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Palynological Studies of Tr.Ees and In

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Palynological Studies of Tr.Ees and In PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TR.EES AND SHRUBS OF KAGHAN VALLEY (MANSEHRA) N,W.F.P. PAKISTAN A THESIS SUBMITTEI) TO THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LATIORE FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHII,OSOPHY IN BOTANY BY MANZOOR HUSSAIN DEPARTMf,NT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB LAHORE-54590, PAKISTAN 2004 IN TIIE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICIENT TIIE MOST MERCIFUL Ancl $/e sptit the eaih in fftgnente, AN or',Edtrc€ therein @m. And grapEs aad nubtt*us flants, And olives aN dates, And enclosed gardens densF with tofty te,es, And fnri|s ad fuder, For 6e atfl c!'wenier@ b you aN your caflb. (Arqutan, 2r12_e0) DEDICATION TIIIS RESEARCH WORK IS DEDICATED TO MY BROTHER IN LAW ABDULRAZAQ Who encouraged and advis€d me to pursu€ my studies CONTENTS Page TITTE OEDICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS i TIST OF TABIES IIST OF FIGURES CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ACKNOT/VLEDGEMENTS AASTRACT INTROOUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15 MATERIALS ANO METHODS 23 a. Malerials b. rvtethods 38 L cofl€.crrbn or Maredal ii. procedure 3E ror tsotatiotr of polen c.ains 39 a. Crushjng pr€paratiq 39 b. of Gtyce.ine Jely 39 ria. MicrcphotogEphy & photog.apny 40 rv. it€asu,ement polten of size and Magnifcarion 40 SYSfEMATIC PALYNOLOGY 43 GY[XOSPERNAE CUPRESSqCEAE 43 Crp.essrs 43 seupaiv,iErs L. runipetus 43 conmnis L var. s?,tatitis pa|'. 43 Junipus excelsa M.B 45 rutuperus sq@nata Bwh. 46 Thuja uiedatis t. .t6 EPHEDRACETAE Ephed.a $.€/dianaWan. 17 PINACEAE 49 Abias pindftw Ro/yte. 49 (Roxb.ex Cadds deodan Lamb) G Don. 50 Pbea snih'bd€ (waq Aoiss 5t Pi n u E rcx b u tg h ii Saryenl. 53 Pi n u s w a li ch i n a A.A.Jac,.soi. 54 TAXACF:AE 55 Taxus walichiana Zu@ 55 AI{GIOSPERf,AE 57 ACANTHACEAE 57 Adhab<ra vesi@ Ne'.s. 57 ACERACEAE 5a ace. ces,n'' wafl ex Brandis. 58 Ac e. pp c a adoc ic u m cted. 59 Acet pmtaponicum J.l Stewart ex Brandis. 60 60 Agav€ cartal€ Roxb 60 Yucca abnolia L 61 ANACARDIACEAE 62 P,irbc,b,nbg€nira J.t. Stelvan ex B.Endis. 62 03 APOCYNACEAE 63 C€rhar€rr,"us rcsous (L) G.Don. 63 Nenun idicun Mi]/ u ASCIEPIADACEAE 65 Ca/otropis fi@€ra W d) R Br. 65 Peiploca aphyna b.E. 00 BERBERIDACEAE 06 Behe.is br&.tisida Ahrc dl. 66 86 rbo i s ku n aw uo n sjs Royte. Belbens fuiun Royle 68 Beftens odhobottys Bien. 68 Be/nens pachwaka KcFJhne. 69 ge.be ri p p s @ u du nb d I a ! a a*er 70 BETULACEAE 70 Nnus niMa EndL 70 BIGNONIACEAE 71 J aaa n da i n n6i tot i a D.O on. 71 BOMBOCACEAE 71 aahtatia natabanaa (oc.) scholt and Endlicher. 71 BUDDLEJACE:AE (LOGANIACEAE) 73 Bud.neja asiatba lout. 73 Bu.Jdleja cnspa Brh. T3 aux"qcFrr{E 74 Sa.cococc€ sar€'ra (Don) Mue[. AE. CACTACEAE 75 Opuntiad leniHat*. 75 CAESqLPINACF4E 75 Bauhinia vanegab L. 75 CAMELLIACEAE fi HEACEAE) 76 C€reria st|Ms/ir (t) O. Kuntze. 76 CAPRIFOLIACEAE AtEIia hnoE R.Bt. n lon,caE c€Uc€sica Ps as. 7A Lonbera obovata Ro'yte. 7A prr{ouEs.ers L.D'c€re (D€ne) watp 79 L@ q @ n u inqto bc u b ns Hatdvl 80 Vibunum cotinitotiun O. Don. EO Vitumtun toetqs &ft, E1 Vibumum grcndiflorun Oe e. a2 Vibumun nutah D. Don. 82 CETASTRACEAE a3 Gyn,osporb ,oyraara (Wa|. ex La!l€on). 83 CORNACEAE u Co/'l6 naclowtawal u EAENACEfE u Diospy/os kakiL. 84 Diospws totusL. 85 ELAEAGMCEAE E6 E I ae a g, us o.ie n! ati s L. 86 ERICACEAE 87 Rhodendrcn ahoteun sm. a7 Rh octe nd tut h e M n th W u n B atl 87 EUPHORBIACEAE 88 An<rrachne codi rtia lDene)Mudt. 8E Malorus phirppensis lLan) M@1. a9 Ricinos Mnunis L. a0 Sapiun ebittunRoxb. 91 FAGCCEAE 91 Q@tcus trarrot ctifrtl 91 Quercus d,ilar€ra Li.dt.ex Royt€. s2 Q@rcrs s/auca Thumb. 93 Quercus inena Roxb. 93 Q u e.c u s se n b a c,t ia Sm. M 94 GROSSULARIACEAE 95 R'l'es a/posLe Oen€.ex Jacq. 95 Ribes glaciale watl 95 HAMAI\,IEIIOACEAE 96 Patutiopsis ja.gt@n ontian1 (Oene) Rehdsr. 96 HEDEMCEAE (ARALIACEAE) 97 He@r€ ,epslersis K. Koch. 97 HIPPOCASTAMCEAE 9A Assculus hdic€ (wa[. et C6mb ) Hk f. 98 HYPERICACEAE (GU]TIFERAE) 90 Hy p6 n c u m g ob lo n ito liM Choi.y. 99 JUGTANOACEAE 99 JLgrans twia L. 99 LAMIACF*E (TABIATAE) r00 Cob b tookea o p posit iftt ia I s6 100 ,sooor.ugosus 101 orosirgid ,hrbdra (Bh.) Boiss 102 LYTHRACE4E 102 La9e6t oenia in.ticaL. 102 wo<dfodia lMicosa lL.) S. Kutz. 103 MALVACEAE 104 H,biscus sJn'acus L. 104 METIACEAE 105 cedle/a se/rdt€ Roy'e. t05 Mefta zEe.hn ,h t. 105 MIMOSACE4E 106 Acacia nodestawal 106 acac,b ntloroa (Linn.) Detite. 107 crlinersis (Osb€cl() M€mtl t06 ^/hizi€ Atbizia rebback (L.) a'.tt. 109 MORACEAE 110 B rc u ssoaeti a pap y.ite ta V anl. 110 110 Ficus cunia Ham. 111 Firs tov€olata Wa[. o( Miq. 112 F,icus p€rr€la FdEsk. '112 113 Morus sdrrals Roxb. 115 MYRTACEAE 1i5 Cal,\eteu o, drnnrs (Cun.) Slapt 115 Eucalwtus cih.bra 1t0 Ercatyptus globurLs 116 Eucat ,ptus talceotata 117 Eucalwtus tetilicdt us 1t7 NYCTAGINACEAE 118 Bou g a kvil g ta tea b6 Choisy. 1tE OLEACF:AE 118 Jasnnum hunile L. 118 Jasninun nosnyj 119 Jasnhun olficirele L 120 Jasminun sanbe (L) Ait. 't20 Ligustum tucidun Ait. '121 Olaa feruginea Royte 122 PAEONIACEAE 123 Paoonia enodi Wa'/ er Hk.f 123 PAPILIONACEAE 123 aslraga/us crrdoflrr.rlrs Royte e,( B€nth. '123 asltega/us g6r,€m,brrs Royte ex Benth. 124 AstragE/us psi/ocarhos Fisch va.ps,lo6d?os. 124 A4es uonospemd (Lan ) Taub€.r 125 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 126 OasDod/izr e/eg€Ds DC. '126 Desrnodiun po.knryun OC 127 Erlhnna gtabascens (ptain pai'lel t 127 lndBofetu hettutha wa'/.e, aand 128 Robinia pseudoeacia L. 129 Sottr@ /10,/16 (Roy'e) Aarer ssp,r.,//rs. 130 PHITADELPHACE4E r30 DeuEia staninea R.At exwalJ. '130 131 Plalanus otiqtalgL 131 POLYGONACEAE 132 Rumex ,asl€trrs D. Don. 132 PROTEACEAE 133 crav'rlea /oDusia A Cunn. 133 P(JNICACEAE 133 Punica grenatum t. 133 FIANUNCULACEAE .lu Ctenatis connata DC. 1U Ctel7,atis gratawa|. 135 Clenatis nontana Bu.h. 136 i36 Rhamnus y,{€ta Roxb 136 Sage/era ,b€s (Osbeck) M_C Jhonsron vaL brandrctht&a (Ait) 137 Qaisor and Nazim zi2iphus jujuba Mt. 138 ziziphus nauinna Lan. 138 zkhhus numnutaia (Buth \ Wighr.Nn 139 ZE iphu s o t y phy Ila Edg6v.. 140 ROS,qCEAE 140 Cotoreasle. acum,nata Lindt. t40 cotoneasre. affns var. bacirans (Lindt) s.hneider 141 Cotoneaster nunnutata Fisch and Mey. 141 crat€egus sorga./ca C. Koch. 142 Cydonia o$ongE Mi]J '143 E iobotrya japonaa (Ihunb) Lindtey. Pnns'pia utitis Royte. Ptunus anwdelus Babch. 145 Prunus anqicana L. 145 Prunus aviun t. prur6 146 Dol6ariers6 Royte s. Ck. Schn. 117 Prurus oomuta (Wa[. Ex Royt€) Steud. 147 P.urusp€anb€ (L) Barsch '148 PWs .lmmuais L. 149 Pytus tindleyj Rehder. 148 P/ruspasn,b Ham. ex D. Don. 150 Rose bruM1i Lnn| r50 Fosa raroa,'rarrrrs Bout€nger. 't51 ,eosa w6OAi 6 Wa . ex Royte 152 Ru0us o/rFrbus $irh 152 Rubus nacitet tus Canb. 153 Rubus ,,ve!s Thunb non Watl 1U Rzrus urrri,rbirils Scion 164 Sodaria tcrrerrosa (t-indl) Rerder. r55 Sp,be€ attrs pa*er. 156 Spitae a c anto ni en sjs Loul 1a'6 Sp,,Eea na:arb€ R.N. palte. 157 Spnaea taEiocapa Kat. and Kl 157 Spi?ea vaccinitotia D Don. RUBIACEAE r58 159 ,ta n i tto n i a s u av ele n s Rorb. r59 Randra delr€sp€/r.ra (Roxb) arh. ahd Hk.l RUTACEAE 159 160 100 Citus .etbulata Btanc. 161 Critus s,h€rsis (L) OBbeck. '162 Skt r?,b /au€ora (DC) Si€b and Zu@. 162 Zannhoxytun amatun D_C. 163 SqLICACEAE 164 Poputus citiatawaL e\ Roy€. 1U S€/tx emopryl/a Boiss. r65 Satix babytonica L. 165 Se/r: dartcd€r€ N.J.tud,€€s .vat.hazarica lpa e4pa et. 166 Satix dentculata x vat hindensis Ft(d. 147 sa/,x flabel/sri, N.J. Andless. 167 108 SAMAUCACETAE r69 Sanbucus wiehriana Wal' d Wght and Arn. 169 S,qPINDACEAE 170 oodo'aea viscosa (r) Jacq. 170 Sapindls mr&o/Dss, caertn SIMARIJBACEAE 171 171 ,A,itarlrus a/4rs,1?6 (Mifl ) Swingto. 171 SOLANACEAE 172 Cest/un euat tiacun Li.dt. 172 Cest/un tuclumun L 173 Datun stran oniun L. 173 Solanun [email protected] L. Wftania sonnit,? ILJ Dunat. STAPHYLEACEAE 175 175 sraprr.taa e,od, Wal. ex BEndis. THYMELEACEAE 175 176 O€plrre o/eodes Schreb. NLIACEAE 176 177 G6wia opuva Drun .x Buftet. 177 G.eMra (Forssk) r€r€x Asche6 and Schwejnf. ULMACEAE 178 175 celis austals L. 179 Utr{r8 utfiota Bhnds !)( G.lrbt.. l7a {,frn|,s r.€ru&}E F tanafi sqlr.'lrr,oarrra M.tvitb and r&) URNCACEAE 181 D€{€sarsb 6affib (O. Doo) fbdb. tE,l VERBEl{ACEAE qdto.l'filD 't81 i'H'rne cadt . rat arfunid rEFns L, rE2 r'rthrd cdnrs L tfB viex .?€gltfiL iEB VITACEAE 14 t4f!'prrdr Bot€!. 't&1 V'&wnihmt.
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