of such a substance as wood, meal or starch , is given in the dried condition , but here it is given in the air-dry state on the assumption that it then contains about 1 0 per cent . of moisture . In France and B elgium also the compositions of the coal ul mine explosives are published, but in Germany, as a r e, only a list of the constituents is given , and sometimes an upper or lower limit for one or more of the principal constituents .

Moreover, it is not stated explicitly whether the explosives are intended for use in coal mines or for general blasting in purposes . In the United States of America , explosives tended for use in coal mines are examined by the B ureau of M the ines , which , however, has no power to prevent use of others because regulations on this matter are made by the i i ind v dual states . If they pass they are placed on the list ” s E of Permis ible xplosives . The compositions are not f published , but the class o composition is stated . f of Until the second hal the nineteenth century, gunpowder was practically the only explosive used on a considerable for C scale, and it was employed all purposes . onsequently of it does not fall into any the classes mentioned, or rather it could be placed in several of them . Another class of explosives that has not yet been men tione d u is that of the primary igniters , of which f l minate of of mercury may be taken as typical . The characteristic these is that they can be exploded or ignited by a spark or moderate INTR ODUCTION

n friction , and conseque tly they can be employed to fire other , n less se sitive explosives . There are, however, practically no explosives of this class which possess special or proprietary t names , and consequently they are not deal with in this dictionary . C LASSIF I CATION

COAL -M INE EXPLOSIVES

Ame rican P e rmissible Explosive s .

Aetna Coal Mine Powder . Guardian .

B e ntal . 2 . Coal Powder . Hecla No H ra B i uminit de . t e . yg Coal Powder ' K amt e Black Diamond . . Lo mit e Cameron Mine Powder . . Lo wi i n t e .

t . Coali e . Meteor ’ Coal Special . Miners Friend . -it e Collier Powder . Min . M onobe l Cronit e . . D o e t - e t nit . . Ni ro Low Flame R e d . Du Pont Permissible . H E ureka . Trojan Coal Powder . t For Pitt Mine Powder . - it e Fuel . i Giant Coal M ne Powder .

Austrian

S P B e lgian Explosifs . G. . Alsilit e Gri ou . s tit e . de S fire t é In éli e Antigel . g t . B a l ni e e t e . M ine rit e . Colinit e a nti ri o u g s ute se .

D i v e ns t e . Pul e rl t e . an i i a n i i t r sout e use . t r soute use Dynamite g Sabulite g . E s Se curO hore Favier xplo ives . p . Fla mmivore Wallonit e . . a n i ri o Yon ki t ut c t e . Forcite g s e use . F ra ct ori e t . (There were also several s Gri outine II . plosives made in Germany. ) x CLASSIFICATION

B ritish. * b i * l A bc t e H r u it . . e c e * * e t . Ab li e . Kent Powder * Ajax Powder . * Albioni *K o a x t e . . * * Amasit e K oi Su r . ax ( pe * "‘ a K narkite Ammon l . y *K i n t e . Ammonite . y * * Amvis . Melling Powder . * * Anchorite . Mersey Powder . * * A hosit e M init e . p . * t M onarkit e . Arki e . * M onobe l Barking Powder . . * M onobe l . Bellite . Powder * Nationalit e Bobbinite . . * B rit onit e . Negro Powder . * * u Ne onal . B ll Dog . * mb t - n i a rit De s t e . C e . Ni ro * * Carbonite . Nobel Ammonia Powder . * l * rma Ce t it e . No nit e . * * Cliflit Oa klit e . e . * Cliflit e O it e (Super d . * * Cl dit e . y . Permon Powder * * P e rmonit e Cornish Powder . . * * Coronit e oe . . Ph nix Powder * Curt i *Pi i is t e . t t e . * * Curt isit e (Super Pitsea Powder

R e x . Denaby Powder . Powder *Domi * nit e . R e xit e . * D a * i r onit Ri t e . g e . pp * t Ri it e e Dreadnough Powder . pp (Sup r

t s t . Du Pon Pe rmi sible . Roburi e * * i Duxi R s l t . te . us e e ob l t Dyn e Samsoni e . * * El ctronl e t e . Saxonite . E S e ame x ssex Powde r . * a]: Exce llit e . . Powder Exce llit e (Supe r * E t St e e lit e . xpedi e . (Colliery) * * ’ St . n s . Faversham Powde r . Hele Powder F o m n rt e x St o o a l . (New) . * F a * - r ct uri t it e . t e . S ow * * Gat hurst S unde rit e . Powder . * Good Luck . Ha li a: y t e . CLASSIFICATION

* *Vict orite Swalit e . . * S . dite . Viking Powder *Virit e ames Powder. . * * u ol s . T t . We tfalite * * U l e s . p e Powder . Withnell Powder * Victor Powder .

n w n P i Lis (Those marke d are not o o the e rm tte d t.)

N Favier explosives . . Grisoumt e Na hthalite . p (Grisou

Grlsoutine .

Ge rman.

l Li nosit A bit (Wetter g . Ast raht (Wetter

Siche rhe it s ul e r ht halit . Bautzener p v . Na B a varit t . No eli . Ca hue ci Orkanit t (Ammon . P ast anit Carbonite . . or zi rmonit Chl at t . P e . m m ni P rrum it hro a e . C o t . p Pe rsalit (Wett Pla om nit st e . R he nanit (Wetter

Donarit . Roburite . Do rfit R om rit . pe (Wetter We tte rsic re s t Dynamit ( he ) . Sali . Elsa it S chle sit g (Ammon .

F oe rde r ff . Se curit e Sicherheitssprengsto . F oe rdit ie ni S ge t . Fulme mt T ut onit (Wetter e . Ge hlin e rit mo i g . Tre n t .

Tunne lit . Glue ckauf . Walsrode (Wetter K ohle nkarbonit We stfalit . .

K oronit - (Kohlen Wetter Dynamit . Le nit (Ne u B LASTING EXPLOSIVES

Alkalsit . ma A sit e . l Ammona . xii CLASSIFICATION

B LASTING EXPLOSIVES (continue d)

Ammonia kkru K oroni t . t . Ana on L C g . . . Pulver . Anilit Le oni . t . Ast ra lit Li n . gdy . t Li nosit A las Powder . g . t t Barbari . Li hofracteur .

Bla stine . Loe we n ul e r p v . Lux i Blasting Ge latine . t . B omlit M E . . . Powder .

. M arsit C .

Ca hue cit . M e ani g t . ’ Ca rbit e Ablon t d . Melani e . - M e rcurit Carbo Dynamite . .

Carlsonit e . M ie dzia nkit . t M inolit e Cheddi e . .

Chlorat zit e . M it che llit e . Cu ni e M ona chit g t . . Da hm ni Na h ha i e t e t l t . . p Nit rolit Denaby Powder . . D n sit e . e . O m n Do i it r . . Oakley Quarry Powde Ox li uit Donarit . y q . n P a sta nil Dy amite . . Ele ct roni e P e ra on t . g . P chlo it Er it e e r r . g . E t rin Geligni e . E xtra Dynamite . t Pe rsalit Forci e . .

um nit P e t rokla st it . F e . hlin e ri P e t rolit Ge g t . . ’ a m Pfa lzit Ge lat inée l A monia ue . q . i Pie rr t e . Gelatine Dynamite . l ammon t P ast . Geligni e . Ple ssit Giant Powder . .

Halalit e Pniowit . . Ha mmoni P olarit e t .

He la on Pra e os1t . g . p m ée H li Pro ét h . e t .

Hercules Powder . Prosperit . - - I m e riali e a . p t . Rack Rock

J R aschit . udson Powder .

K ausoli R e d . t . Cross

K ine t it e d . . R n rock w Ki it . CLASSIFICATION

B LASTING EXPLOSIVE S (continue d)

St ona x .

Te lsit . t Terri .

Te ut onit .

R om e rit p .

t . Roslin Giant Blasting Powder . Ti anite

ul t T t . Sab i e . oni e Tre monit Saxonite . e

mi . S e bo t e . Velox Gelatine e n it e S g . i ni S e ge t. e Sil sia . Ex s Sprengel plosive . Spre ngsal St e e lit e

HIGH EXPLOSIVES B (F or S he lls and ombs .)

ma a Hi l yit e . ’ Hudson s Explosive . t Lyddi e . t Macari e .

Cilfe rit e . Crés lit e y . t Dunni e . E cho . t Ecrasi e . F u ll ulve r e p . F um l y . Gra natfue llun g.

He llhofit e .

M ISCELLANEOUS EXPLOSIVES

O orit e Black Powder . ph . C P é . . Pulv rin .

Ce ntralit e . d Pyrocollo ion . Che e sa t s r S ick . Py oxyline . t i Collodion Cot on . Stab lite . e t t Flob r Ammuni ion,

Glonoine. White Gunpowder.

Hala kit e . xiv CLASSIFICATION

PROPELLANTS

- (F or S not guns .) Ne onit Amberite . e . C ’ annonit e . E New xplosives Co . s Smokeless Cl m i e r on te . Powder . ’ COO al s pp Powder. Normal Powder . la m . P st o e nit Crystal . t Du Pon Smokeless Powder . Primrose Smokeless . E C . R e d . Powder . Star . E Ri fle it e conomic . (Shot Gun) . E ley Smokeless Powder . Rottweil Smokeless Powder . E mpire . uby Powder .

F e lixit e . g

S . S . He nrit e e . Schultz Powder .

I de al . Powder . Smokeless Diamond I . Stowmarket Smokeless .

K . S . T

r S o e . M . T oisdorf mokeless P wd r M isch ulve r p . Walsrode Shot Gun Powder . M ulle ri t e .

R F e - (F or ifle d ir arms. ) C T N . . Amide Powder . . N ni Ammon ul ve r e o t e . p .

A rit e Nit rokol . py .

t . Axi e . Normal Powder

B . F G R . . . Ballistite . ’ B ru r R L G é e s . . . g Powder .

Cocao Powder .

tt e ss w . Cordite . Ro weil Smokel Po der S K C . S . P . . .

t . Fili e . S . R V S . . Hebler Powder . e Indurit .

La fflin a n T s . and B d . roisdorf Smokele s Powder

M o dit e . t d We teren . DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

— - B G T . A K noch AB I E coal mine explosive made by y ,

Ltd . The original composition which passed the Woolwich Test was Ammonium nitrate Nit roglycerine Wood me al To enable it to pass the Rotherham Test sodium chloride

- was added , and a little dinitro toluene was also introduced

AB H E 2 OIT No . . Date of Pe rmit Ammonium nitrate Nitroglycerine Wood meal Dinitro -toluene Sodium chloride Limit charge Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

The permit has now been repealed .

AB ELI TI L— A coal - mine explosive made by the Lan cashire E xplosives Co . Two formulas were approved

No . I . No . 4.

7- 4- 14 1 5- 1 - 1 5 Ammonium nitrate 67 Dinitro- be nzene {7 Trinitro -toluene 7 Sodium chloride Starch

t 4 1 8 . Limi charge 1 oz . oz Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

r The pe mits have now been repealed . l 2 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES Abelite (without distinguishing number) is simply a mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitro -toluene Ammonium nitrate Trinitro -toluene

It is therefore a variety of B ellite in which the dinitro -benzene

- has been replaced by trinitro toluene . It is used for filling grenades and general blasting purposes, but is not permitted in dangerous coal mines . ABR OLI T is a Danish ammonium nitrate explosive,

6 “ . go Ammonium nitrate 7 8 1 25 Potassium nitrate Sulphur F at Sago meal Manganese dioxide Resin

AETNA GOAL P OWDER is an American coal - mine

b . B C powder on the Permissi le List Brands A , and are A 2 nitroglycerine explosives . A and No . are ammonium nitrate explosives .

A ER —A‘ A AETN POWD . variety of merican dynamite 5 c ontaining 1 to 65 per cent . of nitroglycerine mixed with R s wood pulp and sodium nitrate . oa ted flour has sometimes been substituted for wood pulp .

AJAX W ER —A - x P O D . coal mine e plosive made by ’ E Nobel s xplosives Co .

Date of Pe rmit 1 - 9- 1 3 Nitroglycerine Nitrocotton Di and trinitro -toluenes 35 Potassium perchlorat e 37 Wood meal Ammonium oxalate 25

Limit charge 1 2 oz . Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 1 91 4 bu . 1n t In , lbs were used coal mines , the permit has now been repealed . DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 3

— A ALB I ON I TE . mixture of gelignite and ammonium

e . oxalate . It was formerly on the Permitt d List

L IT —A e d A B . German chlorate xplosive intro uced in

1 91 5 in consequence of the scarcity of nitrates due to the War .

It is defined as consisting of not more than 8 0 per cent . sodium

a 4 . or pot ssium chlorate , not more than per cent nitroglycerine ,

- and mono or dinitro hydrocarbons . It may also contain

‘ inor anic s alt s g and carbon carriers such as vegetable meal , A oils , soaps or carbohydrates . variety made for use in

- - coal mines is called Wetter Albit or K ohlen Albit .

ALDORFIT ; Se e DORF I T .

A L — LKA S IT . A German chlorate or perchlorate explosive made by the Dynamit A. G . of Hamburg . It contains not

8 0 . more than per cent sodium or potassium chlorate , or

8 0 e r . not more than p cent sodium , potassium or ammonium

- a 1 9 . perchlor te, and per cent of aromatic nitro hydrocarbons a nd and nitrocotton , also coal , hydrocarbons or carbohydrates , The nitrates . chlorate mixtures must not contain ammonium

” Alkalsit 2 salts . I contains not more than 7 per cent . of potassium pe rchlorate , ammonium nitrate , not more than 24 no . t 8 . per cent of sodium nitrate, more than per cent of - s - trinitro toluene, al o wood meal , flour and nitro naphthalene . Alkalsit not 55 o a A contains more than per cent . of p t ssium l um ‘ it a e a mmom n r t 31 . perch orate , , not more than per cent

- r 5 . trinit o toluene, and not more than per cent of a neutral lkalsi B liquid mixture of nitrated toluenes . A t is similar ' n except that it contains also ammonium itrate .

ALS I L TE P — B - G . . A I S . elgian coal mine explosive on

E S . . P the list of xplosifs G . It is of the Ammonal type Ammonium nitrate 62 Trinitro-t oluene 1 1 Ferro -silicon-aluminium 5 Sodium chlo ride 22

Charge limite 900 g . 4 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

- ALUM ATOL . A mixture of ammonium nitrate , trini

- tro toluene and a little aluminium powder , used for charging

- trench mortar bombs, etc .

— - AM AS I TE . A coal mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List Ammonium perchl orate Sodium nitrate Myrobolans Agar agar

It was made by the Société Anonyme de Vilvorde in B elgium, l and was originally called Ugo it e . sit S T m si - Rock Ama e and . . A a t e are non permitted ex of o plosives composition somewhat similar t the above .

' - AM AT OL . A mixture of ammonium nitrate and trini

- tro toluene . The composition is shownby the figures placed A 40 after the name ; thus matol contains per cent .

- i 60 . ammon um nitrate and per cent trinitro toluene , and Amatol consists of 80 parts ammonium nitrate and 20 - te parts trinitro toluene . These explosives are used very ex n i l s ve y for filling shell and other projectiles . The mixtures rich in trinitro -toluene can be cast after being heated to - i u temperature above the melting point of th s constit ent, but those rich in ammonium nitrate are stemmed into the

projectile hot or pressed . Similar mixtures are used by the a G r Germ ns and other powers under various names . In e many F iill it is called pulve r (q .

T L — AM A OXO . A mixture of ammonium nitrate and

- - Tox ol . , which consists of trinitro toluene and trinitro xylene

* B — - u AM ER ITE . A smokeless shot g n powder made by ’ A . 1 Curtis s and Harvey at Tonbridge . mberite No con ta ine d nitroglycerine as well as nitrocotton and various other ” 1 91 7 . 7 8 substances . According to Arms and Explosives , , p , A 2 t a sample of mberite No . had the composi ion

6 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

fo A has been used rcharging grenades, and by the ustrians for trench howitzer bombs .

When the explosive is detonated , the aluminium is con verted into the oxide , evolving no gas , but a considerable amount of heat , which increases the power of the explosive . The aluminium powder also renders the explosive easier to detonate . s Three explosives of this type pas ed the Woolwich Test , and were on the old Permitted List for coal mines , namely , B A ’ Ammonal , Ripping mmonal and Saint Helen s Powder

(q . R ipping

Ammonal B . Ammona l . Ammonium nitrate 94 5 8 6 Aluminium 8 8 Charcoal 2 5 Potassium bichroma t e 3 5

No explosives containing aluminium are on the pre sent Per t mi t e d List .

HUE CI T CAHUE G T AM lVI ON CA I .

AM M ON GARB ONI T CARB ONI T .

AM M ON IAKKRUT was the first ammonium nitrate

. I . J . N orrbin explosive It was invented by . Ohlsson and H ,

E 2766 1 8 69 . two Swedes , and was protected by nglish Patent of It co nsisted of ammonium nitrate together with 5 or 1 0 per l cent . of charcoa , coal dust , etc . , to which mixture was added 1 30 0 to per cent . of nitroglyce rine to make it less difficult to detonate .

AIVIM ON I TE - is a coal mine explosive of the Favier type , ’ E Co made by the Miners Safety xplosives . The original composition , which passed the Woolwich Test was

Ammonium nitrat e Dinitro -naphthale ne DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 7 To pass the more severe R otherham Test a number of compositions have been made and approved , but some of them have been repealed . Those now on the Permitted List are m i Amm onite Ammonite . Am on te

N o . I . N o . 5 . — — — Date of Pe rmit 29- 8 1 4 2 8 1 8 Ammonium nitrat e 7 4 5 7 Dinit ro -naphthale ne Trinitro -naphthale ne Trinitro -toluene Sodium chloride

Limit charge 26 oz . Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

1 Ammonite No . is used on a considerable scale in coal A - R A mines . non permitted explosive called ipping mmonite is also made .

*AlVflVI ONP ULVER is a propellant which was used by the Austrians from 1 8 90 to 1 8 96 in guns of various calibres

Ammonium nitrate 80— 90 Charcoal 1 0—20

It was superseded by a powder of the ballistite type, but has been reintroduced recently by the Germans to replace a part of the charge of nitrocellulose powder in their field gun . The c un advantages laimed for it are small erosion of the g , absence of muzzle flame , chemical stability, and cheapne ss . On the other hand , it gives high pressures , and if used by itself requires a gun with a specially large chamber ; but the most serious objection to it is that on keeping, physical changes take place in the pellets , leading to the production of very high pressures . It is said that moisture promotes these changes .

See also Amide Powder .

— - AM V S , I . A coal mine explosive formerly on the Per mitte d List 8 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

Ammonium nitrate Wood mea l Dinitro -benzene Chlorinated naphthalene

N 9 11 ANAG — A G cont amm O N . erman blasting explosive g

r 7 0 . not mo e than per cent of ammonium nitrate , zinc r aluminium alloy and cha coal .

AN C R E —A - H O IT . coal mine explosive of the Favier

. a type , formerly on the Permitted List It was m de by

- K no h . y c Arklow , Ltd

Date 0] Pe rmit Ammonium nitrate Sodium nitrate Ammonium chloride Trinitro -toluene Limit charge Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

AN T — A Ge I LI . rman explosive containing not less than

7 0 . 5 per cent of ammonium nitrate , not more than per cent . an ul - of sugar, d copper s phate aniline or copper oxalate

aniline .

‘ AN L — A I I TE . French liquid explosive of the Sprengel c lass used for aerial bombs .

AN T GE DE S fi RETfi - A B - I L . elgian coal mine explosive Nitroglycerine Sodium nitrate Dinit ro -t olue ne Ammonium sulphate Cellulose Wood me al

The C 00 harge limite is 9 grammes , which is equivalent to 524 1 grammes of dynamite No . . The composition is the n - same as that of I gélit e . It is a low freezing nitroglycerine

explosive . DICTI ONARY OF EXPLOS IVES 9

E —A - o m AP HOS IT . coal mine explosive f r erly on Permitted List Ammonium n1t ra t e Pot a ssium nit rat e Charcoa l Wood meal

* YR TE — A n e u f m AP I . itroc ll lose smokeless powder or erly G a made in Sweden by the Société r krut .

RK — - K noch A ITE . A coal mine explosive made by y , W i Ltd . The original composition which passed the oolw ch Test was Nitroglyce rine

Potassium nitrate Wood meal Ammonium oxalat e

" a The proportions were modified, and the following p ssed

Rotherham Test , and was on the Permitted List

R I 2 A K TE No . . Da te of Pe rmit

Nitrocott on Potassium nitrat e

Ammonium oxalat e

Limit charge . Power (swing of ballist ic pe ndulum) e It has now been rep aled . A T — AS TR LI . An ammonium nitrate explosive con A n . . taining a little blasting gelatine , made by the Dy amit G G Nobel of Hamburg . It has been used largely in ermany for a variety of purposes . Astralit I a nd II are defined as consisting of ammonium

1 5 . nitrate, charcoal , vegetable meal , not more than per cent of aromatic nitro bodies not more dangerous thantrinitro 4 t toluene , not more than per cent . of blas ing gelatine ; also af par fin oil . 1 0 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

Astralit IV consists of ammonium nitrate, not more than 1 0 - per cent . of aromatic nitro bodies not more dangerous than ,

- dinitro naphthalene, vegetable meal , and not more than 4 per cent . of blasting gelatine . Ast ra lit c n a V, which has been introduced re e tly, cont ins 0 up to 1 per cent . of potassium perchlorate in addition to 1 6 ammonium nitrate , also vegetable meal , not more than

- per cent . of aromatic nitro compounds , and not more than 4 per cent . of nitroglycerine . Gelatine -Ast ralit is a gelatinised or powdery mixture of the nitrates of ammonium and sodium (or potassium) , not 50 -chlorh drin more than per cent . of dinitro y , not more than

5 2 . per cent . of nitroglycerine , not more than per cent of

- collodion cotton , vegetable meal , aromatic nitro bodies such

- - as nitro toluenes or nitro naphthalenes , but not more than 4 per cent . of trinitro toluene ; also hydrocarbons . -Ast alit I S - f Wetter r a coal mine explosive , and dif ers from Ast ralit In that part of the ammonium nitrate is replaced by sodium chloride .

W - -Astralit - i etter Gelatine is also a coal mine explos ve , and differs from Gelatine -Ast ralit in that it contains also fatty oils and neutral salts , such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride or an oxalate . The following percentage compositions have been given

Ge la tine As i We We tte r tral t . tte r

Astralit . As tralit . Nitroglycerine 4 4 Nitroglycerine 4 Ammonium nitrate 8 45 7 Dinitro -chlorhydrin 1 6 Trinit ro -toluene 7 7 Nitrocotton Wood meal 1 1 Ammonium nitrat e 40 ‘ Charcoal 1 1 Sodium nit rat e 7 5 Paraffin oil 2 5 25 Dinit ro -tolue ne 4 Sodium chloride 1 0 Nitro -t oluene 1 Wood meal 05 Potat o me al 8 2 Rape oil . Ammonium oxala t e 25 Sodium chloride 1 4 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 1 1

Explosives of the Ast ralit type have also been used exten sive ly by the Germans for filling trench howitzer she ll and similar projectiles . The following is approximately the com position used for this purpose

Nit roglyce rine 3 Nitrocott on Ammonium n1t rat e 7 7 Trinitro -toluene 1 6 Wood me al 35 This explosive was authorised in England under the name of Australite . —A A ATLAS P OWDER . brand of merican straight dynamite .

TE S e e AS TRALI T . AUS TR ALI .

*AX TE K noch I . A smokeless powder made by y , Ltd : C M D and used for sporting rifles It is a sort of ordite , with o s a little of the gunc tton replaced by pota sium nitrate , and

’ mo f at A — 5 is in the for fl strips . sample had the composition

63 ° l Potassium nitrate Mineral jelly Volatile matter 02 *B — B . Poudre is the French service propellant . It con -a sists of nitrocotton gelatinised with ether lcohol , in which it is partly soluble. A little diphenylamine is added to

t . increase the stabili y Formerly , various other additions a t have been m de . A le ter or letters are added to show the size of the powder and the purpos e for which it is used

B F rifle s Poudre for ( from fusil) . n u BNF a later powder for rifles (from o veau) . e r a BC for fi ld guns (f om camp gne) . t e s e e t BSP for siege howi z rs (from i ge place) . B GC a t ca for l rger mili ary guns (from gros libre) . BM for na va l ordnance (from marine) ; a figure is t he e added to show siz . 1 2 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

F urther letters and figures are added to show other a D 2 e particul rs about the powder ; 2 means p r cent . of " i has e AM 8 e r diphenylam ne be n added as a stabiliser, or S , p cent . of amyl alcohol . The place and date of manufacture are similarly indicated .

B AELENITB - A B . elgian mining explosive

Ammonium nitrate Trinit ro -toluene Charge limite

It is authoris ed for manufacture in, or importation into the

United Kingdom .

* — B ALLIS TI TEt One of the first military smokeles s

e . u powders , invented by Nob l It consisted of about eq al parts of nitroglycerine and soluble nitrocotton incorporated h together under water, then passed repeatedly t rough rolls Co and cut into flakes . It was adopted by a number of n tine t al n powers , but in consequence of the severe erosion of the guns which it caused , it has been modified or aban u do ed . The percentage of nitroglycerine is reduced, and consequently it is necessary to use a solvent such as acetone . A s little mineral jelly or other tabiliser is sometimes added .

B L - A an AR ATO . mixture of barium nitrate d trinitro

toluene .

B — AR B ARIT . A German chlorate explosive made at - the Sprengstoff fabriken K rie wald bei Gleinitz .

Potassium chlorat e High -boiling pe t roleum

1 05 ° C o . The petroleum has a flash p int not below , and com me nce s to boil not below

1 4 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

B ENTAL G A D - n - O L P OW ER . A American coal mine on t explosive he Permissible List . It is an ammonium nitrate explosive .

B ITUM INI TE ; - There are several coal -mine explosives

A . . 1 3 of this name on the merican Permissible List Nos , ,

4 8 . 5 and L E are nitroglycerine explosives No . is an ammonium nitrate explosive .

— - B LACK DIAM OND . There are several coal mine ex t plosives of this name on he American Permissible List . 2A 3A 6 L E e x los e s Nos . , and are nitroglycerine p w , whereas

. 5 7 8 . Nos , and are ammonium nitrate explosives

B ACK ER L P OWD is a name for ordinary gunpowder, i a mixture of potass um nitrate, sulphur and charcoal .

B LAS TI NE is a high explosive ha v1ng approximately the composition

Ammonium perchlorate Sodium nitrate Dinitro -toluene Paraffin wax

As the sodium nitrate in the above is not equivalent to the ammonium perchlorate , part of the chlorine is given off in the form of the poisonous gas , hydrogen chloride (hydro chloric acid) .

B AS N G G — f e L TI ELATINE . Nitroglycerine, stif en d by d having collo ion cotton dissolved in it . Discovered by 1 8 5 Nobel in 7 . It contains about

Nitroglycerine Collodion cotton and also often a fraction of a percentage of calcium or mag DICTIONARY OF EXPLOS IVES 1 5

ne sium carbonate to increase its stability . This is the most powerful of all the explosives in common use .

O — t he B B B INITE . The only explosive of gunpowder class the use of which is permitted in coal mines in England . In most foreign countries explosives of this class are not allowed to be used in them at all . The permission is only 1 920 temporary, but has been extended to the end of , and is restricted to mines that are not gassy or dangerous from e coal dust . There a r two definitions , but the second is the one that is generally manufactured apparently

Firs t . Se cond . Potassium nitrate 635 65 Charcoal 1 8 5 20 Sulphur 2 2 Sulphates of ammonium coppe r Rice or maize starch P a ra fli n wax Moisture

M ore than a million pounds of this explosive are used in coal mines every year . It shatters the coal less than high explosives do .

B OM LI T —A o r . German p tassium pe chlorate blasting

m f ct . explosive ade by Wolf Cie . at Walsrode It contains

- also ammonium nitrate , trinitro toluene and guncotton . Other ingredients that may be present are potassium and l sodium nitrates , starch meal , vaseline, naphtha ene and other hydrocarbons , charcoal and castor oil .

coal -mine explosive of the Carbonite

E S . . ish xplosives yndicate, Ltd , Pitsea the Woolwich Test and was

ves , but on the introduction necessary to add ammonium

' 2 and 3 were on the 1 6 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

N o . 2. N o . 3. — — — Date of Pe rmit 1 9- 1 3 28 1 1 5 Nitroglycerine 24 Sodium nitrat e 28 Pota ssium nitrate Wood meal Sodium ca rbonate Ammonium oxalate Sodium chloride Limit charge Powe r (swing of bal ” list ic pe ndulum) 2 1 7 OWN R W ER . S e e C A WD B P O D O CO P O ER .

’ B RUGERE S P OWDER consisted of Ammonium picrate Pot assmm n1t rat e

v C o It was stated to gi e good results in the hassep t rifle, but picrate mixtures are liable to detonate, and are therefore dangerous to use as propellants . B D ULL OG Gunpowder Pellets were used in coal mines . the s B They contained same constituents a obbinite, which superse ded them, but in different proportions . Explosifs C were mixtures of ammonium cresylate with ammonium or sodium nitrate . They were made in France at one time, but their manufacture was dropped , as they ‘ G were more expensive to make than risounite , and no more powerful . GIT — ’ GAHUE . This was invented in the seventies of the

R . Cahuc last century by , and was manufactured at Dartford in K ent under the name of Safety B lasting Powder or Carbo

a m . azotine . It is still m de in Ger any The ingredients are

English . Ge rman . Potassium nitrate 64 70 Sulphur flowers 1 2 1 2 Lampblack or soot 7 8 Bark or wood pulp 1 7 1 0 DICTIONARY O F EXPLOSIVES 1 7

to which are added a few per cent . of sulphate of iron . The incorporation is carried out with the assistance of a con side ra ble r quantity of water, which is afterwards evapo ated ff t o . The mixing is not very horough . The explosive is a comparatively mild one , but is used sometimes for blasting a bas lt . In the German explosive the potassium nitrate may be replaced by the corresponding sodium salt .

AlVflVI ON GI T —I n e u CAHUE . this xplosive the potassi m nitrate is replaced mainly or wholly by ammonium nitrate , 1 - and it contains not more than 5 per cent . of trinitro toluene

- - or trinitro naphthalene or other nitro body . a mmOmum The brand labelled Fram contains nitrate , 25 - s not more than per cent . of trinitro toluene gelatini ed

4 . d with per cent collo ion cotton , wood meal or other vegetable meal and neutral stable salts . The brand Indra l 1 0 is similar, except that it contains a so not more than per i cent . potassium nitrate, and the perce ntage of t r nitro toluene may be raised to 20.

CAM B RI TE is a coal -mine explosive of the Carbonite type made by Nobels at Ardeer . It consists practically of Nobel

— 8 . o Carbonite, to which per cent of a c oling agent has been added . Unlike most of the explosives on the old Permitted R l List , it passed the otherham Test with practical y no alteration

Nitroglycerine Barium nitrat e Pot assium nitrat e

Wood meal . Calcium ca rbonate Ammonium oxalate Potassium chloride Limit charge Power (swing of ballistic pe n dulum)

2 Only No . is now on the Permitted ; 1 8 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

CAM ER N P D - O M INE OW ER . There are a number of coal -mine explosives of this name on the American Per

. N 1 A 2A 2A LF missible List os . , and are ammonium nitrate

. 3A 5A c explosives , whereas Nos and are nitrogly erine explosives .

* CANN ON ITE was a smokeless powder made by a firm

War S . called the and Sporting mokeless Powder Syndicate, Ltd

It consisted of about 8 6 pe r cent . of nitrocellulose mostly

- insoluble in ether alcohol , and a few per cent . of barium nitrate , together with small quantities of some of the following potassium nitrate, charcoal , lampblack , vaseline, rosin ,

- - stearine , dinitro benzene , trinitro toluene, potassium ferroj - as cyanide , graphite . For shot guns the powder w of the - forty two grain type, dense and gelatinised . The rifle powder was colloidal . These powders were made in the ’ nineties of the last century .

’ GAB EI TE D AB LON is a sort of Carbonite made in France

Nitroglyce rine Potassium nit rate Wood meal or flour

CARB AZ N S e e CAHUECIT . O O TI E .

CARB O - DYNAM ITE was an explosive patented by

W. B D . orland . It differed from ordinary dynamite in that the nitroglycerine was absorbed in cork charcoal instead of l f kiese guhr . One part of the charcoal su ficed to absorb nine parts of nitroglycerine .

CAR B ONI TE (or K arbonit) was one of the earliest and - w s one of the most successful coal mine explosives . It a first made by Bichel and Schmidt at Schlebusch in Germany 1 8 8 5 in , and after some modifications gave satisfactory 8 8 results at the Neunkirchen testing station in 1 7 . It DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 1 9

26 33 . contains about per cent . of nitroglycerine , per cent of

and 40 . r a nitrate , per cent of wood meal or sta ch flour , and N C small quantities of other substances . obel arbonite passed the Woolwich Test and had the composition

Nit roglyce rine Barium nit rat e Potassium nitrate Wood me al Sulphurette dbenzol Sodium and calcium carbonat e s

The Carbonite made at the works of the Carbonite Syndicate G B ra c at Schlebusch , and imported into reat ritain , was p tically the same as this , but they also made another explosive

W o 35 . which passed the oolwich Test , and c ntained per cent m r of nitroglycerine gelatinised with nitrocotton , and s alle proportions of nitrates and wood meal than are given above h wa - t is s called Extra Carbonite . They have also made explosives to numerous modifications of this formula for C use on the ontinent . The essential feature of all of them is that they contain so much of the combustible constituents , such as wood meal , that most of the carbon appears in the products of explosion as carbon monoxide, and the temperature of the gases is consequently low . Nobels at Ardeer also made a low freezing explosive in which part of the nitroglycerine was replaced by a nitro compound . This was called Arctic Carbonite Nitroglycerine Nitro -hydrocarbon Potassium nit rat e Wood meal Calcium carbonate

Various manufacturers have made explosives of the type of Carbonite and placed them on the market under different Tut ol K olax - M init e names , such as , , K ohlen Carbonite , and

Colinit e . These , however, do not pass the Rotherham Test e E or for Permitt d xplosives , unless ammonium oxalate other 20 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

Cam rit e S r cooling agent be added , as in the case of b , upe

l x B rit nit e . 2 K o a and o No . C A C On the ontinent, explosives similar to rctic arbonite have been produced under the names Antigel de S ure té I n élite and g . There are several Carbonit e s on the Ame rican Permissible

. 1 4 r m List . Of these Nos to are in o der of di inishing violence

5 e . Nos . and 6 are low freezing varieti s There are also a number of other explosives of the Carbonite type on the List . monka bonit - Am r is a German coal mine explosive, con 0 e 4 taining about 8 per cent . of ammonium nitrat and per

5 0 . cent . of blasting gelatine, together with or 1 per cent of potassium nitrate , and a combustible such as flour, starch or coal dust . Sodium or potassium chloride may be added as a cooling agent . It has been used for blasting clay . Gelatine-K arbonit is a Carbonite containing ammonium nitrate, and a considerable proportion of nitroglycerine n gelati ised with collodion cotton . Halokarbonit Am onkarbonit is similar to m , except that a considerable proportion of the ammonium nitrate is replaced by other nitrates . CARLS ONITE was the first ammonium perchlorate M explosive submitted to H. . Inspectors of Explosives . It 1 8 98 C S was proposed in by arlson of tockholm , and some of the mixtures were reported on favourably, but no licence was ever taken out in the United K ingdom for this explosive .

C P.. C E . . ( omposition xploding) is the same as Tetryl

- CELTITE was a coal mine explosive made by Dr . R .

o . Na hnse n C , Hamburg, and formerly permitted for use

B W . in ritish coal mines , having passed the oolwich Test Nitroglycerine 57 Nit rocotton 3 Potassium nitrate 1 9 Wood meal 9 Ammonium oxalat e 1 2

Ze l it It was also called t .

22 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

CHR OM AM ONIT was a coal - mine explosive formerly made in Germany

Ammonium nitrate Pot assium nitrat e Collodion cott on Chromium ammonium alum Vaseline

* L R —A B - un C E M ONITE . elgian shot g powder made by l 40- r the Cooppa Co . It is a g ain fibrous powder of the bulk type and coloured green .

’ CLIPF I TE was a coal -mine explosive made by Curtis s and Harvey , and formerly on the Permitted List

Nit roglyce rine Collodion cotton Starch

S ER -CLIPFI TE f UP dif ers considerably from this . There are two formulae which have passed the R otherham 2 Test , but only No . is still on the Permitted List

Date of Pe rmit Nitroglycerine Collodion cotton Ammonium nitrat e Wood meal Sodium chloride Ammonium oxalate

t 30 Limi charge oz . Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

CLYDITE was a coal -mine explosive formerly made by

A . C Nobels rdeer It was similar to Nobel arbonite, but ‘at r a the potassium nitrate was replaced by the ba ium s lt , and 8 it might contain up to per cent . of ammonium oxalate . DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 23

— - C OALITE . There is a series of coal mine explosives X of this name on the American Permissible List . Varieties 3X ' a nd 3X 1 , C are ammonium nitrate explosives ; whereas ,

2D 2 2 . , DL and MLF are nitroglycerine explosives

C OAL S PECIAL are American coal -mine explosives on the Permissible List . They are all nitroglycerine explosives . COCOA P OWDER or B rown Powder was a variety of gunpowder made with a brown charcoal prepared from straw Pot assium nitrate Sulphur Straw charcoal It was compressed to a density of 1 8 into prisms or grains of considerable size , and was used in guns of large calibre .

E X E . S . B . C. . . . and were special varieties of this

‘ COLI NI T ANTI GRI S OUTEUS E — A B l . e gian coal mine explosive of the Carbonite type . The ordinary for mula is practically the same as that of K ohle ncarbonit e and M ine rit e of . Type B consists Blasting gelatine Pot assium perchlorate Ammonium nitrate Trinitro -toluene Rye flour and cellulose Magnesium sulphate

C WDER - OLLIER P O . There are a number of coal mine explosives of this name on the American Permissible

. B NF K N XLF 5 5LF 5 S e cl al 9 List Varieties , , X , , , , p , , 1 1 l l LF s he , and are ammonium nitrate explosive w reas 2 6LF and are nitroglycerine explosives .

C OLLODION COTT ON is a variety of nitrocotton of low nitration, almost completely soluble in a mixture of ether 24 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

d I t 1 23 . an alcohol . contains not more than per cent of nitrogen . It also dissolves in nitroglycerine and liquid - n nitro compounds , renderi g them gelatinous and so pre venting their exudation .

* 'S — l COOP P AL P OWDER . A B e gian smokeless shot it c sa S e gun powder . Formerly was mu h the me as chultz nit roli nin and Powder, consisting of g carefully purified , mixed with nitrates with or without the addition of sta rch . “ The following analyses were published in Arms and Explosives for July 1 91 7

Nitrocellulose, insoluble soluble Metallic nitrates he llac S . Nitro hydrocarbons

CORDITE is the principal smbke le ss powder of the

B S e . in 1 8 8 8 ritish ervic s It was originally adopted , and is made by mixing nitroglycerine with guncotton and mineral i jelly (a sort of crude vasel ne), and incorporating them to i i gether with the aid of acetone, wh ch gelatinises the g m cotton . In consequence of the severe erosion of the guns experienced during the South African War the proportions were altered , some of the nitroglycerine being replaced by guncotton . The propellant thus modified is called D C M . . ordite , whereas that of the original composition is

C M k. . B In s ordite I oth are still use, e pecially M .D .

M k. I M D . . . Guncotton 37 65 Nitroglycerine 58 30 Mineral jelly 5 5

During the grea t European War a further variety was c introdu ed to extend the basis of supply of solvents . This DICTIONARY OF EXP LOSIVES 25

R D B R De m'tme nt B is called Cordite . . . ( esearch p ), and contain s a nitrocotton of comparatively low nitration that can be gelatinised by means of a mixture of ether and alcohol

Nit roglycerine Mineral jelly

” It is designed to gl ve about the same ballistics as Cordite M a the o D . A further letter is sometimes dded to show f rm

M D.T. M D. s of the powder . Thus Cordite . is . pres ed into

n . n tubes ; S . sta ds for strip The size is i dicated by a o a r s numeral, which sh ws the di meter in hund edth of an inch of the die through which it has been pressed . I n the case of tubular powder both the external and internal diameters — i a e C D T 5 2. are given approx m tely : . g. ordite M . . .

l —A B - Poudre b anchc CORNIL . elgian coal mine ex o s o plosive c ntaining ammonium nitrate, potas ium or s dium i - and m nitrate, din tro naphthalene lead chro ate, with or d m without the a dition of ammoniu chloride .

C IS — - OR N H P OWDER . A coal mine explosive which passed the Woolwich Test and w as formerly on the Permitted

i l E Co . L st , made by the Nationa xplosives , Ltd .

Potassium nitrate Wood meal Magnesium sulphate

COR ONITE was a coal -mine explosive of the Carbonite

type , which was on the Permitted List at one time . It had P e rmitt t e also been called i . a Picric acid has been c lled by this name in Sweden . Se e K OR also ONIT .

CO ILI T — A - S . German coal mine explosive of the Car Nah se A bonite type made by n n. published analysis gives its composition as 26 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES Nitroglycerine Sodium nit rate Vegetable meal Sodium chloride W C O O O ER . S e e O E CP . TT N P D T NIT , also

P CP s C C 1 and 2 are varietie of nitrocotton ( oton Poudre) a F m de in rance , principally for the manufacture of Poudre B CP and other smokeless powders . 1 is a guncotton containing 1 3 1 0 about per cent . of nitrogen, and only about per cent . of - CP matter soluble in ether alcohol . 2 is almost completely - 1 2 soluble in ether alcohol , and contains about per cent . of o nitr gen .

CR E E —A S YLIT . French high explosive used for filling shell and other military purposes . Cresylite consists of picric acid and nitrated cresol in about the proportions 4 0 of 0 of the former to 6 of the latter . It melts below the o temperature f boiling water. The nitrated cresol consists

- largely of trinitro metacresol .

- - C . 2 resylite No is simply crude trinitro meta cresol .

TE A - CR ON I is an merican coal mine explosive . There 1 5 are two varieties on the Permissible List , Nos . and , both of which are ammonium nitrate explosives .

* CRYS TAL is a smokeless shot -gun powder made by ’ u - C rtis s and Harvey . It is a non solvent powder for cheap

- loading , and the charge is thirty three grains .

8 C . S . P . C S . 2 ( hilworth mokeless Powder, No ) is a modi fication C of ordite , containing a little sodium bicarbonate as a stabiliser . It is stated to have been adopted by the

B a A 1 8 1 91 1 . 23 r zilian navy (see Engineering for ugust , , p 7 ) and other powers .

CUG NI TE — F manufac . A rench blasting explosive t ure d by the Société Francaise des Explosifs DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 27 Nitroglycerine Nitrocotton Ammonium n1t rat e Sodium nitrate Wood meal Barium sulphate

T —A - G CUR IS ITE . coal mine explosive of the risounite ’ class made by Curtis s and Harvey . It was formerly on the Permitted List Ammonium nitrate Trinitro -toluene M ononitro -naphthalene

S UPER - CUR TIS ITE was a modification of the above to enable it to pass the R otherham Test

Ammonium nit rate Pot assium nitrat e Trinitro -toluene Ammonium chloride Limit charge Power (swing of ballistic pe ndulum)

The pe rmit has been repealed . DAE M ENITE is an ammonium nitrate explosive which has been used to a considerable extent in Germany . One Dahme nit e Ge za e li e variety known as A , made by De m n jk B uskruidmake rs - was van Noord Holland , formerly on the British Permitted List for use in dangerous coal mines Ammonium nitrate t Naph halene . Potassium bichromate

r Dahme nit e 1 5 O dinary contains up to per cent . of inste ad of potassium nitrate bichromate, and has been used n i for blasti g clay . Some varieties conta n curcuma meal t re and o her constituents . The following a some examples 28 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

Ge la tine

Da hme nit . Da hm e nit . , Ammonium nitrate Ammonium nitrate 8 2 Potassium bichro Sodium nitrat e mate Potassium nit rate 2 Curcuma meal Dinitro -glycerine 27 ° 4 Dinit ro -be nze ne Nitrocotton O° 6 Trinitro -tolue ne Naphthalene Sodium chloride Trinitro -t oluene 7 5

-D f i Ne u a fime n t . Ammonium nitrate 68 65 Pot assium nitrat e 2 2 Ve geta ble meal 2 5 05 Coke 2 7 Trinitro -t oluene 1 0 8 Alkali chloride 1 7 ‘ 5

EN AB Y O ER - D P WD . There was formerly a blasting

explosive of this name, consisting of a compressed mixture of S e curit e and charcoal Potassium and barium nitrates Dinitro -benzene Nitrocotton and charcoal Moisture

In 1 91 4 a coal -mine explosive was introduced under the same name and passed the R otherham Test

Date of Pe rmit Ammonium nitrate Pot assium nitrate Trinitro -t oluene Ammonium chloride Limit charge Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

B W . It is made by ritish estfalite, Ltd

DEN S I TE — A B elgian blasting explosive containing m one or more of the following nitrates ammonium , strontiu , - and sodium , potassium ; also trinitro toluene, sometimes - dinitro toluene and ammonium chloride . This explosive is

30 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES and this may be taken as the usual composition of the ex plosive , but the nitroglycerine is sometimes gelatinised with collodion cotton .

NAR A 6 ni D O IT contains up to 1 per cent . of alumi um powder and no nitroglycerine . N AR T V D O I , which has been introduced recently, con

n 1 0 . tai s up to per cent of potassium perchlorate, and is s r lit practically the same as A t a V .

Wetter -Donarit contains also sodium chloride or other co oling agent . G - 2 elatine Donarit contains up to 0 per cent . of dinitro chlorh drin y gelatinised with collodion cotton , in addition to the constituents of Donarit , and may also contain sodium

nitrate .

DORPIT is a German coal -mine explosive made by the firm of Allendorf

. i . I . II Ge s te ns Ammonium nitrate 65 61 66 Potassium nitrate 5 5 5 Trinitro -toluene 6 1 5 1 5 Flour 4 4 4 Sodium chloride 20 1 5 1 0 ALDORFI T is a simpler mixture intended for use where there is no danger of fire -damp Ammonium nitrate Tn mtro -toluene Flour

It is authorised in Great B ritain.

52 P ERDORP IT contains not more than per cent . of m potassium perchlorate, sodiu and ammonium nitrates , not

- more than 29 per cent . of trinitro toluene and vegetable meal or gums .

’ D — A - C RA G ON I TE . coal mine explosive made by urtis s and Harvey , formerly on the Permitted List DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 31

Nitroglycerine Nit rocott on Potassium nitrate Vaseline Wood meal and charcoal

— A - e DREADN OUGHT P OWDER . coal min explosive

R A m . made by oburite and m onal , Ltd , for a time on the Permitted List Date of Pe rmit Ammonium nit rate Tr1n1t ro -toluene Ammomum chlorl de Sodium chloride R e d oil

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) h T ere is also Quarry Dreadnought Powder, which , is not a permitted explosive .

D N —A UN ITE . high explosive used by the United

States for filling shell . It is stated to give dangerous com pounds with iron , so apparently is a compound of picric acid .

DU P ONT PERM IS S IB LE — An American coal -mine B explosive . The following is on the ritish Permitted List

N o . 1 . — Date of Pe rmit 26- 4 1 6 Nitroglyce rine Ammonium nitrat e 67 ' 5 Wood pulp 8 Sodium chloride 1 5

Limit charge . Power (swing of ballistic pe ndulum)

*DU N S M KE E WDER — An A P O T O L S S P O . merican shot -gun powder of the fibrous 8 6-grain bulk type

Soluble nitro -cellulose Me tallic nitrates Moisture 32 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

D I T —A - UX E . coal mine explosive made by the West E Co R phalia Anhalt xplosives . It passed the otherham s and was B P e rr itt e d Te t, for a time on the ritish ri List

Nit roglycerine Nit rocot ton Sodium nitrate Wood meal Ammonium oxalate Limit charge Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

- — -m Siche rhe it s Gallerte DYNAM IT . A German coal ine explosive

Nitroglycerine Collodion cott on Ammonium nitrate Sodium nitrate Ve get able meal Pot assium chlo ride Gelatine De xtrin Glycerine

Limit charge

e te i e r - — G W t rs ch e s Gelatine DYNAM IT . A erman coal mine explosive

Nitroglycerine Collodion cotton Ammonium nitrate Potassium nitrate Ammonium oxalate Rye flour Liquid hydrocarbons Fatty a 01d salt Wood meal

0 Limit charge 50 1 0 g . DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 83 DYNAM ITE is a name that has been given to various

‘ e 1 of nitroglyc rine explosives . Dynamite No . consists Nitroglycerine 7 5 Kie se lguhr 25 the explosive being held in the pores of the kieselguhr . In other dynamites the nitroglycerine is absorbe d in a material o like w od meal , and a nitrate is added to oxidise the latter on explosion . In Gelatine Dynamite t he nitroglycerine 1 s gelatinise d

S e e . with collodion cotton . under Gelatine American Dynamites are not generally gelatinised with collodion cotton . They are made in a number of grades , depending on the percentage of nitroglycerine . t For further details about various dynami es , see text b on ooks explosives . N — B DYNAM ITE A TI GRI S OUTEUS E . elgian coal mine explosive made at B aelen Wezel

V. Nitroglycerine 24 Nitroglyce rine 44 Collodion cott on 1 Sodium sulphate 44 Ammonium nitrate 7 5 Wood me al 1 2

Of the above , IV. was found only to be safe in very small

- fi . . has charges in the presence of re damp . No V a charge of limite 700 grammes .

DYN — - AM NION . The coal mine explosive provided by the Austrian State monopoly We tte r

D . ynammon . Dynammon Ammonium nitrate 8 7 - 8 8 94 Pot a ssium nitrate 2 R e d charcoal 4 Densit y

DYN OB EL — - A . . coal mine explosive made by Nobels The first formula to pass the R otherham Test contained potassium perchlorate 3 34 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

Date of Pe rmit

’ Nitroglyce rine Collodion cotton Potassium pe rchlorat e Wood meal Ammonium oxalate

t 22 Limi charge . oz Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

Subsequently other formul ae of somewhat different com position passed the test

N o . 2. N o . 3. N o . 4.

— — - — — — Date of Pe rmit 1 6 8 1 5 14 4 1 6 14 4 1 6 Nitro lyce rine 1 9 5 1 5 1 5 ° Collo on cott on 05

Dinit ro -t olue ne togethe r Dinitro -benzene Ammonium nitrate Wood meal Sodium chloride Magnesium carbonate t 30 Limi charge oz . Power (swing of ballistic 2 50 pendulum) . 3 4 Of these only Nos . and are still permitted .

* WDER E . G . P O was one of the first smokeless shot gun powders, and is still one of the most successful . The t composition has been varied somewhat from time o time , but it has always been a fibrous bulk powder . The following “ A E 1 91 7 . 6 analyses were given in rms and xplosives , , p 7

N o . 1 . N o . 2. N o . 3. Da te of I ntroduction 1 882 1 8 90 1 897 Cla ss 42-gra in 42-grain 33-grain

t e 300 1 5 9 44 0 Ni rocotton, insolubl

” soluble Me t a llic nitrate s 37 ' 8 38 3 1 40 Re sin Vase line Camphor Moist ure DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 35

The powder is manufactured at Green Street Green , Ex lo near Dartford in Kent . The name is derived from p ” sive s C ompany .

ECHO or EKK O is a blasting explosive made at Nit e dal in Norway, consisting of ammonium nitrate, nitrocotton , - and trinitro toluene, aluminium powder , sometimes ferro C silicon . It has been used on the ontinent for filling hand grenades . *ECON OM IC S M OKELES S S P ORTIN G P OWDER

- - 2 E C. is a 4 grain bulk powder for shot guns , made by the

Powder Company . ECRAS ITE or EKRAS IT is a high explosive used in

Austria for filling shell and other military purposes . It is

- the ammonium salt of trinitro cresol .

— ELEGTR ONITE . There have been several explosives e of this name , but none of them have been us d extensively , l - and all are dead now . There was a coa mine explosive formerly on the Permitted List Ammonium nitrate Barium nitrat e St arch and slightly-charred wood meal

’ It was made by Curtis s and Harvey . ELEY S M OK ELES S S P OR TIN G P OWDER is a shot -gun powder similar to E C

- L T - Ammon E S AG I is a German coal mine explosive .

It contains ammonium nitrate , vegetable meal , not more

- - 6 . than per cent of trinitro toluene or other nitro body, h 4 not more t an per cent . of blasting gelatine, and may also contain fatty oils , alkali chlorides or oxalate, and sodium or potassium nitrate .

-ELS AG IT has Gesteins much the same composition , but the percentage of trinitro -toluene may be raised to

1 2 . , and it contains no sodium or potassium nitrate * EM PIRE P OWDER is a smokeless shot -gun powder 36 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

1 2 ’ E introduced in 90 by Nobel s xplosives Company . It is a 33- n fibrous grain bulk powder, and , accordi g to an analysis “ ” E 1 91 7 . 77 published in Arms and xplosives , , p , its compo sitiou is

o Nitrocott n, insoluble soluble Metallic nitrates Vaseline Moisture

ER G TE — A a I . blasting explosive which was m de for a few years in a factory in North Wales . Other explosives were

Grane r it e Sha tte r it e . also made under the names of g , g , etc

ER N G I E — Ge i I GELI N T . A lign te containing a small percentage of dinitro-toluene to prevent the nitroglycerine

freezing .

— A - ES S EX P OWDER . coal mine explosive made by

E . the xplosives and Chemical Products , Ltd It is on the Permitted List

— — Date of Pe rmit 1 9 1 3 Nitroglycerine 23 Nitrocott on 1 Potassium nitrate 34 Wheat flour 36 Ammonium chloride 6 38 Limit charge . oz . ul Power (swing of ballistic pe nd um) .

A A - E UREK N o . 2 is an merican coal mine explosive on

the Permissible List . It contains nitroglycerine and a

hydrated salt .

— A - n i m EXCELLI TE . coal mi e explos ve for erly on the

Nitroglycerine Ammonium nitrate Collodion cotton Dinit ro -toluene Wood meal Castor oil

38 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES EXTRA DYNAM ITE is a variety of American dyna mite containing ammonium nitrate .

FAVERS HAM P OWDER is a coal -mine explosive of Co the Grisounite type made by the Cotton Powder .

The mixture , which was on the old Permitted List , had the composition Ammonium nitrate 90 Trinitro -toluene 1 0 R To make it pass the otherham Test , part of the monium nitrate was replaced by potassium nitrate , and ammonium chloride was added

Date of Pe rmit Ammonium nit rate Potassium nitrat e Ammonium chloride Trinitro -t olue rie Limit charge

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) .

has but this also now been repealed . PAVIER explosives consist essentially of ammonium

- nitrate mixed with nitro compounds . Favier took out patents in 1 8 8 4 and 1 8 8 5 for mixtures of ammonium nitrate m no - o nitro f . with naphthalene , para fin and resin Their manufacture was undertaken soon afterwards by the French

Government , and is still continued under the names of E E F isounit e s xplosifs N, or xplosifs avier or Gr . Their com the position has been varied from time to time, but following are those now authorised F or mine s Grisou Grisou Grisou fre e from na htalite na hta lite te tr lite fire am p p y d p ,

ou o c cou e . e tc. c che . r he . ch

N a N N . N . 0 1 . 4 1 h . 1 Ammonium nitrate 95 90 91 5 8 6 5 8 7 ‘ 4 Potassium nit rate 5 5 Dinil ro -naphthane 8 5 Trinitro -napht halene 5 5 Te tryl DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 39

The Grisounit e s-couche are used in the coal seams as they have t heoretical temperatures of explosion of 1 500° or N a less , but l has been replaced to a considerable extent by

N4, because the presence of a proportion of potassium nitrate is found to increase the safety ; these are both coloured Grisount e s- c r green . The ro he have theoretical tempe atures 0 1 900 c of explosion of or less , and are used in the ro ks in N b N 0 coal mines . l is dyed rose colour , and 1 pale yellow . Many explosives of this type are in use in different

countries . On the old British Permitted List were Ammonite ,

W R . estfalite , Bellite and oburite amongst others Those now on the List contain ammonium or sodium chl oride to

6 . enable them to pass the Rotherham Test , . g the later 2 4 Ammonites , Bellite Nos . and , Faversham Powder and r Neg o Powder . S G P On the Belgian list of Explosifs . . . is Favier II bis Ammonium nitrate 7 7 6 Dinitro -naphthale ne Ammonium chloride 20 3 Charge limite More than 29 grammes .

AV R T T F O I . S e e K OR ONI .

* FELI XITE is a smokeless shot - gun powder introduced 1 906 E C in by the New xplosives ompany . It is a fibrous 42- - grain bulk powder, and , according to an analysis published “ A ” E 1 91 7 . 6 the in rms and xplosives , p 7 , has composition

t Ni rocellulose, insoluble soluble Metallic nitrat e s Nitro -compound Vase line Moisture *F ILITE was a smokeless powder formerly used in the

Italian services . It was a Ballistite consisting generally of e qual parts of nitroglycerine and collodion cotton , to which 05 1 to per cent . of aniline or diphenylamine was added as a 40 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES stabiliser . It was gelatinise d with a solvent and drawn out

into cords .

— FLAM ZM IVORE A B elgian coal -mine explosive made at Arendonck

O. I . Ammonium nitrate Blasting gelat ine Barium nitrat e Ammonium nitrate Cellulose Pot assium nitrat e Dinitro -toluene R ye flour Charge limite Charge limite

Nitroglyce rine Ammonium nit rat e Ammonium sulphat e B arium sulphat e De xt rin

6 0 Charge limite 5 g .

In the United K inn m this is authorised but not

permitted for use in dangerous mines .

F OB ER L T ammunition consists of small cartridges , like d m detonators , charge with a small quantity of ercury ful

minate , and some antimony sulphide and potassium chlorate .

It is used for target practice and shooting small birds .

F OERD S H HEITS S P REN GS TOPP — A ER I G ER .

- German coal mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate , 4 a not more than per cent . of blasting gel tine , mono and

- - di nitro aromatic compounds , vegetable meal and neutral

salts .

’ P OER DIT — A - . German coal mine explosive containing

nitroglycerine gelatinised or ungelatinised , carbohydrates , i - t glycer ne, nitro compounds , inorganic nitra es and sodium

or potassium chloride . DICTI ONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 41

- Ammon F o e rdit is a similar mixture , except that it contains a larger pe rcentage of a mmonium nitrate and no e other inorganic nitrates . The nitroglycerine is gelatinis d ; and there is a little diphenylamine . The following are examples of these two explosives

Nitroglycerine Collodion cott on Ammonium nitrate Nit ro -tolue ne Dextrine or flour 4 Glyce rine 2 Diphenylamine 1 Pot assium chloride 4

-F oe rdit Ammon F, which has been introduced recently, 0 c contains up to 1 per ent . of potassium perchlorate and is Ast ralit similar to V .

R C E —A e n F O IT . variety of gelatine dynamit or gelig ite 36 64 made in Belgium . It contains blasting gelatine to per e cent . , sodium or ammonium nitrate , wood m al , magnesia and sometimes bran . An American explosive of the same name is a dynamite containing wood tar Nitroglycerine Collodion cott on Sodium nit rate Sulphur ' Wood t ar Wood pulp F OR CI E ANTI G RI S OUTEUS E 3 — A B T . elgian coal mine explosive of the Carbonite type

Nitroglyce rine Pot assium nit rate Barium nitrat e Rye flour Bran Sodium carbonat e Charge limite 42 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

F OR TEX — A - . coal mine explosive made by Explosives and C hemical Products , Ltd . The mixture , which was on

the old Permitted List , was

Ammonium nitrate Tetryl

NEW F ORTEX - A the . modification of above to pass the Rotherham Test

Date of Pe rmit Ammonium nitrate P ot a ss1um nitrat e Ammonium chloride

Limit charge .

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) .

F R T T NE E N A O PIT M I P OWD R O . 1 is an merican

- coal mine powder on the Permissible List . It is a nitro

glycerine explosive .

— A B - FRACTORITE . elgian coal mine explosive

D B . . Ammonium nit rat e 7 5 Ammonium nitrate Dinit ro -naphthalene 2 8 Sodium nitrate Ammonium oxalat e Nitroglyce rine Ammonium chloride 20 Ammonium oxalate Flour

t 450 700 . Charge limi e g. Charge limite g

F A T TE —A - R G URI . coal mine explosive formerly on B E the Permitted List , made by the ritish xplosives Syndicate ,

Ltd . Nit roglyce rine Collodion cott on Pot assium nitrat e Wood me al Ammonium oxalat e DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 43

L - I TE — - PUE . There is a series of coal mine explosives of 1 2 this name on the American Permissible List . Nos . and 3 are nitroglycerine explosives of the Carbonite type . No . is an ammonium nitrate explosive . P L P V UE L UL ER (or PP . ) is the name given by the Germans to mixtures of trinitro -toluene and ammonium F nitrate used for filling shell . p . for instance , is a mixture of 60 parts trinitro -toluene and 40 parts of am moniu m nitrate , and is conseq uently the same as Amatol

- r n . F p . without figu es sta ds for trinitro toluene

*FULM EN P OWDER is a 33-grain smokeless powder - l for shot guns made by the Schu tze Gunpowder Co .

ULM E IT - A P N . blasting explosive made by the German Co Nobel . , containing ammonium nitrate, vegetable meal or f - charcoal , para fin oil , trinitro toluene and guncotton .

WE TTER - FULM ENI T is a coal -mine explosive which f has been much used . It dif ers from the above in containing also sodium or potassium chloride

- We tte r F ulme nit . Ammonium nitrate 7 6 Guncotton 4 Trinit ro -t oluene Charcoal Paraffin oil Sodium chloride 1 0 I O

PUM YL - A . smoke producing explosive containing i - n tr nitro tolue e and ammonium chloride , used for opening o p ison gas shell , etc .

G ATHURS T W ER — An P O D . explosive of the Gri sounit e class . According to an analysis given in Cundill ’ and Thomson s Dictionary it consisted of Ammonium nitrate D1n1t ro -be nzene M 01st ure 44 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

G G T — A EHLIN ER I m x . . Ger an blasting e plosive Ges -G hlin e rit teins e g III . contains Ammonium nitrate Trinitro -toluene Flour

W -Ge hlin e rit - etter g , which is a coal mine explosive, con s tains also odium or potassium chloride, and may contain

4 . up to per cent of nitroglycerine to increase its sensitiveness .

’ GELA E UE - A TIN A L AM M ONIAQ . B elgian ex plosive, a mixture of blasting gelatine and ammonium

nitrate . G ELATINE DYNAM ITE is a mixture of blasting

gelatine, potassium nitrate and a little wood meal . That B 0 e r made in ritain must contain between 7 and 7 7 p cent .

of nitroglycerine ; it may contain up to 2 per cent . of calcium

or magnesium carbonate , or per cent . of mineral jelly as a

stabiliser . The following may be taken as an example of it s composition Nitroglycerine Collodion cott on Wood meal Pot a ssium nitra t e Calcium carbonat e Moisture

In America brands are made of 35 to 8 0 per cent . strength .

G ELIGN ITE is similar to Gelatine Dynamite except that it contains a smaller proportion of blasting gelatine ; in Britain the percentage of nitroglycerine must be betwe e n

5 6 63 e . . and , g

Nit roglyce rine Collodion cott on Wood me al Pot assium nitrate Calcium carbonat e Moisture

46 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

i to wh ch might be added any of the following sugar, resin ,

- fatty oil , potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate , dinitro benzene, ammonium oxalate, copper oxalate , copper nitrate ammonia , or sodium chloride . It was used for a time by several potash mines ; was given up again by most of them . G O OD LUCK was an explosive made by the Spreng

- stoffwe rke Glue ckauf A. G . t , and was on he old B ritish

‘ e - P rmitted List for coal mine explosives . It had the com position Ammonium nit rate Dinitro -benze ne Turmeric Coppe r oxalate

- L . fillin G RANATP UEL UN G (i e . Shell g) is a name given by the Germans t o ce rt a in high explosives use d for filling _

. Gr natfu llun C 02 shell a e g is picric acid , and / is trinitro

F u ll ulve r. G toluene . See e p Other substances used in erman - n - he x a ni shell and bombs are trinitro anisole , di itro benzene, - e x anitro - tro diphenylamine and h diphenyl sulphide, otherwise picryl sulphide .

— - G R S E . A I OUNIT French coal mine explosive . S e e FAV E IER xplosives .

GR IS OUTINE or GRIS OU - DYNAM I NE is the only explosive except Grisounite allowed in the more dangerous

French coal mines . It consists of ammonium nitrate mixed with blasting gelatine . As the State monopoly does not extend to explosives containing nitroglycerine , it is made u by private firms , but the compositions are reg lated by the C E ” 1 91 1 ommission des Substances xplosives , which in resolved that they should be uniformly as follows

Couche a u R o che au é S al é . Ro c . S al re . Co uche . p tre he p t Nitroglyce rine 1 2 1 2 29 29 Collodion cott on 05 1 1 Ammonium nitrate 8 7 ' 5 8 2 5 70 65 Pot assium nitrate 5 5 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 47 The calculated temperatures of explosion of the Grisou tines couches are below and those of the Grisoutine s 5 roches below The addition of per cent . of potassium nitrate is found to increase the safety . There are a number of explosives of this type made in other countries also , but they usually contain small propor tions of combustible substances such as wood meal , and - - B nitro bodies such as trinitro toluene . Of ritish explosives M onobe l of this type , mention may be made of , Super l Ex ce l it e and M onarkit e . German explosives of this sort S Tre monit A -K and include alit , , Donarit, mmon arbonit

Astralit . B P G On the elgian list of Explosifs S . G . . is risoutine II which is identical in composition with Dynamite anti grisouteuse V .

G OUTIT —A B - RIS E . elgian coal mine explosive

Nit roglyce rine Ma gnesium sulphate Cellulose

0 Charge limite 30 g .

G AR AN — A - 2 U DI merican coal mine explosives . Nos . , 2X 3 3X , and are ammonium nitrate explosives , whereas Guardian A and Guardian Coal Powder B are nitroglycerine explosives .

G C TT ’ — UN O O N . A highly nitrated cotton containing about 1 3 per cent . of nitrogen and only slightly soluble in

- ether alcohol . G N OW E R . B ACK P W U P D See L O DER . *HALAKI TE attracted public attention out of all pro portion to its merits , of which it possessed none , in conse q ue nce of the extravagant claims made on its behalf by its

inventors and their dupes . Early in 1 9 1 7 the British

Government caused an inquiry to be held , and the case for the explosive collapsed in a ludicrous manner . According 48 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

i . 68 5 1 91 5 to patent spec fication , No of , the basis of the explosive was an admixture of lead nitrate with glycerine and other substances , and under the working conditions the glycerine was said to react with the nitrate to form a nitro compound, which, of course , is not true . The substance actually submitted to the Brit ish and French authorities consisted of cordite mixed with lead nitrate , barium nitrate and lead chromate . This was stated by the promoters to be e qually effective as a high explosive and a propellant " “ S e e Interim and Final R eports of the Army Council (Hala kit e ) ” 3446 Inquiry , Cd . . —A KALALIT . German blasting explosive made by

Nahnse n 65 . , containing not more than per cent of potassium 32 perchlorate , ammonium nitrate, and not more than per

. 20 cent of nitrated toluene , of which not more than per cent .

- must be trinitro toluene . It may also contain collodion

- cotton to gelatinise the liquid nitro toluene , and sodium nitrate and wood meal or other vegetable meal .

-Halal it A d Ammon , which has been intro uced recently, li is simil ar to Ast ra t V .

HALOKLAS TI T . S e e P ETR OKLAS TI T .

T —A G HAM M ONI . erman blasting explosive contain o ing not more than 40 per cent . of p tassium or sodium per

4 . chlorate , not more than per cent of nitroglycerine, aromatic

- nitro bodies , ammonium nitrate , sodium or potassium nitrate , neutral salts and vegetable meal or other combustible matt er .

HAS S IA- CHL ORA T is an explosive that was introduced r 65 in Germany during the Wa . It consists of per cent . 3 potassium chlorate and 5 per cent . combustible , and it is claimed that the large proportion of the latter not only makes it a mild explosive , but also renders it comparatively

- S . insensitive . It is also called preng chlorat

— - HAYLI TE . A coal mine explosive made by the National e Explosives Co . Ther were three varieties on the DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 49

: . 1 Permitted List No was also on the old Permitted List , but has now been repealed .

N o . N . N o . 1 o . 2. 3. - - — — — — Date of Pe rmit 1 9 1 3 21 1 1 1 6 30 55 1 8 Nitroglycerine 26 1 5 5 Collodion cotton 1 Ammonium nitrat e Pot assium nitrat e Sodium nitrat e Ba rium nitrate Trinit ro -t oluene Mineral jelly Woo d meal Sodium chloride Ammonium oxalat e Borax

6 Limit charge 1 oz . Power ing of ballistic pe nsulum)

E H . E . stands for High xplosive , used for charging shell or other military purpose .

*HEB LER P OWDER was a so -called smokeless powder u A which was manufact red at one time in Switzerland . ccord Cundill ing to an analysis published by and Thomson , it was ordinary gunpowder in which about a fifth of the saltpetre had been replaced by ammonium nitrate . It did not appear to have a greater tendency to absorb moisture than ordinary

e We llite . Se e powder . It was also call d also Ammon pulver .

2 A - HE CLA N O . is an merican coal mine explosive on the Permissible List . It is an ammonium nitrate explosive o made by the Du Pont C . C A OW ER A d HE L P D is a brand of merican ynamite . HELAG ON is a German perchlorate explosive made by K o -R P ulve rfabrike n the ln ottweil . It contains not more 1 0 than per cent . of potassium perchlorate, not more than 4 50 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

5 - - per cent . of zinc aluminium alloy, aromatic nitro bodies and neutral nitrates , excepting those of potassium and b rl um a . It may also contain flour or potato meal and neutral substances .

HELI T e x losw e He la on is a similar p to g , except that it -chlorh drin 6 contains dinitro y , not more than per cent . , in

- the place of the zinc aluminium alloy .

HELLHOFITE } are different names for what is pra c S tically the same explosive of the prengel type . of a mixture of strong nitric acid and various

e . . pounds , g

Dinitro -be nzene 1 Nit ro -be nze ne Nitric acid Nitric acid

A form of this explosive was tried by Gru son as a charge e for shell many years ago . S e also Panclastite .

* - - II ENRI TE . is a smokeless shot gun powder of the fibrous 33- A 2 grain bulk type . sample examined in 1 90 had the composition

Nitrocellulose , insoluble soluble Met all icnitrate s Nitro -compounds Paraffin Moisture

- ER C ES P OWDER . a n H UL , The name of bra d of A merican dynamite .

T — i has HER CULI E . Th s name been given to several e O e of ot as explosiv s . n was a mixture sawdust, camphor, p

n e was s . sium nitrate and other substa c s , which used for bla ting There was a coal -mine explosive of this name on the Permitted

B E S . List , made by the ritish xplosives yndicate, Ltd DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 51

Nit roglyce rine Collodion cott on Pot assium pe rchlorat e Wood meal Ammonium oxalate Limit charge l Power (swing of ballistic pendu um) . but the permit has been repe aled .

— ota s HI M A LAYITE . A high explosive made from p

a . sium chlorate , potato st rch and a drying oil The chlorate r and starch are first heated together with wate , and when is dry the oil is mixed in. The explosive said to have been adopted by the Portuguese for filling shell . It passed the chemical tests in England , but no licence was taken out for its manufacture .

’ — HUDS O N S EXPLOS IVE . A stiff blasting gelatine made by incorporating nitroglycerine and collodion cotton was A together with the aid of acetone . It tried in merica

1 8 89 or i . in f fill ng shell , but is not used now for this purpose

' HYGRADE W M COAL P O DER N O . 2 is an erican - e l a coal mine xp osive on the Permissible List . It is nitro glycerine explosive .

* - IDEAL P OWDER is a shot gun powder made by Nobels .

I M P E IALI TE R is of no practical importance , but is he interesting , as its history is that of t explosive one meets

' e in the comic pap rs . The M arquis R . Imperiali had large private means and some knowledge of chemistry . He took out patents for a numbe r of explosive mixtures and built a r in* 1 91 1 An small facto y in N . Italy, which started work . explosion occurred the first day and killed five of the fifteen o s s - e w rke r Imperiali e ca ped and re erect d his factory . The day after it was restarted it blew up again and Impe riali 5 2 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

was killed . The composition of the explosive that was being made is not known , but several of the mix ures for which

Imperiali had taken out patents were decided y dangerous .

* RI TE wa s INDU a smokeless powder patented by C. E . 1 893 Munroe in . It was made by incorporating guncotton

- with nitro benzene to a hard mass . It was used for a time in the American Navy . Samples made in , 1 8 91 were still 1 91 4 s a stable apparently in , but some case of inst bility occurred and it was given up .

I N G ELITE is the same in composition as ANTIGEL -E DE s ca m .

* J — A Poudre . French smokeless powder used for

- shot guns and revolvers . Its composition is Nitrocotton Ammonium bichromate Pot assium bichromate Moisture

It is incorporated with the aid of ether-alcohol and pressed into strips , which are cut into cubes and then con a re verted into grains of irregular shape . The fine siftings used for revolver and practice ammunition .

O — JUDS ON P WDER . A mild blasting explosive used in America . It is a sort of crude gunpowder coated with t e nitroglycerine to increase the violence of h explosion . 5 20 The percentage of nitroglycerine may vary from to , J but is generally near the lower limit . udson Powder R R . . P . has the composition

Nitroglycerine Sodium nitrat e Sulphur Cannel coal

The sodium nitrate is mixed with the combustibles and the mixture is heated beyond the melting -point of the sulphur

5 4 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

KIES ELB ACHER CHLORATS P REN G STOPF . Se e

— A KI NETI T . German explosive made by gelatinising

- - nitro cellulose with nitro benzene, and incorporating it with potassium nitrate and chlorate . It is somewhat sensitive

‘

b . E to lows , etc arly samples contained also antimony sulphide which rendered them decidedly dangerous .

KI W —A o IT . German chlorate explosive intr duced during the War. It contains not more than 77 per cent . of sodium or hl t f potassium c ora e , carbon carriers such as para fin , naphtha

1 5 . lene , vaseline, meal or oil, also not more than per cent of i - - l quid trinitro toluene , and may contain dinitro toluene,

- dinitro naphthalene, sodium chloride and not more than

4 e . p r cent of guncotton .

RB E . K OHLENK ARB ONIT . Se e CA ONIT

‘ K —A - e C OLAK . coal min explosive of the arbonite type ’ o a formerly n the Permitted List , m de by Curtis s and Harvey Nitroglycerine 25 Potassium nitrate 26 Ba rium nitrate 5 Wood meal ~ 34 St arch 1 0 — S UPER K OLAK was a modification of this to meet the requirements of the Rotherham Test

Date of P e rmit Nitroglycerine Collodion cotton Potassium nit rate Barium nit rat e Wood meal St arch Ammomum oxalate

t 3 32 . Limi charge . 0 over oz Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

The permits of both have been repealed . DICTIONARY OF EXPLOS IVES 55

N FAV R K OR O IT , also known as O IT , is a German chlorate blasting explosive introduced during the War. See Coronit e also . Gesteins -K oronit (or -Favorit) contains not more than

8 5 . per cent of potassium or sodium chlorate , not more than

- — 1 5 . o o per cent of nitro bodies (but no trinitr comp unds) , f para fin or fatty oils , naphthalene , vegetable meal , powdered

4 . coal , inert substances , and not more than per cent of blasting gelatine . Kohlen -K oronit (or -Favorit) contains not more than

68 . hl per cent of potassium or sodium c orate , aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro -hydrocarbons (but not more than

- - 1 2 per cent . of aromatic nitro bodies and no trinitro com m f pounds) , sodiu chloride or similar salts , para fin or fatty o oils , vegetable meal or other organic substance ; not m re t 4 4 han per cent . of blasting gelatine and not more than per cent . of powdered coal .

P ERK OR ON I T is similar to K oronit except that it con r tains potassium o sodium perchlorate instead of chl orate .

Part of the perchl orate may be replaced by nitrate .

’ - K . G K noch s . S . . y Smokeless Powder It is a - K nochs : fibrous bulk powder for shot guns made by y , Ltd A E The following analyses were given in rms and xplosives , 1 91 7 , p . 78 ’ K ynoch s

Sm o ke le ss . K . S . Date of I nt roduction 1901 19 1 3 Cla ss 42-grain 42-grain o e Nitr c llulose, insoluble soluble Metallic nitrates 25 O Nitro -compound Vaseline Moisture

KYNARKITE is a coal- mine explosive of the Carbonite K n ch i type made by y o , Ltd . It is no longer on the Perm tted List 5 6 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

N o . 2.

- — — — Date of Pe rmit 1 9 1 3 1 5 1 1 5 Nitroglycerine 25 26 Pota ssium nitrate 28 295 Barium nitrat e 3 Dinit ro -t oluene Wood meal Ammonium oxalate Limit charge Power (swing of ballistic pe ndulum)

KYN I TE was a coal -mine explosive on the old Permitted K narkite List , but has been superseded by y

Nitroglycerine Barium nit rat e Wood meal St arch Calcium carbonate

* N ND R A W A . LAPP LI A ND . was a tubular smoke

less powder tried in America for small arms . It consisted of Guncotton Nit roglycerine 30 Met allic salt s 40 gelatinised by means of parts of acetone . A gelatinised

- dense s hot gun powder of similar composition was also made .

L . C . VER G PUL is a erman Cheddite .

Gesteins -LEONIT 1 s a German perchlorate explosive blasting rock

Alkali pe rchlorate about 60 Ammonium nitrat e 1 0 Nitro -compounds 1 5 Me al 1 0 Blasting ge la tme 4 t It is practically the same as P e rmoni A. DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 5 7

Neu -LEONIT is a modification of this for use in coal mines

Potassium pe rchlorate Ammonium nitrat e Sodium nitrat e Trinitro -t oluene Dinitro -toluene Wood meal Ve ge table meal Blasting elat ine Sodium c loride 24

-P s li It is practically the same as Wetter e r a t . LI GDYN is a nitroglycerine explosive similar to American

40 . Li d n dynamite made in South Africa . per cent g y consists oi Nitroglycerine 40 Sodium nitrate 45 Wood meal 1 3 Wheat flour 2

* G TN N G — A 33- - LI H I . grain smokeless shot gun powder C S e e S made by the Schultze Gunpowder o . chultze

Powder . LI G N OS IT is a German blasting explosive containing

i sit . a considerable percentage of ammonium nitrate . L gno I

- contains also aromatic nitro compounds, of which not more 1 5 - than per cent . must be trinitro compounds or wood meal , m 6 and not ore than per cent . of potassium nitrate , not more 1 than per cent . of collodion cotton and bauxite or salts , such as sodium chloride or carbonate . Li nosit d g II . may contain up to 1 0 per cent . of collo ion

- cotton, but no wood meal or nitro compounds . It is some what sensitive . Li nosit g III . differs from I . in that it may contain up to 4 n per cent . of blasti g gelatine and conta ins no bauxite . The object of adding the neutral salts is evidently to

make the explosive safer in coal mines . When inte nded for - i this purpose it is called Wetter L gnosit I . or III . 58 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

Li nosit g IV . consists of ammonium nitrate, not more 1 3 - 1 3 than per cent . of trinitro toluene , not more than per cent . of aluminium powder, and wood meal . LITHOFRAC TEUR is a name that has been given n 1 8 73 to more than one explosive . One i troduced about

K . C by rebs and Co of Deutz , near ologne, consisted of nitroglycerine absorbed in kieselguhr mixed with nitrates , l charcoal or coa and sulphur . Some of it was imported into England at one time

LOEWE NP ULVER or Ca st rope r Sprengpulver is a German blasting powder consisting of a compressed or o granulated mixture of s dium nitrate , manganese dioxide, sulphur and carbonaceous substances such as briquette powder or coal . It may also contain potassium nitrate , wood meal or tar.

LO TE N O 1 A - M I . is an merican coal mine explosive on

- the Permissible List . It is a low grade dynamite containing hydrated salts .

LOWI N 2—B A - I TE N O . is an merican coal mine ex plosive on the Permissible List . It is an ammonium nitrate explosive . L UXI T I . is a German blasting explosive consisting of i 1 7 ammon um nitrate , not more than per cent . of trinitro

5 . toluene, and not more than per cent . of wood meal D E — A LY DIT . high explosive used in the B ritish Services l for fil ing shell . It consists simply of picric acid , which is melted under proper precautions and poured into the shell .

* Poudre M is a shot -gun powder made by the French

G . overnment, and is the one that is most used in France Its composition is

Barium nitrate Potassium nitrate Camphor B indmg material DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 5 9

The nitrocotton ha s a solubility of only 1 5 or 20 per - l cent . , and is partially gelatinised with ether a cohol aided by the camphor . It is granulated under edge runners , granulated and drum med .

T — A B i M ACARI . elgian high explosive for fill ng shell

Trinitro -tolue ne 30 70

ot It has a high density and is n deliquescent . For equal

' weights its power is less than that of trinitro -toluene or picric acid, but for equal volumes it is somewhat greater .

M ARKANIT Se e S ES A . IL I .

— M ARS I T . A x l uit sort of O y iq . Liquid oxygen is passed into a linen bag containing soot .

M E OW ER M . . P D ( odernised Black) is a black powder mixture in which part of the potassium nitrate has been replaced by potassium or ammonium perchlorate , generally o B the p tassium salt . It is manufactured at onnybridge ,

‘ n M it che l Stirling, at the works originally erected for maki g lite . During manufacture the composition is heate d in steam “ ” b . Se A e E 91 1 . oilers ( rms and xplosives , 1 , p

M D . S e e C R O DITE .

IVIEGANIT is a Hungarian nitroglycerine explosive to A similar merican dynamite, except that it contains a small percentage of nitrated vegetable ivory .

M ELA E — B NIT . A elgian blasting explosive consisting

Nitroglycerine Collodion cotton Sodium nitrate

a n It cont i s, therefore, a considerable excessof o xygen . 60 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES M ELINITE is a high explosive used by the French s for filling shell and other military purposes . It consist s essentially of picric acid , to which other substance are fi sometimes added . Paraf n wax has been added to diminish M the sensitiveness . élinite D is simply picric acid , but M 0 il t 2 élinite contains also a little Crés i e (q .

M ELLING P OWDER was a coal -mine explosive on the

o . Permitted List, made by the Cotton Powder C The permit ha s been repealed .

Date of Pe rmit Nit roglycerine Ammonium nitrate Sodium nit rate Trinit ro -toluene Wood meal Ammonium oxalate

Limit charge . Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

M ER CURI T I S a blasting explosive that has been intro

duce d s 8 8 . recently in Germany . It consist of per cent of r potassium chlorate and 1 2 per cent . of high boiling neut al

. In M e rc r e . tar oil u it II . up to 20 per c nt of the chlorate may be replaced by perchlorate .

M ERS EY P OWDER was a coal -mine explosive on the

t Co . Permit ed List , made by the Cotton Powder The permit has been repealed .

Date of P e rmit Nitroglyce rine Ammonium nitrate Sodium nit rate Trinit ro -toluene Wood meal Ammonium chloride

Limit charge .

Power (swing of ballistic pe ndulum) .

62 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

M IN - ITE — Am a - . erican co l mine explosive on the Per B A A-2 B 2 missible List . rands , , B , and are nitroglycerine W 5 -D 6-D explosives , hereas Nos . and are ammonium nitrate mixtures . M I TE — A B c IN OL . a elgi n blasting explosive , whi h is also approved for transport over the German railways . It contains ammonium nitrate, dinitro or trinitro naphtha A lene with other substances added in some cases . variety u i l anti is u e us for se in coal mines s ca led M inolit e gr o t e .

M inolite antigri M in olite

soute use . nouve lle . Ammonium nitrate 7 2 8 7 Sodium nitrate 23 3 Trinitro -toluene 3 Trinitro napht hale ne 2 Dinitro -naphthale ne Quebracho

400 Charge limite g .

There was also a variety containing lead nitrate, but this could not be used in mines because of the poisonous smoke it evolved .

*M IS CHP ULVER is a name given in German to uh a -e e llulose gel tinised smokeless nitro powders .

" M ITCHELLI TE was e u explosive that was formerly n f B i a lice sed for manu acture in Great rita n , and was m de at B S n but onnybridge , tirli g, the factory and the licence were

M . E Co . transferred to the . Powder in It was l e x los1ve is apparently a ch orate or perchlorate p . It said

M U. S . A. to be manufactured at onticello , Indiana, * DD —A E M O ITE . sporting rifle powder made by ley B s ro . Analysis of a sample showed

Nit rogl cerine Nit roce lulose DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSI VES Q 63

Of the nitrocellulose abo ut one -third was soluble in

- l n . ether alcohol . It was made the form of strip M ONACI-I I T 1s a German blasting explosive which was known at one time as Vigorit . It is distinguished by con n - h tai ing nitro compounds derived from napht a, mostly - - s nitro xylenes and nitro me itylenes .

na chit . M o I contains ammonium nitrate, not more than

- 5 . 1 per cent of nitro compounds , of which not more than

- 6 . d 0 per cent must be trinitro bo ies , also vegetable meal and i potass um nitrate .

M onachit II . contains in additio n not more than 1 per e d n 1 e r c nt . of collo ion cotto , not more than p cent . of char o i coal , also hydrocarb ns and ammon um oxalate or other c salts to act as ooling agents , and render the explosive suitable

e . for use in coal mines , g. Ammonium nitrat e Potassium nitrat e Nitro compounds Collodion cotton

Charcoal 1 Potassium chlor1de 1 7

The collo dion cotton is to ge latinise the nitro -communds when they are liquid .

M ONARK ITE - K o h is a coal mine explosive made by yn c ,

Ltd . , and is on the Permitted List 10—2—14

Ammonium nit rate 49 1 Sodium nitrate 9 Nitro lyce rine Coll ion cotton Starch i l M neral Je ly . 2 Sodium chloride

Limit charge . 1 8 oz l l Power (swing of bal istic pendu um) . 1 Includin not more than 2 e r ce t ne s g p n . of mag ium carbonate . 64 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

’ M ON OB EL is a coal -mine explosive made by Nobel s E xplosives Co . There are three formulae which have passed the Rotherham Test , but A 1 is no longer on the Permitted List

’ Date of Pe rmit Ammonium nitrate

Wood me al Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Magnesium carbonat e

' Limit charge 1 0 28 Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

There is also Quarry M onobe l which is not permitted for o use in dangerous c al mines , and presumably contains no

alkali chloride .

See also Viking Powder and Victor Powder .

B EL N OS . M ON O , 1 to 7 are on the American Permis

- . 4 5 sible List . Of these , Nos and are low freezing explosives , containing a small percentage of nitro -toluene or similar

3 5 r . substance ; Nos . and are less violent than the othe s

M ON OB EL P OWDER was the prede cessor of the above ' d and was on the old Permitte List . It is now no longer

permitted . Ammonium nitrate Nit roglyce rine Wood meal

* T - A - M ULLERI E . shot gun powder made by the

o B . M uller C . in elgium It is a gelatinised dense s powder in the form of green leaflet , and the charge for a - 33 cont ams 1 2 bore cartridge was grains . It no inorganic

salts .

S e e a e Ex l v EXP LOS IFS N . F vi r p osi es . DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVE S 65

T IT —A NAP H HAL . German chlorate explosive intro 8 0 duce d during the Wa r. It contains not more than per t nd cent . of po assium chlorate, a aromatic hydrocarbons ,

a nd 1 2 . such as naphthalene, not more than per cent of nitro

n - araffins ‘ hydrocarbons , but no tri itro compounds ; also p , fatty oils , flour or other organic substance . It may contain

c 4 . also alkali hlorides , and not more than per cent of blasting gelatine . The prefixes Gesteins and Wetter are applied according s as the explosive is intended for rock or coal mine .

- T T NAP H ALI E e e P . Grisou . S AVIER Explosives

N I TE — - NATI O AL . A coal mine explosive of the Gris

ounit e a E Co . . class m de by the National xplosives , Ltd The

composition , which was on the old Permitted List , was Ammonium nitrate 92 Di and Trinitro-tolue ne 8

B ut to pass the Rotherham Test it was necessary to add

alkali chlorides . There were two formulae formerly on the Permitted List

N o . 1 . No . 2.

— - Date of Pe rmit 22 6- 14 28- 1 1 5 Ammonium nit rate 64 Trinit ro -t olue ne 1 5 1 5 Sodium chloride Potassium chloride

20 Limit charge oz .

Power (swing of ballistic pe ndulum)

The permits have been repe aled .

is the name given in the B ritish service to the o-C Nitr ellulose Tubular smokeless powder, made in the same

way as the American service powder . It consists of nitro

- cellulose completely soluble in ether alcohol , but of com arative l t p y high nitration . It is gelatinised with e her 5 66 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES alcohol and pressed into cords with either one or seven - are perforations running down them length ways . These i cut into short cyl nders and dried . The powder contains a little diphenylamine as a stabiliser .

’

E e E C S . N . . S e New xplosives ompany s mokeless Powder

W — A - NEGR O P O DER . coal mine explosive of the

G . risounite class made by Roburite and Ammonal, Ltd c The omposition , which was on the old Permitted List , was Ammonium nitrate 8 8 Trinitro -toluene 1 0 Graphite 2 a a and a small qu ntity of colouring m tter .

To enable it to pass the R otherham Test , sodium chloride 2 has been added , and Negro Powder No. is now on the Permitted List

Date of P e rmit Ammonium nitrate Trinitro -toluene Graphite Sodium chloride Colouring matt er Limit charge w Power (s ing of ballistic pendulum) .

NE N L —A - e x lo s e O A . coal mine p 1v made by the New E C xplosives ompany . Two formulae were at one time on the Permitted List

No . 1 . — Da te of Pe rmit 1 9- 1 3 22- 6- 14 Nitro ly ce rine 21 40 Collo ion cotton 1 2 Di and Trinitro -toluene 02 Wood me al Potassium perchlorate 37 25 Ammonium oxalate . Limit charge 1 6 Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) B oth have now been repealed . DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 67

* N EONITE -A 30- b . grain ulk gelatinised smokeless

- shot gun powder introduced by the New Explosives Co . “ n 1 90 Arms a nd 7 . According to an analysis given in

E o 1 91 7 . 7 6 xpl sives , , p , its composition is l 7 30 Nitroce lulose, insoluble soluble Metallic nitrates 5 9 Moisture

Ne onit e s are also made for various types of rifled small arms , including military rifles , cadet rifles , revolvers and -fire rim rifles . These are all nitrocellulose powders with or W mode r nt s ithout a . *NEW EXPLOS IVES COM PANY 'S S M OKELES S W ER N E — A 36- P O D or . . grain fibrous bulk powder for s - 1 9 2 hot guns introduced in 1 . According to an analysis i n A E 1 91 7 6 g ve in rms and xplosives , , p . 7 , its composition

l Nitrocellu ose, insoluble soluble

Metallic nitrates . Nit ro -hydrocarbons Vaseline Moisture

NEW F R H S e e FO O T X . RTHX . N T I RALI TE . Se e DE NS I TE .

I R - DENS T — A - N T O I E . coal mine explosive made by

K noch . C y , Ltd It was of the arbonite type, and was at one time on the Permitted List

Date of Pe rmit Nit roglyce rine Barium nitrate Wood meal t S arch . French chalk h Limit c arge . e l ul Pow r (swing of ba listic pe nd um) . 68 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

* NI TR OK L —A O . gelatinised nitrocellulose powder in tended for use in rifles . It consists of a nitrocellulose , mostly

- soluble in ether alcohol , and gelatinised with that solvent . It is made up in the form of small square flakes which are ra hi g p t e d.

N I TR OLI T -A b . high explosive used y the Ge rmans for

filling shell . It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and

- trinitro anisol . C The name was formerly given by . Lamm of Stockholm a to a bl sting explosive containing blasting gelatine, ammonium o s n nitrate and ther sub ta ces .

N - N 1 a ha A ITR O LOW FLAM E , os . 2 are merican

- coal mine explosives on the Permissible List . They nitroglycerine mixtures .

N OB EL AM M ON IA P OWDER — A coal -mine ex plosive which was on the old Permitted List Ammonium nitrate Nitroglycerine Wood meal

B E GE A E AM TE N O L L TIN DYN I . U the se N B E G E G N TE der O L LI I . names explosives were introduced dur1 ng the Wa r with modified compositions , the potassium nitrate being replaced m i by sodiu nitrate , and the percentage of n troglycerine being reduced . N OB ELI T is a German blasting explosive containing blasting gelatine, carbonaceous substances , inorganic nitrates and sodium or potassium chloride .

- AIVIIVI ON N OB ELIT contains ammonium nitrate , and the proportion of blasting gelatine is limited to 4 per cent .

It may contain sodium or potassium oxalate , and various other substances that are not present in Nobe lit .

70 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

0 —A - h a DITE . coal mine explosive w ich was m de by the New Explosives Co and was on the old Permitted List Ammonium nitrate Dinitro -benzene

P HORI TE - A e o O . mild but hot explosiv consisting f Potassium perchlorate Magnesium powde r

d It is use as a bursting charge for incendiary shell , smoke

bombs , etc .

s a s Alkalsit ORKANIT is the ame , but may contain

sodium chloride and similar salts .

' OXYLI QUI T is a blasting explosive consisting of liquid combustile l oxygen absorbed in some porous materia , such as absorbent cork , soot or kieselguhr mixed with petro

1 8 95 . C. leum . It was discovered in by Prof F . Linde, and was tried on a large scale in 1 8 99 in the construction of the

Simplon tunnel . It is very cheap , and is safe in the case of

missfire -an- a , because in about half hour the oxygen has all off evaporated and the charge becomes inexplosive . On

the other hand , it is necessary to have the air liquefying O plant near the scene of perations , and the charge must be e fired soon after charging . Thes disadvantages prevented War the adoption of the explosive, but during the fresh trials we re made in Germany in consequence of the scarcity

of nitrates . Liquid oxygen explosives are now used on a considerable G scale by the ermans for military , as well as civil blasting

. Ox li uit operations The name y q , however , seems only to be applied to them when the explosive is made in the manner

e e M arsit . and with the plant of the Linde Company . S also

P A C AS E — A N L TIT . Sprengel explosive made by mix 1n g liquid nitrogen peroxide with carbon bisulphide , nitro C AR E S VE S 7 1 DI TION Y OF XPLO I .

- 1 8 8 1 benzene or nitro toluene . It was proposed in by G Turpin , and was tried by ermany for filling shell , the two constituents being contained in separate glass containers , which were broken by the shock of discharge . It was not adopted there on account of the inconvenience of dealing s with a liquid which gives off poisonou fumes . It is a power ful and violent explosive, and is probably the same as the Turpinite about which sensational statements were made a in the press early in the W r.

- P AN N T A A. G . N O I . blasting explosive made by the D P o re ssit ynamit Nobel of Austria . It has replaced r g in A - ustria as a coal mine explosive . Its composition is

Nitroglyce rine t Collodion cot on , Ammonium nitrate Dextrin Glyce rine N1t ro -toluene Sodium or potassium ct ride

P AS TANIL - A . German ammonium nitrate blasting l Plastammon explosive simi ar to .

— A Swiss smokeless powder for small - arms consisting of Nitrocellulose Trinitro -toluene

P G ON —A ERA . German blasting explos ive containing

- potassium perchlorate, zinc aluminium alloy , aromatic nitro compounds and some other constituents .

P ER CHLOR I T is a German blasting explosive introduced

. hl recently It contains ammonium nitrate , a perc orate, and - mono dinitro compounds , meal , charcoal , and not more 4 e r than p cent . of nitroglyce rine .

ER —An P D IT . explosive used by the Germans for 7 2 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

mining and demolitions and rifle grenades . It consists of Ammonium nitrat e Potassium pe rchlorate Wood me al Dinitro -toluene

P L T —A G ER I I . erman perchlorate blasting explosive - P ul e rf b ike n made by the Koeln R ottweil v a r . It contains 65 not more than per cent . of potassium perchlorate , aromatic - 6 nitro compounds , not more than per cent . of dinitro chlorh drin y , flour, etc . , and nitrates (but not more than 1 0 per cent . of potassium nitrate) .

P ER K OR ON I T K i oron t . . See

P ERM N P W ER —~A - O O D . coal mine explosive which C was on the Permitted List . It was made by the arbonite G G B Syndicate in ermany , and imported into reat ritain

Date of Pe rmit Nitroglyce rine Collodion cot ton Ammonium nit rate Sodium nit rate Glycerine Pot at o flour Sodium chloride

t Limi charge . Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

21 —1 1 —1 6 The permit was repealed on .

P ERM N TE — A O I . potassium perchlorate explosive a C e S m m de by the arbonite Syndicat at chlebusch in Ger any .

A number of mixtures have been placed on the market ,

but they do not differ from one another very much . One which was on the old B ritish Permitted List was DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 7 3 Potassium perchlorate Ammonium nitrat e Nit roglycerine Collodion cott on Trinit ro -toluene Starch Wood meal

Le it S e e also Gesteins on .

PERR UM P IT — A G e rinan - . coal mine explosive con l taining ammonium nitrate , sodium nitrate, vegetable mea , m fatty oils , graphite and alu inium , cooling agents such as ammonium oxalate or sodium chloride , and not more than

- 1 5 . e per cent of trinitro tolu ne .

P ERS ALIT is a German perchlorate explosive made We stfalisc - A - h A . by the nhaltische Sprengstoff G . It con 7 tains not more than 7 per cent . of an alkali or alkali earth o perchl rate , organic matter such as hydrocarbons , resins , meal or nitrate d hydrocarbo ns (with the proviso that if 7 0 the percentage of perchlorate exceed , there must not be

1 0 - n . more than per cent . of trinitro tolue e) There must 4 also be not less than per cent . of ammonium nitrate , and there may be an addition of sodium nitrate or other salt r that does not inc ease the sensitiveness .

WET R - P ERS ALI T TE is a similar explosive, but has i been modified to make it more suitable for use n coal mines . 35 It contains not more than per cent . of potassium per 25 chlorate , not more than per cent . of ammonium nitrate , aromatic nitro -compounds of which not more than 20 per

- . cent must be trinitro toluene, vegetable meal , not more than

6 . per cent of nitroglycerine, sodium nitrate , and neutral

- . e Le ni salts It is similar to N u o t .

P ETR OKLAS TI T or HALOKL AS TI T is a modified gunpowder mixture used in Germany in potash mines and

- . stone quarries It contains sodium nitrate , sulphur, coal tar

1 . ot a s pitch , potassium nitrate , not more than per cent of p 74 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

1 0 sium bichromate , and may have up to per cent . of charcoal , as , for instance Sodium nitrate Potassium nitrate Sul hur Coa -tar pitch Potassium bichromat e l It is more powerful than ordinary b asting powder , and n somewhat less se sitive to blows . This explosive is also made in Switzerland .

P ETR OLIT is a German chlorate e xplosive introduced h 8 ar mo n 8 . during the W . It contains not re t a per cent of

- potassium chlorate, nitro compounds , kerosene, and neutral salts . (This is rather a dangerous mixture .

F —A i o P ALZIT . German blasting explos ve c ntaining n 1 3 r ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, not more tha pe - 1 cent . of trinitro toluene, not more than per cent . of collodion cotton , meal , sodium chloride, etc .

IX —A - P HCEN P OWDER . German coal mine explosive

R . Nahn se n Co . of . made by Dr . and , Hamburg It passed the Woolwich Test and was on the old Permitted

List .

Nitroglyce rine Collodion cotton Potassium nitra t e Wood meal

— P . e llit e ICR OL Se e Sb .

T —A C P IERRI E . form of heddite which was made at Gamse e B S , near rig, for excavating the implon tunnel

Pot assium chlorat e Nitro -napht hale ne Picric a c1d Castor oil DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 7 5

‘ P - ITE was - C IT a coal mine explosive of the arbonite type ,

E Co . made by the New xplosives . , Ltd The composition , which was on the old Permitted List , was

Nitroglycerine Barium nit rat e Wood meal t and a li tle sodium or calcium carbonate . R In order to pass the otherham Test , the composition o w 2 was m dified to the follo ing , No . , which was formerly on the Permitted List

Date of Pe rmit Nitroglycerine Potassium nit rat e Wood meal Ammonium oxalate

Limit charge . Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

TS EA W ER N O 2 - PI P O D . was a coal mine explosive on m E the Per itted List , made by the British xplosives Syndicate,

Ltd . Date of Pe rmit Nitroglycerine Ammonium nitrate Potassium nitrat e Wood meal Ammonium oxalat e Limit charge Power (swing of ballistic pe ndulum

The permit has been repealed .

-P LA TAlVflVI ON —A Gesteins S . German blasting ex 0 plosive containing not less than 7 per cent . of ammonium

- 1 5 . nitrate, glycerine, not more than per cent of nitro toluene

- 4 . or other nitro compounds , and not more than per cent of

- nitro semicellulose .

-P LAS TAM M ON Steinkohlen is a variation of this , con 7 6 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

n 25 n taining not more tha per cent . of potassium itrate, and intended for use in coal mines .

* P LAS TOM EN I T was an early German shot -gun powder which possessed no great merits . The following was 1 8 93 the composition of a sample examined in , and given “ A E ” 1 91 7 . 90 in rms and xplosives , , p

Nitrocellulose, insoluble soluble Me tallic nitrates Dinitro-t oluene (solve nt ) Moisture

P T TYL —A LAS R O . German high explosive for filling shell . It consists of a partially liquid mixture of trinitro

' and dinitro -toluene gelatinised by means Of not more than - 0 5 c . and x per ent of collodion cotton , mi ed with a small quantity of turpentine or soft resin . It does not appear to be in use now .

P LES S IT is a bl asting explosive that was introduced l n Wa r Germany during the . It consists of potassium chlorate , not more than per cent . of kerosene and per cent . of W -Ple ssit albumen . etter III . contains sodium chloride as

well .

P T — NI OWI . A German blasting explosive containing m - ammoniu nitrate , trinitro toluene , wood meal and a small percentage of potassium perchlorate . Nobel P OLAR I TE is a blasting explosive made by ’

E Co . Nobel s xplosives . , Ltd It consists of potassium per

- chlorate , and nitroglycerine mixed with a . nitro compound and gelatinised with collodion cotton , and absorbed in wood

meal .

e B J M S . Poudr s , , , , T See under respective letters .

7 8 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

8 3 l to 1 per cent . : this irregu arity is a serious defect , and

. i may cause incomplete detonation . Th s explosive is also made in Italy .

R S P ER T G P O I is a erman ammonium nitrate explosive , n - contai ing also vegetable meal , nitro compounds and other 4 constituents . It may contain up to per cent . of blasting gelatine . - 0 Gelatine Prosperit contains also up to 2 p e r cent . of

- o h in ~ h dinitro chl r ydr gelatinised wit collodion cotton .

— ER n r . PULV IN . A ungranulated black powde made in

F . rance for use in fireworks , etc

P ULVE —A B 1 - RITE . elg an coal mine explosive contain ing perchlorate Ammonium nitrate Potassium pe rchlorate Nit roglyce rl ne Coll odion cotton Trinitro -toluene Flour Sodium chloride Ammonium sulphate Barium sulphat e

" 8 50 The charge limite is grammes , equivalent

5 1 . 04 grammes of Dynamite No .

PYR OCOLLODION is a nitrocotton almost entirely

- soluble in ether alcohol , and of comparatively high nitration . 1 2 5 1 2-7 e r It contains about to p cent . of nitrogen , and consequently has about enough oxygen to oxidise all its

hydrogen to water , and its carbon to the monoxide . It was first prepared by M e nde lée ff for the Russian smokeless was te powder , and afterwards adop d by the United States

for their present powder .

P YR OXILINE was a name formerly given to nitro s cellulo e . DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 7 9

RACK - A- R O CK is a Spre ngel explosive which has been

e Am S . used extensiv ly in erica , and also in iberia and China It consists of cartridges of potassium chlorate mixed some r s times with oxide of i on , which are dipped hortly before

- use into a liquid . The latter is nitro benzene or dead ” - oil , a heavy hydrocarbon oil obtained from coal tar, or a mixture of the two . The chlorate cartridges are enclosed in small cotton bags , and are placed in a wire basket . sus pended from a spring balance . They are dipped into a vessel containing the liquid until a quarter or a third of the weight of the chlorate has be e n taken up . RAS OR IT is a blasting explosive consisting entirely of

F . R . salts readily soluble in water , invented by aschig The incorporation is carried out by dissolving the constituents in l water, and evaporating the so ution rapidly on a rotating - e steam heated drum . The oxidising substanc is ammonium or sodium nitrate, and the combustible is the sodium salt of an organic sulphonate or the residue obtained from the manufacture of wood cellulose .

I I . I I I . I V. V. VI . Ammonium nitrate 8 4 8 7 60 8 5 Sodium nitrate Ammonium nitro -cresol sulphonate Sodium cresol sulphonate 1 3 1 0 Ce llulose residue Sodium sulphate

. 11 a No . is the only one m de at present .

R . D . B . R B ( esearch Department ) . S e e COR DITE . RED CR OS S explosives are American dynamites con t aining some nitro -toluene or other substance to make the - nitroglycerine low freezing .

D - RE . o H , Nos 1 t 7 are American coal mine explosives on the Permissible List . They are ammonium nitrate mixtures . 8 0 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

* “ RED S TAR is a 33-grain bulk smokeless powder for

- o 1 906 E Co . shot guns , intr duced in by the New xplosives “ ” A d t o A E ccor ing an analysis given in rms and xplosives ,

1 91 7 . 7 6 , p , its composition is

c Nitro ellulose, insoluble soluble Metallic nitrates Nitro - compo unds Vaseline Moisture

— K of A . RENDR O C . A brand merican dynamite

REX P OWDER is a coal - mine explosive made by the

o o . Cotton P wder C It is on the Permitted List, and is used t o a considerable extent

Date of Pe rmit Nit roglyce rine Ammonium nitrat e Wood meal Sodium chloride

Limit charge . Powe r (swing of ballistic pendulum)

—A - REXITE . coal mine explosive made by the New

E Co . i . xplosives , wh ch was on the old Permitted List ” It is no longer permitted . Nitroglycerine Ammonium nitrate Sodium nitrate Trinitro -toluene Wood meal

— REXOL . A high explosive containing ammonium

n . chlorate , zinc dust, resin and mi eral oil

l “ OWd fl ‘ S E G Ri d ilac P S made for R . ( fle Fine Grain) “fie s a ‘ dnance

R . L G Rifl G . . ( e d Large rain) ggspgfége g DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 8 1

— A G l o RHENANIT . erman blasting exp osive c ntaining

4 e r n . ammonium nitrate , not more than p ce t of blasting

as a n . gelatine, and combustibles such charco l and aphthalene - s Wetter Rhe nanit is for use in coal mine , and contains also sodium chloride .

h a it . h s l R e n n V , which a been introduced recent y, contains 0 a iu up to 1 per cent . of pot ss m perchlorate, and is similar st ralit to A V .

- I An A s . RHEX T . u trian dynamite

II III I V V . . . . Nitroglycerine 50 35 24 1 5 Sodium nit rate 37 562 Wood meal 1 7 1 9 Sodium carbonate 08 09 *RIFLEITE was a completely gelatinised smokeless S O powder which was made by the mokeless Powder C . ; “ A it was in the form of flakes . variety was also introduced for use in shot -guns and was called Shot - Gun R ifle it e ; this 3 - was a 7 grain gelatinised dense powder .

F o r ° 303

Date of I ntroduction

Nitrocellulose, insoluble soluble Nitro -compound Moisture

o was The nitr cellulose made from lignin . These analyses “ A ” E 1 91 . were given in rms and xplosives , 7 , p 77 . G AM M R A e e A . IPPIN ON L . S AM M ON L

’ RIP P I TE - C is an explosive made by urtis s and Harvey, which was on the old Permitted List Nitroglycerine Collodion cotton Potassium nitrate Castor oil Wood meal Ammonium oxalate er DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVE S It is no longer permitted for use in dangerous coal mines , but is still used for general purposes .

UP - RIP P ITE i S ER is a modification of th s , which has passed the R otherham Test and is on the Permitted List

Date of Pe rmit 29- 8- 14 Nit roglyce rine 52 Collodion cott on 3 Potassium nitrate Borax Potassium chloride 8 Limit charge Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

R IVALIT is a German blasting explosive containing n - ammonium itrate, vegetable meal , nitro compounds , and

~ 3 ce nt of t l . may also contain up to per . blas ing ge atine R s ivalit P, which has been introduced recently, contain

1 0 e r . up to p cent of potassium perchlorate, and is practically Ast rali the same as t V .

C - C hlorat Rivalit is an explosive of the heddite type, introduced in Germany during the War Potassium chlorate Paraffin

R OB UR ITE is a coal -mine explosive of the Grisounite _ s class . In Germany many different mixt ure have been

made, but in general they are within the following limits

Ammonium nitrate 70 t o 8 0 Potassium nitrate 5 1 0 Trinit ro -toluene 1 2 1 5 Flour Sodium chloride Pota ssium permanganate

but some are outside them . The explosive has also been made in England by the R E o . . c oburite xplosives C , Ltd , now in orporated in Roburite DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 8 3

Old and Ammonal , Ltd . , who had the following on the Permitted List

Ammonium nitrat e 8 8 Dinitro -be nzene 1 1 Chlor-naphthalene 1 The following has passed the Rotherham Test and is now on the Permitted List

N o . 4

Ammonium nitrate Trinitro -toluene Sodium chloride Limit charge l Power (swing of ballistic pendu um) . R OCKI TE is an explosive made by Curtis ’ s and Harvey for quarry work , etc .

R OM P ERI —A T . German blasting explosive containing n - ammo ium nitrate , potassium nitrate , trinitro toluene, flour

. 4 e r . and resin It may .also contain up to p cent of blasting gelatine . - om e rit am Wetter R p contains also sodium chloride ,

onium . m chloride or magnesite , and is used in coal mines -R om e rit Gelatine p contains gelatinised nitroglycerine , glycerine , potato meal , etc . and nitrates , and may also - k contain aromatic nitro compounds and al ali nitrates . om e rit G r R p , which has been introduced ecently, contains

0 . e up to 1 per cent of potassium p rchlorate, and is similar lit to Ast ra V .

R OS LI N G IANT B LAS TIN G P OWDER is a per ’ chlorate explosive made by Curtis s and Harvey .

*R OT’I 'WE IL S M OKELES S P OWDER S — These were E 1 91 3 pushed energetically in ngland in . They comprised a 3 - gelatinised rifle powder, and a 7 grain gelatinised dense shot 8 4 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

. An A E gun powder alyses were given in rms and xplosives , 1 91 90 7 , p .

l Nitrocellu ose, insoluble soluble t Me allic nitrates . Ca mphor and diphenylamine Moist ure

*RUB P OW ER — A 42- Y D . grain bulk smokeless powder , ’ - 1 8 99 C . for shot guns , introduced in by urtis s and Harvey was A E The following analysis given in rms and xplosives , 1 91 7

Nitrocellulose, insoluble soluble Metallic nitrates Nitro compound Starch Moisture

o It is an inexpensive powder made with ut solvents .

- A - R US S ELITE . coal mine explosive which was made

o . B old by the Forcite C in elgium . It was on the B ritish Permitted List

Nit roglyce rine Collodion cotton Potassium nitrat e Trinitro -t oluene Wood meal ' Ammonium oxalat e Calcium carbonat e

* Poudre S is a shot -gun powder made French of Government . It consists Guncotton Soluble nitrocott on Potassium nitrat e B arium nitrat e Moisture

8 6 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

’ S AM S ON E — A - IT . coal mine explosive made by Nobel s

E Co . . xplosives , Ltd It was on the old Permitted List . It is now no longer permitted for use in dangerous coal mines but is still used for general purposes . Nitroglycerine Collodion cott on 3 5 Pot assium nit rate 1 8 Wood meal Ammonium oxalat e 1 35 During the Wa r potassium nitrate was replaced by sodium 0 nitrate, and the nitroglycerine was reduced to 5 per cent . 2 Nos . and 3 have passed the Rotherham Test and are on the Permitted List

No . 2. N o . 3. Date of Pe rmit 25- 1- 19 25- 1 - 19 Nitroglycerine 5 1 5 5 1 5 Collodion cotton 3 3 Amide compound 0 2 03 Pot assium pe rchlorate 1 1 Sodium nitrat e Borax Pot a ssium chlorl de Sodium chloride Moist ure 1 t 26 24 Limi charge oz . ” Powe r (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2 49 2-42 S AX ON ITE was the predecessor of Samsonite on the

old Permitted List . It has practically the same composition ,

but wide limits are allowed . It also is used for general n ar m as a purposes . Duri g the W potassiu nitrate w repl ced by m e sodiu nitrat . Ammon -S CHLES I T or K ohlen -S CHLES I T is a German coal -mine explosive containing ammonium nitrate and other

- nitrates , nitro compounds , starch , neutral salts , not more n 2 than 4 per ce t . of blasting gelatine, and not more than per

cent . of potassium perchlorate . S CHNEIDER I TE is a high explosive used by the is as French for filling shell . Its composition the same the N c Favier explosive l . DI CTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVE S 8 7 *S CHULTZE P OWDER was the first successful smoke

C E. less powder made . It was invented by apt . Schultze u Ar of the Pr ssian tillery, who appears at first simply to

have impregnated little grains of wood with saltpetre (Eng. 900 B t Pat . of u later the wood cellulose was purified

ni . o and trated , and then mixed with nitrates The p wder

has remained the same as this until the present day , although

the methods of manufacture have been developed and , “ A Ex indeed , revolutionised more than once . In rms and ” f 1 91 7 . 5 plosives , , p 7 , the following analyses of dif erent brands were given

w u Sc ul tze . Cube . Li tnin . Sa d st . h gh g 1 8 69 1 8 8 3 1 908 1 91 3

Cha - 30 33 rge for 12 bore , gms . 42 42 Ge la

F ibrous . F ibrous . tinise d . Fibrous . 25 0 621 5 5 0 Nitrocellulose, insoluble 64 8 sol uble } 27 ‘ 0 Metallic nitrates 33° 0 29 0

0 O Moisture 2 0

The nitrocellulose in all cases has been made from wood

. All cellulose the powders are of the bulk type . Schultze powder is also made in America as a 36-grain fibrous bul k powder

u l Nitrocell lose, inso uble soluble Metallic nitrates Vase line Moisture

S EAM EX is a coal -mine explosive on the Permitted List E C made by xplosives and hemical Products , Ltd .

Nitroglyce rine Ammonium nitrate Wheat flour Sodium chloride Limit charge l e Power (swing of bal istic p ndulum) . 8 8 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES S EB OM I TE is a French chlorate explosive resembling

C Oil . heddite, but containing tallow instead of castor

S E - CURI TE was one of the first coal mine explosives .

- It contained ammonium nitrate and dinitro benzene, and R was therefore similar to Bellite and oburite .

S ECUR OP HORE —A B - . elgian coal mine explosive con taining nitroglycerine, nitrates , flour and other constituents .

S EN G ITE is a variety of Tonite introduced in South Africa as a substitute for Gelignite in consequence of the ~ a r o scarcity of glycerine due to the W . It contains gunc tton ffi and sodium nitrate , and su cient moisture to render it safe to handle without diminishing its strength . The first four a s e no letters of its name st nd for ubstitute xplosive glycerine . i n v It requires a priming cartridge of gel g ite or similar explosi e . e It is mor expensive than gelignite, and consequently is not likely to be used when the scarcity of glycerine has been relieved .

- S HELLI TE . A high explosive consisting of picric acid - 1x r and dinitro phenol , used for filling shells . The m tu e possesses the advantage over straight picric acid that it melts at a lower temperature . It was for a time called

- - SHEPPEY P OWDER . A coal mine explosive made by the Cotton Powder Co . which was on the Permitted m 1 91 4 List for a short ti e, but was removed in

Date of Permit Nitroglycerine Pot assium nitrate Wood meal Ammonium oxalate

t Limi charge . Powe r (swing of ballistic pe ndulum)

90 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

* S M OKELES S DIAM OND is a 33-grain bulk smoke ’ - 1 903 less powder for shot guns , introduced in by Curtis s “ A x and Harvey . ccording to an analysis in Arms and E ” 1 91 7 . 78 is plosives , , p , its composition

Nitrocellulose, insoluble soluble Metallic nit rates Vaseline Charcoal Moisture '

* EN E —A s S OL IT . smokeles powder introduced in Italy in 1 8 96 for use in rifle s Nitroglycerine t tt n Ni roco o , soluble Mineral jelly

n It is gelati ised with the aid of acetone, and is made in the form of translucent short tubes of a light brown colour .

S P R EN G CHLO T H ssi - a hl . RA . S e e a C orat

S PEE N G EL EXP LOS IVES were patented in 1 87 1 by

. S o Dr Hermann prengel , the invent r of the mercury vacuum pump . They are made by mixing an oxidising s sub tance with a combustible one , the essential features s being that one or both of the substance must be liquid , and the mixing takes place shortly before the explosive is re l quired . The mixture is exploded by means of a fu minate

. As S detonator oxidising agents , prengel mentioned amongst others nitric acid and potassium chlorate ; nitrogen peroxide

has also been used ; as combustibles , a large number of sub

- - stances including nitro benzene, nitro naphthalene, carbon

bisulphide, petroleum and picric acid. For most purposes

nitric acid is an inconvenient material to use . Porous cart ridges of potassium chlorate constitute the oxidiser generally

employed , the combustibles being hydrocarbon oils and - a as nitro be nzene . This possesses considerable advant ges, DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES 91 there is no danger of a premature explosion until the con ti E s tue nt s have been mixed . Under the British xplosives ” Act e , however, this mixing constitut s manufacture, and can only be carried out in a properly licensed factory . Con sequently Sprengel explosives have not been used in Great e Britain , but they hav been employed on a considerable

F . scale in the United States , rance, Italy and other countries

‘ F s e or examples of Sprengel explosives e Panclastite , m t - - P ro é hée a R . , Rack ock

S PREN G GELATINE is the German for B lasting

Gelatine .

S PRENGS ALPETER is a cheap Ge rman blasting powder made from sodium nitrate, sulphur and brown coal .

It is used in the potash mines .

S TAB ILITE is a name that has been given to trinitro anisole . It has be en tried as a constituent of a smokeless powder, but it belies its title as it is readily hydrolysed with the formation of picric acid . It has also been used by the

Germans as a filling for bombs .

S A R W ER — A - T NFO D P O D . coal mine explosive of the Favier class which was on the Permitted List for a short 1 91 3 time in .

S TEELI TE was practically the same as Silesia . Colliery St e e lit e - was a coal mine explosive on the old Permitte d List , St e e lit e E and made by xplosives , Ltd . It contained

Potassium chlorate Oxidise d resin Castor oil

St e e lit e is no longer authorised for manufacture or 1mport K into the United ingdom .

’ — - S T . E E S OW ER H L N P D . A coal mine explosive of 92 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

E Co . the Ammonal type made by the Roburite xplosives , which was on the old Permitted List Ammonium nitrate Aluminium powder Trinitro -toluene

S TOM ONAL is a coal -mine explosive made by the

E Co . New xplosives . , Ltd It was on the old Permitted

List . In order to pass the R othe rham Test and obtain

a 1 . 2 pl ces on the new Permitted List, No . and No have had salts added as cooling agents

N o . 1 . N o . 2. — — — Date 0] Pe rmit 22 6 1 4 9- 5 1 7 Nit roglyce rine 1 0 1 0 Ammonium nitrate 56 1 605 Sodium nit rate 6 Wood meal Wheat flour So dium chloride Ammonium oxalate Limit charge Powe r (swing of ballistic pe ndulum)

S TONAX is a low-freezing Gelignite conta mmg a small

- percentage of a nitro compound .

S W- ITE - A - the T O . coal mine explosive made by New

E s Co . . xplosive , Ltd It was on the old Permitted List

Nitro glycerine 59 Collodion cott on Potassium nit rate 1 8 3 Wood meal 6 Ammonium oxalate 1 2

*S TOWM ARK ET S M OKELES S is a 33-grain bulk - Co powder for shot guns made by the New Explosives . It is r a compa atively inexpensive powder .

’ S UNDER ITE was a coal -mine e xplosw e made by Nobel s

E Co . th xplosives Ltd . , at one time on e Permitted List

nclu in ot a t ma ne sium carbona te . I d g n more th n 2 pe r ce n . g

94 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

—A - S WALITE . coal mine explosive made by the Cotton

Co . . Powder , Ltd It was on the old Permitted List

Nit roglycerine Collodion cott on Pot assium nitrate Wood meal Ammonium oxalate

S YNDITE — A - . coal mine explosive formerly on the It Permitted List . was made by the Carbonite Syndicate m Germany

Nit roglyce rine Collodion cott on Ammoni um nit rate Sodium nitrate Glycerine St arch Sodium chloride

Limit charge . Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

— 2 - 9 6 The permit was repealed on 1 1 .

* Poudre T is a condense d smokeless shot -gun powder manufactured by the French Government . It is made from

u CP 2 . g ncotton , I , to which per cent of saltpetre is added , i gelatinised with acetone . The dough is pressed nto strips which are rolled down to a thickness of mm . and cut into small squares of mm . side . The p owder is then steeped in water to dissolve out the greater part of the potassium nitrate , dried , and finally drummed with a little

’ gum and graphite to make it more progressive . This powder

F - is superior to the other rench sporting powders , but is more 1 6- expensive . The charge for a bore cartridge is grammes .

TELS IT A is a blasting explosive made at the Nobel

W . orks in Switzerland It consists of ammonium nitrate, nitrated toluene and aluminium powder . G -Te lsi o elatine t contains amm nium nitrate, blasting 95

- gelatine and liquid trinitro toluene , also gelatinised with

Special - Gelatine -Te lsit differs from this in having part of the ammonium nitrate replaced by sodium nitrate . T S TERR I is a plastic blasting explosive made in weden , d and consisting of ammonium perchlorate, so ium nitrate and

- liquid dinitro toluene, gelatinised with collodion cotton

Ammonium pe rchlorate 43 Sodium nitrat e 28 Dinitro -toluene (liquid) 27 “8 Collodion cotton 1 2

It is difficult to detonate .

TETRYL is the name usually given to tetranitro -methyl aniline, the strictly scientific designation of which is trinitro phenyl -methyl -nitramine

It is used extensively as an intermediate detonating agent

- for high explosive shell , as it is somewhat more sensitive than u most of the explosives used , and can conseq ently be detonated lmi als calle d by a small charge of fu nate, It is o C. E .

- G TETRI LITE . S e e F risou avier Powder . TEUTON I T is a German Favier explosive containing

7 0 . not less than per cent of ammonium nitrate, not more

5 e r . than p cent of flour or potato meal, and not more than 1 5 - per cent . of aromatic nitro and dinitro compounds . It ls may a o contain neutral salts .

TEUTONITE was a name given occasionally to White o Gunp wder (q . 96 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

THAM ES P OWDER is a coal -mine explosive on the B E Permitted List made by the ritish xplosives Syndicate,

Ltd .

Date of Pe rmit Nit roglycerine Ammonium nitrate Pota ssium nitrate Wood meal St arch Ammonium oxalate Sodium chloride

Limit charge 8 2 Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)

T ERM T x H I is not an e plosive, although in some respects it resembles one . It generally consists of a mixture of about three parts oxide of iron with one part of aluminium powder, but other oxides and other metals are sometimes used . When initiated by strong heat in one place a reaction sets in with g reat evolution of heat and the formation of a

- white hot mass of molten iron and slag . It differs from an explosive in that no gas is formed and the reaction is a comp ratively slow . It is used for filling incendiary bombs and for many industrial purposes.

' - THORN I T . A German blasting explosive consisting of a ammonium nitrate and vegetable meal . It may lso contain animal or vegetable fats .

—A - TITANITE . coal mine explosive manufactured in A B Hungary . variety of it was on the old ritish Permitted List Ammonium nitrate Tr1n1t ro -toluene Curcuma charcoal

Other varieties containing a smaller percentage of am monium nitrate have been used for general blasting .

1 n a e of ma ne sium carbonate . Includi g not more th n 2 p r ce nt . g

98 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES toluenes with collodion cotton and mixing it with lead

e . . nitrates , g

Nitro -toluenes Collodion cotton Le ad nitrate

It was intended for filling shell , etc . *TR OIS D ORF S M OKELES S P OWDER became pro minent in England in 1 8 97 in connection with Mannlicher " - cartridges for the Bisley long range competitions . It was a t occasionally recorded s Pigou Wilkes Powder, as hat firm were agents for it . The following are analyses of samples ” 1 8 98 E 1 91 7 . 90 taken in Arms and xplosives , , p )

Shot -gun R ifle

P ow . P w de r o de r.

i 241 9 1 5 Nitrocellulose, nsoluble soluble 96 5

Starch, agar and dye Moist ure 1 9

- as The shot gun powder w a fibrous bulk powder, and the 2- h charge for a 1 bore cartridge was 33 grains . T e rifle powder was gelatinised .

TR OJAN GOAL P OWDER is an American coal -mine

- the . explosive on Permissible List It contains nitro starch .

T - ROTYL is a name for trinitro toluene .

TUNNELI T is a German safety explosive containing ' o 1 0 ammonium nitrate , s dium nitrate, not more than per - cent . of trinitro toluene (or not more than 6 per cent . together 2 with not more than per cent . of neutral liquid trinitro u 20 - h h drin tol ene) , not more than per cent . of dinitro c lor y , 5 not more than per cent . of nitroglycerine, not more than

1 . tt per cent of collodion co on , and carbohydrate s .

TUNNELITE is an Ame rican coal -mine explosive on

e . B A a e m the Permissibl List rands A , B and C r am onium DICTI ONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 99

e 3 8 6LF 8 LF nitrate xplosives , whereas numbers to , and l are nitrog ycerine explosives .

T S e e A C AS E . UR PINITE . P N L TIT

— - i W TUTOL . A coal m ne explosive made by the est

G . phalia Anhalt Explosives Co . in ermany It was on

i . A va l ation it . 2 the old Perm tted List r of , No , was for a

1n . 1 91 6. time on the new List, but it was repealed Nov

Nitroglycerine Potassium nitrate Barium nitrat e Sodium nitrate Wood mea l Sodium chloride sodium bicarbonate

i ‘ L mit charge . P ower (swing of ballistic pendulum) .

— -m1ne UP LEES P OWDER . A coal explosive of the

Grisounite type made by the Cotton Powder Co . It was for a time on the Permitted List but was repealed

in 1 91 41.

VELOX GELATINE — A blasting explosive for hard B S A Ex o rock made by the ritish outh frican plosives C . t n It con ains less nitroglyceri e than blasting gelatine, and is intended to husband stocks of glyce rine Arms and Ex plo ” si e s 1 91 6 . v , , p

Gelatine VENDER is a Swiss explosive consisting of dinitro-acetin gelatinised with a little collodion cotton and

mixed with ammonium nitrate .

VI GTOR P OWDER was a coal -mine explosive made by ’ E Co Nobel s xplosives . There we re two varieties at one time on the Permitted List 1 00 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

N o . 2. Date of Pe rmit 1 3- 5—14 1 5—1—1 5 Ammonium nitra t e 68 67 Pot assium chloride Sodium chloride Nitroglycerine Wood meal

Limit charge 1 8 Power (swing of ballistic pe ndulum)

V GTO —A - I RI TE . coal mine explosive of the Carbonite ’ type made by Nobel s Explosives Co . It was on the old

Permitted List .

V E E WDER I ILL P O . S e e Poudre B .

VI G ORI T . M O See NAGHI T. VI G ORI TE is a name that has been given to several s s f u explo ives in the past . One of the e , manu act red in ’ California in the seventies of the last century, contained s pota sium chlorate and nitroglycerine, and consequently was decidedly dangerous . It gave rise to a serious accident on

the Grand Trunk R ailway .

The Atlas Powder Co . in America manufacture a

- i series of coal mine explosives under th s name . They are nitroglycerine explosives .

VIK IN G P OWDER is a coal -mine explosive made by ’ Nobel s Explosives Co . There are two varieties on the Permitted List

N o . 1 .

- — - - Date of Pe rmit 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 1 1 5 Ammonium nitrate 59 67 Nitroglyce rine 10 8 5 Wood meal 1 0 Sodium chloride 20 1 5 Magnesium carbonate 1 1 t 6 8 Limi charge . 2 1 oz l Power (swing of ballistic pendu um) .

i 1 s Th s explosive used extensively .

1 02 DICTIONAR Y OF EXPLOSIVES

WES TFALITE is a coal -mine explosive which is made G G in ermany and England . The erman explosives va ry much in composition , and some of them are intended for of s ordinary blasting . Some tho e recently introduced con tain up to 1 0 per cent . of potassium perchlorate. Originally Westfalite was made by milling ammonium nitrate with an use alcoholic solution of gum lac, but later the of the gum n was aba doned . B W had s old ritish estfalite , Ltd two mixture on the Permitted List

No 1 No . 2 Ammonium nitrate 95 91 Potassium nitrate 4 Resin 5

That formerly on the Permitted List differe d considerably from the above

We stfalite No . 3. — Date of Pe rmit 1 9- 1 3 Ammonium nitrate 60 Potassium nitrate 1 41 Trinitro -toluene 5 Ammonium chloride 21 Limit charge Powe r (swing of ballistic pe ndulum)

} WETTERDYNAM I T is a name that has be en given in Germany to various coal -mine explosives containing nitro glycerine .

— S e e DYNAM M ON . WETTER DYNAIVDAON .

* WE - A e TTEREN . gelatinis d rifle smokeless powder

a . m de by the Cooppal Co . of Belgium The following “ “ E ” 1 91 7 analyses were given in Arms and xplosives , , 91 p . DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES 1 03

Date of Sa mple

soluble Nitroglycerine Shellac Charcoal Moist ure

WHITE G UNP OWDER is a mixture of Potassium chlorate Potassium ferrocyanide Sugar

t oo It is not produced commercially, and , indeed , is sensitive, but it is some times made in the laboratory . It has also been ’ An e ndre s W G A i a called g powder, hite erman powder, mer c n ’ B Cauve t s . powder, and aron and powder

WILHELM I T is a German blasting explosive of the

Cheddite type . It consists of sodium or potassium chlorate 30° C hydrocarbon oil with a flash point not below ., and carbohydrates . For use in coal mines neutral salts are

d a . added . It was introduce during the W r

W T E W ER — A - I HN LL P O D . coal mine explosive of the

o t e a Cc . Gris unite yp m de by the Lancashire Explosives , which was on the old Permitted List Ammonium nitrate Trinitro-toluene Flour

W E B ER GER NA IT e e ITT N WETTERDY M . S S ALIT .

XP DI TE is an American coal -mine explosive on the

Permissible List . It is made by the Hercules Powder

Cc . i , and conta ns nitroglycerine .

YON CK ITE — A B . elgian ammonium perchlorate ex

. o v plosive The comp sition has been aried somewhat , and 1 04 DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES

1 0 E one formula, No . , is on the list of xplosifs and B consequently is permitted for use in elgian coal mines . 1 e No . is a more powerful explosive us d for general blasting .

N o . 10. Ammonium perchlorate 25 Ammonium nitrate 30 Sodium nitrate 1 5 Barium nitrat e Trinit ro -toluene Sodium chloride

Charge limit e

Z ELTIT . S e e Ce lt it e .

1 06 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Amyl Alcohol .

B .

Aniline.

Filite .

i c r An line Hydro hlo ide . Pr s t ogre s i . i Antimony Sulph de .

Flobe rt Ammunition .

- Aromatic Nitro compounds .

S e e etc. Barium Nitrate, etc . Nitrate,

Bark.

Cahue cit .

t Bauxi e. it Lignos .

Bicarbonate, Sodium .

C . S . P .

Tutol .

i . Bichromate, Ammon um

J .

Bichromate, Potassium .

Ammonal . e B hmenite .

J.

Pe trokla stit .

Bisulphide, Carbon.

Panclastite .

Sprengel Explosives .

Borax .

Ri it e pp .

Samsonit e .

Bran .

Forcit e . INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 1 07

t Brique te Powder . lve r Loe we npu .

Calcium Silicide

Sabulite .

Camphor . E . C . Powder .

He rculit e .

M. s Rottweil Smokeles Powder .

S e e a so u r a Carbohydrates . l Cell lose, Sta ch, Veget ble M eal , Wood Meal . t Albi .

Alkalsit . C hloratzit e .

Foe rdit .

Ge silit .

Tunne lit . Wi lhe lmit .

Carbon Bisulphide . e Panclastit .

Sprengel Explosives .

o Carbonace us Substances .

Nobe lit .

C . Carbonate, alcium t Blas ing Gelatine .

Ca mbrite .

Carbonite. Cl t e ydi .

Dynamite . e G latine Dynamite. e t G ligni e . K nit e y .

- Pit it e .

R s u se lite . 1 08 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

o S e e a lso e t e . Carb nate, Magnesium . Magn si t Blasting Gela ine . D b l yno e . l t Ge atine Dynami e.

M onobe l .

Oaklit e .

Sto monal .

T e hames Powd r .

Viking Powde r .

Carbonate, Sodium .

B rit onit e .

Carbonite . Cl dit e y . r t u e Forcite Antig isou e s . Li sit gno .

M init e .

- Pit it e .

Rhe x it .

e l e C lulos . t e An ig l .

Colinit .

F la mmivore .

Grisoutite .

e C llulose Residue .

Ra schit .

Chalk, French . - t Nitro De nsi e .

Charcoal .

Amide Powder .

Ammonal .

Ammonia kkrut .

n r Ammo pulve . n Ne u Ana go . A h si e p o t .

Astralit .

B avarit .

e Black Powd r .

1 1 0 INDEX or CONSTITUENTS

s continue d Chlorate, Potas ium ( ) i H malayit e .

Kine tit .

K oronit .

. v . L C . Pul er

M e rcurit .

M ie dzia nkit .

M it che llit e .

Naphthalit .

O .

P e trolit .

Pie rrite .

Ple ssit .

Prométhée .

- - Rack a Rock . Rivalit

S e bomite .

Silesia .

Sprengel Explosives .

St e e lit e .

Vigorit e .

White Gunpowde r . W ilhe lmit .

Chlorate, Sodium.

Albit .

Alkalsit .

Cheddite .

Chloride,Ammonium .

Anchorite .

Curtisite (Supe r

De nS ite . INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 1 1 1

continue d Chloride, Ammonium ( )

Dreadnought Powder .

Essex Powder . Exce llit e (Supe r E xpe dite .

Faversham Powder .

Favier Explosive . F ort e x (Ne w) .

F ract orite . F umyl .

K e ntit e .

s Mer ey Powder .

R ompe rit .

Sabulite .

o Chl ride, Potassium .

Ammonite .

Astralit .

Ca mbrit e . Carbonite ( , Ammon

Dahme nit e .

Dominit e . Dynamit (Gallerte El it sa g .

Foe rdit . Ge hlinge rit (Wetter

M ona chit .

Monchel . i Naphthal t .

Nationalit e .

Nobe lit .

Pannonit . Ri it pp e .

Samsonite .

Victor Powder .

Chloride, Sodium .

Abelite . 1 1 2 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS l Ch oride, Sodium ( continue d)

Alsilit e . n Ammo ite .

Ast ralit . t Belli e . B t ri onit e . Carbonite (Ammon Clifiit e (Supe r

Cosilit .

Da hm e nit e .

Du Pont Permissible . D ynobe l . Elsa t gi . Ex ce llit e e n (Sup ) . E Favier xplosives . F oe rdit . F ul m t e ni . Ge hlinge rit ‘ (Wetter

Ge silit .

Glue k c auf .

Ha li y t e .

K oronit

Le onit . Li gnosit . M ie dzi ki a n t .

M onarki t e . M onobe l .

N a hthalit p . a tiona li N t e .

Negro Powder .

Nobe lit .

Orka nit .

P a nnonit .

e P rmon Powder . P e rrum it p .

1 1 4 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Coal (continue d) w r Loe e npulve .

Sprengsalpeter .

Coke . m Dah e nit .

- S e itro . Collodion Cotton . e N cotton

Copper Nitrate Ammonia .

Glue ckauf.

Copper Nitrate Aniline .

Anilit .

Copper Sulphate Aniline .

Cork Charcoal . S e e Charcoal .

Cresylate, Ammonium . C E crasite .

Curcuma Meal .

Dahme nit .

Curcuma Charcoal .

Titanite .

Dextrin . Dynamit (Siche rhe it s Fl mmiv a ore .

F oe rdit .

Ge silit .

Pa nnonit .

Salit .

- - Dimethyl diphenyl urea .

Ce ntralite .

- t Dinitro ace in .

Ve nder . INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

- Dinitro benze ne .

Abelite .

Amvis . e t B lli e .

Ca nnonit e .

Dahme nit .

Denaby Powder .

Dynobe l .

Gathurst Powde r .

Glue ckauf .

Good Luck . l Granat fue l ung . He llh fi e o t .

Odit e .

Roburite .

S e curit e .

- Dinitro chlorhydrin .

Astralit .

Donarit . K elit .

- Dinitro glycerine .

Dahme nit e .

Tre monit .

- Dinitro glycol .

Gelignite .

- Dinitro naphthalene .

Ammonite .

Astralit .

Ce rnil . E Favier xplosives .

F ra ct orit e . 1 1 6 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

- Dinitro phenol .

She llit e .

- Dinitro tolue ne .

Abbcit e .

Ajax Powder . t An igel .

Ast ralit .

Bla stine .

Cheddite . D nsit e e . i Dom nit . D ynobe l . E nit rin Gelig e .

Ex ce llit e .

Fla mmiv r o e .

Gelignit e .

Ge silit . H l ala it e .

K yna rkit e

Le onit . N ti li a ona t e .

t Perdi .

Salit .

Sie ge nit .

Diphenylamine .

B . t Fili e . F oe rdit (Ammon

N . C . T. t Ro tweil Smokeless Powder .

. S e e also Fat Tallow.

Ae rolit . T hornit .

Fat, Vegetable .

Thornit .

1 1 8 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Fl R e our, y . a Don rit .

Flammivore .

Anti r ou use Forcite g is te .

Tre monit .

Flour, Wheat . E e ss x Powder . Li d g yn.

S e ame x .

St omonal .

French Chalk .

- Nitro De nsit e .

u . F lminate, Mercury

Flobert Ammunition .

e G latine .

Dynamit (We tt e rsiche re s ) .

Glycerine .

Dominit . Dynamit (Siche rhe it s

Foe rdit .

Halakit e .

P a nnonit .

Permon Powder . Pl a st a mmon.

R ri ompe t .

Syndit e .

Graphite .

Negro Powder .

Nitrokol .

P e rrum it p .

T.

Gum . Dorfit (P e r

T. INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 1 1 9

Gum Lac .

Westfalite .

Guncotton .

i La fiin and Rand .

S .

Se ngit e .

T.

Tonite . Si he h it - Walsrode c r e s Sprengstoff.

He xanitro - diphenylamine . H a o - e x nitr diphenyl Sulphide . an t ll Gr a fue ung.

Hi osin pp . sit Prae po .

S e e also J Hydrocarbons . Mineral elly, Vaseline, Naphthalene,

f n . Oils , Para fi Wax and Turpentine

Alkalsit .

Ast ralit . mlit B o . Dynamit (We tt e rsiche re s

K oronit .

Na hthalit p .

P e rsalit . P méthé ro e .

-a - Rack Rock .

R e x ol . Sprengel Explosives Wilhe lmit . 1 20 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

t t . h t Iner Subs ances C lorides , Neu ral e t c Oxalates , .

K oronit .

Iron Oxide .

- - Rack a Rock . t Thermi .

Ivory, Vegetable.

S e e Kerosine . Oil, Kerosine .

u Kieselg hr .

Dynamite .

Giant Powder . t t Li hofrac eur . Ox li uit y q .

S e e . Lac . Gum Lac, Shellac

Lampblack .

Cahue cit .

Ca nnonit e .

S e e t Lead Nitrate, Chromate . Nitrate, Chroma e .

Magnesite . R m rit o pe .

Magnesium .

Ophorit e .

S e e Magnesium Carbonate . Carbonate .

i S e . Manganese D oxide . e Oxide

u Meal, C rcuma .

Dahme nit e .

ta Meal, Po to .

Astralit .

1 2 2 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

u Merc ry Fulminate . l F obert Ammunition. M J l . S e e also ineral e ly Vaseline .

Axite . s Balli tite .

C . S . P .

Cordite . e D a G latine yn mite . Ha li y t e . M oddit e . M onarkit e . t Soleni e.

Myrobalans . Ama sit e .

Naphthalene .

B omlit . Da hm e nite .

Kiwit .

K oronit . a hth t N p ali .

Rhe nanit .

e Siche rhe it s- s f Walsrod Spreng to f.

. S e e also t s Neutral Substances Iner Sub tances and Salts .

B t eli .

Nitrate, Ammonium.

e Ab lite .

Ae rolit . d Aetna Coal Pow er. Alk alsit ,

Alsilite .

Amatol .

Amide Powder .

Ammonal . INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 1 23

u contin d Nitrate, Ammoni m ( ue y

Ammoniakkrut .

Ammonite . Ammo r npulve .

Amvis . Ana n Neu go .

Anchorite .

si Apho t e .

Astralit .

Ba e le nit e .

t i h rhe ul e r Bau ze ner S c e itsp v .

B avarit .

Bellite . B al e nt Coal Powder .

Bit uminit e . i Black D amond .

B omlit .

C .

Ca hue cit .

Cameron Mine Powder. Carbonite (Ammon

Chromamonit .

Cilfe rit e . Cliiiite (Super

Colinit .

Collier Powder .

Cornil .

Cronit e . Cu t gni e .

Curtisit e . B e hmenite .

Denaby Powder.

De nsit e .

De tonit e

De t onite Special . Dominit .

Donarit e . 1 24 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS A Nitrate, mmonium ( continue d) D orfit . d Drea nought Powder.

Ele ctronit e .

Elsa i g t .

Exce llit e . E xpedite. E xtra Dynamite .

Faversham Powder. E Favier xplosives . Fla m mivore .

F oe de r Sicherheitssprengstoff.

t Forci e .

F ort e x .

Fra ctorit e .

-it e Fuel . F ue ll ulv p e r. F ulme nit .

Gathurst Powder.

Giant Coal Mine Powder . E Giant Powder ( xtra) .

Glue cka uf.

Good Luck .

Grisoutine .

Guardian . H a lalit e . Hamm onit . Ha lit y e .

Hebler Powder.

Hecla No . 2.

1 26 INDEX or CONSTITUENTS

itrate N , Ammonium ( continue d)

Pulvérite .

Be o s hlt . R e d H .

Rex Powder .

Re xit e .

Rhe nanit . R ivalit .

Roburite. Rom pe rit . u Sab lite. ’ . s St Helen Powder .

Salit .

Schle sit . h S c ne ide rit e .

S e a me x .

S e curit e .

Sie ge nit .

Stanford Powder . t m S o onal .

Sunde rit e .

S u e ri p t e . S yndite . T e lsit .

T hames Powder .

Thornit . t Ti anite .

Tre monit .

Tunne lit .

Tunnelite . U le e s p Powder . r Vende . r Victo Powder . i Vik ng Powder .

Virite . W allonit e .

Siche rhe it - Walsrode s Sprengstoff. s We tfalite . 1 27

Nitrate Ammonium (continue d)

Withnell Powder .

i Nitrate, Bar um. e Amberit .

B aratol .

- B aut ze ner Siche rhe its Sprengst off.

Cambrit e .

Ca nnonit e . t Carboni e . Cl ydit e . n De aby Powder .

Ele ctronit e .

Fla mmivore .

Forcite .

Gelignite . Halaki t e .

Ha l y it e .

K olax .

K ynite .

M . itr - N o De nsit e .

- Pit it e .

S .

Tonite .

Tutol . Y onckit e .

Nitrate, Lead .

Halakit e .

Macarite .

M inolit e .

Tri l p astit .

Nitrate, Potassium .

Ae rolit .

Albionit e .

Ambe rite . 1 28 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

t Nitra e, Potassium ( continue d)

Amide Powde r . A h p osit e .

Arkite.

Astralit .

d Black Pow er .

Bobbinite .

B omlit .

B rit onit e .

’ B ru ére s g Powde r . C a hue cit .

Ca mbrit e .

Ca nnonit e .

’ Ca rbit e d A blon.

Carbonite .

Chroma moni t e .

Cocoa Powder .

Cornil .

Cornish Powde r . Curtisit e (Supe r Da hm e nit e . n De aby Powder . D e nsit e .

Domi nit .

Dra oni g t e .

Dynamite . D yna mmon. Elsa it g . E ssex Powder . Ex ce llit e (Super E e xp dite .

Faversham Powder . E Favier xplosives . Fla mmi vore .

Forcite . F ort e x N ( e w) .

1 30 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

continue d Nitrate, Potassium ( )

Saxonite .

Sheppey Powder .

St ona x .

-it Stow e . S u ri pe t e .

Swalit e .

T .

Thames Powder .

Tut ol .

Virit e .

- Walsrode Siche rhe it s Sprengstoff . a Westf lite .

Nitrate, Sodium .

Aetna Powder .

Alkalsit .

Amasit e .

Ammonite . r Ancho ite .

Astralit .

B la stine .

B omlit . B rit onit e .

C .

Ca hue cit .

Cornil .

Cosilit . i Cugn te .

Dahme nit . D i e ns t e . t Donari . Dorfit (P e r

Duxit e .

Els t agi . t Forci e .

F ra ct orite . E F IND X O CONSTITUENTS 1 31

e o Nitrat , S dium ( continue d) Ge silit .

Giant Powder . Glu e cka uf . H a lalit e .

Ha mmo nit . Ha lit y e . J d u son Powder .

Le onit . Li d g yn. Lo e we n lv pu e r.

Melanite.

Nobel Gelignite .

Permon Powder . P e rrum pit .

P e rsalit .

P e trokl asti t .

t Samsoni e . S e n it g e .

Sprengsalpeter . Stom onal . S ndit y e . T e lsit .

Terris .

Tonite . Tunne lit . T ut ol .

Wa llonit e .

Yonckit e 1 32 INDEX or CONSTITUENTS

t Nitrate, S rontium.

De nsit e .

Nitrates .

’ al s Coopp Powder .

Du Pont Smokeless Powde r .

Dynamite .

C. . E . Powder

Eley Smokeless Powder .

Empire Powder .

F e lixit e .

F oe rdit .

Ge silit . l He agon . B elit .

He nrit e .

K oronit .

K . S .

Lithofracteur .

N e onit e . E ’ Ne w xplosives Company s Smokele ss Powde r .

Nobe lit .

P e rilit .

Pla st ome nit .

R e d Star . r R ompe it . t Rot weil Smokeless Powder .

Ruby Powder .

S chle sit .

Schultze Powder . r S e curopho e .

Smokeless Diamond .

R . S . , S . S .

S e t e . Nitric Acid . Acid , Ni ric

Nitric Oxide . t Panclasti e . s Sprengel Explosive .

1 34 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Nit ro -cellulose (continue d) ’ r s e T oisdorf Smokeles Powd r . d - Walsro e Shot Gun Powder .

Wetteren Powder .

- S s - Nitro compounds. e e al o Di Tri Tetra Hexa nitro

Alkalsit .

Ast ralit . Ca hue cit (Ammon

Chlorat zit e . minit Do . t Donari . Elsa it g .

F e lix it e .

F oe r e r Siche rhe it s- ff d Sprengsto .

F oe rdit .

Halalit .

Ha mmonit .

H a o e l g n. H it e l .

H rit e e n .

K oronit .

K . S .

Le onit .

Lignosit .

P e ragon.

P e rchlorit .

P e rilit .

P e rsalit .

P e trolit . P la st a mmon .

P olarit e .

e Prosp rit . R t e d S ar .

Rhe na nit .

Rifie it e . t Rivali . R om e rit p .

Ruby Powder . 1 35 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS.

Nitro - compounds ( continue d)

Schle sit .

S e bomite .

S . S .

Stanford Powder . St onax

Te ut onit . t Toni e .

Tre monit .

U le e s p Powder .

t - o t o t Ni ro cott n (including Collodion Cot on) . Gunc t on

- and Nitro cellulose .

Ajax Powder .

Albionite .

Alkalsit .

Amberite .

Arkite .

Astralit .

B . t Ballis ite . t t e Blas ing Gela in .

B omlit . Ca hue cit (Ammon o t Carb ni e .

Ce ltit e .

Chromamonit .

Cle rmonit e .

Cliffit e .

Colinit .

Cornish Powder . P C . . Cu nit e g .

Da hme nit e .

e e D naby Powd r .

De t onit .

Domi it e n . i Donar t . Dra onit e g . 1 36 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Elsa it g . E mpire Powder . E ssex Powder . E x ce llite . F e lixit e . t Fili e . Fla mmi vore .

F o e rde r s Sicherheits prengstoff . F oe rdit .

Forcite . F ra ct urit e .

’ e l Ammonia ue Gelatin a q . e t G la ine Dynamite . e t G ligni e.

Ge silit .

Giant Powder. o t Gris u ine . Halali t e .

H e rculit e . ’ E Hudson s xplosive . J . K ola x (Supe r K oro it n . L e onit .

Li osit gn .

M . e t M lani e . M oddit e . M ona chit .

M onarki t e .

M ulle rit e .

N a htha li p t .

1 38 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Nitroglycerine .

Abbcit e .

Aetna Powder . o Aetna C al Powder .

Ajax Powder .

Albionit e .

Albit .

Amberite . mmo u A niakkr t .

Antigel . t Arki e .

Astralit .

Axite . t Ballis ite .

B it uminit e .

Black Diamond . e Blasting Gelatin .

B rit onit e .

Ca mbrit e .

Cameron Mine Powde r . ’ a b blon C r it e d A .

G o - t arb dynami e .

Carbonite .

Ce lt it e .

Cliffit e .

Cl dit e y .

Coalite .

Coal Special .

Colinit .

Collier Powder . t Cordi e .

Cornish Powder .

Cosilit .

C . S . P . Cu nit g e . D on e t it .

Domini e t . t Donari . Dra onit e g . 1 39

Eureka .

Ex ce llit e .

Filit e .

F la mmivore .

t ff . F oe rde r Siche rheitssprengs o

F oe rdit . t Forci e . Fort Pitt Mine Powde r .

F ract orit e .

Fra ct urit e .

-it e Fuel . Ge hlinge rit (We tt e r ’ Ge lat ine a l Ammonia q ue . t Ge lat ine Dynami e . e t G ligni e . Ge silit f

- Giant Coal Mine Powde r .

Giant Powder .

Glonoine .

Grisout ine .

Grisout it e .

Guardian .

Halalit .

Ha mmonit .

Ha lit e y .

He cla Powder .

He rculit e .

’ Hudson s Explosive .

Hygra de Coa l Powder . e Judson Powd r .

Ke nt Powde r . 1 40 INDEX OF CONSTITUENT S

Nitroglycerine ( continue dy

K olax . K it oron .

K na kit e y r . K nit e y .

La iili n and Rand . Li d n g y . Li nosit g .

Lithofracteur . Lo mi t e .

e h t M ga i . e t M lani e .

Me lling Powder . e M rsey Powder.

Me teor . M init e .

-it e Min . M i odd t e .

M kit e onar .

M onobe l .

M onob l e e Powd r . Na hthalit p . o l Ne na .

t -de nsit e Ni ro . Ni rolit t .

t - Ni ro Low Flame .

Nobe l Ammonia Powder . obe lit N , o ma nit e N r .

Oaklit e .

P a nnonit .

hlorit P e rc .

Pe rmon Powde r . rmo it e P e n . P e rsalit (Wett e r e Phoe nix Powd r . Pi -it e t .

Pit s e a Powde r . P ola rit e .

1 42 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Nitroglyce rine ( continue d) t Wet eren . X it e pd .

- lso Tinit ro - . S e e a e t c. Nitro hydrocarbons Nitrobenzene, toluene,

Albit .

Alkalsit .

Carbonite . ’ o al s Co pp Powder .

M ona chit .

Na hthalit p . N w E ’ e xplosives Company s Smokeless Powder .

P e rsalit .

-m il Nitro e syt e ne s.

M onachit .

o - t Nitr naph halene .

Alkalsit .

As tralit .

Barking Powder .

B avarit .

Cheddite .

Curtisit e . E Favier xplosives .

Pie rrit e .

Sprengel Explosives .

- - Nitro semi cellulose .

Plast a mmon .

- Nitro starch .

Silesia .

Trojan Coal Powde r .

- Nitro toluene .

Ast ralit .

Erin Gelignite .

F oe rdit .

M onobe l .

Panclastite . INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 1 43

NitrOv tolue ne ( continue d)

- Nitro toluenes , Liquid .

Alkalsit .

Barbarit .

B omlit .

Halalit e .

it rox le n N y e .

M ona chit .

Albit .

Kiwit .

Oil, Castor . B omlit .

Cheddite . Ex l ce lit e .

Pie rrit e . R i i pp t e .

Ste e lit e .

Oil , Dead . -a - Rack Rock . Oil , Drying. Himala i y t e . Oil , Fatty .

Astralit . El i sa g t . 1 44 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Oil, Fatty (continue d) G ue ckauf l . K oro i n t .

a ht hali N p t . P e rrum it p .

Oil , . S e e a lso P ara ffins Hydrocarbon , e t c. M e rc i ur t .

Ex los Sprengel p w e s. Wilhe lm it .

Oil, Kerosine . ie dzia nkit M . P e trolit . Pl e ssit .

Oil , Mineral . R o e x l .

f Oil, Para fin . Ast rali t .

Do mi i n te . F ulm e nit .

“

K oronit .

Oil , Petroleum .

Barbarit . Ox li uit y q . E Sprengel xplosives .

Oil, Rape .

Astralit .

' 11 0 , He s.

Dreadnought Powder . m Oxalate, A monium .

Albionit e .

1 46 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

O xalate, Copper .

Glue ckauf .

Good Luck .

Oxalate, Potassium.

Nobe lit .

s Oxalate .

Ast ralit .

lsa it E g .

Nobe lit .

O r . xide, I on -a - Rack Rock .

Thermit .

Oxide , Manganese .

Ae rolit .

Lo e we npulve r.

Prométhée .

Oxygen (Liquid) .

M arsit . li uit Oxy q .

ffi . S e e a lso Oil f . Para n , Para fin and Hydrocarbons E Favier xplosives .

He nrit e .

Kiwit . Na ht alit p h . Rivalit (Chlorat

S . Paraffin Wax . e e Wax

e P rchlorate, Ammonium .

Alkalsit . m A a sit e .

Barking Powder .

Bla st ine .

Carlsonite .

K a usolit .

. e . M B . Powd r INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 1 47

continue d Perchlorate, Ammonium ( )

Territ . Yonckit e .

Perchlorate, Potassium .

Ajax Powder .

Alkalsit .

Bomlit .

Chlorat zit e .

Colinit .

Dominit .

Donarit . Dorfit (P e r D o yn be l . Halal it e .

Ha mm i on t .

He la on g . H l e it . H l i e rcu t e .

K oro nit .

Le onit . 1 48 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

e i continue d P rchlorate, Potass um ( )

Sonnit .

S unde rit e .

Swale Powder .

Tre monit . t Wes falite .

r . Pe chlorate, Sodium

Alkalsit .

mo i Ha m n t .

K oronit .

Le onit .

Perchlorates .

M it che llit e .

P e rsalit .

Roslin Giant Blasting Powde r .

e i . P rmanganate, Potass um t Roburi e .

t . Picra e, Ammonium ’ u é B r g re s Powder . mi Picra t e .

Picric Acid . e Cr sylite .

Dunnite .

Granatfue llung.

Lyddite . é i M lin te .

Picrol .

Pie rrit e .

She llit e .

Sprengel Explosives .

Picryl Sulphide . f Granat ue llung.

Pitch, Coal Tar .

Pe troklastit .

e tc S e t c. Potassium Chloride, Nitrate, . e e Chloride, Nitrate,

S e e . Potato Me al . e M al, Potato

1 50 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

co nue d Salts, Neutral ( nti )

De t onit .

F oe r e r S e i d ich rhe tsspre ngsto fi . H Ha mmo nit . P t l e ro it .

S chle sit .

Te utonit .

Wilhe lmit .

Sawdust . H ulit e e rc .

S e e also . Shellac . Gum Lac he a C e si Sticks . ’ Coo al s pp Powder . e tt W eren .

Silicide, Calcium . t Sabuli e .

Soap .

Albit .

S t t e t c. e e . Sodium Chloride, Ni rate, Chloride, Nitra e

t Soo , a t Mar i .

Starch .

Abelite .

Bellite .

Bobbinite . mlit B o .

Carbonite .

Cliffit e . ’ a 000pp l s Powder .

Ele ct ronit e . Exce llit e (Supe r

Himalayit e .

K olax .

ite Kyn .

M onarkit e . INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Starch (continue d) -De nsite Nitro . mo P e r nit e .

Ruby Powder .

S chle sit .

S . R . Su e rit e p . S i ynd t e .

Thames Powder .

Troisdorf Smokeless Powder .

Stearine .

Cannonite .

r St aw Charcoal .

Cocoa Powder .

Strontium Nitrate . D e nsit e .

Sugar .

Anilit .

Glue ckauf .

White Gunpowder .

t Sulpha e, Ammonium .

Antigel .

Bobbinite . mm o Fla iv re .

Pro re ssit g .

Pulverit e .

Sulphate, Barium .

Sulphate, Copper .

Bobbinite .

Sulphate, Iron .

Ca hue cit . 1 5 2 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Sulphate, Magnesium .

Colinit .

Cornish Powder .

Grisoutine . Sie e ni g t .

Sulphate, Sodium .

Grisoutine . Ra schit .

Bobbinite . Ca hue cit .

Cocoa Powder. a Dynamite (Americ n) .

Forcite .

Giant Powder .

Hebler Powder . J udson Powder .

Lithofracteur. Loe we n ulv p e r.

P e t roklastit . Prae o i p s t . é Pulv rin .

Sprengsalpeter .

Virit e .

tt Be zo Sulphure ed n l .

Carbonite.

1 5 4 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

T - rinitro toluene ( continue d)

Ammonite .

Anchorite . Ast ralit .

Azurite . B l ni ae e te . B arat ol .

Barbarit .

t Siche rhe it s- l Bau zener pu ver .

Bellite . B oml it .

Cahue i c t .

Canno i n te . Colin it .

Curt i it s e . Dahm ni e t e . a Den by Powder . D i e ns t e .

E xpedite .

Faversham Powder . F ue ll ul ve r p . F ulm i e n t . Fum yl . Ge hlin e rit g .

Gelignite . Gra natfue llun g.

Grisoutine . Ha lali t e .

Ha li y t e . K e ntit e .

Le onit .

Li nosit g . INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 1 55

Trinitro -toluene ( continue d)

Macarit e .

Melling Powder .

Mersey Powder .

M init e .

M inolit e . i National t e .

Pniowit .

P ulverit e .

R e x it e . t Roburi e .

R ompe rit .

R usse lit e .

Sabulite . ’ St e . . H len s Powder

Swale Powder .

Tit anit e .

T. N . T .

Tolite .

Toxol .

T mmonit .

Trinol .

- ff Walsrode Siche rhe it s Sprengsto .

Westfalite .

Withnell Powde r .

Yonckit e .

- Trinitro xylene .

Amat oxol . 1 56 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

T r i u mer c .

Good Luck .

Turpentine . Plast rot l y . mé ée Pro th .

S e e a lso J . Vaseline . Mineral elly

Amberite . ml B o it .

Ca nnonit e .

a mo it Chrom n .

D a onit e r g . E . C . Powder . E mpire Powder . l x F e i it e .

Kiwit .

K . S . e onit e N . Ne E l w xp osives Co . R e d t S ar, t Schul ze Powder .

Smokeless Diamond .

S . S .

S e e . Vegetable Meal . Meal , Vegetable

Vegetable Ivory. M e anit g .

f S e e a lso f . Wax, Para fin . Para fin

Bla stine . t Bobbini e .

Cheddite . e M linite .

Wood Meal and Wood Pulp .

Abbcit e . t Ae na Powder .

Ajax Powder .

Albionit e .

1 58 INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS

Wood Meal and Wood Pulp ( continue d) L e onit . Li d n g y . Li nosit g . Loe we n ulv p e r.

Luxit .

M e a n g it .

Melling Powder . e e M rs y Powde r . M onobe l .

M onobe l Powder .

Nconal . itro -De nsit N e .

Nobel Ammonia Powde r . ormani N t e .

Oa klite .

Perdit . P e rmoni t e .

e e Pho nix Powd r .

t e Pi s a Powder . Pnio i w t .

P ola i r t e .

R e x Powder . R e xit e .

Rhe x it .

Ri it e pp . Ru li sse t e .

Samsonite .

Saxonite .

Sheppey Powder . Stom ona l .

St on ax .

St o it w e . S un de rit e .

e Swale Powd r . Swa li t e .

T o hames P wder . Tu t ol . INDEX OF CONSTITUENTS 1 59

Wood Meal and Wood Pulp (continue d)

Vict or Powder .

Viking Powder .

Re xol .

Zinc Aluminium Al loy .

Ne u Anagon. H la o n e g . P ra on e g .

14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH Bo nxow sn

LOAN DEPT.

is ue n the l This book d o ast dat e stampe d be low , or on the dat e to w hich re n d e w e . Re ne w e d books a re su b e ct t o imme dia r ll i t e e ca .

R EC E IV E D

L I) 21 A—4 5 m ( H 5 067 5 1 0) 4 7 6B