sign in sign up
<<
Home , Superconductivity

Open Access Journal of Volume 3, Issue 1, 2019, PP 26-48 ISSN 2637-5826

Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity

DING Jian1*, HU Xiuqin2 1 Integrated Electronic Systems Lab Co. Ltd., Jinan 250100, China 2 Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250013, China *Corresponding Author: DING Jian, Integrated Electronic Systems Lab Co. Ltd., Jinan 250100, China, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This article (Superconductivity chapters) as the third part of the full text, at the level of electro-ultimate particles, is the result by virtue of superconductivity to further research: 1. The electro-ultimate particle renders as the negative charge of one unit, which is a unified body. It is made up of both the ultimate particle portion of possessing one unit positive charge and the negative charge portion that renders as two units. All the mass is concentrated in the ultimate particle portion, the mass of the charge portion is equal to zero but cannot exist on its own, so it can only belong to the category of the "electro-hole". The two are the most fundamental and . When they meet, the process of converting into the electro-ultimate particle is annihilation. 2. It can be inferred that the ultimate particles and "being emptiness" are the most fundamental existence in reality. An ultimate particle existing in this being emptiness, around it there will be accordingly to render as the characteristics of negative charge. This is the most fundamental charge layer, but also the root cause of . It also means that the number of all matter and antimatter in the must be equal. Furthermore, the interaction between the ultimate particle and charge portion follows Lenz's law. This is the root cause of inertia. And there is a logical order between the changes of the two, so it will inevitably to a time lag. This is the root cause of wave. 3. Inside every one of high-density particles, the adjacent ultimate particles are already in contact with each other closely. According to the , all of the charges can only be attached to the surfaces of them to moving at high speed. This is the charge layer. And each high-density particle can only possess one charge layer. 4. A high-density particle is located in a certain position of the conductor structure and only responsible for transferring charges, which is the superconducting state at the microscopic level. This means that all of those particles, entities and even celestial bodies, as long as formed only by two kinds of nuclear forces (whose essence is electromagnetic force), they themselves should be superconductors at almost all . 5. The first kind of nuclear force exists in the interior of high-density particles. There are powerful repulsive forces between the ultimate particles which are already in contact with each other. At the same time, they are also subject to the electromagnetic binding force generated by the charge layer. These powerful repulsive forces, are precisely the root cause of electromagnetic radiation. And the spin dominated by the charge layer also becomes an intrinsic property of high-density particles themselves. The result is that with the charge layer as the boundary, its inside and outside acting forces have reached a dynamic balance. This is the root cause of de Broglie's matter wave. Its internal mechanism, like a very tight tug-of-war competition, the balance point between the two sides is always in a reciprocating swing state. 6. The second kind of nuclear force is less powerful than the former. As there are shared parts between the charge layers of adjacent high-density particles, the combined action of the electric field force and superconducting electromagnetic force can also confine a certain degree of internal binding . The fission or decay of an atomic nucleus is related to this. 7. Inside an atomic nucleus, the main component of the gluon is the charges. Its so-called bundling function is two kinds of nuclear forces. And the quark has only one charge layer, which is formed by the charges in the gluon. Therefore, the quark is a relatively large high-density particle, whose shape is like a pile of tree roots and there are different spins at different locations. As for neutrons or protons, they themselves are two forms of the existence of quarks. 8. The single charge layer is the lack of resistance to those high-density particles or entities with positron features, which come from both the inside and outside sides at the same time. This will provide the possibility for us to reasonably control and use the nuclear energy with the highest mass-energy ratio in the universe. 9. The so-called lines, whose essence is the electro-ultimate particles or the stream of charged particles derived therefrom. And electromagnetic radiation should be the root cause of the growth of all things. The evolution of the universe is derived from such a microscopic physical phenomenon, and from the quantitative to qualitative change results. 10. In the interior of the Earth, a great deal of electromagnetic radiation is generated at every moment. This is the root cause of our global warming and earthquakes. In which there is shorter wavelength part, that is, the main body of energy is converted into geothermal . And only the far infrared light with relatively longer wavelength can pass through the Earth's crust and even radiate into the space. Therefore, it can be through satellite scanning to establish the dynamic far-infrared of Earth's crust that changes over time. In this way, both the geothermal resources can be rationally utilized and it is also beneficial to prevent the occurrence of earthquakes. Keywords: superconductivity; electro-ultimate particles; annihilation; Meissner effect; electro-hole; being emptiness; charge layer; spin.

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 26 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity

INTRODUCTION combining with de Broglie's matter wave relational formula, it was pointed out that the This article is the third part of full text of energy convergence phenomena of high-speed "Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics." The particles were the primary factor causing the Roman characters are used when quoting the spectrum redshift. And through this formula, the contents of the previous two parts of the full text average force suffered by a high-speed particle [1]. For example, the basics chapters [2] which are moving along the direction of its wavelength the first part of the full text can be quoted by was calculated out. Thereupon, according to "paper I" and the formula 2 therein can be Newton's third law to make a judgment, the quoted by "I-2"; as for the Figure 1 in the ether had to exist. philosophical chapters [3] which is the second part of the full text can be represented by "II- Besides, the essence of so-called wave-particle fig.1", and so on. duality was also given: No matter where, as long as there is energy, there must be mass. And vice Also to reiterate, in the full text, the word versa. The two as a unified body of opposites "charge" represents the negative charge unless present in front of us in the form of wave. They refer specifically to the positive charge. The must exist at the same time, carry each other, be following is a brief review for the previous two short of one cannot. In reality, both values can parts of the full text. be close to zero, but never equal to zero. In the basics chapters which were the first part In the philosophical chapters which were the of the full text, it had been clearly pointed out second part of the full text, first of all, based on that a particle moving at the value c of the light Aristotle's definition, all the knowledge were speed in vacuum, its static mass was only able able to be divided into three parts: natural to be equal to 0, but didn't exist in reality. science, metaphysics and mathematics. Among Therefore, it was vital that how we were able to them, we were able to distinguish between correctly make a distinction between the speed natural science and metaphysics according to of light in vacuum and that in reality. whether there existed in reality. Then, by the aid of the law of conservation of And pointed out that the principle of the limit in mass-energy, we had known that the energy mathematics was able to help us to break the convergence phenomena of high-speed bondage of finite thought. From the quantitative were the result of the binding energy inside differences of real space to have gone deep into them to be lost gradually in the form of ideal realm to turn into a qualitative change, it electromagnetic radiation. had accomplished the unity of opposites of all Thereupon, taken an storage ring knowledge. widely in use as an example, according to the Taking the postulation as an example, this related electromagnetic theories and the kinetics concept corresponded to a limiting value, and formulas of the special relativity theory, the was a hypothesis that humans were only able to study concluded that the charge of a moving continually modify the one-sided view to electron would follow along with its static mass approach the truth but were not able to use to be lost synchronously, and its charge-mass empirical methods to prove or disprove it. ratio whose value remained unchanged. Newton's First Law was such a postulation Now that an electron was able to be further which had invariance or absoluteness, so it was broken down, then there should be a kind of able to be called the absolute truth and belonged more fundamental particles, the electro-ultimate to the metaphysical category. According to the particles, which were able to compose electrons above philosophical principles we had found and whose charge-mass ratio was equal to that that in Einstein's special relativity there was a of electrons. paradox, which was to use an absolute truth (the principle of constant light velocity in vacuum) Therefore, all photons radiating from the to overthrow another absolute truth (the electrons in a storage ring were composed of absoluteness of simultaneity) but one of them electro-ultimate particles. A corollary was that was not able to be proved to be false. And his as the background of , the ether was also mistake to be found out, which was to confuse composed of electro-ultimate particles. the light speed in reality with the c. Thereupon, Of course, Maxwell's electromagnetic theory starting from the perspective of all knowledge, had to be established, which was the necessary all the inertial systems were redefined, Galileo's condition for the corollary to be correct. Then, coordinate transformations once again enabled;

27 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity and in order to eliminate the false and retain the closed plane of the conductor changes. This true, Einstein's two postulations in special means that the so-called magnetic field lines relativity were reshaped, which was able to be whose essence is the electro-ultimate particles make them reasonably to return to the or the stream of charged particles derived framework of absolute space-time. therefrom. The philosophical part of the full text is of great Up to this point, combined with the discussion significance to the modern physics which has of the previous two parts of the full text, we been more than 100 years. It makes us realize seem to have forced ourselves into an impasse. that all the knowledge is a unified body of In other words, the only answer about the opposites formed by natural science and structure of the ether is: At any point in the pure metaphysics (materialism and idealism) with the ether space, there will be a lot of electro- help of mathematics. Based on the height of all ultimate particles passing through evenly at the knowledge, it will neither be like the allusion of highest speed in reality; while the result of their "Blind Men and the Elephant" to use one-sided combined effect makes the relationship between viewpoints to treat the overall problem and each the three physical constants which are the airs his own views so that accompanied by a permeability of vacuum u0 , vacuum permittivity state of endless debate, nor be to use isolated, motionless and one-sided viewpoints to see the  0 and value c of the light speed in vacuum, is world. Not only can understand the knowledge 2 uc00 1. related to realistic existence (Being), but also can understand each knowledge related to First have to emphasize that in terms of the nonexistence (Nonbeing) whose being is in electro-ultimate particles which constitute ether, order to those realistic existence (Being). The even if their every static mass is extremely philosophical principle has universality, which small, and its moving speed is the highest in can provide reliable bases for exploring or reality, but must also follow the formula I-2, I-4 checking various natural laws. As far as modern and I-7 of the identified law. Under this physics is concerned, whether is it going astray? premise, when an electron moving along a circle According to the philosophical principle, you with radius R in the ether, it will change the can reflect on it. original balance state at each point in the plane defined by the circle. This article (Superconductivity chapters) as the third part of the full text, we will try at the level It is the fundamental law of nature that things of electro-ultimate particles to further explore. Is will develop in the opposite direction when they everything in the universe really made up of become extreme, so the ether will try to reach a electro-ultimate particles? Also in the ether, new balance state by continually adjusting the electrons or neutrons all can live together distribution density of the electro-ultimate peacefully, why will the positrons produce such particles near the circumferential plane. As a a violent reaction? How can electro-ultimate result, we will discover the cyclical changes in particles be arranged and combined, or further the distribution density of the magnetic field decomposed and recombined, and then shown as lines passing through the circular plane. a positron? These are all worth our pondering In other words, each electro-ultimate particle as deeply… a unified body of charge and particle, also THE STRUCTURE OF THE ETHER MEDIUM belongs to the category of photon, and follows Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. You can imagine, in the ether, when an electron Electromagnetic waves are the streams of moving along a circle with radius R, the electro- charged particles derived from them moving at ultimate particles will surely fly through the high speeds in the ether. At this moment, if there plane defined by this circle like magnetic field is a closed conductor at a short distance, the lines. An electron in , it presents the induced current will be generated when the change of current. density of the magnetic field lines passing It is precisely that it forces the electro-ultimate through the closed plane of the conductor particles near the plane to change the density changes. Similarly, the induction current must and direction. At this moment, if there is a also be to obey the fundamental law of nature closed conductor not very far away, the induced that things will develop in the opposite direction current will be generated when the density of when they become extreme, its forms of the magnetic field lines passing through the manifestation is in an attempt to maintain the

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 28 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity original balance state in the closed plane of the ultimate particle portion, whether can the two be conductor. separated and exist alone? Generally, for the flow of , it is If the mass of the negative charge portion is considered that the electrons are moving in the equal to zero and can exist on its own, then its opposite direction of the current. But on its moving speed is likely to transcend the value c essence, explaining as that electrons are of the light speed in vacuum. Conversely, if the transferring charges in a conductor, it seems mass of the negative charge portion is close to more appropriate. In terms of a conductor, it has zero (i.e., greater than zero), then its resistance a resistance at room and the flow of in motion is sure to greater than zero, which electric current can consume energy; while the contradicts with the superconductivity. This temperature is lowered sufficiently low, the means that the negative charge portion as a real conductor is turned into a superconductor with existence can only belong to the category of the zero resistance, and the current does not "electro-hole". consume energy. It is necessary to prompt that here is to discuss Therefore, the same is also transferring charges, the issues at the level of electro-ultimate there is a difference between the conductor and particles, which should not be confused with the the superconductor. In view of each electron is electro-hole (also called electron hole) in the made up of electro-ultimate particles, the flow of state physics, since that is only limited to electric current can also be further subdivided. the understanding at the level of electrons. That is, in order to maintain in the invariability of Furthermore, introducing the concept of the its own charge-mass ratio, every one of electro- electro-hole, should prevent the recurrence of ultimate particles is forced by the electric field Einstein's mistakes in special relativity. Which at its location to transfer charges. According to is the so-called a body moving at the value c of this, we can gradually analyze the ultimate the light speed in vacuum, its static mass is structure of matter. equal to zero and has energy. This is a mistake In terms of an electro-ultimate particle, since it caused by artificially confusing two different [3] is able to transfer charge, this means that it is domains (existence and nonexistence in reality) . composed of two parts, a charge and an ultimate And as a distinction, we propose a very good particle. The same sexes repel, opposites attract, explanation which can be matched with the things will develop in the opposite direction reality. That is, the mass of the negative charge when they become extreme, which are portion is equal to zero, but as a prerequisite, it constantly forming various unities of opposites, cannot exist on its own. and natural things are all derived therefrom. In other words, the necessary condition of the Accordingly, if we assume that each electro- stable existence of the negative charge part of ultimate particle renders as the negative charge the two units is that there is at least an ultimate of one unit, then it is a unified body which is particle portion of possessing one unit positive made up of both the ultimate particle portion of charge to form of a unified body with it. Each possessing one unit positive charge and the electro-ultimate particle is such a unified body. negative charge portion of two units. In this When an electro-ultimate particle is forced by way, the formation mechanism of positrons is the electric field of its location to attempt to also revealed gradually. transfer its own (negative) charge portion, the THE ULTIMATE CHARGES AND PARTICLES charge portion has to pre-contact with the other ultimate particle portion, after that can be According to the formula I-9, when an electro- separated from the original. In view of the fact ultimate particle is moving at the highest speed that positrons can briefly exist in reality as well in reality, the ultimate particle portion should be as has not found a positive charge being alone, also subjected to a strongly stress. Even so, its so we can think that the ultimate particle portion characteristic is also displayed as that the itself possesses one unit positive charge, and can negative charge portion is not separated from alone and briefly exist in reality. And its charge- the ultimate particle portion. But a moderate mass ratio is the same as an electron, but the electric field can separate them. This means that opposite sign. This means that neutrons and all the mass is concentrated in the ultimate neutrinos should be the electrically neutral particle portion. So, whether is the mass of the unified bodies which are respectively made up negative charge portion equal to zero? And in of the same number of ultimate particles and terms of the negative charge portion and the electro-ultimate particles.

29 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity

From the previous discussion, an electro- And the negative charge portion has been ultimate particle renders as the negative charge adhered between the two, which just makes the of one unit, and the ultimate particle possesses attractive and repulsive forces to reach a relative the positive charge of one unit. Under the balance. premise of not considering the external force, when the two are far apart, there is an electrical In reality, when we use gamma rays which are potential difference between them. So attract more than 1 million electron to radiate each other. such materials as the lead plates, thin metal foil, or gaseous media, the presence of positrons can When the ultimate particles (portion) of the two be observed. Another example was also found in are very close to each other but not yet in the experiment that positrons and electrons were contact, the negative charge portion has been always generated in pairs, their charges were adhered between them, the attractive force and opposite and the deflections in the magnetic repulsive force has reached a balance. At this field displayed as the opposite direction. moment, the resultant force is zero. In other words, if the ultimate particles of the two ends In addition, there were the annihilation are squeezed toward the middle, the internal experiments of positive and negative electrons. force is showing as a repulsive force; on the All of these are reminding us that since an contrary, if you stretch them toward two ends, it electron is made up of a certain number of is showing as an attractive force. electro-ultimate particles, so a positron should be made up of the same number of the ultimate From the outside world to observe, positive and particles of possessing one unit positive charge. negative charges neutralizing, the electrical potential difference disappearing, the both have BY VIRTUE OF THE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY experienced from quantitative to qualitative TO EXPLORE THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE change, presenting as an electrically neutral STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE unified body. In Modern physics thinks that the basic Some people may ask, now that the positive and interaction forces in nature are divided into four negative charges have been neutralized, why are types, arranged by intensity: They are the strong there still the repulsive forces between the two nuclear force (also called the strong force or ultimate particles which are not yet in contact? nuclear strong force), electromagnetic force, This is because between the positive and weak interaction (also called the weak nuclear negative charges, it is not merely meant that force), and gravitation. there are the different polarity and the charge In terms of a particle with high-density quantity, also the different structures. characteristics, such as atomic nucleus, neutron, The negative charge portion has no mass and electron and photon, its internal binding force is can flow, it does not one to one correspond to the strong force, that is, the nuclear force. the ultimate particle portion. However, the The strong force which was first recognized was positive charge is the intrinsic property of each the force between the nucleons, it is the force ultimate particle, and can be regarded as being that the protons and neutrons were bundled to evenly distributed within it and always one to form an atomic nucleus. Later, it was further one. recognized that the strong force was the That is to say, from the inside to observe, even interaction between the various hadrons (high- if the negative charge portion has been adhered density particles) in an atomic nucleus, such as between the two ultimate particles which are not quarks and mesons. yet in contact, the positive and negative charges By the Figure 1 [4], it can be seen that the cannot be completely neutralized as there is still affecting range of the strong force is very short. a distance between them. Therefore, from the When the distance between the centers of two outside, the positive and negative charges have nucleons (proton or neutron) is as r  2 (fm), been neutralized, and presented as an the strong force rapidly decreases and tends to electrically neutral unified body. But it has not fail; while in the 0.8r 2 (fm) interval, it yet been neutralized on the inside. Due to the appears as the attractive force. This kind of the structures and characteristics of the positive and attractive force is much larger than the Coulomb negative charges are not all the same, and there force, which can bundle each hadron firmly are still the repulsive forces between the two inside an atomic nucleus. And if further closer, ultimate particles which are not yet in contact. when r  0.8 (fm), the strong force will be

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 30 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity converted into the repulsive force. Thus, it can reciprocates vibrations at a high frequency be seen that in the interior of an atomic nucleus, between the powerful attractive and repulsive each high-density particle also must follow the forces. This is the nuclear energy that we are rule determined by the formula I-8, and now using.

Figure1. The affecting range of the strong force is very short As long as a rough calculation, when the In 1933, the German physicist W. Meissner and distance of the centers between the proton and others found that when a metal body with the electron is 1 (fm), the Coulomb force superconducting properties was cooled in a between the two is about 230 (N), roughly magnetic field, after the temperature fallen equivalent to one percent of the strong force. below the critical temperature and entered the Also, this Coulomb force does not correspond to superconducting state, the magnetic field lines the feature of the strong force shown in the which had been passing through the interior of Figure 1. Therefore, modern physics has the metal body were all discharged out. That is believed that the strong force had nothing to do to say, the magnetic field lines cannot enter the with the Coulomb force between the positive inside of the superconductor, which phenomenon and negative charge. But this judgment should is called as "Meissner effect." [6] be wrong, since it was only limited to the understanding at the level of electrons, and did Further studies showed that for a metal body of not realize that there was a superconducting being in a superconducting state, the reason why electromagnetic force which was generated by the external magnetic field lines were not able to the high-speed moving charges. enter its interior was because a superconducting current was induced on the surface of the In terms of the strong force, its essence has superconductor; so the magnetic field generated always been a difficult problem in modern by the superconducting current always physics. Today's more fashionable theory about dynamically offset that portion of the magnetic it is called Chromodynamics, or QCD [5] field lines which were trying to enter it. for short . It is said that some parts of this theory have been experimentally confirmed, It also proves the correctness of Lenz law in whether it can become into a fundamental superconducting state, and the philosophical theory of the strong interaction, the insiders principle which generates a dominant role have universally been high hopes. And we will therein, that is, things will develop in the try using the electromagnetic force at the level opposite direction when they become extreme. of electro-ultimate particles to unify it. Later, people also did such an experiment [7], in Then, when the affecting range of the strong a shallow and flat plate, placed a small force is r  0.8 (fm), why will it be converted permanent of possessing stronger into to the repulsive force? And r=0.8 (fm) this magnetism. And then, used to distance, it is smaller than the charge radius of a lower the temperature of the tin plate. When the neutron or proton. In order to reasonably explain tin plate entered into the superconducting state, the microscopic mechanism therein, we have to the small permanent magnet was able to rise in be by virtue of the superconductivity. the air and float above the tin plate. This was

31 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity because when an external magnetic field is hard to say. But one thing should be the attempted to enter the superconductor, its consensus that those particles with high-density surface would induce a superconducting current. characteristics, such as atomic nuclei, neutrons, electrons, photons..., themselves are super Therewith generated a magnetic field of an conductors at almost all temperatures. opposite direction and the same size with it, so that the external magnetic field was not able to Previously, we have talked about the essence of enter the interior of the superconductor. At the the electric current. At the most fundamental same time, that also formed a repulsive force to level, it can also be described as that in order to the small permanent magnet, which made it to maintain invariability its own charge-mass ratio, rise and float in the air. As the small permanent the electro-ultimate particle is forced by the magnet rose to a certain heights from the tin electric field at its location to transfer charge. If plate, the repulsive force was balanced with its it comes to transfer charges in a conductor, there gravity, and it was suspended here. are two ways: One is that the high-density particle of carrying charges is just like Therefore, the superconductor has a dynamic commonly thought of as an electron to move in balance ability to external magnetic field. the conductor; the other is that the high-density Whether it is to cool down before adding a particle is located in a certain position of the magnetic field, or on the contrary, once into the conductor structure and only responsible for superconducting state, the external magnetic transferring charges. The former, due to collide field which attempt to enter the interior of the with each other between particles, will consume superconductor will be all discharged out of the energy, that is, there is resistance. While the body. latter is the superconducting state at the It can be seen from this fact, if we measure a microscopic level. That is to say, it is going to material whether it is a superconductor, the come in the superconducting state only when the necessary and sufficient condition is that it must transmittal modes of charges in the conductor have both zero resistance and Meissner effect at are all the latter. the same time. Since all of the particles with high-density SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS MICROSCOPIC characteristics are superconductors, so whether MECHANISM a conductor can enter the superconducting state, which depends on the gaps between the adjacent As for the microscopic mechanism of high-density particles inside the conductor, as superconductivity, it is called as BCS theory. It well as the relationship between the scale of was jointly founded in 1957 by the three people of the University of Illinois in the United States, each charge and the temperature variation. In which were , Leon N. Cooper and other words, when these gaps are all smaller John R. Schrieffer. At present, the theory is still than the scale of the charge, the conductor is in a based on the level of electrons. superconducting state. And now at present, we have to base ourselves Previously, we have discussed the essence of the upon the electro-ultimate particles, which is a ether and magnetic field lines, both of which are more fundamental level, and further explore the the electro-ultimate particles or the stream of microscopic mechanism related to charged particles derived therefrom. Therefore, superconductivity. when the temperature of the conductor is reduced and gradually approaches the critical In terms of a superconductor, due to its zero temperature, the density of the stream of resistance, and there is no power loss when charged particles that can pass through the transmitting current, so the application prospect conductor is also gradually reduced. This means is very attractive. But complex refrigeration that a certain number of charged particles are equipment and the corresponding trapped and filled in the gaps between the still make the transmission cost difficult to adjacent high-density particles inside the reduce. So scientists hope to find a material that conductor. As a result, the gaps between the can achieve superconductivity at room adjacent high-density particles inside the temperature. That is to say, most of the current conductor become small, and further closer to researchers have focused to find superconducting the superconducting state. After that, the density materials with higher critical temperature. of the stream of charged particles that can pass Then, whether do the superconducting materials through the conductor is also continuously at room or even higher temperatures exist? This reduced, and the gaps between the adjacent

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 32 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity high-density particles inside the conductor are Therefore, if you made it to escape from the further filled... In these cycles of positive conductor, had to extra introduce corresponding feedback, the conductor quickly enters the energy. Thereupon, when the conductor had superconducting state. been cooled down and then returned to the original room temperature, there were still some At this time, if moderately raise the temperature trapped charged particles which were not able to of the superconductor, we will find that its escape, so it became heavier. critical temperature is not a fixed value and has a certain range of the transition. Because in this Conversely, when the conductor had been transitional range, the charged particles trapped warmed up and then returned to the original inside it gradually increase, until the stream of room temperature, its weight was reduced. This charged particles outside, including magnetic was the same reason as before. Since the field lines and the ether, all of which cannot internal binding were shared, those enter its interior. While the critical temperature high-density particles around the trapped of the superconductor has a certain range of the charged particles had to be involved, so also to transition, which is itself experimental fact. extra introduce corresponding energy. As for the formation mechanism of those shared internal Of course, the scale of a charge should also be binding energies, there will be more in-depth related to the change of temperature. At lower discussion later. temperatures, the scale of a charge will be slightly larger than when the temperature is This is the result of the combined effect of the higher. This can be circumstantial evidenced by above-mentioned two physical phenomena, measuring the receiving sensitivity of which are the size of each filling gap and the electromagnetic waves at different temperatures. scale of each charge with the opposite change of In terms of the reception of electromagnetic the temperature. Once it has been confirmed that wave, our daily feeling is that the night is better the explanation for these two kinds of physical than the daytime and the winter is better than the phenomena are in line with the objective reality, summer. then according to it reversing derivation, we can prove that the ether is composed of the electro- If the above theory is correct, we can find some ultimate particles and the magnetic field lines physical phenomena or experimental facts are the stream of charged particles derived related to it. In the past, it was hard to be therefrom. In addition, it can also provide ideas explained at the level of electrons. But this for improving the productive technology of the moment, at the level of electro-ultimate critical temperature of a superconductor. particles, it can be explained reasonably. For example, two experimental physicists of China's THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES INSIDE A

Sichuan province have done such an experiment SUPERCONDUCTOR [8]: That was, after a metal material had been warmed up and then returned to room In terms of a superconductor, the experiments temperature, its weight was reduced; on the have shown that the external magnetic field contrary, after cooled and then returned to the lines cannot enter its interior. This is because a room temperature, it became heavier. superconducting current which is induced on the surface of the superconductor. The magnetic To this, the explanation should be as follows: field generated by this current just happens to After the temperature was decreased, the scale offset that portion of the magnetic field which is of a charge became larger, a certain number of trying to enter it. But the above-mentioned charged particles were trapped and filled in the statement is only the half effect of the magnetic conductor, which was shown as the resistance field generated by this superconducting current, decreased and the weight increased. While the its effect is limited to the outside of the temperature was raised, the scale of a charge superconductor. While the other half, which has became smaller, the original trapped charged the same density as the external magnetic field particles escaped from the conductor out, which lines, but the opposite polarity, and acts on the was shown as the resistance increased and the interior of the superconductor. weight decreased. Therewith inside the superconductor, at a deeper During the cooling process, every one of layer than the surface, it is bound to induce charged particles trapped would interact with another superconducting current which is the the high-density particles around it to have same size as the superconducting current of formed some shared internal binding energies. acting on the surface of the superconductor, but

33 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity opposite in direction. Therefore, between these as the balances generated by the binding forces two layers, the magnetic fields produced by the and the repulsive forces, are also related to this two are offset each other... In this way, the external cause. The superconducting currents layers go deeper until the surface of the generated by these charges transferred, whose superconductor on the other side. The surface adjacent places are always to come in pairs and layer is also shown to interdict the magnetic arranged into opposite directions themselves, field lines of the outside world. Strictly and act together on the high-density particles speaking, the stream of charged particles cannot between them. Thereupon, between the adjacent enter its interior. high-density particles inside the superconductor, a dynamic balance is achieved by the combined This means that inside the superconductor, the action of the electric field and electromagnetic so-called magnetic induction intensity is equal forces. Among them, the electric field force is to zero, which is just a macro superficial the internal cause, while the electromagnetic phenomenon. And its microcosmic essence is to force is related to the external cause. This means dynamically balance the repulsive force between that the role of the ether is essential with regard the high-density particles in the superconductor to all these microscopic changes. Because it is through the magnetic field generated by not only as a background, but also an external transferring charges, so as to maintain every gap cause which is also a stream of charged particles between them less than the scale of an electric attempting to enter the superconductor. charge. Our purpose is at the level of electro-ultimate That is to say, before the superconducting state particles and by virtue of the superconductivity is entered, almost every one of high-density to gradually elucidate that the root cause of the particles inside the conductor may be directly strong force is electricity and magnetism. subjected to the impulse of the external stream of charged particles. And after entering the Our basis is that an atomic nucleus and its internal superconducting state, these impulses can only high-density particles should be superconductors pass through the magnetic field generated by the at almost all temperatures. Therefore, in an atomic superconducting current, and then transmit to nucleus, the electromagnetic binding force every one of high-density particles in the generated by the superconducting current cannot superconductor layer by layer. be ignored. It is precisely because of their existence that there is possible to bundle those In terms of the most fundamental microscopic high-density particles firmly inside an atomic level, an electro-ultimate particle renders as the nucleus. negative charge of one unit, and an ultimate particle (portion) possesses the positive charge The so-called strong force, its role is between of one unit. When the gap of the two particle the nucleons. That is the electromagnetic portions is less than the scale of a charge, they binding force which can bundle together those present as an electrically neutral unified body. high-density particles inside an atomic nucleus, And inside the unified body, the reason that the such as quarks and mesons. As a comparison, two ultimate particles of possessing positive the electromagnetic binding force generated by charges are not yet in contact, is that there is still the superconducting current inside an atomic repulsive force. Because of the existence of the nucleus, which can be divided into two types repulsive force, and there is not a one-to-one according to the strength. And the strong force correspondence between the charge and the shown in Figure 1, its strength can only ultimate particles, this unified body is not stable. correspond to the weaker types among them. As And inside the superconductor, it is precisely for another more powerful electromagnetic through the magnetic field generated by binding force, it involves to the formation transferring charges to dynamically restrain the mechanism of each high-density particle. repulsive force, so as to maintain the gaps between the adjacent high-density particles less TWO KINDS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC BINDING than the scale of a charge. FORCES INSIDE AN ATOMIC NUCLEUS As can be seen from the above analysis, how An electro-ultimate particle renders as the every one of charges inside a superconductor is negative charge of one unit, it is the most transmitted also depends on those streams of fundamental high-density particle. Its charge charged particles which are trying to enter it. portion renders as the negative charge of two Because between high-density particles inside it, units, and the ultimate particle portion possesses the directions of the charges transferred, as well the positive charge of one unit. Since the

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 34 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity ultimate particle portion is a superconductor, so that is, adhesions occurring and in the the charge portion cannot enter its interior and superconducting state. If after they come into can only attach to its surface. After two or more contact with each other, there is only one charge ultimate particles come into contact with each layer, this shows that they have all been merged other, they can become a "unified together and formed into a large high-density superconductor." particle. And the charge portion in the original each Obviously, this merged charge layer contains all electro-ultimate particle, they can only attach to of the charges contributed by each high-density the surface of this “unified superconductor” and particle originally. From the most fundamental move at a high speed. Thereupon, a charge layer level to understand, the part of particles inside has been formed, which can also be called a it, all are the ultimate particles of possessing one current layer. It is precisely because of the unit positive charge. existence of this charge layer that people can In other words, there are powerful repulsive discover that spin is an intrinsic property of forces between the ultimate particles, while they high-density particles themselves. are also bound by the electromagnetic forces According to the Meissner effect and Lenz's generated by the charge layer. And these law, on the external, the magnetic field generated powerful repulsive forces, are precisely the root by its charge layer dynamically interdicts all of the cause of electromagnetic radiation. The result is stream of the charged particles of attempting to that with the charge layer as the boundary, its enter its interior, and in its interior maintains this inside and outside acting forces have reached a "unified superconductor," that is, the stability of dynamic balance. A large amount of internal the high-density particle. According to the binding energy is confined within the charge different strengths, the electromagnetic binding layer, we can say that the mass-energy ratio is as forces inside an atomic nucleus can be divided the highest in the universe. into two types. This kind of the electromagnetic binding force generated by a charge layer is It means that so-called de Broglie's matter wave much larger than the combined force of the is a macroscopic appearance that this dynamic electric and magnetic fields between the two balance presents in front of us. Its internal high-density particles which has been adhered mechanism, like a very tight tug-of-war by a negative charge but not yet in contact. competition, the balance point between the two From this it can be seen that the strong force sides is always in a reciprocating swing state. shown in Figure 1 is only the latter with lower Its characteristics are that when the number of intensity. And the so-called nuclear forces in players on both sides is small, the swing range is modern physics should be the result of the large and the frequency is low; while with the combined effect of these two forms of increase in the number of players on both sides, electromagnetic binding forces. Therefore, a particle formed under the constraint of one and the swing range gradually decreases and the the same charge layer is a real high-density frequency increases, even go beyond the particle. And multiple high-density particles are judgment ability of our eyes and produce a bundled together by the combined forces of seemingly static feeling. electricity and magnetism, which should be At this moment, in terms of the unified body of called a particle with high-density opposites formed by the players of both sides, characteristics. from the outside world to observe, the energy of A stable high-density particle can only possess this united body is only related to its mass and one charge layer. The adjacent ultimate particles swing frequency. And on the other hand, inside inside one and the same charge layer must be this unified body, there is a lot of energy which sure to come into contact with each other, only is bound in the rope. in this way which can become a "unified superconductor", that is, a high-density particle. If you cut it off at the balance point, the energy Therefore, when two or more high-density will be released out in an instant, and all of the particles come into contact with each other, there players on both sides fallen down towards the are several charge layers, that is, equivalent to direction of their efforts. Of course, the rope is have the same number of high-density particles. suffered to the tension, while the interaction And vice versa. The characteristic is that there between the charge layer and the ultimate are shared parts between adjacent charge layers, particles is pressure.

35 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity

THE SPIN, GLUON AND SUPERFLUOUS STRONG two centers of mass were reciprocated FORCE vibrations near the balance point r=0.8 (fm). The so-called rule of the strong force, as shown In terms of the charge layer of a high-density in Figure 1, which is mainly the result of the particle, it needs to restrain that there are combined effect of the electromagnetic powerful repulsive forces between its internal attractive and repulsive forces inside an atomic ultimate particles, as well as it is also subjected nucleus. Based on the formula I-10, the to the impulses of the streams of charged vibrational frequency of each high-density particles from the outside. All of those have particle represents the that it has. randomness, which and its ability to perform dynamic balance are a pair of causal Next, in terms of the nuclear force, whether you relationship. In reality, even if the charge layer think it is a strong force or a resultant force of itself has no mass, but there is a difference on the electric and magnetic fields, we have to face the time between the cause being before and the the problem that the charge radius of protons or result generated by it. As a stable charge layer, it neutrons is about 0.85 (fm). In other words, if can only maintain as well as possible to you mistakenly believe that all of them in an minimize the streams of charged particles that atomic nucleus are approximately spherical escape. Thereupon, the high-density particle entities, which cannot satisfy the rule given in forms a spin dominated by the charge layer, and Figure 1, that is, the adjacent two centers of along the escaping direction of the stream of mass to reciprocate vibrations near the balance charged particles generates a pair of magnetic point (fm). poles, and from the ether or other high-density Modern physics believes that the interactions particles continuously replenishes the same inside an atomic nucleus are strong force, that amount of the streams of charged particles. This is, the nuclear force. An atomic nucleus and its is the permanent magnet at the microscopic internal protons or neutrons are formed by that level. Of course, in this state that is generally the gluons bundle the quarks and other hadrons considered stable, there will also be a very small together. Among them, the so-called hadrons are number of high-density particles that escape out also high-density particles. Now that we are the charge layer randomly from other directions trying at the level of the electro-ultimate and appear in front of us in the form of particles to unify the nuclear force by the electromagnetic radiation. electromagnetic force, so it is necessary to make If those pioneers of nuclear physics were able to a reasonable explanation. aware of the above-mentioned two kinds of According to the previous discussion, the so- nuclear forces, as well as the spin dominated by called gluon is a mixture inside an atomic the charge layer was an intrinsic property of nucleus, which is dominated by flowing high-density particles themselves, how would charges, among them including some tiny high- they think on the rule given in the Figure 1? density particles. The superconducting effect Obviously, they should first consider through generated by flowing charges, it has been the two kinds of electromagnetic interactions introduced before. Based on this, the two kinds inside an atomic nucleus to make a reasonable of electromagnetic binding forces inside atomic explanation on this, and not indiscreetly put nuclei have also been deduced. forward a needless concept which was the As for the reasons of the existence of those tiny strong force. high-density particles, the first is that a charge Because they should be able to realize that in cannot itself separate from the ultimate particle terms of the adjacent two high-density particles to exist in isolation; the other is that they in an atomic nucleus, they were subjected to the provide a fusing or disintegrating environment resultant forces of the electric and magnetic for the high-density particles inside the atomic fields (including the electromagnetic attractive nucleus. Inside an atomic nucleus, two high- forces generated by the two charge layers which density particles are disconnected in the gluon's were spinning in opposite directions state of electromagnetic adhesions, which is a respectively), making the distance between the necessary condition to generate decay and two centers of mass was entered into the range fission; while a few high-density particles to of r<1 (fm); while the same time, in the escape out the charge layer, which is the adjacent place of the both sides, the repulsive necessary condition to generate electromagnetic forces were also generated by the charge layers radiation. That is to say, there are two kinds of according to the Meissner effect, causing the bundling functions of gluons, one is the

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 36 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity electromagnetic binding force of the charge The distinctions are only the differences in layer; the other is the combined forces of the mass, charge, spin, symmetry, lifespan, and so electric and magnetic fields. The electric field on. At this moment, they are following the forces are generated by the charges which are wrong direction of research, and have consumed adhered to each other, and the magnetic field a lot of manpower and material resources, and forces are generated by the superconducting even their own lives. When will they be able to currents. In terms of the nuclear force, it should suddenly understand that? be understood that the latter is less powerful than the former. In recent decades, the so-called NEUTRONS OR PROTONS ARE TWO FORMS fundamental particles that physicists have OF EXISTENCE OF QUARKS discovered inside the atomic nucleus are as As for a quark, it is a relatively larger high- many as 100 kinds, which only also refer to density particle inside an atomic nucleus. those of possessing "famous status." If according Therefore, the quark has only one charge layer, to this trend, the so-called fundamental particles which is formed by the charges in the gluon. Its will be more and more, and can never cease. shape is like a plant's roots by close planting. This means that they have deviated from the According to its characteristics, can be called a correct research direction. Because these so- "rhizo-nucleon", that is, the root-like nucleon. called fundamental particles, including quarks, As a hint, Figure 2 gives the roots of certain all can be belonged to the category of high- plants seen from different angles. density particles.

Figure2. Quark, rhizo-nucleon, its shape is like plants roots by close planting This means that the quark as a high-density contact state with each other at the level of particle, although between its internal adjacent ultimate particles, all of which will be bound ultimate particles have come into contact with into one and the same charge layer. Such a each other and become a "unified quark, it is a root-like nucleon. If using nuclear superconductor," but it is not an entity of simple microprobes to study it, you will find that there shape and among which there are many gaps. are different spins at different locations. So, Just like the conductors of various shapes have there are quarks with different "flavors". But an been filled up in a container, even if essential characteristic has been neglected, that there are many gaps of various shapes between is, whether these quarks have been bound into them, but judging from the perspective of the one and the same charge layer. And the gluon electrical conductivity, they have become a flows in these gaps of root-like nucleons, its whole. Therefore, no matter quarks have how charges not only act as a charge layer for many “flavors,” such as up, down, strange, quarks, but also bundle all high-density particles charm, top and bottom, as long as they form a in the atomic nucleus together by the combined

37 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity forces of the electric and magnetic fields. That is THE CHARGE LAYER OF CRUCIAL to say, if you can separate out a quark from the IMPORTANCE gluon, then it must take away the charge layer that belong to itself. Otherwise, the quark The so-called gluon is dominated by the flowing without the charge layer means annihilation. As charges. This is because a charge cannot itself for neutrons or protons, they themselves are two separate from the ultimate particle to exist in forms of the existence of quarks, just like two isolation. In terms of an ideal state, a gluon is elephants, only the difference in male and the flowing charges attached to the surfaces of female. the high-density particles at a high speed. Therefore, it does not make sense to simply talk Only such neutrons or protons, just like a about the mass of a gluon. number of the tree roots by close planting, can meet the rules given in Figure 1. Although their But the amount of gluon's charges in an ideal respective charge radius is about 0.85 (fm), but state can be calculated. Taking the charge layer they can achieve inside the atomic nucleus that of a neutron as an example, it is equal to the the distance of adjacent two centers of mass is amount of charge of an electron to multiply by as r=0.8 (fm) and to reciprocate vibrations near the ratio of the mass of neutron and electron, the balance point. Therefore, it does not make and then divided by two. In other words, the sense to discuss how quarks can escape from number of ultimate particles inside a neutron is neutrons or protons. This is precisely the equal to twice of its charges. Only in this way, essence of the so-called "quark confinement" in an electrically neutral neutron can be ensured. modern physics. [9] Thus it can be seen that the has a strong magnetic field and its magnetic poles can As long as you "smell" the "flavors" of quarks, also quickly change direction, which physical can know how complex the shape of each phenomenon is reasonable. Among them, the charge layer is. This means that the quark is like charge layer should play a leading role. a pile of tree roots, can be transformed into various different shapes, and occupy different And most of the photons have the same charge- spaces and scales. mass ratio as the electron, which is a physical constant. In terms of its structure, likewise is the Therefore, the charge radius of a neutron or proton adjacent ultimate particles to come into contact that we observe from a macro perspective, which with each other, and which are bound in the is not immutable. In connection with this report, charge layer. The number of ultimate particles Science magazine has introduced an inside the charge layer is equal to that of their experimental result with "The Incredible charges. Shrinking Proton?" [10]. The experimenter told us that he found that the proton's charge radius was According to the previous definition, both 0.84184 (fm), which was about 4% less than in neutrinos and ultimate particles belong to the the past, far more than the error of the category of photons. Neutrino is also an experiment. electrically neutral particle, inside one and the same charge layer at least two ultimate particles, Of course, the cause of this phenomenon is which have come into contact with each other related to electromagnetic radiation. Because of and been bound in it. the conservation of momentum, a proton radiates a photon every time, and at that local of In view of every ultimate particle possessing a itself producing the radiation, where is sure to positive charge of one unit, which exists alone a receive an impulse in the opposite direction of very short time in the ether. And because the the radiated photon. Furthermore, the charge ether is composed of electro-ultimate particles, layer will also interdict all of the stream of every one of which renders as the negative charged particles of attempting to enter its charge of one unit. This means that in the interior. Although these charged particles cannot process of annihilation of positrons, there is a enter the charge layer, but they transfer their higher probability that the ultimate particles will momenta to the proton in the way of impulses. appear briefly. As for positrons, they are usually These charged particles come from all appeared in pairs with electrons. Obviously, the directions, and the resultant effect of their positron is the electron that has just lost its impulses makes the proton to shrink toward charge layer restraining. Inside it, there are their own center of mass. So, the charge radius powerful repulsive forces between the ultimate of protons has been reduced, and this particles which are already in contact with each experimental result is reasonable. other. These powerful repulsive forces, are

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 38 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity precisely the root cause of electromagnetic neutral, which should belong to the category of radiation. At this moment, these ultimate neutrinos. It can be seen that there is a high particles are released from the state of coming probability of neutrinos being generated during into contact with each other, which is an the annihilation of positrons. inevitable trend between them. In terms of the formation of charge layers, a But every one of ultimate particles has mass, more obvious example is when the annihilation and the mass means inertia. So the ultimate that occurs after the electron and positron to particle which is first freed from the state of collide with each other, and we can observe two coming into contact with each other must be on or three gamma photons. In addition, those the surface of the positron. When it breaks away almost omnipresent very minimal high-density from the surface of the positron in the form of particles, which cannot be stopped by the electromagnetic radiation and attempts to blend vacuum chamber, should also belong to this into the ether, it is producing an impulse equal process of annihilation. In terms of its to its momentum but in the opposite direction, microscopic mechanism, whether it is a gamma and acting on the ultimate particles of the photon or those very minimal high-density internal layer, which came originally into particles, which have obtained the constraint of contact with each other. In other words, in the the charge layer in varying degrees. As for the ether, a positron cannot instantly smash when it energy of each gamma photon, it is only is "exploding." Instead, it begins with the equivalent to the static energy of an electron. surface's ultimate particles and is annihilated According to the formula I-2, its static mass is one by one and layer by layer. The annihilation only a very small part compared with the lifetime of a positron in the ether is about 10-10 electron or positron. (s) order of magnitude. THE INTERNAL BINDING ENERGIES BETWEEN Annihilation refers to the process of objects HIGH-DENSITY PARTICLES dying out in the background of nature (ether). Let us take the above-mentioned tin plate that And as a concept of physics, it refers to a has entered the superconducting state as an process of converting into the ether after a example. With the temperature gradually to rise matter and its antimatter meet. That is to say, the above the critical temperature, the small most fundamental matter and its antimatter are permanent magnet had fallen back to the tin ultimate particle and charge (whose essence is plate again. This was because the tin plate had an electro-hole). Every one of electro-ultimate started to break away from the superconducting particles is a unified body made up of the two. state, and the stream of charged particles from In this article, the so-called pure ether, which is outside was able to enter or even pass through it. completely made up of the electro-ultimate After returning to room temperature, we were particles moving at the highest speed in reality. able to weigh this tin plate once again, and the Therefore, the annihilation of meaning in result should be slightly increased than the general is not an ideal conversion process. The initial weighing prior to enter the above-mentioned the ultimate particles radiated superconducting state at the same room from the surface of the positron to the ether, as temperature. This was because during the well as they are sharing electric charges with process of entering the superconducting state, a electro-ultimate particles, all of which can be certain number of charged particles were belonged to this process. Let's take another trapped and filled in the gaps between the high- angle, it is also so. In terms of the above- density particles inside the tin plate. The so- mentioned positron which is annihilated layer called some charged particle was trapped, which by layer, because every one of electro-ultimate meant that it and its surrounding high-density particles renders as the negative charge of one particles all had accordingly adjusted their own unit, after the positron is impacted by them, spin directions and achieved the optimal balance some ultimate particles maybe come into state of mutual attraction. In this process, a contact with each other and share charges. So, certain degree of internal binding energies were there is a condition for forming charge layers. able to be formed. When a certain charge layer is sufficient to restrict some of the ultimate particles inside it, a And this part of internal binding energies were new high-density particle is come into being. If shared, not only related to this trapped charged only a few of the ultimate particles are confined particle, but also related to the surrounding in the charge layer and displayed as electrically high-density particles. Therefore, if you wanted

39 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity to separate it from this balance state, had to contact with each other and been confined in the extra introduce corresponding energy. charge layer. Electron's charge-to-mass ratio is the physical constant. When two electrons are In other words, as long as this charged particle close to each other due to some external cause, at the level of ultimate particles did not come their respective charge layers will automatically into contact with other high-density particles adjust, and change the spins to the opposite and was confined within a new charge layer, its directions. The resulting electromagnetic own momentum was still to follow the rule attractive forces have adhered them together to determined by the formula I-7. This was similar form the so-called Cooper electron pairs. to the fact that after a photon moving from the Although the two electrons are already adhered ether (optically thinner medium) into an together and can share and transfer charges, but optically denser medium, although its speed was they are still two charge layers. According to the reduced, but its momentum and energy still Meissner effect, inside the Cooper electron followed the formula I-7 and I-8. However, pairs, there are repulsive forces between the considering from the perspective of adjacent parts of the two charge layers. So, both conservation of mass-energy, should include the will take the balance point of the attractive force above-mentioned internal binding energies. and repulsive force as the center to reciprocate These trapped charged particles, after the tin vibrations. In the same principle, the adjacent plate was broken away from the high-density particles inside a superconductor superconducting state, the characteristics of are also to reciprocate vibrations in such way. A their original stream of charged particles were review of the previous description for the strong also restored therewith. But they also to need the force, inside an atomic nucleus, there are the corresponding energy was able to get rid of the reciprocating vibrations between adjacent high- constraint of the above-mentioned internal density particles, all of them are the same binding energies, and to pass through the tin principle. plate to go away. Therefore, when the tin plate had been restored to the same room temperature Just like a large amount of internal binding as the initial weighing, there were still some energy confined within a charge layer, the trapped charged particles which were not able to charge layers of two high-density particles to be get rid of the constraint, so leading to a slight adhered together, between which, the attractive increase in the weighing. As for the memories of force of the electric and magnetic fields can also these charged particles moving in original confine a certain energy. Therefore, if you want directions as well as the gyroscopic effects to break up a Cooper electron pair, have to related to them, all of which should have a close introduce corresponding energy. And once to be relationship with their own charge layer. broken up, the original binding energy between the Cooper electron pair will be released out. Furthermore, when the tin plate was in a That is to say, according to the law of superconducting state, if some of the charged conservation of mass-energy, the energy shown particles trapped had come into contact with by the Cooper electron pair should be lower other high-density particles and been confined than the sum of the energy of the two electrons within new charge layers, those charged which have been broken up and exist alone. particles were possible to remain inside the tin plate. Which was because those charged Therefore, when an is magnetized, the particles had been merged as some of new high- spinning directions of its internal some of density particles, so which were likely to be adjacent high-density particles will be forced remained inside the tin plate broken away from from the opposite to adjust to the same. And the the superconducting state. In other words, after the original binding energies will be released, and tin plate was recovered from the superconducting make their kinetic energy increase. According to state to room temperature, its weighing should formula I-2, the iron's weight will increase be slightly increase. Here it is very significant to slightly [11]. In the same principle, when the confirm for the growth conditions of high- magnetic fields of two permanent are density particles. Of course, this also aims to attracted to each other, the number of high- improve the critical temperature of density particles with the same spin direction superconductors and teases out the direction of inside them will be increased, which will lead to efforts from a micro perspective. According to an increase in their weight and release heat; the previous arguments, every one of electrons conversely, when mutual repulsion, their weight is include by a certain number of ultimate will reduce and absorb heat. Such kind of particles whose adjacent parts have come into experiments [12] has been done by the

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 40 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity experimental physicists of China's Sichuan Thereby it has covered up the microscopic province. In the past, it was hard to be explained essence of superconducting phenomena, that is, at the level of electrons. But this moment, at the the charges are only transferring by means of level of electro-ultimate particles, it can be the Cooper electron pairs. explained reasonably. Therefore, as long as a charge is moving along BCS THEORY IS A FALSE CONCEPT SWITCHED with a particle which has mass, it is inevitable STEALTHILY that there will be an electrical resistance. This is precisely the weakness of the BCS theory. For Moreover, from the formation mechanism of the example, the superconducting Cooper electron pair, it can be seen that the experiment which was completed first by Heike charge layers of the two electrons spin in Kamerlingh Onnes. Put a lead ring in a Dewar opposite directions, and the resulting flask, and a magnet outside that, then cooled the electromagnetic attractive forces attempt to lead ring with . When the lead ring adhere them together. But because the both entered the superconducting state and the sides are charged particles, when they are close magnet outside the Dewar flask was suddenly to each other, according to the Meissner effect, removed, a electric current was induced in the each electron's charge layer will also generate a lead ring, which would be persistently to flow. magnetic field to prevent another electron to After that, many people repeated the come into contact with itself. This is consistent experiment, the longest duration of which lasted with the facts we have observed. In other words, from March 16, 1954 to September 5, 1956. when the gap between two electrons is smaller And during this period of about two and a half than the scale of a charge, the adjacent parts years, there was no sign of a weakening of the between them are in a state which seems like the persistent current, until the supply of liquid shared charges but actually two charge layers. helium was interrupted and the lead ring was Thus, we can understand why an electron in an broken away from the superconducting state. In atom is hard to fall on the nucleus. Because that way, according to BCS theory, how the when the electron rushes toward the atomic Cooper electron pairs in the superconducting nucleus, according to the Meissner effect, the lead ring should move, can we guarantee that no charge layers of both sides will respectively collision would happen in a few years? While generate a magnetic field to prevent the other once a collision occur, the electrical resistance side to come into contact with itself. So it is may be greater than zero. shown that the electron reciprocate vibrations In modern physics, there are two kinds of under the action of the attractive and repulsive mistakes which are most likely to be confused. forces. One is the confusion of the domain of definition That is to say, for all adjacent high-density [3], such as the fact that Einstein was to confuse particles, when the distance between their the light speed in reality with the c. The second charge layers is very close or already adhered is the effect of "Blind Men and the Elephant", together, the repulsive forces will be generated which is to use one-sided view to treat the based on the Meissner effect. overall problem. For example, a photon has Under the framework of BCS theory, the mass, energy and wave, which is the consensus "virtual " should mean a transient that we have observed from various perspectives fluctuations, and the Cooper electron pairs are in allusion to the photon being the main body. realized by exchanging virtual . But some people are through unilaterally to ask Obviously, at the level of electrons to explain for the wave's mass in order to attempt to deny the superconductivity and introduce the physical the photon possessing mass, which is to use one- concept of virtual phonons, which would be sided view to treat the overall problem. equivalent to a mathematical mapping. The Only confined to the understanding at the level result of the mapping is the same as the effect of electrons, the failure to recognize the which is to transfer charges by high-density microscopic mechanism of superconductivity is particles. If studying its essence, this is a false that charges are transferred by means of high- concept switched stealthily. So, the theory has density particles, which puts the BCS theory in a “tactfully” avoided each electron of possessing very awkward position. The awkward position the mass, its energy can be transferred or lost in of BCS theory is that the interaction between the movement, that is, the resistance can be electrons and phonons must be able to transfer close to zero, but never be equal to zero. energy but the phonons cannot have mass.

41 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity

Otherwise, there is no point in introducing the In terms of neutron stars or , they are the concept of phonons because the resistance can cores left over by the supernova explosions, only be close to zero but not be equal to zero. whose interiors are respectively dominated by the electromagnetic binding forces generated by Therefore, we call them as the virtual phonons, the charge layers of themselves. Therefore, which is in order to highlight the awkward these celestial bodies have not been able to position of BCS theory. First, the "virtual" shine in all directions, but their fluctuations means that they do not exist in reality, but if so, should be to follow the scope of application in how will the Cooper electron pairs interact with the formula I-7. This means that de Broglie's them? Conversely, if these phonons without theory of matter waves should also apply to mass existed in reality, they should make a those entities or celestial bodies with high- careful explanation for that. In other words, such density characteristics. So, according to the concept of phonons introduced in the BCS previous discussion, it can be got such a theory, should be to imply two meanings, one corollary that all of the entities and even was that the waves had no mass, and the other celestial bodies, as long as formed only by two was that the phonons had to exist in reality but kinds of nuclear forces, they themselves should have no mass. be superconductors at almost all temperatures. It was precisely a concrete example by the effect In regard to this corollary, the reasonable proof of the Blind Men and the Elephant. In which is given by our geomagnetic phenomena. Just they used one-sided view to treat the overall imagine, the Earth's core is at the high problem, and the false concept was switched temperatures of 6000 degrees Celsius (°C), if it stealthily to mislead most people. is not made up of some entities with high- Their purpose was to convince the most of density characteristics, how can a permanent people to believe that although the Cooper magnetic field exist? Therefore, the Earth's core electron pairs inside a superconductor had mass, should contain a certain number of entities with but they were able to accomplish the things high-density characteristics, every one of the which were not able to be done by themselves, entities has a permanent magnetic field as long as were by virtue of those phonons like generated by superconducting currents, and waves and without mass. Because only in this should be through them as the main body to way might be ensured that there was no have synthesized a global dipole magnetic field. collision between the particles of possessing But with the relative change of these entities mass. with high-density characteristics in the molten rock of the earth's core, the direction of the That was, the resistance was equal to zero. In this regard, the founders of the BCS theory Earth's magnetic poles is not constant. could be said to rack their brains. They had In terms of entities with high-density hoodwinked themselves almost perfectly, as characteristics, they are not only in the Earth's well as also deceived others meantime. core, but also there are their clues of existence in the Earth's crust. It is well known that there is HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS one kind of "strange slope" (or called as Gravity IN THE UNIVERSE hill [13]) in many parts of the world. There, the According to the formation mechanism of greater is the mass of an object, the more prone Cooper electron pairs, it can be known that the is to the strange phenomenon of spontaneous spin phenomenon exhibited by a high-density upslope. Obviously, inside the Earth's crust near particle is dominated by its charge layer. the strange slope, there should be a certain Therefore, the so-called millisecond is number of entities with the higher specific not that its entity has such a high rotational gravity or high-density characteristics, which speed, but it is the resultant precession effect have caused the gravity there to be distorted. which is dominated by its charge layer of high- Perhaps we can use some to speed motion and accompanied by the physical determine the location of such entities near the motion. The pulses we receive are the stream of strange slope, and excavate them out. This not charged particles (magnetic field lines) only means high-efficiency nuclear energy, but generated by its charge layer. But if the also high-temperature-resistant superconductors. directions of these stream of charged particles are always not toward the earth, we can also Look at the sun again. We know that the mass of judge that it is a black hole by observing the solar core is far greater than that of the universal gravitation. Earth's core, but the frequency of changes in the

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 42 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity direction of the Sun's magnetic poles is much It is the fundamental law of nature that things higher than that of the Earth's. The main reason will develop in the opposite direction when they is that the temperature of the solar core is as become extreme. The neutron star also has its high as 15 million degrees, and the pressure fragile side. Once its charge layer breaks down, there is equivalent to 340 billion atmospheres, the inner ultimate particles which have been and the thermonuclear reactions are going on all repressed for a long time, will desperately run the time. In terms of those entities with high- away in the form of the particles or entities with density characteristics which make up the solar high-density characteristics, and we will once core, this causes their relative changes to be again see the supernova explosion. After that, much more intense and frequent than the Earth's the remaining core cannot be found. In 1987, for core. As a result, the global dipole magnetic example, astronomers discovered a supernova field synthesized by every one of entities with explosion called SN1987A [14]. And after this high-density characteristics in the solar core, explosion, even with the help of the Hubble also has a much higher frequency of changes in Space Telescope, no trace of a black hole or the direction of its magnetic poles than that of neutron star was found. the Earth's. From this, it can be got another corollary that all of the celestial bodies with a So, after the binary stars with high-density global magnetic field may contain a certain characteristics to collide with each other, what number of entities with high-density exactly would they mainly be both merge or characteristics. It is further inferred that the stars explosion? Based on the above discussion, the in the universe like the sun, the higher their probability of an explosion should be much varying frequencies of the magnetic poles higher than of the merger. It can be imagined direction of global magnetic fields, the closer that those entities with high-density should be to the end of the lives. characteristics thrown by the SN1987A supernova explosion will enter the next round of The sun does not have enough mass to explode celestial evolution process, and may go through into a supernovae, and the evolution of such the experiences of the Earth's core or solar core kind of stars is a process of asymptotic red once again. giants. Its outer layer will expand greatly, and the counterforce make its core to collapse in on From the microscopic point of view, the more itself. Eventually, the red giant will enter the common example of charge layer rupturing is eruption period, shedding all the outer layers the positron-electron annihilation experiments. into space, and the remaining core be the so- A positron is an electron that has just lost its called white dwarf. White dwarfs are one kind charge layer restraining. After the electron's of low-light and high-density stars. Since they charge layer is broken down by a positron, the are still able to shine in all directions, which can two cannot be combined into an electrically only be explained as the two nuclear forces have neutral particle of double electron mass, and the risen to the main factor in their interior. In other result is shown as annihilation. Even if two words, the entities with high-density characteristics adjacent neutrons inside the atomic nucleus are the main components to make up white dwarfs. have the same conditions as nuclear fusion, but also cannot break through the two charge layers THE CHARGE LAYER ALSO HAS A FRAGILE which seem to have been shared each other SIDE between them. Compares the difference between Let us look at the electrically neutral particles the two, which is mainly to add a charge layer. again. Although the charge layers between two Thus it can be seen that the single charge layer adjacent neutrons inside an atomic nucleus seem also has a fragile side. It is short of resistance to to have kept in a shared state, but they cannot be the high-density particles or entities with merged together. The reason for this can only be positron features, which come from both the impulse per unit area at the point of internal and external aspects at the same time. interaction, which is lower than the threshold for The main thing is to form another charge layer, breaking through the two charge layers. How which requires a certain delay. Then, whether high is this threshold? Nuclear fusion does not can positrons break through the charge layers of seem yet to have attained it, but the supernova neutrons or protons? This needs to be verified explosion should have gone beyond it. Because by practice. Once proven feasible, we will have of the residual neutron star, its interior is mainly the possibility to reasonably control and use the confined by the charge layer and it has not been nuclear energy with the highest mass-energy able to shine in all directions. ratio in the universe.

43 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity

Moreover, according to the previous discussion, This means that the ultimate particles and superconductors have a shielding effect on the "being emptiness" are the most fundamental stream of particles carrying negative charge existence in reality. We can imagine that when (electromagnetic waves). Then whether do they an ultimate particle is placed in the being also have a shielding effect on the electrically emptiness which exists in reality, it will take on neutral particles like neutrinos? This is also the characteristic of positive charge. And around determined by experiments. Because even in the it there will be accordingly to render as the atomic nucleus, there also are gaps between characteristics of (negative) charge, forming the adjacent neutrons or protons, that is, between most fundamental charge layer, which is the the quarks, like the interlaced tree roots with root cause of spin. Moreover, it also means that each other, and these can all provide the number of all matter and antimatter in the possibilities for the passage of neutrinos. If universe must be equal to each other. So the neutrinos can pass through superconductors, charge, which is the electro-hole, has no mass using the shielding effect of superconductors on and cannot exist on its own. The most the stream of particles carrying negative charge fundamental form of existence is to act as the charge portion, and with an ultimate particle to (electromagnetic waves), we can distinguish form a unified body, that is, the electro-ultimate them out. particle. When the charge portion is transferred Moreover, the pure ether, that is, electro- due to an electric field, the being emptiness will ultimate particles, which are also belonged to anew generate corresponding negative charge the stream of particles carrying negative charge. around the original ultimate particle. But the impulse per unit mass of every one of The so-called an ultimate particle of possessing them is the highest value in the universe. one unit positive charge can briefly exist, Whether they can enter or pass through because there is a logical order in the process, so superconductors, which also needs to be verified there is also sure to be a time gap in reality. by experiments. This article (Superconductivity Furthermore, the interaction between the chapters) as the third part of the full text, takes ultimate particle and charge (electro-hole) up space to appear longer relatively. portion is mainly dominated by the Lorentz The reason is that at the level of electro-ultimate force, and follows Lenz's law. Once there is a particles, the essence of charges is proposed in trend of accelerated motion of the ultimate allusion to superconductivity. That is, as a real particle portion towards a certain direction, the existence, the mass of the (negative) charge charge portion will be perceived and portion is equal to zero, but it cannot exist on its automatically produce an opposite effect, in an own, so only belong to the category of the attempt to stop the accelerated motion. And vice versa. This is the root cause of inertia. And the "electro-hole". Using this as a starting point, our root cause of wave comes from the interaction derivation appears to be particularly smooth between the two, whose feature is mutual going, drawing some conclusions that are in line vertical relationship between the electric and with objective reality and have essential magnetic field. In which process, because there characteristics. Some of them even existing is a logical order between the changes of the theories cannot be explained. two, so it will inevitably lead to a time lag. As They are the root causes of the strong force and for the scale of its charge portion, should be de Broglie's matter wave and electromagnetic related to its kinetic energy (show up as radiation, the form and essence of the quark, as temperature), that is, to formula I-2. Since the well as some experiments that are still difficult moving speed of an electro-ultimate particle is to explain just now, and so on. the highest value in reality, so the scale of its unit charge (electro-hole) should be considered THE "BEING EMPTINESS" AND RADIATION as the smallest. And for other high-density EXISTING IN REALITY particles, entities and even celestial bodies, their charge layers are large electro-holes. Similarly, According to the previous argument, the most the scale of their unit charge is also opposite fundamental matter and antimatter are ultimate relationship with own temperature change. This particle and charge (its essence is an electro- means that we should carefully study the hole). Every one of electro-ultimate particles is relationship between gravitation and temperature. a unified body made up of the two. And the pure ether as the background of nature, is composed Of course, the above discussion still remains to of electro-ultimate particles. be confirmed by relevant experiments, then

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 44 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity going to be able to produce consensus. So, for a natural environment being born again and again, hollow superconductor, which has been pre- which are related to the fundamental interests of pumped into a high-vacuum degree, we are very our human. Moreover, the radiation generated concerned about what kind of state will its from the Earth's interior, in which there is hollow part reveal? First, this experimental shorter wavelength part, that is, the main body device can detect whether the ether can enter or of energy is converted into geothermal heat. pass through the superconductor. It can be tested And only the far infrared light with relatively and verified whether a magnetic field can be longer wavelength can pass through the Earth's generated by energizing the coil which is preset crust and even radiate into the space. in the hollow part, and compare that with the Therefore, it can be through satellite scanning to condition in the ether to identify the same or establish the dynamic far-infrared spectrum of different. If there is a clear distinction between Earth's crust that changes over time. In this way, the two, this shows that the hollow part is closer both the geothermal resources can be rationally to the being emptiness (which exists in reality). utilized and it is also beneficial to prevent the That is to say, the electro-ultimate particle are occurrence of earthquakes. also limited by Meissner effect. Thereupon, we ONCLUSION can judge the effect of the ether on gravity by C the free fall which is preset in the hollow part. If In the contents of previous two parts of the full there is no change in gravity at this time, it text, in order to eliminate the false and retain the means that the universal gravitation should be true, we have redefined all the inertial systems transmitted on the basis of the being emptiness from the perspective of all knowledge, once in reality. again enabled Galileo's coordinate transformations, No matter whether these experiments can and reshaped the two postulations in Einstein's achieve the desired results, for the shielding special relativity and made them rationally to effect of superconductors, and even the return to the framework of absolute space-time. discussion on the ether in this article, all can be These researches were all reasonable. rethought or corrected. And also to mention, the The fundamental bases included: Newton neutron stars or black holes have huge masses, mechanics, Lenz's law, Maxwell's and Lorentz's according to the formula I-7, their moving electromagnetic theory, de Broglie's matter speeds are almost zero, and that provides an wave relational formula and three kinetics opportunity for precise positioning in the equations in Einstein's special relativity. In our universe. Furthermore, as far as electromagnetic full text, these fundamental bases have radiation is concerned, there is more far- reasonably been integrated together. reaching significance. This article (Superconductivity chapters) as the That is to say, what is called the growth of all third part of the full text, at the level of electro- things depending on the sun, if it is changed into ultimate particles, is the result by virtue of that depend on the radiation, which should be superconductivity to further research. Now, it is closer to the essence. For those particles with summarized as follows: high-density characteristics, their formation and  The electro-ultimate particle renders as the growth, as well as what we now see as negative charge of one unit, which is a earthquakes, nuclear fusion, black holes, and unified body. It is made up of both the even supernova explosions... the evolution of ultimate particle (portion) of possessing one the universe is derived from such a microscopic unit positive charge and the negative charge physical phenomenon from the quantitative to portion that renders as two units. The so- qualitative change results. called magnetic field lines, whose essence is This means that it is our most urgent task to the electro-ultimate particles or the stream rationally standardize and utilize geothermal of charged particles derived therefrom. At energy. Because in the interior of the Earth, a any point in the pure ether space, there will great deal of radiation is generated every be a lot of electro-ultimate particles passing moment, which is the root cause of our global through evenly at the highest speed in warming and earthquakes. reality; while the result of their combined effect makes the relationship between the But this process is irreversible like the three physical constants which are the proverbial to slow- frog with warm water. How to rationally utilize and prolong this permeability of vacuum u0 , vacuum

45 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity

 Annihilation refers to the process of objects permittivity  0 and value c of the light speed 2 dying out in the background of nature in vacuum, is uc00 1. And the pure ether, (ether). And as a concept of physics, it as the background of nature, is composed of refers to a process of converting into the them. ether after a matter and its antimatter meet.  The flow of electric current, its essence is to That is to say, a charge has no mass and transfer charges, there are two ways: One is cannot exist on its own. Its most that the high-density particle of carrying fundamental form of existence is to act as charges is just like commonly thought of as the charge portion and with an ultimate an electron to move in the medium; the particle to form a unified body. The two are other is that the high-density particle is the most fundamental matter and antimatter, located in a certain position of the conductor and this unified body is the electro-ultimate structure and only responsible for particle. transferring charges. The former, due to  In terms of the electro-ultimate particle, collide with each other between particles, when its charge portion is transferred due to will consume energy, that is, there is the reason of an electric field, accordingly, resistance. While the latter is the the being emptiness will anew generate a superconducting state at the microscopic (negative) charge around the original level. And according to this, the BCS theory ultimate particle. Furthermore, the interaction can be discarded. Moreover, we can also get between the ultimate particle and charge such a corollary that all of those particles, (electro-hole) portion is mainly dominated entities and even celestial bodies as long as by the , and follows Lenz's only to be formed by two kinds of nuclear law. Once there is a trend of accelerated forces (whose essence is electromagnetic motion of the ultimate particle portion force), they should all be to follow the scope towards a certain direction, the charge of application in the formula I-7, and portion will be perceived and automatically themselves be superconductors at almost all produce an opposite effect, in an attempt to temperatures. stop the accelerated motion. And vice versa.  In terms of the electro-ultimate particle, its This is the root cause of inertia. And the moving speed is as the highest value in root cause of wave comes from the reality, and it will inevitably be subjected to interaction between the two. In which a strongly stress. Even so, its characteristic process, because there is a logical order is also displayed as that the negative charge between the changes of the two, so it will portion is not separated from the ultimate inevitably lead to a time lag. As for the scale particle portion. But a moderate electric of its charge portion, it is the opposite field can separate them. The study relationship with own temperature change. concluded is that all the mass is This relationship should also apply to those concentrated in the ultimate particle portion. particles, entities and celestial bodies with And the charge part, as a real existence, its high-density characteristics. mass is equal to zero but cannot exist on its own, and only belong to the category of the  The so-called strong force, that is, the "electro-hole". This means that the ultimate nuclear force, which can be divided into two particles and "being emptiness" are the most types. The first type, which exists in the fundamental existence in reality. It can be interior of high-density particles in an considered that in the being emptiness atomic nucleus. It is characterized by: the (which exists in reality), an ultimate particle magnetic field force generated by the charge possesses the characteristic of positive layer has confined a large amount of charge, because around it there will be internal binding energy, and got through the accordingly to render as the characteristics spin phenomena and random electromagnetic of (negative) charge. This is the most radiation to present in front of us. The fundamental charge layer, but also the root second type, which exists between adjacent cause of spin. Moreover, it also means that high-density particles in an atomic nucleus. the number of all matter and antimatter in It is characterized by: there are shared parts the universe must be equal. Of course, this between the charge layers of adjacent high- also offers the possibility to explore the density particles, and the combined action of mechanism of quantum entanglement. the electric field force and superconducting

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 46 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity

electromagnetic force can also confine a reciprocate vibrations near the balance certain degree of internal binding energy. point, which is the nuclear energy that we The fission or decay of an atomic nucleus is are now using. That is to say, for neutrons related to this. In terms of the nuclear force, or protons with a radius of about 0.85 (fm), it should be understood that the latter is less which only look like the interlaced tree powerful than the former. All of the roots with each other, can satisfy the above- particles formed under the constraints of mentioned conditions of reciprocating two kinds of nuclear forces, are collectively vibration. referred to as the particles with high-density  Inside an atomic nucleus, the main characteristics. And a particle formed under component of the gluon is the charges. And the constraint of one and the same charge neutrons or protons, they themselves are layer, it is a real high-density particle. two forms of the existence of quarks.  Inside every one of high-density particles, Although the shape of a quark is like a pile there are powerful repulsive forces between of tree roots, but its essence is still a high- the ultimate particles which are already in density particle. That is to say, the quark has contact with each other. At the same time, only one charge layer, which is formed by they are also subjected to the electromagnetic the charges in the gluon. Therefore, it does binding force generated by the charge layer. not make sense to simply talk about the These powerful repulsive forces, are mass of a gluon. If using nuclear probes to precisely the root cause of electromagnetic study the so-called quarks, you will find that radiation. And the spin dominated by the there are different spins at different charge layer also becomes an intrinsic locations. The bundling functions of gluons property of high-density particles themselves. are the above-mentioned two kinds of The result is that with the charge layer as the nuclear forces. boundary, the inside and outside acting forces  The Earth's core is at the high temperatures have reached a dynamic balance. It means that of 6000 °C, and has a permanent magnetic so-called de Broglie's matter wave is a field, in which must contain a certain macroscopic appearance that this dynamic number of entities with high-density balance presents in front of us. Its internal characteristics. Every one of the entities has mechanism, like a very tight tug-of-war a permanent magnetic field generated by competition, the balance point between the superconducting currents, and through them two sides is always in a reciprocating as a main body has synthesized the earth's swing state. global magnetic field. From this, it can be  As a stable charge layer, it can only inferred that all of the celestial bodies with a maintain as well as possible to minimize the global magnetic field, their cores may streams of charged particles that escape. contain a certain number of entities with Thereupon, with the spin dominated by the high-density characteristics. charge layer, the high-density particle  The so-called neutron stars or pulsars, their generates a pair of magnetic poles along the characteristic is that have not been able to escaping direction of the stream of charged shine in all directions. In terms of a particles, and from the ether or other high- millisecond pulsar, is not that its entity has density particles continuously replenishes such a high rotational speed. It should be the same amount of the stream of charged dominated by its charge layer of high speed particles. This is the permanent magnet at of rotation, accompanied by the physical the microscopic level. Inside an atomic motion, and the resultant precession effect. nucleus, the charge layers of adjacent neutrons or protons will automatically  The pulses we receive are the stream of adjust, and change the spins to the opposite charged particles (magnetic field lines) direction. The resulting electromagnetic generated by its charge layer. If the attractive forces bundle them together, but direction of these stream of charged they still belong to own charge layer particles is always not toward the earth, we respectively. According to the Meissner can also judge that it is a black hole by effect, in the adjacent place, between the observing universal gravitation. charge layers of both sides will generate the repulsive forces. This makes the two centers  The single charge layer is the lack of of mass at a distance of r=0.8 (fm) to resistance to those high-density particles or

47 Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity

entities with positron features, which come org/abs/1706.0208, 2017-0613/2017-06-15. from both the inside and outside sides at the (And in Chinese is http://vixra.org/abs/ same time. If it is experimentally confirmed 1706.0489, 2017-06-26/2017-06-27.) that positrons can break through the charge [3] DING J. Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics. layer of neutrons or protons, we will have Part 2 & Philosophy [DB/OL]. http://vixra.org/ the possibility to reasonably control and use abs/1709.0143, 2017-09-11/2017-09-12. (And the nuclear energy with the highest mass- in Chinese is http://vixra.org/abs/1709.0155, 2017-09-12/2017-09-13.) energy ratio in the universe. [4] Reid R V. Local phenomenological nucleon-  Electromagnetic radiation should be the root nucleon potentials [J]. Annals of Physics, cause of the growth of all things. For those 1968(50): 411-448. particles with high-density characteristics, [5] Xian D C. Introduction to Quantum their formation and growth, as well as what Chromodynamics (QCD) [J]. Acta Scientiarum we now see as earthquakes, nuclear fusion, Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 1979(1): black holes, and even supernova explosions... 1-39. (In Chinese) the evolution of the universe is derived from [6] Meissner W, Ochsenfeld R. Ein neuer Effekt such a microscopic physical phenomenon, bei Eintritt der Supraleitfähigkeit [J]. Die and from the quantitative to qualitative Naturwissenschaften. 1933 (44)21: 787–788. change results. [7] Wikipedia. Meissner effect [DB/OL].  In the interior of the Earth, a great deal of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect, 2018-05-27, at 04:02. electromagnetic radiation is generated at every moment, which is the root cause of [8] Fan L Z. Why the weight of some metal materials after warming reduces and become our global warming and earthquakes. But this heavier after cooling [J]. Engineering Sciences, process is irreversible like the proverbial to 2007, 9(11):96-96. (In Chinese) slow-boiling frog with warm water. In which [9] R L Jaffe. Quark confinement [J]. Nature, there is shorter wavelength part, that is, the 1977(268):201-208. main body of energy is converted into [10] Adrian Cho. The Incredible Shrinking Proton? geothermal heat. And only the far infrared [DB/OL]. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/ light with relatively longer wavelength can 2010/07/incredible-shrinking-proton, 2010-07- pass through the Earth's crust and even 07, 1:48 PM. radiate into the space. Therefore, it can be [11] Feng J S. An experimental report on the weight through satellite scanning to establish the gain of iron after being magnetized by a dynamic far-infrared spectrum of Earth's crust permanent magnet field [J]. The 10th National that changes over time. In this way, both the Conference on Magnetic Theory, Hangzhou, geothermal resources can be rationally 2009. (In Chinese) utilized and it is also beneficial to prevent [12] Fan L Z. Science news [J]. Engineering the occurrence of earthquakes. Sciences, 2007, 9(4): 88-88. (In Chinese) REFERENCES [13] Wikipedia. Gravity hill [DB/OL]. https://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_hill, 2018-05-04, at [1] Jian DING, Xiuqin HU. Piercing the Veil of 20:34. Modern Physics. Basics & Philosophy [M]. Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017. [14] Wikipedia. SN 1987A [DB/OL]. https://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1987A, 2018-03-23, at [2] DING J, HU X Q. Piercing the Veil of Modern 046:48. Physics. Part 1 & Basics [DB/OL]. http://vixra.

Citation: DING Jian, HU Xiuqin, "Piercing the Veil of Modern Physics: Part 3 & Superconductivity", Open Access Journal of Physics, 3(1), 2019, pp. 26-48. Copyright: © 2019 DING Jian. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Open Access Journal of Physics V3 ● 11 ● 2019 48