PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TR.EES AND SHRUBS OF KAGHAN VALLEY (MANSEHRA) N,W.F.P. PAKISTAN

A THESIS SUBMITTEI) TO THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LATIORE FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHII,OSOPHY

IN

BOTANY

BY

MANZOOR HUSSAIN

DEPARTMf,NT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB LAHORE-54590, PAKISTAN

2004 IN TIIE NAME OF ALLAH

THE MOST BENEFICIENT TIIE MOST MERCIFUL

Ancl $/e sptit the eaih in fftgnente,

AN or',Edtrc€ therein @m.

And grapEs aad nubtt*us flants,

And olives aN dates,

And enclosed gardens densF with tofty te,es, And fnri|s ad fuder,

For 6e atfl c!'wenier@ b you aN your caflb.

(Arqutan, 2r12_e0) DEDICATION

TIIIS RESEARCH WORK IS DEDICATED TO

MY BROTHER IN LAW ABDULRAZAQ

Who encouraged and advis€d me to pursu€ my studies CONTENTS Page

TITTE OEDICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS i TIST OF TABIES IIST OF FIGURES CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ACKNOT/VLEDGEMENTS AASTRACT INTROOUCTION

1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15 MATERIALS ANO METHODS 23 a. Malerials b. rvtethods 38 L cofl€.crrbn or Maredal ii. procedure 3E ror tsotatiotr of polen c.ains 39 a. Crushjng pr€paratiq 39 b. of Gtyce.ine Jely 39 ria. MicrcphotogEphy & photog.apny 40 rv. it€asu,ement polten of size and Magnifcarion 40 SYSfEMATIC PALYNOLOGY 43 GY[XOSPERNAE CUPRESSqCEAE 43 Crp.essrs 43 seupaiv,iErs L. runipetus 43 conmnis L var. s?,tatitis pa|'. 43 Junipus excelsa M.B 45 rutuperus sq@nata Bwh. 46 Thuja uiedatis t. .t6 EPHEDRACETAE Ephed.a $.€/dianaWan. 17 PINACEAE 49 Abias pindftw Ro/yte. 49 (Roxb.ex Cadds deodan Lamb) G Don. 50 Pbea snih'bd€ (waq Aoiss 5t Pi n u E rcx b u tg h ii Saryenl. 53 Pi n u s w a li ch i n a A.A.Jac,.soi. 54 TAXACF:AE 55 Taxus walichiana Zu@ 55 AI{GIOSPERf,AE 57 ACANTHACEAE 57 Adhab

J aaa n da i n n6i tot i a D.O on. 71 BOMBOCACEAE 71 aahtatia natabanaa (oc.) scholt and Endlicher. 71 BUDDLEJACE:AE (LOGANIACEAE) 73 Bud.neja asiatba lout. 73 Bu.Jdleja cnspa Brh. T3 aux"qcFrr{E 74 Sa.cococc€ sar€'ra (Don) Mue[. AE. CACTACEAE 75 Opuntiad leniHat*. 75 CAESqLPINACF4E 75 Bauhinia vanegab L. 75 CAMELLIACEAE fi HEACEAE) 76 C€reria st|Ms/ir (t) O. Kuntze. 76 CAPRIFOLIACEAE AtEIia hnoE R.Bt. n lon,caE c€Uc€sica Ps as. 7A Lonbera obovata Ro'yte. 7A prr{ouEs.ers L.D'c€re (D€ne) watp 79 L@ q @ n u inqto bc u b ns Hatdvl 80 Vibunum cotinitotiun O. Don. EO Vitumtun toetqs &ft, E1 Vibumum grcndiflorun Oe e. a2 Vibumun nutah D. Don. 82 CETASTRACEAE a3 Gyn,osporb ,oyraara (Wa|. ex La!l€on). 83 CORNACEAE u Co/'l6 naclowtawal u EAENACEfE u Diospy/os kakiL. 84 Diospws totusL. 85 ELAEAGMCEAE E6 E I ae a g, us o.ie n! ati s L. 86 ERICACEAE 87 Rhodendrcn ahoteun sm. a7 Rh octe nd tut h e M n th W u n B atl 87 EUPHORBIACEAE 88 An

Ligustum tucidun Ait. '121 Olaa feruginea Royte 122 PAEONIACEAE 123 Paoonia enodi Wa'/ er Hk.f 123 PAPILIONACEAE 123 aslraga/us crrdoflrr.rlrs Royte e,( B€nth. '123 asltega/us g6r,€m,brrs Royte ex Benth. 124 AstragE/us psi/ocarhos Fisch va.ps,lo6d?os. 124 A4es uonospemd (Lan ) Taub€.r 125 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 126 OasDod/izr e/eg€Ds DC. '126 Desrnodiun po.knryun OC 127 Erlhnna gtabascens (ptain pai'lel t 127 lndBofetu hettutha wa'/.e, aand 128 Robinia pseudoeacia L. 129 Sottr@ /10,/16 (Roy'e) Aarer ssp,r.,//rs. 130 PHITADELPHACE4E r30 DeuEia staninea R.At exwalJ. '130

131 Plalanus otiqtalgL 131 POLYGONACEAE 132 Rumex ,asl€trrs D. Don. 132 PROTEACEAE 133 crav'rlea /oDusia A Cunn. 133 P(JNICACEAE 133 Punica grenatum t. 133 FIANUNCULACEAE .lu Ctenatis connata DC. 1U Ctel7,atis gratawa|. 135 Clenatis nontana Bu.h. 136 i36 Rhamnus y,{€ta Roxb 136 Sage/era ,b€s (Osbeck) M_C Jhonsron vaL brandrctht&a (Ait) 137 Qaisor and Nazim zi2iphus jujuba Mt. 138 ziziphus nauinna Lan. 138 zkhhus numnutaia (Buth \ Wighr.Nn 139 ZE iphu s o t y phy Ila Edg6v.. 140 ROS,qCEAE 140 Cotoreasle. acum,nata Lindt. t40 cotoneasre. affns var. bacirans (Lindt) s.hneider 141 Cotoneaster nunnutata Fisch and Mey. 141 crat€egus sorga./ca C. Koch. 142 Cydonia o$ongE Mi]J '143 E iobotrya japonaa (Ihunb) Lindtey. Pnns'pia utitis Royte. Ptunus anwdelus Babch. 145 Prunus anqicana L. 145 Prunus aviun t. prur6 146 Dol6ariers6 Royte s. Ck. Schn. 117 Prurus oomuta (Wa[. Ex Royt€) Steud. 147 P.urusp€anb€ (L) Barsch '148 PWs .lmmuais L. 149 Pytus tindleyj Rehder. 148 P/ruspasn,b Ham. ex D. Don. 150 Rose bruM1i Lnn| r50 Fosa raroa,'rarrrrs Bout€nger. 't51 ,eosa w6OAi 6 Wa . ex Royte 152 Ru0us o/rFrbus $irh 152 Rubus nacitet tus Canb. 153 Rubus ,,ve!s Thunb non Watl 1U Rzrus urrri,rbirils Scion 164 Sodaria tcrrerrosa (t-indl) Rerder. r55 Sp,be€ attrs pa*er. 156 Spitae a c anto ni en sjs Loul 1a'6 Sp,,Eea na:arb€ R.N. palte. 157 Spnaea taEiocapa Kat. and Kl 157 Spi?ea vaccinitotia D Don. RUBIACEAE r58 159 ,ta n i tto n i a s u av ele n s Rorb. r59 Randra delr€sp€/r.ra (Roxb) arh. ahd Hk.l RUTACEAE 159 160 100 Citus .etbulata Btanc. 161 Critus s,h€rsis (L) OBbeck. '162 Skt r?,b /au€ora (DC) Si€b and Zu@. 162 Zannhoxytun amatun D_C. 163 SqLICACEAE 164 Poputus citiatawaL e\ Roy€. 1U S€/tx emopryl/a Boiss. r65 Satix babytonica L. 165 Se/r: dartcd€r€ N.J.tud,€€s .vat.hazarica lpa e4pa et. 166 Satix dentculata x vat hindensis Ft(d. 147 sa/,x flabel/sri, N.J. Andless. 167 108 SAMAUCACETAE r69 Sanbucus wiehriana Wal' d Wght and Arn. 169 S,qPINDACEAE 170 oodo'aea viscosa (r) Jacq. 170 Sapindls mr&o/Dss, caertn SIMARIJBACEAE 171 171 ,A,itarlrus a/4rs,1?6 (Mifl ) Swingto. 171 SOLANACEAE 172 Cest/un euat tiacun Li.dt. 172 Cest/un tuclumun L 173 Datun stran oniun L. 173 Solanun [email protected] L. Wftania sonnit,? ILJ Dunat. STAPHYLEACEAE 175 175 sraprr.taa e,od, Wal. ex BEndis. THYMELEACEAE 175 176 O€plrre o/eodes Schreb. NLIACEAE 176 177 G6wia opuva Drun .x Buftet. 177 G.eMra (Forssk) r€r€x Asche6 and Schwejnf. ULMACEAE 178 175 celis austals L. 179 Utr{r8 utfiota Bhnds !)( G.lrbt.. l7a {,frn|,s r.€ru&}E F tanafi sqlr.'lrr,oarrra M.tvitb and r&)

URNCACEAE 181 D€{€sarsb 6affib (O. Doo) fbdb. tE,l VERBEl{ACEAE qdto.l'filD 't81 i'H'rne cadt . rat arfunid rEFns L, rE2 r'rthrd cdnrs L tfB viex .?€gltfiL iEB VITACEAE 14 t4f!'prrdr Bot€!. 't&1 V'&wnihmt. Drscusstoll 185 147 coNcLUS|ONS 2n BISIUOGRAPTTY 2?1 LIST OF TABLES

Flg. Io Topic

't.l Th. Producdw and pobcdo.l

't.2 L|8t ot halo. Tribut .bs ot rrunh.r Rivor 5

t.3 Avo6g. mo nly ninrafl lmml. 8

lhe av.ngo .nnuet mow'![ io. bw strtion. tn I

t5 rqrnt m..n .n.t minimuD 'Ei.nDr t nr,d![G 9 for Aah*ot ..d Nar...

't.6 Averag. retauv€ humidity (%) y..r; 2OO3 9

7.7 Ave.ag. i,ird mov.m.rt .rr€ed p|st 2a id|. to {Xnot3) Yeani 2003

1.8 D.t it ofcon.ue (.trr8) 'tl

1.t D.!.it ot union counc{. in th. .|3. of .tudy. I LIST OF FIGURES

Topic 1.1 Indor m|p ot Paki.tan 1.2 hd.r rn p of .nmtn€d tocatid.! in th€ 5 V.liey t{or0|oh p.ltrbn. t-9 53 l{ Pht6 TS-r 5f r0-lE 62 7-12 Ptate Ts.tl 88 19-27 66 28.36 77 t3-18 P|.re ts{tl 8t 37.t5 E5 46-tl t3 t9-2/t 90 5563 r00 u-72 roE 2+3n 10f 73{t 1t6 62-90 121 3,t-36 't23 9t-101 127 3742 Plate TS-Vtl t33 1e-113 PoL. pa.t-Xt 1tf at{a Fhr Tlvtl 143 1l+1a lro&o ,trb{r 1tl. /tl4l PLa.I!l{X l5t tzc-ts7 Po{.n p|at.n(|v tati l!G'lo Fdh $rbdv t60 t6{o FLbT3 ( 'rc8 0ta€ PbTtr 171 1lGl64 Po[6n pbbdvl 1f2 6f-72 Ithb Tlt It lm la3r82 Po[.t| r.dVtr Dt t88

xiii Certifi c.te of Originality

Thls ih€3h le ods o|e otighal $,ork or tle auhor unbss orle is€ srated. ft ha! nol been pEvaousry submin€d for $e d€gr€e at any univelsity. n€,omal of rh€ thosis is stticrt in accodance lo rh€ sry'a sh€€r Froviden by th€ onivensiv of d|€ Punjab. LahoG Pakirtan.

Ut'tL-4: {or. xhrn R|!. it rood)

t).p.rorert of Bot nv. Univ€rriIy punieb. llho|t,P.li.r.n.ot the ' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am obliged to prot Or. Shahida Hasnain, chanperson Depaftment ol Sotany. Punjab UniveFity, Lahorc ror prdidins me tucilities and encolragemnt

I feet indebted to my prcf supervisor Dr. Khan Rass tvas@d for his abte gloane, varoabte advice, protessionat suppon, i uDnanng cnrosm needed oncourag€ment and inGlectu.l slimutation, which I reeived hroughout lhe

I owe my hanks p.or ro Dr. S Jehandar Shah. (Vie Chancelor. Malakan! U.iveBity) and Dr Mohammad Rashid Awan (curalor and Di€ctor, P-SD. PMNH tstamabad) tor identiticarion of ptants I am ate thanffui to Mohammad Rashid (AMC Abbotabad), prot Or S. Sarcar Hussain Shah, (tcp) Or. Waseem Hassn (AZU). prot lmriaz,ur_Haq (Uop) for lnen vatuabre suggesrrons and encouragemeni

Ihe suppod extended by my tiends and coleagues l4ohammad Mazld Taiq, tqbat, Mohammad Siddique, and Mohammad Bashir dudng patnl and data oottection is highty apprecisted. I am greatly obtiged to thon tor then active Panrcipation during tietd trips.

Speciat thanks go to Or. Mohammad Tahavr my good time/bad, time buddy for !\e tast 10 yea6 for hjs hoGpiiatrty and encourageme r atso indebt to Rana Naseer Ahmad (Advocare) for his supood.

!6utd tike to erp€ss my most sinceE g.atruoe ._ .l ro my brother in t6w Msjor Mushtaq tor his tove, thoughts and pEyeB, his grealesr personat hetp and encouragement, without his deep interest and enthusiasrc and norat suppon lhis

(!r€' J€nl, who encourag6d and adv6€d me pu6ue ro my srudr6 | pray that ahighty A//ah rhay rest his sout in peace I am prof. highty thanKut io Sae€d_Ut-H.q, prof. Azmat Huasain Shsh, and sraff mmbeB and postg.aduate studenrs ot Botany D€padn€4 rcpcc Abbott€bad) ior ih€tr re wishes as my co|easu$ and srudentg.

| 6m atso thanktut yvhoD to a[ lhose, I c€nnot fiEnron hdivjdua y bul their dnect and indi€ct hetp dufng my les€rrch work is hignry appEciated.

| thanKut 6n lo my afoctionale, sympathstic and rcspeclabte parents, {ao *ppoli8d me nnandjty and nbratt thrq€hour my re

Famtry I ow€ a quite d€u ro my wite Sara for hd tore, cheortur srimutarino supporl. tolerance. pati€nc€ In my difrcul mmsnls, Ior pr[,ng up _rh ," b; nrghts a.d my sons. Fawaz, Nauman ard Hashaam ior then rove and car€ ABSTRACT ABSTRACT

Present 6tu.ty cteab wiah th6 po on noAhotogy of lgi treos anct

shtubs g.owing in Ktghtn Va .y- fhese ptan,s cov* 121 geEfr betonging to 66 lamllia, Out ot ,',3e 9 gen n aa., 12 sp*is betorg b

gym$Penns. Angiosp.ms lrctu.le nono.otytedcdous an

nonocotylo.lonous white 11O g.narE and 1A1 spacis arc [email protected],

robl numbof of t.8 invs'ge@ patyaotogicatty is 77, out o, thse A

betons to gymnospodtus an t 69 aft angiospemic. fotat nunbet ot st rubs palynotogicaly stu.tidt is 11a, out of thsa I shut€ arc gynnospamic, 2 nonocotylo.lonous fict 112 are .Icoay/€donous.

fhe main objettv€ ot tE pre.ent st .ty is to an ty.e th. flon ot Kaghan valey patynotogi.a y which can efr.ctivety !e os€d ss € arhonic toot eithar at species o. g@rtc t.v.t. Th. stu.ry n$,gsdred i'' clevetopn@t ot b.sic pott n bank or plm6 gbwtns i, raghan v.troy, including votuminous catttogu. hlghtighnng noryhoraxononic ,'aif fot thc flt?t aina ln P€^ktaan, ttt t can fta.tity bo use.t by tuarre wo.kaF,. Bs.lt on ueae anaMicat rcsuna, Nlod, issue. .r. t !@artiet! b .tevetoD baslc and erylio.l patynotogy in pakist n. Aftu. oF.Nanod, potten mo.phologic.l descriptio^. arc givo, tot att lewts ot aax.. Sciqtnc an t vehaculat na'n8, habit, .tisttibutior, flowonng season, saa0starl s,?e

Eng., mdldhl an

Photographs ot reprcsen.,ltve ptanrs arc atso incoeo.?,tj.t tot easy

id.nt Ecaalo. Ior luatt'! w.k Ro'[email protected] cit

t29 Nw epo.E ,wo tut .tenbed patynotogc.ny fi@ ahe .E€arcn ,@, nention.ct in th. Di*usion. va.iotrs a.!es ot stu.ty fo. tuauto woth6.s in tldsic .n.t app[..t pttflotogy hfle b.on i.t.,rtifred. A.se.t oa am@t@l r€.dtt prio.ily ',8. b.ues e ic/fnttfq.t to .tcvotop apptie.t P.lyblogy ld Pakistan. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

Th€ pdme objectiv€ ol the pres€nr investiFtbn is ro srudy ptanrs grosing

in tt'€ Kaghen Varley, Nodlrem Palbtan patynobgica y. pdor !o thi6 3rudy, no

such rcrk has €rcr b€€n ond.rcaken. Pakbt n has gr€at flondic divsnrity bul

iora of P.kistan has not b€€n tu y investigarsd patynobgicatt. polen ftom

thes€ plants hav€ b€€n sMied horoughty via compound midoscope and

d€lail€d moQhologicat nots! hav€ b€€n prcvired. This na3 atso b€€n

supplmen6 by addilional iifomation tit(€ sconomic and medidnat vatu6 ot

dant concem, its disttrution, vemacutar name, flowsdng s€a3on 6tc. since rhis

was a pilol pro,:ct including tEmendous and r€dious fatd and t6boratory {/ofi.

main €mphasis lh3.€fore has b€en taid ddn in svatuaring potbn nol5 dndty

moryhol€ically, alhough mutur[y inctwiv€/€xctwive cha€cteE which can efieclively be us€d as a tarcnomic rool eirher .r spe*s or geneic t€v€t hav€ b€€n poinied oul whe.€ sv€r nec€ssaN.

Sludy of poll€n anatysis b rcqui€d by taxonomasb end oltl€r f€tds of dant scienc€s rcs€ach al univ€rsiry t€v6t and by vanous inErirurions and

Es€arct orgEnizalions in Pakistan such s O€padrEnt oi Meteo.otogy and

Environmenl tor airborne polten. Narionat tmrlub or Hsath (NtH) ior pofl€n all6€y. Paki6tan Agric!ftural R$esrch Coundt (PARC) for anarysis or non€y,

Nalional AEicoltuEl Rss€arch Cantre (MRC). Nucba. Instituts of AgdcuttlE and Biology (NIAB), Nucl€ar InstiMs or Aiot3chnotogy and c€mti: Enginee.ing (NIBGE) and Nuclear Institule of Food and Agncutu€ (N|FA) for polen biotechnology, Envnonmental Potection Agency (EpA) for aerobiotosy, oit and

Gas Development Colporation (OGOC) and Hydr@6on Oev€topmenl Instirure of Pakistan (HOIP) for oil and gas oxptoration, Pakistan Cutu,at, Scienlitic and

Industial Rsearch (PCSIR) and othe. Non Govemmenlat Orsaniutions

(NGOS)

STUDY AREA

Pakislan is a sublropical county, situated betwe€. 240-37'Nonh hitudes and 610-5'Easl longiludes. (Fig.1.1) lts maximlm distance frm north io south is o€r 1,060 Km and frcm east lo west it is about 913 Km. Totat area of the country is 803,950 Sq Km and population over 120 million. lt is rich in landscapes and cultural iradilions. Halt of a dozen civilizalions have flou shed here and left th€ir irnpnnts. Histofcally this is one of lhe most ancient lands knoM lo man lls cities flouished befo€ Babylon was buih, ils p@ple pEcriced the adofgood living and citizenship bsiore lhe celeb€ied anci€nt Greeks (Pak. online Encyclopaedia: 2004).

The climatic vanatuns from region lo region a,e conside€ble. SumreF being hot and dry, tempeature soaring lo 1130 F in the south and near lhe @st but cool and pleasant in lhe north€asisrn regions The freezing winters in weslem and nofiern pads of lhe counlry contrast wilh mild pleasanl l€mperalurcs in th€ so'rlh. Mons@ns f@n the A€bian sea bing rain dunns July,

Augusl and Septsmber varying lim 100 mm lo more than 1500 mm Stretching owr 2,500 Km the Arabian @a, nonhwads €doss the Thar dsse.l in Sind, to 60! 6a

i--*{ft't''t--.'"-i-

4&t:tl "-'-1 $

G ';;'i;;i;-.l',:.^ i-,_,.'id. ffi 'i_'1--*. ,.\ '",' $ln - ilrr.!]g_::L_i. .

Fig. l.l In.Lx m.p of P.kbt n Showlng locaton ot Kagh V.lloy Himal6yan hills wilh lie second hiqh.st peak in th€ wodd, the K-2 in Ka6koEm

€nge Pakistan! bnds.ar€ pres€.ts conlrasring fearures The butk or the

country is in the arid and semia d zones, but fa s into a hydrotogicat unit

drained by the Indus der system. Such ths is lh€ diveBity in ctimates and soits

with a unhue @mbination of des€rts me.ging inlo alr]viat ptains and dsing

mounlains consrituling impoftant €floclion on ecotogic€t dislribution of floE and

tauna. (Hussain etsl 1991)

Pakistan has only 5.2% of its lotat tand arca under tor*ts (4.58 mi|ion

he.ta€s). This is b€c5us6 more than 75% or the ar€a fa s under aid and semi-

and zon*. Of rhe total foEsl ar€a 3.31 1 milion hecta.es {72.4%) are mainlained and manag€d for lteir protre.tion wnib Oe rest 1.266 miflion hectaGs (27.6%) are managed p,ima.ily for the production of wood as @mmercial torests {Sheikh,

1987) The aEa of tt'ese fo.ests on ihe basis oI prcduction and prctectbn is shoM in Tabl+l.l. A major ponion ot the conilercus forests ties in N w F p. especiallyin northenpans.(Hlssain, atalt (1991)

T$le. l.t:Tho Prcductive and P.orEcton Fore.rs in pitist n ( Alt r Sn.|Ih, t987)

S.No

w7 1ua2 1950 42 75 2 t58 1568 1726 37 65 158 r38 29€ 347 347 5 83 15r 2U 510 6 '17 17 040 Tot l Ar.a {Heciaroll 126e 3313 1579 27.6 72,1 't00 Man*hra district was iofined on 1si oI October 1976 [ @sisrs of lhe

iehsils viz Eatako( Mane€hra and oghi. i,tansehra distict is tocaled betwe€n

340-15/to 350-12/Nofth tatitudes and 720-5d ro 740-07,East to.girudes. Toral

aea olthe distnd is 5957 Sq Km. (Hussain 1987)

The Kunhar nre. caichmenls area is commonty knoM as, r€ghan

Valley'. lt is t61 Krn tong s.€nic mndedands, wilh its tovt€dng Himatayan

peaks, pea@fut takes, majestic gtaciers and sptashjng wate.fals Even, today, when tew ptaces have escaped mans meddtesome fingels, is sli in an unber€vably pnstne state, an unspoitt paEdise. I is situated beirEen 340-t7,to 350-1d North talitudes and 730.29 to 740-7,East tonSfludes. Totat a.ea ot the valby is about 1627 Sq. Km. K.ghan €[€y is a walershed a.ea of lhe nrer Jhelum and the ta,ge wab. reservoir, Mangta Dam" buitt on this nver. (Abbasj, 1993)

Th6 Kagtran va ey, ot which lhe lo€srs are an essenrEr pa.t, has great rounsl atlraction. The visito6, mosty outdoor recreationists visir the beaut,ful spots lil€, Shogran, Sad, Naran, Lltazar, Sait-ut_Matook. lutusar, Dudipatsar and Sha6n dudng summer season. The €ntire a@ 6 mounbmous and lhe mountains flank the Kunhar River on enher side toming l ansveGe spua ending i. a seies ot lofiy peaks. cenea|lopography of the tand rs lndutaring, o,ten cul up by numerous sma streams (lqbal j98€)

Kaghan E[ey is bounded on the east as re as on the soulhen side by Azad Jammu Kshmir, on lhe nodh by Chitas and catgit agencies and on the wesl by Allai Kohistan and Mans€hra. (Fig 1.2). The atriiude in the arca €ng€s KAGHAN VALLEY

GILGIT AND CHILAS N _.t,iq"*" @ ..&

I 7:-;;;-, _r

I

\+",1 / I i

-,-z-2 n/ or- _d >/ cr9 L--6,[^ a' 2*(

)4'. ^* tl".} FOOTTMCK_ ____ Gad Muzafiar Abad frllll5 ^ lrom 915 metr* at Bahkot lo 52E0 nEtles at Matika Padat (Qu€€, of Oa Moutlrins), |t'€ highe€l Fak in ths vatlsy bordednq lhe beauritut tat€. .Saif-!t, Mrlook'. The river Kunhar merg3s from the lake Lulu*r in the Babusar pass at an slsvalion of 4146 merr€s and flos northeastern to southe€sten dnedion in lh€ uppef pad of tt'e varr€y down to Balakot. Atter a very rroubtesomo and complioalsd course ol 177 Km, it joinE the iver Jhetum at 'Pattan" tt trare|ses deep nountains gorges from its sourc€ upto Batakot, The cat wsy to lhe f€ghan vall€y', wherc it er{e6 ihe phin and tlo.,s doM to Ghad HabiGulah. B€lor lNnach it one again en!6F through deep gorg€s unfl n joins KBhenga.ga" (Hussain, ebr 1991).

The€ a€ numebl]s iributa.ieE ol Kunh River (Tabtei 2). Som€ of th€m a,e pe.ennial in then iw, whil€ oth€B have ldckting water from the spings in the beds. They a€ populady known as Kathss, Na/ahs, white dry nalahs sle call€d Kassts. Dry n6llahs are abundantlv found in the mounlainous tracts with stony. g.avely t€ds. (Abbasi, 1993). T.bte 1.2: Li3t ol m.lo. T.ibut .i6 ol Krnhar Riv.r

S.No S.l{o 1 Gitlidas Nallah t7 2 18 3 t9 20 5 21 6 22 7 23 8 24 Phagna Katna 9 25 10 Barialida Na. 26 't1 27 12 2A 29 30 15 31 16

(Khan. 1970. lqbal 1S86) Lakes a,e @nnned b rhe upp€r mountainous .egion in ihs Kaghan vatley. The thre wodd fame lakes ar€ Lulusar, Dudipatsar and Saif ul,rMalook Sar Sa/ reans a lake The Lulusa/ is an itregular c€sc€nl shaped lake abolt 2.5 Km long and 274 metres wids, localed 16 Km resl of Babusar pass at an elevation of 3384 meiers. Lulus:r t3ke changing its wn @lou. and moods al times.

Dudiparsar is a circular lake abour halr a Km ln disiance and locared ar an el€valion of 3636 metes. Sait-ulMalook Sai located 1O Km 6t ot Nara. is about halfa Km long and 457 metEs broad localed at an aliitude of 3248 metes

Lak€ sail-ul-Malook ha a louch of the unrql abod n This d€€p dalk blue lake ofi€rs an acinspi.ins view of Malika Parbat (Queet of Moutla,ns). (Hussain, ebr 1991). The predominant loci tpes fiom Balakot lo Eabusar pass are pre cambian salkhala series, compising eoty black, €bonaceous phyllil€s and

argilliles with dart ot blue{€y dolomit€. Limestone, grants gtanilic, gnei$

@nglomelates, shales, sandstone, sh€n, siltstones are also met with Be&€en

Sharan lo Paras, lhe apex of lhe syntais is wrapped by lhe Panjal fomation.

Betw€€n Na.an and Babusar pass lhe .cks are Rnely st€tifEd se es of

altemating gneiss*, gEphn€, mica and schists with mi€ Th€ nonh€rn pan of

the valley and pesks ol th€ westeh idges have igneous and melamoryhic roc!€

@mprising granile, gneiss and limeslone with e)(posurc ot sndslone Granne

and gneiss* have given ris€ lo mode6let d€€p soil thal is almosl invaiablv

non calcareus. (qbal, 1986) The ocks in southern parts ot the basin a.e stighlty metamophos€d sh6te

and melamoDhic schisl and staies. In this pan, he shate have yietded shalow to

pH deep, reddish brM. non-csl@roous ctayey soil wirh rangins t om 7 O to B.O,

usually being lhe bw6r in the top soit. On stip faB of rhe rock tomation, the

sorls are relatively dep and stony, having been tomed in coluviums (tqbat.

1986).

L@lly the vall€y ha3 patchss ot moderatety sle€p ptateaus formed ot wind laid deposits (Loess), whch have very deep, browi, non €t€reous ctay

moslly neut€lin reaclion. The relativety ltai crest of Shogran is a ptaleau otthis

kind. Hillqests a€ mostly baiien with raw sha.p edges. Becaus or abundanr oqanic matler in mct of the ptacss particuta.ty atong the easy stope, the soitie geneEly nch in humus and porosrty, on step slop€ shalw and hard Near lhe habihtion the for6t areas that a€ €gulady visited dldng summer season by grae6 ae conpact, reasl porous and impovedshed due ro heavy pressure of grazing The degrees of slop€s vary but are ra€ty te$ than 300 ex@pt on main idgesand spurs S.@ and landstid4aE v€ry common particutarty inthe upper and low€r parts of the vall€y not und€r torests. (Abbasi 1993)

The upper parts of the vatley a€ U-shaped due lo glacer action as compared lo the lower V-shaped fomed by the water action. The soit esuttinq riom difierenl rocks is fertile In the fo€sts, lhe ground is often covered wirh a thick layer of pine needles and leaves of othe. ptants in various stages of decomposilion. The ,esuning humus is very le.tit€ fo. prant sr@U Al phc€s wherc io€sts we€ dBtrcyed most of the soit had b€en washed flay and area is o..upied by gr*s or Arternfsi6, depending on lhe avaitabatity ot nDbtule

Alove lhe io€sl zone t€c is tor ol snod e@ion and the rocrs ale oflen

o9os€d. (chaudhd. 1959. 1s60, Hussain, et€l 1993).

Cliftale of the tracl as a whote is iemperate with distinct €€asonal varialions Winle|s ar€ s€le€ with hs6vy snoMa , which may be expected anv lime frcm middle or November !o mitdte of Apit. The toiat 6ve.see annual precipilation bolh at Balakot ard Naran are dmGt eme Naran €ceiv€s most of pr€cipilalion as smwlall dudng rintar s€ason, where as toyver pan ot lhe val€y r€c€ivos ils major portion in ths tom of rainfa dudns summer soason. On lhe whol6, the i€cl rc€ires a good deatof annuat p€cipilaiion as snowta , whicn is hcaviff on upper ndges. (Hussain, 1984, lqbal, 86).

A summsry or enain met6obtogiet ob*toatins is giwn in Tabte 1 3 to 1 7.

(i):Rrln t ll Tabl€.'|.3: Av.r.g. montnty l.infal (mm).

B.l.tot B.l.l(ot s37 121.3 327 282.9 866 192.2 67.3 360.5 129.5 2E3.0 078 45.7 145.4 105.0 6.85 523 201.7 86.7 35.0 424 22A 98.7 530 59.5 983.15 17m.3 {ii}: snou trll

Tablo. 1.{: fho.ve.age annu.l rnowfEtl for I€w sl.rbn. in the vatt€y.

St Uon Aldtrdo (m) tm). 21& 6.0 Kashan 2030 2_1 '1520 0.9 234r5 3.0

T.ble.1.5: Mo ht @n ndhum.nd ntntrufi !.oFErrb for B.t lor.nd |l.r.. iLnn (2003) B.btol (Avloss of4 y€.t' troh 20{|0 ro 2003) Urr Min. Uln. -1.66 1.38 13.7 2.2 7_9 -2 77 0.38 142 3.6 9.0 -166 0.3E 172 6.4 11.7 13.33 3.81 18.60 25.6 124 19.2 21.€6 6.'ll t3.87 30.9 10.9 327 24.97 12 76 17.66 347 20.2 36_4 27 _19 t6 t0 21.66 330 21.4 27.1 24.99 12 22 14.60 31.8 20.5 26.1 21.10 11 10 16.09 322 13.0 24.1 17.76 000 12.22 27.4 115 19.6 9.41 3.80 6.€€ 21.8 5.1 14.2 6.11 0.55 133 15.6 2.7 91 (iv): R€Ltvo Huhldlt

T.bl.. 1.6: Avor.g. rtLt v. humidiry (%) Yo.r; 2oo3

48 4E 61 EO 80 66 r8.2 21.4 69 51 59 47 83 69 t6 60 48 76 58 46 6l ,r9.5 49 52 78 61 38 42 62 46 64 70 80 58 a7 64 49 33 64 70 u 53 f.bl€. 1.7:Avehs€ wind movom.nt 3pe.d p$t 24 hou6 {Knols) Y.al3.20O3 Xon!l Bd.kor uonrt B.l.Iot 0.E 1.3 1.6 0.6 1.6 05 10 15 05 2.0 06

Winds blow in vatyins directioas and thon vebcty nses fron 0.5 knats to 2 knots per day Neany, no signilicant broakage o. upr@tng of the t@s has been

Position ol dnnking lvaler is on lhe whol€ satidaclory, be€u* good n'imber of slreams and spings 6re found lhrcughoul the valley b6ides rhe main dve. Krnhar The dver is mostly snow led lhrough per€.nial .allahs wilh ere @nrribution of Ein and spdngs. The major lnbutades ol Kunhar river are enlisled in Table 1.2. (lqbal.1986). In the krer pa.t of Ihe valley, waler from main river is used for Imned inigalion of agricuhural tields. Besid€s lhE, lnder Oevelopmeni Programs ol Dislrici Council Mansehra, Mler trom main riE. is being u*d to g€ne€le hydroelectric porel at Kaghan, l4ahandi, Paris and Gh.nool (Abbassi,1993).

The populalion of Kaghan valby is enli€ly tural and moslly poveiy sticken and under nouished Then gconomy is moslly agfo-pasioral wilh inlen* lncrease of populalion ie 163030 p€6ons (census, 1998: Table 1.8. 1.9), deadh of land and dwindling ploduclion, l.nd hunger has inc€ased ror farming. Agicullu€ is lhe principal occupalion although sheep and €itle Eising is praclied over tie adjacent mounlainous ar€a. Few people arc engaged in tade, lo€l labour and €mploym€nt in bigger cilies of the @untry. Pincipal t ib6 {elhnac grdps) an th€ valley a€ Syed. Swali, Guja. and Awan. Syed and Swati

t0 a€ econolnically domimnt. Guja'E ar€ in numsft€l mapdty irost of ltE p€opte sp€k Hindko and Gujn bnguag$. (Abbasi, 1993). Lne6ct €!e acco.ding io 1981 ceruU3 wa3 16.5% and according to t99E census, it ms 30.9%. hcrease in litara.y ral€ dufng *Enreer ye.B is not endEging. High illiteEq in the a|Er b beoau6€ of tle p@ny and tsss

T.bl.l.8: O.trttof C€n.B {t99E) s. 8.o

12789 10 I926 2 10,644 11 8 902 3 5,471 '12 8 350 5,597 13 8.688 5 8,918 Satbani 11.099 6 8,437 t5 11 930 1r,5€4 t6 8,181 12,459 '17 '10,702 9,370 t6,303{t

T.ble. 1.9: D.t il of unlon councilr i. th. ae of3tudy, Popul.rion DGNtryrSq.Aco

Kaqhan 50,738 0.39244 28,458 0.44416 18,583 0 60253 44,010 o 20227 r2,510 0 80575 6 Satbani 18.649 1.07287 1,0006 1165 8 Shohal 9,290 1 11862 9 Ghai Habib.ullah 17,125 1 59396

ll Ma'ze is grorvn as major crcp wheat and ice is atso g.own. poral@s and peas yield fan r€um. vegetabl$ and fruiis are tess common The mct

@mmercially groM important fiuits a€ appte, mtnut, ptum, pear and apn@t

Matority ot f'€ people rcsist imp.ov€d plactices for tand dsvetQment and few prog6srw on€s lack linancial suppon. (Abbassi, 1993).

The forcsls ale situaied in 116 middte of Kaghan V6[ey. Alitude in rhis arca ranges frorn 915 met es at gatatot to 5280 met es at Matika patuat, highest p€ak in the vall€y. The foresrs o@upy the krer pa.ls ot th€ valey and are siluaied al varying altitudes beir,€6n 1370 metres to 3660 m6tr€s Above the torests, st€lch lhe alpine pastules, which r€ visited annualy by nomadic catle and dmesric rtesioc* ftom dmerenr psrrs of rhe valey (lqbat, 1986)

A@ording to standard classifE3tion ot "Forcsi typ6 ot

Pal(istan"(Champion, et at 1965) the Kaghan valey folests tal unds rhe major type 'Monlans TempeEte For€sts and 'Himatayan Dry Tempsrate Fo€sis'. As a brcad division of lo€sls beyond Oewanbeta are rcpre€€ntriive of taler type.

For any comprehension to get bett€r picture of th€e forests, thes€ are ctasitied under four main c€t€gol€s.

'l :Pure Blue Pine Forcsb (Attitudr: t 370 io 2s90 metr3.):

Btoe Pine "Pinus wattichina tocatly catl€d "Bia, 6nd Kait' is iound as a pu€ crcp in Lachi Khan. Mlkhan, Matkandi, Nagan, Manoor and r€matban foEsts D€p€nding upon asp€ct, its distdbution vai€s trcm i 370 to 2590 ret€s.

t2 It is g€nsrally confined to the warmer. southern and west€rn stop€s as typicr y

€pl*nied by Malkandi iorcsts. The naturat phenomenon of Fh cotonazing in ihe cools sFcts and Blue Pine in Mmer .eaches may be distincty noticsd in some parts of Malr'€ndi, Nu and Kamatban Foresrs The broad-tsaved associales are Jrglrrs r€gia Aesculus indba, Prunus comuta, Acs caesiun and Populus ciliata. Uidery'ci4tJ]' gemra y consisls of Vrbrmum sppi /nd@bra

3pp; torteE spp; Skhmia /aureota, Baftons V.iun, R6a spp; and Rubls spp.

Ground @ver is lhick, psrticutarty in moisr and coot tocatities. The ground flora

@nsisls of Rurr€, spE Ttifotun .pp; Fragatia ven, cennim spp. Atropa acunketa, viola sppi F€ms and vaious speci* of Irass€s. The lotat 6rea cov€Ed by th€s€ loresls is 3203 hecral€s. (tqbat, 1986)

2:Purc Doodar For..b (Alttud€: 1520 to 2{t0 motros):

Deodar "Codrus deodad" tocatty catted 6 "Oiar' in tor€r and 'patudaa in lhe upper pan ol |he valley, is found rarety pu€ in Kamatban, Matkandi, Nu.i,

Nalan and Ban€l torests at an altitude trcm 1520 to 2430 metres, mosly on wem€r aspecls cornmon broad-leav€d assiates are A€sc!/us tndica, Fopulus sppi Ac€. spp; Prurrrs spp. and Qrorlrs spp The shtub tay€r varies considerably, being lhin lnder a close cnopy or Deodar, but re dev€toped undsr an open canopy Common shrubs a€ P€rctis sppi V,bumum spp; lonicora spp; 86rber's sppj So,bsda spp. and Coldieaster Epp. The gbund flora coruisls of ynta F..gE b, Dn:anthun, Anen@e spp. aN tems. Ctifibe.s tike

Clarraf,s and Ros€ are also found in some ptacs. Tolat ar€a of lhes forests is

1712 hectars. (lqbal, 1986)

t3 3:Pure Si|vor Fi., Spruce For€.r. (Atritude: 2130 to 3t9O mc!s.):

Fir TOios p,hdrow" l@lly knoM as 'R€wa'' is gereBlly 6vaitabt€ as pure

6Dp al varying alitude frcm 2130 to 3190 metes And with spruce " P,ca€ su ilhian€' locally called "Kachhal' at lower slsvation, besides othe. areas such forests may be notied in lvlalkandi, Nu.i Manshi, Nagan, Kamatban, D*anbeta,

KarlGna and Aafial fo€srs The undeorcwtr is usuatty of V/brmm spp.

Skhnig lauteota. h.rgobn sppt Sptsea sppr R brs spp and tonrc€G spp.

The herbac€ous fora @nsisls dt Vabnana wallbhii, Viota sD Paoonie eno

Fmgana spp; Bergenia spp, Atopa acuninata, A@nltun spp and Pdnula sqp

Tolala€a cove€d by rhese toresis is 9296 hecta.es (qbat. 1986)

1t:Mlr.d O.od.., KaiuFir/spruc. Fo6.t (Attitude: 1320 to 3000 m.b€s):

This category is tound s€tter€d in and aound olher stand typ* tt iangos riom1320lo 3000 trElr4 elevalon. Common mixture is thal ot D€oda, and r€il and Fi/Spruce HoErer, mitture of other fou speies is atso not uncommon.

The besl mted for€sts are found in Malkandi, Manshi, Nuri, Kamatban, Naqan and Na.an lorosls. Deodar seems to b€ happy in mitture fith Kail and tess onen with Fir or Sp,u@. Like olher sla.d types, alnost all toadleaved sp€cies are also mef with. Jrglars 89a, Aasculus iNba, A@r cesium, tunus ctmda,

Popults spp.and Texus walidiana arc tha conmon associates The shtubs commonfy tcrund ae Parctia wp, vibumun, Rubus, skinnia, cotonoastea

Eerber's and SpirE€€ species Herbaceous groMh is generally same as found in oiher stand 9pes. (lqbal, 1986). REVIEW OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF LITERATURE

PalFology, the study of potten .nd sporos, has estabtished irs rights by

s vanous appli€tjons, which ar€ dir€ctty r$ponsibte to th€ service of mankind

The poll€n or spore is the singte cett and cani€s within n a minute quantity of ploloplasm, which is pElecled by i6 boal or exine. This tiny structure known as the pollen grain is brcughl tothe stigma by wind, water, stimutus, a@identatand so much so by man himselt for the continuity ot hereditary characleB One of th€ most €maftable wond€. of nature is its €xine. tts exine or outer walt has a complex biochefnic€l slructure known rs Sporcpo/enh wth b€urifuly cleatsd omahenlational panems. lt is remad(able to mention that rhe b€auty of gEjns conceals lhe glory of florers The floEt pahem and ils beauly are dircc{y €tated

$h lh€ biology of insects The g.ains may b€ nrnctionat or aboried, us€tut and somelirps hanntul, sed€d as tood mat€dat for ins€crs and @rry m€dicinal properlies for man. lt F rospoNible for lhe creation ol new va,ietjes and even speies by c.oss-po llinalion

Hyde and Williams (1045) iniroduced th€ term Patynotogy to inctuds atl lhe work dealing both wilh fossil and living pollen and spores ll is derved tFh e"eek ra.!o "Palynein'which msans. 'to sc€ltef and is similar 1o 'Pol/er' meaning 'Rour or dusl'. The sci€nce ol palynology has grlM its maximurn expansion dudng t\e hst rrfly years with a number or appticarions.

PalFotaxonmy and a€ropalynok€y a,e lhe bEnches of this *bnce The historiel €view has been g€atly given by Edhan (1963). The study of pollen gEins and spo€s initiated at the lire of inventio. of Mpound micGope by Rob€rt Hooke in lTri c€ntury. Ahhough ancienr psde had some insighl inlo lhe €fiect ol pollen grains. As Bhutta (1968) has quoted " An insdiption on a slone tabl€l in the palace of Ashurnasi-apat, ruter of Assydan

Empne (885-860 B.C ) indicatesthat ancienl Assynans u*d to poltinate the date patn, \Phoenix dac,tytiteta) by hands (Olmstead, 1923 in Wodehouse 1965).

These Assyrians knew lhat the€ were lwo kinds oi Palms One which yietd rruit, lhe fedile palm (female) one which did nol the baiien palm (male) and that the

'dust'(polren) ftom the spalhe of th€ barcn palm could lndu@ the remate patm lo lruit ll is nol clear lhai whether the Assyrigns kn4 abour the mechanism of pollinalion or il was done for supeEtitious reasons". Even today in €mole areas of Baluchisran lhe male innor€sene ot date palm is given as a pan of dowry as a token of good will. lt is rarely used for pollination A@rding to Meh€shMi

(1 950) the poflen of Pn@rt dacty'iteE rcn'aln \iabte lot a whole year thutta

(1908, 1983) has also susgeslsd 'Palynology is a @arch toot ro. the investigation or pala@boiany, plant geog€phy, geology and medidnes

Francis Baue., an Auslrian Botanist who studied at Kew frcm 1790 until his dsath in 1840 contibuled by studying the pollen of more than 120 genera,

175 species, belonging to 57 rafiilies. {hfortunaiely his rclk remained unpublished. All his so based on penol drawings is nN kept in the Natural

Hislory Museum tondon. (wodehou6e, 1935). Wodehou* (1935) has opened a nsvr chapter lowads lhe impoiane of pollen grains by studyinglhe pollen grains then structure and signmen@ i. ihe sci€nce of medicin€. He studied both basic and applied values, also includ€d the atmcphenc pollen g€ins and lhen.eblionship wilh hay fever.

Edlman (1963) divided palynology inlo basic pollen and spoi€ molphologry and applied palynology. Ths basic palynology includes pollen and spor€ morphology, while applied palynology includes palynotdonomy (pollen and spore moDholosy in .elation to laxonomy), aercpalynolosy (lhe frcquency and dist buiion of spores in air) pataeopalynology (sludy of fossil pollen grains and spores), phamacopalynology (study ot pollen grains in druss), ia!rcparynology (sludy or pollen g€ins in conneclion with allergies) ro.ensicpalynolosy (palynology as an aid in c.iminology). melliltopatnology

(study of pollen grains in honey) and coprcpalynology (study of pollen g€ans in

€xdemenrs) Allrhese ar€ very impo.tant b.anches. A@rding ro Eftftman (19€3) applied palynology has impacton lracing lhe hBtodes ol plant @mmunities, plant groups and species, climatc hislory, pollen @ntenls of atrnosphere and ils eff€.t upon human healih, pollen conlenls othoney, crime investigation and oiland gas

Wodehouse (1935), Edlhan (1943 1952, 1954 1963, 19€4, 1965. 1909) and Erdtnan el el (1961, 1963) have conliblted a lol in lhe f|eld of pollen moryhology. wodehouse (1 945) has propos€d dmerenl devices and sludied lhe specfic pollen and lhel role in hayfever with special relercnce 1o Nodh Anedcr. lkus (1956) published his rcd< enlilled Pollen Grains of Japan. Hyde and

17 rdams (1958) published an ailas oraiborne polle. in Cardiff (Wales), which they

ttapp€d Lom the atrnosph€re duing 19421955

In India Nak (1960 1961, 1962, 1964 1965 1970, 1985) conr'ibured

lowards Ind6n polle. and spo,es. He has @nrribuled mo.e than 150 €s€arch

adicles dealing with Indian potten and spores, which is entisled in Nan and

chaturu€di (1974) They have develop€d a pollen helbarium at Nationat Boranic

Garden Llcknow, where more than 0,000 pollsn slides have bs€n stacked, supplem€nled with pollen descriplion @rds and an inde, to polen stide colleclron. varghe* (1985) Tilak (1989) and Saxena (1Ss3) have aso ontribuled io Indian palynok'gy. Gilt er at (19E2) have sludied po[e. morpnobgy of '!V6l Himalayan tabiataer. Patil (199a) reviewed $e Indian pollen flo€ in the air and divided lndia inlo tive zones depending upon rhe lopogBphy, climatic condirions and vegetationat patem He gave a comp@n€nsiv€ reporl of Airbome Pollen Flora of Oehra Dun and Dethi, beronging to Nonhern Zone. Fa€gri and lversen (1975) have conlributed by wdling "Ten B@k of Pollen Anatysis" Oavies (1962) has dslemined ihe s€asonal vaiations in pollen qusing hayfever and asthma in Cadiff. Derick

(1960) r€ported lhat lhe grass poll€n in the an over a tong peiod musr be

Fnside.ed imporlant in relation to seasonal allergy. K.emp (1965) pubtish€d an

Encyclopedia of Palynology. Punt (1976) descibed the Northwesl European

Pollen Flora. Tschudy al €l (1969) have contibuted by 'Aspeci ot patynotogy vllavaces (1973) prcvided modem immunologic methods of anvesligations by poll€n enracls from diftarenl lEs in palienls with springtime atte€y By

l3 gEvilalional nElhod he sludied a .umbs or all€eenic tr€es grwi.g in eighr

6ilis of Ventura county Califo.nia wang (19E9) estabtished a rct.tionship betreen seasonal didnbubn or poll€n in Shandons (China) and pottino6is alle€y conditions Phamchyakam 6t al (1989) made a suNey at ahospheic pollen and mould spores in Bangkok ior frite€n yeaF and @nctuded lhat the peak pe od ol pollen and nould spores occur€d during the time ot the year with low lsmperalure. Galan el al (1989) haw m6de @ntribution estabtishing that pollen g6ins of Amaranthac€e and Chenopodiaceae may @uF attergy in

Cadoba, Spain. Nakahu€ (1990) inwstigated Japanss€ cedar poliocis. peouliar to Japan sing €r ar (1991) has prepared a polen calendar ot

StFnganagar alnosphere sith a view to hetp the physicians inteeted in arlergios. Iargo (1971) has suggesled thal Mutborry tree has nol b€en reponed to @us€ rcspilalory allelgy. Huang (1966, 1967. 1968, 1970, 1972, 1986, 1989,

1996) has conlibuled a lot to the Potren Ftora or Taiwan. Huang 6t at (1968,

1969, 1971, 1994. 1995, 1906, 1S97) have published a *ries of monographs o.

Pollen G€ins ol Fomosa fiaiwan) Hshieh et €r (1995, 1997) chen sa €l

(1993), Tsou er.l (1982) and Wu el rr (1995) have also contdbuted to Taiwan

Sciene or palynology has been recenuy intrcduced in Pakist.n al Puniab.

Sind, Karachi and Peshawa. Unive6(ies Liitle woft of fundamental naiue has ben car :d out in th€se four univeFilies.

The liBt rc* on poll€n was @ried out in Pakastan by Malik sl al (1964).

They describ€d pollen moDhology of 65 Pakistani medicinal planls. th$e polten weE of various shapes and difte€nt rneasu€menrs. Larer on, Khan and thutra

(1965) studi€d lhe pollen s.ains in honey or sLnd shahid and aayyom (1977)

have d€scribed th€ Bes noE of rhe N w'F P Simila y Ahmad d ar (1978)

have desffib€d lhe'Honey B€e tlora ot Pakislan' R€hman and Chaudhry(1985)

rcrked on EejoEging planls of Peshawar

Bhutta (1969) inlroduced palaeobotany 6nd palynology in the Punjab

UniveEity Under his guidance ditre€nl woi

to $hich palynology and palaeoboiany museom has b€€n tully devetoped t',tore

than 800 plants ol Punjab have been patynotogica y descibed and stides ae

propeiy siacked. Khan and Memon (1970) did sorne patynologiqt srudies of28

plants beloging to leguhinosae fim Sind univeBily @mpus Jamshoo Sind

Ashrar (1973) investigatsd patynotogic€[y cedain medicinat planb of punjab

plains. Zahur, er at (1978) studied rhe po en moehotogy of ptants of punjab

(Lahore).Ihey have atso discussed the sasonat vadaltons in rheffequencies of pollen, artuorne which @use atle.gy and asthma. They have estabtished a po en

bank Oai*. and Ali {1978) a.e co.sidered ro be the pion€er in pakistan, as rhey

hare made valuabte contribulion by podudng tiBr scanning etsctron microscopic (SEM) f€u.e ot lanatcars. Bun er sr (1987) srudied 25 species of Litiac€ae g.owing jn tamily Punjab. Nasir (1987) discussed the po€n aspects ot

Primulaceae of Pakislan. He has ahempt€d SEIU for majority of the Himatayan laxa for lhe lirst time Bufi (1989) studied the polen ot Leguminous ptants of

Ponjab lheir seasonat vadatrions and then impact on th€ prodoction of hon€y j991) Laler on Bu[ and BhLrna (1990, descdbed the po e. of ramities

l0 Caesalpinac€ae and Mimosac€ae €spectively, growing in the Punjab. Bhut6,

1973) worked on the spores (tnctuding g€hinating spores) d Homeophyton

(Honea) Ltgnien (Kidston and Lang) B.rghoorn and Darah. Bhutt€ (1974)

inlrodoced siphon lehnique for isotating buoyant spores Bhuna (1983) wote a

nobe on the Science ot Palynotogy Bhulta and Shahina (197j) and Bhuth and

waseema (1972) wofted on Patynotogi€t Sludies ot Honsy (l4etidopatynotosy).

Butl and Bhutra (1993) studied po[en grains in honey. Tahavi (2OOO) rc €d on

the "P.lynological studies of arboreal piants growjng in Lahore and thei. impacl

Peryeen (1994) po erar desclbed rnation types and polen chafacters wirh flora

of Karachii Perve€n al a/ de&ribed patynotogicalty a numberot ptants betonging to ditrerent ,,polten tamities under the tilte, Ftora ol pakistan, . viz perveen et al

( 1 994) Pollen Ftora of pakisran- p€rveen L rMatvaceaet et €r {1995) pol€n Fto€ or Pakistan- perveen lr. Sphenocteaceaei et al (1995) po en Ftora of patistan_ rll. Elatinaceaei po0en Perveen etar (1995) Ftora of pakistan_ tV. Boraginaceaei Pedeen et €r (1996) po pakistan en Ftora of V H6roraga@aei perveen el at (1996) Portsn Fto€ pakbran-Vt. psrueen ot satvadoracoaej er rr (1s97) po en Flora of Pakistan-Vl N€uradaceaet peryeen el ar (1990) polen FtoE of Pakislan-X. Leguhinosae (Sub pery€en iamity ceas6tpinioideae)t 6t sl {1999) Pollen FloE ot Pakistan,Xxxt. perueen Betulaosaet er ar. (je99) po en Flora of Pakislan,xxlll. perveen Potygataceae and 6tal (2ooj) potren Ftola of pakisian- XXV Papav€faceae. Qaiser and perueen (1997) have given a patynotogicjl survey of Flora of Pakislan. Qu€shi ,t ar (1987) described palynotogi.at siudy

2l or qlosna (8or.gin*e.€) n!|n Pstdstah. Sitdhui (.tS€8) dGoib€d

Palynologic.l study of tne famtt O€mina. riom r\aracni, pakto*en and Suttso €( (1994) ar conhibutsd by gjvtng e patynololic.t study of Monooots ftom Karacni (Edudlns Gr€mlme). MATERIALS & METHODS iIATERIALS AND TIETHODS

a. Materials:

'The study lrips vr€re sch€duted acco.ding ro rh€ btooming p€nods of lhe

pranls. The firsl t p was mad€ in the month of August 1997. Then tudhs tips

wer€ m6de at an inioftat ot t5-25 days. Pla.t sp€cim€ns b€dng mature flo{€rs rels setectsd tor colt€crion Thr€e norenng ahoots tim eaci tr€€ and shrub v€.e @nsd€d, pEss€d. dded and mou.ted on the standard hebanum sheet tn add(ion lo lhat natof€ .nthers ol the rsspective ptants w6ro stso @ octed in speciat gtass viat contajning acetic tbonol. Herbarium 3hee6 and respecrivs anrhers rer€ numbered accodingty. All rers €co.ded page 'nlormahons h ft€, r F/d /voreOoot( . of ,€k Note Boot 6 repEdued on ne{ page.

2l POttEt{ FtoFtA oF KAGHA|! vatLEy, faltsEHRA (l{WFp} paKFrax. PALYNOLOGICAL LABAROTARIES, OEPARTIEI{TOF BOTANY

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAA &

GOVT- POAT GRADUAIE CO!!€GE AABOTTAAAD.

Dist b

Slop6 Sorl

Dblribulion

Olfler Data

Corfocio.; Name ,lan2<,o. ttu s.ht Daie ol corectiotr

24 Following is fre list ol plants, which hav€ been colt€ct€d and tinaly

*l€cted for pra€. inv€€ligation.

Glp@s$dFel$ L

5 l*'*l*- @ I turu!5r. Rs$ (H) c.dtrc daod@ iRaE

Pbea sfldr'@r@ (wan) s.tu-

10 aia ub,ryhlisGl l1 **---- L

12 - Y*rE). B'm'(H. pbl ';;;M;.a t f6;EEt ^crnlrrce.e

Ac.Ec.!o

l5

(H).

M!'!o-E(u-. H-t --l 13 -- l-F.at6i;Es;r-" - f J.L.shft€nex B€ndb I

sdnrd' (E), smaq {ir), Itr*- 22 oie-ds (E). xtntilEl

c,rrl,oe6,.@€liiata_

-EC, Bu,y€-(lJ);d;i-J l-f lec!ac

26 &7b.6 *!rdw!6rsrs Royre

23

Hims'ay.t 8e.k.;da-;l -AUgurocb T@ aid€.(€) sh@r, shr"t,

] n---1 JawEno€(E) N*rum I AF -May

Fnm;;E tt4der-

rruddr€t c..o(Loginiec€.el

80!ert'y 8{sn (q, 3@i

3/ ap'n od'tetuiN- - fFfrlyFd]E'Ner--f

Ph*i {u), rho,(H) |

27 ctr|.llhc..o {Tt..@o)

(8).

L4ii6r p/,riEGa (os.)

(Fr) vtwm dtnitotitn D.b.l

VibuM g6r.ht,o.ui' D.n

51

28 53

,nd€drN ddit*i, (O.b)

lfeibrls pr'dh@*' (|' m)

(H).

qE@s @td'pdor. Sm

Fi6€s a&€itE oe€ d Jm

29 FbrDfoaririr.qr6ufl Ird@ {H) H.d.n@. {Arelhc..el

HyFdc*{. {cutt!.r€e}

Lamr.cq6 (L.biarao)

Llv|c€.o tr lHtb,rc6sri*u.L B,*J({HI TSffi;, TSt*

(H)

l0

- (H)

aoacd dblrta (Lrin ) oo [e

a2 A/D/r2ia chir.rsr! (osb*k)

&eeBrE papy?rin venl

(H).

Fils rrEor.l, WEn qt q

(H) €3 |F@r€,D,raFdtr&.

92 'Feb,".,yGt

93

ll Sd,grdrcea tt rE ChGy.

(H) 103

Frao||..ca.o

{H)

Aslaga/Gpsl@'lo;T;;oh &r&,eovdaaG] (u,fi)

DEtuodan podaca'pra DC-

J2 E4lDn . 9,aD/€s6rs (Pcin )

sorh@ r'otir (Rorr€)&k€r t:I r***-'l Potyg

ae,ilJue lshrub

R..unculicoao

't22

123

125 s,0d6r6 ,@ (o3be.r) Mc J@sbnva|fuaadBkia@

3l 'l2l (H) zi2iph6 n@to|*i.lBum I

12S

corde6lrr .@iEr, Ldl 131

132 (H) c6r.60'5 egrric. c hdh

135 &iobqa [email protected]@ lrhunb)

t3a (u,H).

Arusradr'. H{ .x D Don (H) 18 (Hl 150 15i

L2 (H) 153

156 Sp,[email protected] 9rr@ ,as,bcap. Y€r & Kr. t5a l50 ttMri{'orr, sy*6 RdD

163 (H,U). snirn&, ,a,eo,a (Dc) sieb a

163 z.nflb^ytun qnqdn O C

FopLl,s crrera wdr €r Royte 1€7

t5 Sd,tr drrrir/rrb N.J lnd6. va.naz.ri. (P..k4) f r.d(a.

Sa/n t bo,lrr8 N J rrdt@ 1t2

Saub@rs q&rratu W.tt e: {H)

D.'doE a !iic@ (Ll J.cq Sdp,indls @tm$, c€.dn

Cosnun annt@n ti\d 173 | Cesqn nelununt 1n

H) sdaM [email protected]; L r3i wrr@b g@ibE/l-lffi Stlph tnymeneoee -...... -...... -. _ -- 130

133 (H) 1Al

ultB rrri/rbm puLi !9.rMr,loddm, M6tvil..nd

139

V.rlemc..o 100

191 102 193 shtub

195

PtovhrcLl Locd L.nguag..l (E) Engtilh (U) Uft,U (H) Hindko

(ffi) Kohastani

31 b, Itethods:

l: Coll.ction ot I.t riil:

Ths planis b€aing matue ttoweB w€.e colected in tripticale Their

localily ms giv€n in the tietd norsbool Th€ ptants were p6sed, died,

pEseru€! and mounled on 12 x 18 inches sized herbaium she€t. E6ch

h€rbanum sheet was @rrying futt detait on the tabet 5 r 7 inch6. White

collecling lhe flowering shoots the anthors of marure ftoweB iom the same

plant rerc collecled in rhe fo[wing way

Sufticient quantity of maru.e anthers u€re plucked with fine pair of forceps

and pr€seNed into the gtass viat 6 5 i 1.5 c'n. with flat bottom containing acetic

akohol 1:3. Each viat was numbered sihitar to thar given tnro the Fietd

Nolebook. Special €re was tak6n duing picting of anrhers to avoid

@ntaminalion. At €ach cotteciion new stqitized pan of torceF was us€d. prior

lo @lleclion, ths lietd instrumenls tike viats, nedtes and forceps weE

lhorought {enfiz€d by puting them into chromic acil ior j2 hou6, io avoid

any acctdental contam'nalion or mixing ot other polsn material The ptant

specimens rere identifi€d by comparing i! with at€ady denrifgd specimens or going lhrcugh 6vaibbb taxonomic tire.atlre, manuats and loEs. (Ati S.t. and

Nasir(Eds) 1970-2002; Parter, 1952 Srewaneta/ 1972iWaltis, 1973, l.tsher

1984). Ste.eomiooscope was us€d io, cdi€t eraminalion ot rhe mat€.iat.

l8 ii: Proco.lur€,or i.ot don or pott.n:

Glass rcd ol 10 cm lenglh and 3 mm in dismeter was btown ove! Benson

bu.ner tlame and @s p€ssed on asb€stos shet to make one end nallened.

w'(h lhe help of thess iattened micro pestes mature antheE wer€ crushed by

tapping lheflatend. ! /hen male.iatwas homogenized, itwas passed through a

glass lunnel 5 d in diameter ptugged with toosety packed gtass woot and

collecl€d in rhe enr.ituge tube ot 10 cm in rength In rhis way mscrGcopic

mal€rialwas trapp€d on to the gtass woot and aetic atcohot @ntaining polen giains rere pa$ed thrcugh the neck into the cent ituge tube. Theroafler, it Ms

washed twice to ,emove lhe trac€s ot a@tac atcohot Then $e matedat ,as

treated with 5 % KOH sotution. tt wds again washed and chtodnation was

empbyed as reco'nmended by Bhufla (1973) ro bleach the m6terial The

malsrial Ms rhoroughty washed by disliled wator and residuat matedat was

mounl€d in Glyceine ietty arrcady stained in j % Sarranine. Th€ mounted

specnEns we€ s€ated using synthetic enamet on dngrng dis. The stides rere

ac@rdiogly labelled and nuhbered. For each speimsn tO stides rerc made

The dried plant specimens mounted on herbarium sheets and stides were d€posited in Palynotogicat Laboratory punjab UniveBity tahoe, pakistan.

b, Prop..ation of ctycsrine je[y:

Slight modification was made in the prepaEtion of Glyce.ine JeIy as rcconmended by Kisser (1935) clycerine Je y was prepaled by d|ssotving 70 gm ot gelatine (Fabique an A emagn€) in 42 mt distiled wam wate, in a beaker. The bsker was placed in a waler balh. The gelarine Ms stired ior

about ore hou. on an eleclric slifier, f|sreafler 60 ml gly@nre Ms added

followed by 1 gm ol phenol crystals. Ihe wam clycerine Jelly was pass€d

lhrough Vvhatnan No.1 paper undd suclion This mediun was p,esered in

petndishs. Double staining was ti€d in cerlain cases by aqueous Eosine and

@s mounted in Glyceins jelly, .keady mixed wiih 1 o/. Aniline blue. lt was

obseNed thal double slaining was eff€clive only fo.2-3 months

jii. ilic.ophotography.nd Photogrtphy:

MicrophoiogEphy was mads under 'Nikon Optiphol HFX-I

photomicrcspe using 35 mm Kodak ASA 200 coloured lilm. The iilms were

9oI d*loped from lhes€ unlouched negatjv* and prints of desired

magnili€tions were mad€ from pholo laboEtory.

Pholog€phy of rep€$nlative plant5 were also incorporated by "Fuindol

digital €meE and "yashrba" 35 mm eme6. The pdnts werc made frm photo

iv. f,easurement of Pol!.n .la and M.gnilic.tion:

Formeasoring origin6lsize of pollen grain in micrcn (pm) Irm magnifi@lion and vice versa, following fomulae rer6 adoplod

Magniiicalion = Size in mm x 1000 Onginalsize in micron OriginalSize = Size in mm r 1000 A! h6 ob!.rydbn! on potbn mo4tiobgy wor3 canl€d oin m l€tz r€.e.dl miolacot6 ar|d data coiLcbd i& apadaly madc .Pdan Pmftfine' wftidt is r€P.od06d on tr ||d !43.

Finypoflln g..in of.€c,h 3p.tjnEn m.alrmd rt reftbrn In a ti! caoc. rh€ brdnobgy u!€d In eccodd|c! $[l Ulbd€alorr. (1e65) Edhun (195t). (1SC6), Krg|p Hr€nS (192), F€.gri sr{ ir€dr ('S75), Wrrer *d Doy|e (1975). PALYNOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

AOTAI{Y DEPARTIEI{T, PUNJAB UNIVERSITY CIUAIO€.AZAXCAflPUS, LAHORE-54590 & BOTANY DEPARTIENT. GOVT,POST GMDUAIE COLLEGE AABOTTABAO HAZARA {NWFPI POLLEN FLORA OF KAGNAX VALIEY. XANSEHRA INIVFPI PA(ISTAN

Exinel

Morphology Based On:

Slide No:

Raeoarch Suo.tvisol Ptol D.. Khan R.ssfisootl

42 SYSTEMATIC PALYNOLOGY GYMNOSPERMAE Cupressaceae Cupresst s se,rpeavirers L.

Fig.t ptat , I Fi0..t Phb. TS- |

Ol.tribudon: Curlivaied in plains and lore, hilts Dim€Nlon6:27.3 (31 2) 3€.4 pm.

O€.cdpton: Potten giain sphercidat, acotpate, inap€rturate. amb circutar, exine, 1 53 rm inick, etudd€d with olbicutes. T*rum psitate, seine r I rm thid, nelne as thick as sexine, intine 1 1 llm thick. Grains are packed with spheroidal

pyramidat vcrnacobr N.rp.: Cypress. GGveyard Cyprcss (English), Sarc (Udu. Punjabi, Hindko) Flowering S€..on: May - August Slt ofcoll4tion:Batakot f.dbinrl an.t Economic Vatue: The f.uit and wo@ are anlr|ehDtic and adnngent (Baquar,1989). The wood as used in capenrry and tor rumiture making. Planred as ornamentat rre (Baqu5r,1995). polen glain oauses hay reve. iwodehouse, 1945). Sli.le o: MH/BT/TT- 087 vouch6. No: [4H/BTm 087 Film No:1830412

Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis palta s.Juniperus srbinba Burgsdorff, J. communis ssp. nana(Willd.l, J, communis var, montana Ail.

Fig.2 ptat . I Obtributlon: Common and g€garious Klram, Chitrat, Swat, Asior, Gitgit, Baltistan, D6s. Kaghan Va[€y, Ladak, Kashmn, 24OO ro 4ZOO melres Dlmomlons:20 (25) 32 pm. D.&dprion: Pollen g€in alnost perfeclly spheroidal a@lpate. inapenurate or aperlure rudimenlary, micret em€, microlept orbiculale, amb ci@Ia,, exine 1 5 Fm thick, surface unevenly granular. leclum psilale sexine 1 1 um, wilh

verrucoid palte.n. Outside the sexine propsr smal orbicules diameter abolt I 1 sm Leptoma small (in some grains possibly enlirely lacking) sometimes sitoat€d in a slight oncavity Nexine 11 rlm and inrire 11 rm rhick, stellate (slar sh.ped)

vemacularName: Common Juniper (English), Abhal (Udu), Bhenti (Hindko), Oobakht, Bantha (Kohisian), Pama, Peithi (Punjabi), Pethh, Betar. Bsnrha Sukpa, Shukcher (Kashmiri). Flow.ring s€ason:Apnl May. Slt. of colleclion: Jalkhad. Medioinal and Economic Value: Infusion of beries is diuretic. Beries, wood and oil €ported to be us€d in folk €medies for cancer, indurations, potyps swellings, tumoE and warts. Repoded to b€ c€minative, stimutant in dysmenornea, skin di*as. kidney diseas€s, d,eobstrueni, diaphor€tic, digestive, stjmulanl in dysmenorfio€a, skin diseases, kidneydisea*s Atso us€d in alcoholrc and non€lcoholic beverages Generally wood and teaf burnl as incense. Iol of folk lemedies re@rded by Duke (Kaul, 1997). The rruit and oil a€ Outelic, c€mnative, slmulanl and is u*d m dropsy, gonqlh@a, gleet, leu@rh@ and some cutansus dis€ases. The bedes a€ given in s€nty u,i.e, cough and pe€toral affi,ictions. Locatt, powder ot befiies is rubbed on rheumalic and painful swellings They ar€ also used tor the p.esetoation of heat dnd the peparalion ot Junrper b€ndies Junipe, benes are roasted sround and a€ osed as substilule of 6ffee. Ash ol the ba is appti€d in e.tain skin atr4lions The b€fii€s a€ also reco.nmended an intantite tube@tGis and diabet*. (zaman €l al 1970). wodehoos€ (1945) ctaimed lhar the po[en c€use halever rhe ash is mixed with lobacco and best quatity 'llaswal (Snufi) s

Slid,. No: MH/JD/TRS- 065 Vou6her tlo: MH/JO/TRS- 005

Juniperus excelsa M-'J. Juniperus polycatpos C,Koch. J. nacropoda Boiss. J. polycarpos vai. seravschanica (Kom.) Kit.

Fig.3 Ptato. I

Distributor: Cmmon, foming open torests, Batuchjstan and dry inner valteys rrom Chitral eastward 2000 ro 4OOo metres Dim€nsions: 8.2 (22.5)27.3 fm. O€.criprion: Potten grain spheroidat, acotpale, inaperiu.atco or aperture rudimentary, amb clrcula., exine 1 O rm thick, surfa@ uneventy g.anular, iectum psrrale, sexine l1 Frn, nexine r 1 !m and intine r 1 }1m thick ste tate (star shaped) conlenis are pres€nl.

vem.cul.r N.me: Pencit Cedar (Enstish). Chatai (Hindko). Apu6. Abasnr (Baluchi). Luir, shuq! ipunjabi). padam (Kashnii). Flowe.ing SeaBon: May - June. Sit of cottecrion: Jatkhad. iiledlcinal end Econorhic Vatue: Used in stomach cramps, aslhma The chief imponance ol wood ties in its suitabitity to. pencil making Twigs a€ bumt as [email protected]€ a.d berries used simitatty zs thal ol Junipenr @nnunB. \t

Oistibution: Common and oiten Nnh Junipetus comunis abole the t€e tine Espaially in Kashmir, Ch,t€|, .€a. Mast4, Upper Kaghan and Kuram 24OO to

Dlmen6ions: 25 (30) 35 !m o€6criptior: Pollen gfain sphercidal, acolpate, inaperturate or apeiure rudimentary, amb circuta., exine 1 llm thick, surface uneventy g€nutar, tectum Psrlale. sexine granobie. wirh Lo-pate.n 1 1 fm thicN, nexine r 1 pn and intine 1 I Fm thick, stellate (star shaped) cont€nls are presnt v.rnacular Name: Cedar (Engtish), chatai (Hindko), Aprus (Batuchi) Lun, Shur (Punjab0, Banrha, Oobakht (Kohasrani). Fl4edng Se.son:June - Jt]ty Site of coll€clion: Banral

I.dicinal an.l Economac Vat|ro: Twigs are bumt as ineme and bedis used smilarly as that of J connunis afi J ercelss. The wood is osed tocaly as foel rcod The ash is mted with tobacco and besr quatity ",Vaswa," (Snurf) is prepa€d. (Hlssarn, 1 987). Slide No: IVH/BR/S- 078 Vouch.r No: MH/BR/S, 078. Film No: 18304/5

Thuja odentalis L. 8io,a orierlaris (L,) Endlicher, Pl atyc I adus orientatis (L.)Spach.

Fig.5 Pl.to, I Fig.2 Plate. TSI Diatrlbution: Native lo China and Japan, Commonly Cunival€d in plains and

oimgnlions: 13.6 (18.4)34 5 sm. oescriplion: Pollen g6in spheroidat, analept (microtepr) orbiculaE. laotpate colpi 20-3 x 2-10 pm inapenuraie, amb circutar, exine, 1.53 !m rhick, tectum psilate, sexine 1 1 Fm lhick, granutate with Lo-pattern At teast in some g€ins a snall, faintly delimiied circular leploma like neck cn b€ seen Nexine as thick as s€xrne, intinel l }lm ihick Grains are packed with sphe.oidat g.anutes vemacularN.mBr Thuja (English), More Pankh (Urdu, Punjab. Hindko) Floworins S6.son: Febftrary - fi,larch Slt of colleclion: Balakot edi.inal and Economic Value: Ptanted as an onamentd kee. The trutt and rcod are anh€lminlic and ast,ingent (Baquar. 1989) Potren g€in may €use hayfever (lvodeholse 1945) Slide No: MH/8T/T 162 voucher No: MH/BT/T, 162

Ephedraceae Ephedrc genrdianaWa|l. Ephedra distachya auct.non.L. E yurgaris Hk.f. E, wa ichii Stapf.

Fig.6 Plate. I

Distribution: Urak Vattey, South Wazirastan, Razmak. Chir€t, Swat, Kaiah, Gilgit, Banistan, Ladak. Kashmir, Upper KaghanValey, 1600to4550 met.es OidoBion: 40 (48.33) tengihr 58.j8 llm. Breadth:20(24) 3a 54 um D€c.iptionr GGin p.otate (elipsoidat), inap€dunate (alreme), hexdonocotpare, polyzono-@lpate, provided wilh tongirldinat idges, separated by wetilefined grooves. usually radio symmetnet, smoolh withoul olbicutes cotpate with a colpus al lhe base of each furovr belween the rtdges. The number of tongitudinal ddges s. s€parated by valleys (refered by ceiain aulhoG as cotpi) wirh branched grooves. Each mesocotpium is seen as a ma*ed .idgs betwee. the valleys, where the @lpiare with smooth sthight edges Exine psitate, 3 3.75 rm

thick Serine 2 Fm thicl and foms smooth, hottow. tongitudinat ridges, nexine 1 !m thick and has amellarfine slructu.es (P/E €tio is 2.6) v.m.c!l.r N.mes: Asmani Booti (Hindko), Asmania (Udu. Hrndko). Chewa (Utdu), Ehewa. Budshur. Oundula. Kuchan (Punjab0, Chepat. Thayon. cheldymb

Flowtring S6.son: lvlay - July. Sio. of coll.ction: Basel fledicinal and Economic Vatuo: Chiefly used in treatmenl of b.onchitis.

aslhma, and relieving b.onchiat spasm Uselut hean s mltant Aso used in hepalc diseases, as blood puif€r and cteaning of teeth. De@ction of stem and rools |]s€d as remedy for fieunatism and syphitis Fruit edibte The rhizome and dry plants used as fuelby the inhabitanl (Kaol. 1997) The iinclu€ rs €rdiac and cnco atory stimutant Lrquid exracl is used for conlrorring aslhmatic ariack D@crion of slem and root co.sidered a Emedy for heumatsm and syphilis Juice ol be.ry is given in afleclion of rspnabry passage. (Baquar, 1969). Used as alterative. diuretic, stomachic, tonic anri asthmatic, sudodfic. etrective in rhe managemenl of bonchcpasm, in reveEibte artuay obstruction associated w'th stabte asthma or chronic bronchitis. fof the relief of unproductive cough accompand by @ngestion of the uppe. €sptratory lracl including congestion by allergy Ephed ne ererts a sympathomimeric aclion simila. ro that ot adrenatine. Sp€o'fic aclion is anti-asthmaiic (anli hstamine bronchodilalo.) Hislory.eveals its use over lhe cenluies as-Sona ot the Aryans in lhe Easi (Said, 1996) The druq. ephedrine obtained trom the pEn( lsed lo teat coughs. aslhma and hay fever I stimutals rhe hean and conslricls blood vesels. ll is also used in anaesthesia. and, becaose it may be taken orally, it is prescibed lrequentty for treatment of cotd, sinusitis. haytever and bonchial asthma. 'Ma b/arg" h6s been in use in China tor more than 5OOO yeaF, for the r.earrnent of asthma BEnches and roots treat asrhma. influenza.

48 coughs, rung fever, chronic bronchiris, fieumatism, whooping @ugh and s$€ating in rhe night. (chin €t a/ 1990) used in hay fever taryngitjs and asihma The seeds a.e used as @oting medicine. (Anonymous, 1956) Slide No: MH/8US, 068 Voucher No: lllH/BUS, 068 Film No: 18304/8 pinaceae

Abies pindrow Royte. Abies webbiana Lindl. va.. pindrow Brandis.

Fig,7 Plate. I Fig.3 Ptato. TS-l

Di*ibution: Afghanistan to Kumaon 2100 io 32OO metrs, @mmon Dih.nsioN:48 x 49 6 (88.7 ! 119 8) 1j2 x 1t4 rm D€scription: Polten grain vesicutate. bissc€le, btaterat. anateDt. sDherotdat to sub spheroidal. venlrally anached, ventrat zone nartu or only suggesled by a f* slight undulataons near the dolsat roob of the btaddeB. Boundary ot cap generally sharply dellned No margiratcrests Oemarcation tine b€lween cappa and €ppula very distincl sm@th or stightty warty Erine of lhe ventbt surfae generally taintly mafted with th@ srreaks, which are radialing f.om a point near ds @nrre (The tiradiale streak is a .etiabte diagnostic chaEct€r $,tEn fomsd) ahdder lwo blt gene€lly smallin pEponion to the size of the grain and atways loming a shap renlrant angte with the cap al then do6at roots Exine of src€i reticulate CentElbody transversety ovat. Cappa thEk veiiucate. Exne of cental body inlraioveolate 2.5 Fm thick Erine of cap 4-6 !m lhick proximat root d|stinct, comb crest moderaGty devetopedr cappa has very fine strialons, number ot slriations not countabte; maqin of saccus smooth, lectom ositate, v..nacular N.m€8: Himalayan sitver fi. (Engtish). Patuda., Rewar(Hindko). Flosedng S..son: Apdl- Mav Sib of colloclion: Beh Man@r fledicin.l and Economic Vatue: Tincture or de@crion ot the died terebinthinous leaves ae usefut in case of cough. phthisis, aslhma, chronic bronchitis and calaflh of the bladder and other putmonary aff*rions. Juie ot the f.esh leaves is administered in fev€, oi intants du ng denlilion and atso in afectione ol lhe chest. The dose being 5 10 drops in water or molhsrs mitk Powder ol leaves is given wlth tutce of Adraloda v€sica and honey i. cough. asthma and haemopgsis. (Nadkarni, 1927) Grcwn as o.namenia|re (Baquar. 1995) Wood is used lor construction pupose ie. doo.s, windo\/s houses, rumilure and as tuelwood (Awan,2001) Slid6 No: IIH/B[4/TI- 004 Vouchor No: MH/Bllm- 004

Cedrus deodara {Roxb.ex Lamb) c. Don. Cedrus libani Bafiel var. deodara Hk. f, Pirus deodara Roxb

FiO. A Plar€. I

DiBtribution: Chtral. Swal. Astor Hazara Mure Hitts often ptanled, onty witd al BiEn Gali near Dunga Gati, Kashmir and Kaghan Valey 1220lo 3O5O met€s (The Oeodar is the mosl valuable timber in our mountains Temites usua v teave

Dimon8ion3:48 x04 (59 x 86 6180 x 112 !m D*c.iption: Pollen grain vesiculate, bisaccale. the pDportonaiety of btaddeB duch smaller than those oi the 96ins ol Pinus and always mo€ tateratty ptaced, leavrng a br@der and longer fuiiow ar€a between them. Cap cicutaf or stighlty elongale t6nsveely, its bnure merging g€dualy with lhai ot the btaddeF. lvlarginalcresl s€r@ly or not at alldewloped when seen in end vis, the grains may gene,ally be recognizd by the sv€eping cutue ol the doB.t surtace. $hich is continuous from bladder lo bladder ove. the sudace ol ep with titrte or no inlerlp1ion al lhe roots of the bladde.s. Spheroidat to subspheojdat, an.bpt, rather unitorm in size. Corpus 54 r 66 x 60 pm, sacci 20 x 64 r 47 l!m. Sa@i more or ress ifegula( @nfluent or non @nfluenr. Neine rod tike in proximal @ls of sacciusually upio 2 7 pm @@sionatty upto 3.5 rm, often tong enended. Th€ proximal r@ts of the sacci msEe with the @rpus Marginat crest occasionally pre*ni Leptoma smooth or nead so. Exine upto 5 llm thick, vemiculale Sexine *paraled frcm nexine, smatt puncra occur in rhe saocate

Vern.cular Name!: C€dar (Engtish). Oeodar (Urd!), Diar (Hindko), patodar (UpperKaghan). Flowodng Season: October. Sit otcoll.ction:ShaEn. ilodlcinal.nd Economic V.lus: Ihew@d is carminative. diaphoretic_ usefutin tuv€r Ralulen@, pulmonary and unnary daso.de6, heumatism, pites, ston€ in kidney and also anriiote to snake bite Bark is asrringent, usefut h ferer, diarhoea and dysentery Oil is diaphor€tic usetut in skin diseases and for uter (Baquar, 1989). Oil e{racted f.om mot is used for skin dtseas€s of goats and c€mels. Wood ofthis lree is ofsn exelenl quatity and usei tor conslruction and tunnu€ pu,po*s. (Awan, 2001). ot@Bin and dad< @toured oit o. tuD€nrine. are applied to ulce6 and skin diseases. They are vaiuabte in horses and sore fel of caltle. Cedd wood oit is us€d in micrccoDic rerK. Slid. No: MH/SN/TI- 036 vouch.r No: IMH/SN/|I- 036 Fil|n No: 13804/13. Picea srriahiana (Wall) Bois. Pinus smithianaWall. P. modnda Link. Fig.9 Ptat ,I Flg.4 Ptate. TS{

5l Olltdbution: The Himalayan spruce is found in the Kuram, Dir, Chirrat, Swal, Gilgit eastwads, Kaghan. Rare in lhe inurc€ hi s. A few al Nathta cal and the nonhem slope on lMokshpuri Common tn Kashmir 2000 to 33OO melres Din.mions:51.4 x 5s 7 (80.1 r 120) 107 x 150 !m. D..crlplion: Pollen grain bilaierat, anatept, Mhout orbicutes No marginat crest. Bisa@aie (veiculaie), sa@i compaEtirery smalte., retarivety tow, broadty insened, nor foming a shaF re+ntrant angte with lhe €p at their p.oimat r@ts. Exin€ aboul 1 0.5 um thick at dist.l upto 5 sm thack ar proximal pot€. Sexine aboul 3 rm thick al the pEximat pote (gladu.tt rhinner rowards distiat pote),

leclum about 0.5 |Lm thick sudae undutaling, prolided with tunnet tike 'ts depressons ol varioos dspth, shape and size Endo*xine bacutate bacuta longesl (2 5 pm) at proximal pote. The bacuta slpporling ihe teclum outsido the runnel are branched where as each individuat funnet is supponed by one onbranched baculun only The tolat a€a of the runnet tike depressions is rargsr lnan the rest of the redum At high magniti€tion ihe upFEr pa.i ot the funn€ts produe an fr€gurar refirlum like pattem, consisting of bnghl murus tike pa,ts encompassing dark lune. tike areas. Nexino ! 0 5 rm rhick tis surtac€ is stightty untulaling lt @nsists of f4 tamettae. Sacciectosexine (recrum) 10.5 !m thick, sm@th Endosexine usually comptetety detached fron ihe nexine. [s etements ar€ considerably lhinner and finerthan ihose in the corDus. v.rnlcularNames: sptu@, Himalayan Spruce (Engtish), Kachhat (Hindko) Floworing S€$on: Ap l- lvay. Siie of collection: Bela l\,,lanoor

Modlclnaland Economlc Vatu€: Wood is used ror makins marches. Wood putp used ror shingles, boxes and planking (Baquar, 1995) The wood is nol durabte, buI is easily available in the upper Kaghan Valey. used ior consiruction puDos

Sllde |{o: MH/Bi,TT- 002 vouchor No: MH/BMm,002 Film No: 13804/16.

52 3

5

B*f l Flc. 1-Cup*rs rarg-t/rr! lx16q 2. Jttlpdt. corna6 lrl17@l 3. r(oda (X1800) 4. ,rrrpr.6 sqr.rrt (X1500) C ttr& ordtd,b (tnoq a 7. ada ()(/|at a c.ottl d.oa, (v$o) e ad fielear.ttna $1z{o, cnora/ Pi n u s rox b u rg hi i Sargenl. Pinus longifolia Roxb. Fig,lo Plat .ll

Dbiribulion: The long leaved pine (Chn, ChiD is the commonest 6nif€r irorn Afghanislan lo Bhutan and from 600 to 1500 metres. often gowing in pure stands ll is cullivaled in Ponjab oimoruions: 36 x s4 (s3 x 73 8) 64 I 96 !m O€.cription: Polle. gfain bitate.at. vesicutate, bisaccate, not orbicutate. CaDoa is provided wlth a mo€ or l€ss distinct marginat irttt near the proimatoot otthe bladdels. Sa@ale nexine of corpus usuatty prcvided wirh veruca orgamma tike irregularly s@ltered process proiecting into the tumen oi the scci These prc@sses a€ usually circular in c,oss *cLon and up to 2 Im high. Marginal cEsl d€veloped above the docatr@ts oithe btadders Colpus translecety ovat. Cappa shaQly delimited, nnely inira vemicutate. aboul 1 rm thick and in some specimens covenng only part ot @Du9 sacci semiciautar or stigh|y c€sentic i. polar view abruplly difieentialed f,om the corpds and strongty inctined dista||y Exine 4 sm thick al lhe proximal pote Sa@us sexine about 2 |lm thack, nne[ and densely hrra reliculats borchi 1 1 pm in diameter with a tendency to radial erongation, capulla b€adrh about har ot colpus consisting of nexine Nexine 1.8 !m and intine 112 umlhick. Vomacul..Nam6: Long leaved pine (English), Chn(Hindko, U.du. PuniabD. Flo$,oring S66on: February - Apil sit ofcollectlon:Ealakor Modlcin.l and Economic Valuo: Resin is stimulant Internatlv it is used as slomachic and as rem€dy for gononho€a Extemalty it is apptied as a ptaster to buboes and abs@sses tor suppu,ation. Wood is diaphor€tic and stimutant Used in burning of body cough. fainling and utceration Wood and oteo.esin is used in snake bile and scorpion sting Wood is u*d as timber in conslruction, makes a good fuel. G@d for afiorestation and soil consetuation. (Baquar, 1989) The oil has inttanl aclion and most of iis medicinal uses arc due 1o thai prop€rty. In

5l @ntrolled smalldoses it acts as a slimutanl expectorant and is usefut in chronic bronchilis. Icuresflatulent. tl has timiled u*atso in lyphoid, minorhemorhages (such as riom gums. nose etc.) Give. as an enema, il cu€s conslparion hs commonest use, horever. is as t.niment in fieumatic pains lnhatng rhe vapouE of tulpeniine is uselut in bronchitis The tnnber of the tree is taEety used tor vaious purposes, e.9 hou$ buitding, furniture, tea chests, match industry, sport goods, musical inslrumonts. etc trs resin 8,7o1'a rs used for bangtes The ba* has tannins and cobunng matter, usd for @touring the leaher (Dymock, 1893, Jain 1996) Wood is aromaric antiseplic, deodorant, and srimutant diapho€tic rehgeranl. .lbefaclent and caminalive. Oteoresin is used for tumpations Essential oil is used with success as a stimutanr dioretic in gtet tong sta.dang gonoirhoea The tar ls emptoyed ior ch.onic b.onchitis phrhisis and in skF disases The wood is not so dur.bte tt hay be used for construction pulposs. It is also valuable lor its resin exiraci. Used as tuetwood. Leaves are used in

@nslruclion of r@ts as Charana Resin as also used as han remover. (Hussain. 1987)

Slido No: MH/8T/TI 021 Voucher No: MH/BTm 021 Fild tio: 18304/18

P i n u s wal I i ch i a na A.B.Jackson. Pinus excelsa Wall. Pinus griffithii Mcolelland, Fig.lt Plate.ll Fig. 5 Pt.re. Ts{

Disldbution: The Blue Pine is abundanl f.om Chitral easlwad frcm 18OO to 3500 helrs. h ofien begins at the upper timit of Chir prne and tike il Mure Hills Kaghan Swat Dr, Chitra Azd Ksshmn. Dimon6iom: 40 x 63 4 (47.2 x 75) 56.7 x 88.3 !m. Descriplion: Pollen glain bilaterat. anatspl inaperruaie, sphercidat simpl€ with bladdors Disac€te Owo laqe saccj) not orbicutate. Bbdder proportionarily snall and somewhat vaioos. MaEinat crest p.esent alt around but besl

54 developed ovor lhe do6at roors or rhe btadders Exine, linety reticut.te in cotpus region. coaBely in saccus €gion. aboul 3-4 sm thick at proximat pote and aboui 05 sm ihick al disrat pote. Capputa with smal s€xinous tecks, to-paliem Serine tetaie about 2.5 Fm thick at prctimat pote, gadua y thinner loura.ds pote. disial Body stighly e||ipricat when se. from dislato, proximat side v6m.cular N6mo3: Btoe pine (Engtish). Bia., Kait (Hindko) Florering Soason: Apiit -.tune Site otcoll.ction: Beta Manoor. Medicln.f and E.onomic pinus V.lu.: Us€d simitar as rcxburghii. @aquat, l98s). Wood is lsed tor pEparation of body ot kucks. |ls wood E atso used for conslruclion purposes i.e doors, windos, etc tt is used ,or fum(ure and tuel pu.poses (Awa.,2001)

Slid3No: MH/AM/TT- OO5 vouche.Io: MH/BMm- 005

Taxaceae

Taxus wallichia na Zucc- Taxus baccata auct plur. Iarus baccata ssp. waltic h ian a (Zucc,l pilgeL r|9.

Fis. 6 Ptat . TS.t

Olstibutton: Not g€gaious as a rute Usuafiy in mrxeo roresl Kuram, Chilrat. Smt Astor, Haara, Mure€ ponch Hi[s Kashmir, 2Uo0 to 35OO merres Dimersions: ZO (25 27) 32.37 !m D6c.iplion: Po en grah. offen spheoidat to sub sphercdat, probabty anatspt (mrcrorept). inapertumte wilh evaginate tap, odicut6.e ex,ne d proximal pote about 'l .5-2 rm thick Sexine consisting of smal {shorl vemJcael p ord processes aoout 1 high. exine rm ornamentiation faint Tectum wtn scab.ate pDcesss. sexns linely .eticulate wiit Lo-patte.n dle to rc,e or €$ regu|arly distrabuted

55 odicules of vaious size, beser wirh minure spinutes about o.OlOOS fm tong. Sexine ot prcximal la€ rhinner rhan nsnne. Sdtptu€t etements brger, more tite ganmae and noii@bly varying in size. g€ins t€qLjenty sptitting. Intine lhickness is highly va abte (4-8 pm) 1j rrm lhick v€rnacurar N.me!: Yew (Engtish), Birmi(Hindko, punJabD. Flowe.ing S..son: Feb.uary- Mav. sit of colle.lion: Shogran near payya. (tr is an endangered sp€dx). Medlcin.land Economtc V.tue: Recentt Tdot, an anti c€ncor @mpound has been found in bark and leaves This discovery has raised its demand and the lres 6 vuherabte get to extinct Wood tradilona y used for €binel and fu.niture making Tea of leav6 is us€tut in high fev€r and asthma, (Kaut, j997). Lav€s ae used In b.onchitis, hiccolgh and asthm., fo, indigestion, epilepsy and as aphrodjsiac. Leaves and lruit are sedative, antjseptic and enhenagogue. plant rs polsonous, used as lish. poison granches arc topped for fodder (Baquar. 1 989 ,1995). Slide No: MH/Pr''lTT i17 Vou.h€r No: |\4H/PATT- 117 Fih No: 13804/22

56 Pl*r* T9l

Fig.L C!pae$l,! 6€nDwi€n! F'42.lhuiaqbtdis

Fig3. N,iat phtq Fi1.1. Pks tnidi,bm

Filt Air.,r rcfirrhr. Fil6. Lrt,| |'|/fdtb,,. ANGIOSPERMAE Acanthaceae Adhaaoda vasica Nees- Justicia adha,oda _-

Fig.'t3 Ptat . tl Fig.7 Ptar.. TS.ll Dbrribution: Karachi and Sind, Low Batuchistan Khyber Agency Kunam Agency, Swat. Loa€r Hazara easrwad in the Sub_Himatayan rEcr. 500-1600

Dih.ruion3r Lensth 41 .81(54 3) 63.63 !m. Bre3dth: 30.9 (38) 43 63 pm D*cription: Grain protat€- perobtate, 3 cotpo.ate apocorprum dEmele. $ pm, corpi 30 tong, 2 wide psitab !m !m enending from one eno to anolher not constncled o.a tatongate, I x 2 pm. Exine fain y reticutate, sexine 12 !m thick wilh to-panem bctare tedum t€ss lha. 05 !m thick smoolh. undutating slpponed by bacules (bacutes g€dualty shoner roMds apenu.es). Nexin€ homogenous 1 pm thick and intjne asthickassexine vernacuta. Nam6: t\4atabar Nu! Tree (English), Arosa. Arusha. Bansa, vasaka (Urdu) Baikur(Hindko). Frow€.ing Soalon: February _ Apil Slie of cottection: Batakot flodiciml and Economic V.tue: Expectorant diuelic, afieratire and annspasmodrc. Ftuid enract of teaves retieves cough and bronchial spasm and rquelies spltum (etpectoranl). leaves are ch€fly u*o In chesl dis€as€s panrcurarly as erpectorant and bronchiat aniiseptic, efiective in colgh and aslhma Atso .egarded as usefut in tubercutosis. Jurce o, the tgaves recommend€d in iever and rheumatisft. Ftorers and 1006 are arso regarded as anliseplic. (Satuj, 1996). Leaves are powedut oxpecloEnr and a.t|spasrnodic. They are chiefly used in diseas€s ot respi€iory tEd rhe juice of teaves js empbyed i. dia.ihoea, dysentery and in bleeding dysen€ry poede.ed t€aves

57 are used tor leprosy A poutti@ of teaves is used for tresh wounds. on fieumatic and inllamrhatory tornls sre ings n neuratga, headache and bteeding from rhe nose The leaves decoction is usetut for sc€bies and other skin diseases Thev aGo a€ used as antisptic and parasiticidat. The flowers and lruits are aDmatic bitier and antispasmodic and lhen intusion is ls€d as an anthetmintic. Fresh nore6 a.e us€d In hecric fever, gonodhea and opmatmra. The root is presqibed tor the cure ph$isis ot and diphthena The teaws, roots, norers and bsd< arc @mmonty employed for the trealmenl of snaxe b e and lhejr Doultice is applied to lhe wounds Leaves blds and ftowers a€ sNen h d€betes. tzam.n

The chief use rs an expectoantt it is given in the iolm ot juice syrup or decodion. tl softens the thict sputum, tacitdates its coming out and thus brino abour qurc* /erret In broncnits The e,pecto€nt acrNiy rs due to snmuration ot bronchial gtands. The t€ves a.e atso utitized as green manu.€ and lorietding a

The leaves are not easity atacked by tungi and insec€ and are rherefore used in paqrng orstorino truii. The teaves emil an undeasfismer and are spa.ed from brosing the ptant is, therefofe suitabte for ptannng h sort Ectamaton prog€mnes (Jain, 1996)

Slid. No: MH/BT/S- OB2 voucher No: MH/BT/S- 062 Fih No:18304126

Aceraceae Acer caesru/r, Wall. ex Brandis. Acer /rrorle Sensu pax. Fig . 1:t pt.ts. tl Disoibu0on: Ou. @mmon6t maple often ascends ro ree he Dir, Swat, Haza.a. Muree Hills. poo.ch and b.ough Kashmtr proper ar an rrom 2300-3300 neres.

58 DiDen3loft: Lengrh 20 76 (22.9€) 27.68 !m. Brcadlh:j3 84 (16 15) j9.22 pm De3crif'tion: crain p.otate to protate-spheroidat, 3_ cotpate, €dia[y symmelricat, amb c rcu ar of cncutar tobate or inteFsub angutar cotpi 1 1 5 x 1_3 !ft acule or obtuse, j.53 membrane smooth exine !m thick. tecrun psnab o. w h scab.ate pDcsses Sexine stiatejeticutale 1 !m thick, nexine 1 1 !m thick and intine 1

vemaclla. Namos: Mapte (English), rrakan. TGik.nna (Hindko) FlowerinO Sea3on: March May. Sit olcotl€ction: Beta Monoor Morlicinala.d Economic V.tuo: teaves are n.ibnr and baft 6 astringent ptant rs drureric and astringed iaaquar 1989). The wood is used in handicratt and as nmber wood. Atso used fuet po as wood en a.e porenr cause o, bronchiat

Slide No: MH/BM/T- 01O

Vouchor No: MH/BM/T, OIO Film No: 138M/28

Acer cappadoc icu m Gled. A. taetum C.A Mey , A. monosantapau non Maxim; A. prbfum Thunb; A. sfer.c ulioceam Grill, A. cuttratum Wall. Fig. 15_j6 plare.ll

Obtribution: Swat and Chitrat E.stward to Japan n mesopn'lic forest, 15OO- 3000 metres. Haza.a, poonch Murree Hr s and Kashnrr, common oimenilons: 28 (30) 32 !m De3diption: Grain obtate spheic.l-perobtate, 3-colpoEre, corpr ctosed, 12 !m long and 2 !fi wide, exine minutety stdate. sexine 1.5 pm, neine lpm and inline

Vernacular Nrmos: Maple (Engrish), Xanzat, Kanchi(punjabi. pushto) Floweriq S..5on: Apnt_ May Site of.ottecton: Sai Manoor M€dicin.land Econqnic Vat!6: Leaves are iritant and balk is asldngent. ptsnt is diu€tic and astdng€nl (Baquar, 1989). fte bari is used in rhe dianhoea and dys€ntery. Branches are u*d as todds fo. €nb Wood is used in hsndicraff. for making fumilurc, ptough, agdtulu.at loots, taan coaches and ships tt is also used as fuel rcod Leares aG iritant (Wasit, i991) Slid.l{o: i,lH/SM[, 007 Voucher No: lvtH/StM/T 007 Fi|m No: 1830429

Acer pentapomicum J.L. Stewart ex Brandis. Acer regetii Pax. Fig,17 Pt te, tl Disitibuiion: Chdrat, Swat and Hazala, Kaghan Valtey, common in Kashmn. Lo'r/E. Jehum Va ey, Grcws wth euelE/s ttar.nt and Fhxinus xanlhoxyloides in

o|moBloG:23,25 x 1&20 pm Doscrlpdotr: GEin oblate-sphe.oidat or subobtate. i. poEr ery sub-tiangutar and inteGsubangliar, 3- @tpaie, colpi 22 x 2 pm, erine 2 pm thick, tectum pslale, sexjne striate_rcticutaie 1 !m thick. nexin€ 1 1um lhEk. vernecul.r Nemes: rvapre (Engtish), Ketpatar, Katparar, Traikan (Hindkoi Flowering Seasoh:March - Mav Site of coltectio.: Sa t\tanoof Hicin.t rnd Economic Vatue: W@d 6 us€! to. making agic0ttuEl inprsmenrs and consrrucrion ot hous€s arso used as f@r Slido l{o: MH/SM/T- 075 Voucber No: MH/SM/T- 075 Fi|m No: 18304/31

Agavacoae Agave cantala Roxb. Fig. 18 Pt.i.. tl Dlslribution: Haza€, Punjab

Dhomiorc:25 x 3s (a5 x 60) 48r 65 Fm O€.cripdon: Grain elipsoidat, i-cotpate (sutcate), sutci tong. non_spinutifercus. Teclum with s€b€te proces*s Sexine tophcreticutate, muri simpt! to dupti, bacutate, infrategilar bacula mo€ or tess homogenous, ]4 ,rm tong, tumina 4{ gonat, hebrogenous, la.ge, provided wnh microbacuta vemclllar N!tn.s: Murobba (Urdu, Hindko). Flowedng Soason: March _&il Sito orcoll€cton: cirtai Batakot. M€dicinal and Economic Vatu€: Used as hedge and ornanentat ptanl Also

Slld. No: MH/G8/S- 139 Voucher l{o: MH/GB/S, 139 Fi|m |{o: 18304/32 yucca aloifolia L, Fig,,t9 Ptato, [l Fig. E ptat€. TSll Obtibution: Haza6, l,tansehE, Abbonabad, Havetian. Oimeftions:16 x30 (2819 x49 85) 36.65 x 40 lrm D*criprion: Grain e ipsoidat 1{otpate (surcate) su|cr rong, non spinltirerols. Erhe teclate Tectum wdh scabrate processes serne mul simpte bacutate lumana elliptic or 4${onat, targe, povided wilh mic.o-bacuta retortate with OL_ panem, 1 ihick rm Nexine i llrn and htine I j fm thic*. Veh.culirN.mo.: yu@a (LngrEht, Xewa tHndko) Florvoriog S..son: Summer Site of cottectior: Hassam Abad. Modloiral and Economic Vatue: Tinclure is used jn rr€arrnenr of gonodoea ano rheumatism Atso used as poultie j.,l6mmations on (ag6tuat, 1985) Slide l{o: MH/HO/S- 084 voucher No: rMH/Ho/S- 084 t7

ttb.f t Ffg. 10 rh8 rE6|l,!rt t)6q fl. ftr. rd.,l.r! txlsq Q. f.t tffi'x,,. !Iq9--13 49!gf. (xtaq lL kt a,aturl. (x1eat 1r1., bt q@tm 6N 17.-tdo b F,rpiier,n (xt@ la &aao,rJrfii6oq'-" Anacardiaceae Pistacia integerdma J.L St€wart ex. Brandis. P. chinersis Bg€. ssp. tntegertma (J.l.S) Rech Fig.20 Ptale. l Fig,9 ptato, fs-tl Dlstribuuon: common and oflen gegaious jn sunny h tsrde, Ealuchistan, Kurcm, Lower Swal HiUs: Haza.a. Abbott€bad. l4uiree Hrus, Bagh in poonch] Jhelum Vaitey Road, Kishen Valey tvuzaffar Abad, Krshtwar Jammu Kashmjr Road etc 915- 1830 hetes. Dvn6n ionst22.21 (24 gz)29.28 rr|. O.lcriprton: po sn grain sphercidat, 4, aperru€te apenure common rype, or a slgh y crassimarginate, exine scabrate to ps ate, 1 33 pm thick. sexine rhicker than nexine, relicutate with oL-pattem vema@hr Nam€s: pFrac@ (Engtish), Kaka. Sinsi, Kang (urdu, Hindko) Flomdng S€.son: March - May Slb ot cotbction: cn|al Balakot ilodlcimt and EconoDic Vatue: Bai( is used to rrsar chro.rc wound. Fruirs ard gafs enrad given in jaundice. teaves are Ljsed as fooder br catd€ wood yietds rmber, and is used tor making furniture. Branch€s serye ror purpose ot fuel \ /ood, Gatts may be used for bronchiat diseases, asthma, anldote to snake bite and scorpion sting, fruil edibte, also used as fuelwooo (Kaur,1997, zanan elal r970). Sllde No: MH/GBm- 089 Voucher No: MH/GB/TI, 089

62 Rhus cotinus L. Cotnus coggyria Scop Fig.2j pt.t€. [l Disrribution: Common and often grega ous in sunny hr srde Batuchistan, Kumm, lorer Swat Hi si Hazara, Abbottabad, Mure Hi[s, Bagh in p@nchi Jhelum Vattey R@d, Kishen Valtey Muzaftar Abad, krshtwar, Jammu, Kashmir Road elc;915- 1830 metres

OimsNions: t9 (25) 30 Fm. De$ription: crain spheroidat to subspheroidat, 3- colpoEre, amb crrcutar or angular, colpi long, apertu€ drop type, oE transveGa y eliptic or lransveBalty parallel,2-3 9-13 r tlm, exine 1-2 pm lhick, lectum w h scab.ate processes, sexine srdaGreticutate, wilh oL palien. Vem.cutar NarnG: (Engtjsh) Slmach Sumaq (Udu), panhar. Bhan Flow.dng S€.son: Aprit, June Site of co .ction: Boli Batakot Medicinat and Econornic V.t!e: Ba.k is us€d for .ope makng. teaves rre us€d as todder. Branchesa€ used to.making baskers (Khan elal 1986 1996) Slido l{o: MH/B&.S- 093 Voucher tlo: MH/ BB/S- 093 Film No: 193042 Apocynaceae

Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don. Vinca rosea L. Fig,22 ptat!,ll Fig. t0 Ptar.. ts_ tl Heara, S@t, Mlr.eo Hils 57 (66) 74 !m Do.criptlon: c€in oblate-prot.te. 3-cotpo.ate, colp open, 44 pm tong (apprcaching lhe margins). 4 pm wide, ora tatongale 12 r I pm. Exine psitate, uneven. sexine 2 pn lhic*. nexine r2 !m and jntine i 1 !h lhrck peiwnkte vernacular Names: Vinca (Engtish), Sada Bahar (Udu Hindko). Flosring Sealon:Att th€ year Sit of collecuon: lvalkandi. M.dicinal and Economic Vatuo: Atkatoids obrained from the teaves are an! @n@rous (osed in bkDd ener teukemia) FtM.s a,e hypogtycemic used as stomachics and considered as toxic lt is steeped in whisky and taken as a remedy possesses lor diabetes hy?otensive. sedative and tranquitizing prop€d'es. (Khan, 1985, 1989,1997). slld€ No: MH/Mt/S-196

Vouche. ilo: MH/MI/S- 1 96

Ne um indicum tl'ill. Nerium odorum Soland. Fig.23 ptat!.Il Fig. tt Ptars. Ts_tl

Oiltributon: Batuchistan, NWFP. Chitrat. Swat citgn, H6za€ Mure€ Hilts, Satr Range and Kashmn This handsome poisonous but teaved prnkflowered shrub is common In ocky streambeds ascending to 1525 metels. (tt is atso cuttjvated in

Dlmonslons:31 (35.s) 39 !m DoBcription: Po[en grain sphenelperobtate, ricotporate, or retEgonat to netagonat, amb angutar or ci.cula.. colpi line and poimed t*s than lne tendn of polar axis intercotpium 13-16 pm Apocotpium 10 !m. po€ rounded, drop type, crassima.ginate, r 5 pm Exine finely reticutate, sexin€ granubb, 2 !m thict with to-pattern, nexine 1 !m and intine 1 !m thick. v6lnacutar .m*r Oleander (Engtish), Kaner, Knan (U.do) chantra (punjabi) Flowerinq Seson:Aprit _ October Sli. of colloction: Batakot.

M.dici.al and Economic Vatue: I is an orname.tat shrub The ptant is poisonous and coutd be falat (Baquar 1995). In Sanskil ils medicinatworks are descibed in lwo varieires Aolh kinds ale described as hor and poisonous They are used as an €nernat appti@tion to s!€Iing, teprosy and skin diseas€s such as ich (Dymock ptanl Bt al 1891) is in*ct po inated. occasionalty honeyb€es have been found visiting theftoweE Slide No: MH/BT/S- 141 Voucher o: MH/BT/S-.t41 Fllm l{o: 19304/5 Asclepiadaceae Catotropis procera (Wi|/]ll R. Br. Fig. 2rt ptate, ttl Fig, i2 plat€, TSll Diltribution: Sind, Lorer Baluchislan, Kuram t.lwFp, punjab and Himal.Fs lo 1525 metres. ,4t,is The rery @mfion r€eoy snrub ot and field bordeB, which peg, ljke um hmata aN Rhszya stncta is tell

Oimen!io.!: 350- 360 x 98OtOOO !m D.scripdon: Grain potyads, grands 250- 260 x460 5oO !m. transbror ams S30 570 long, exine6 !m !mthick, tectum psitaie, sexine finety reticutate. VomacutarNames: Weed (Engrish), Ak (Hindko, punjabi). ^4itk Florcring Soason:AI the yea. Sito of cottoction: cirlat Balakot iil.dicinal .nd Economic Vatu€: Roots and bark as lonrc sldoific, alterative. antispasmod( erpecto€nt, n targe dosas emelrc F,o@rs dqesnve, slomachics The mitty juice is poisonous. lr is atso used in teprcy asihma. ferer w(h eniarged tive. and cough. skin dise3ses, [email protected] enEtgelnent. in constitutional syphititic aflections powered ba.k is to€ y used n dlsente.v. The F late#: TS- ll

Fig.7. Adhatoda vasica Fig.8. Yucca aloirolia

F ig-g. i i Pi stac a ntegerri ma Fig.1 0. Cathararthus roseus

Fig-11. Nenum indicum F ig.1 2. C a lotropi s p.ocera slem is us€d as Masw€k (Tooth Btush), having the pfopedy ot curins r@tnache: the ash of the planl is used for colouring of lhe ctoth. (Hussair.1987) Sll.le No: MH/GA/S- 161 Voucher Not MH/ GB/S- 161 Film No: 19304/6

Periptoca aphy I la Oene. Fig.25 ptaie. [l

Obtribltio.: Sind and Karachi, common Balochislan, very common Wdni$an, Kurram, NWFP Punjab, Satt Range, Anack and tltarsala Hi[s erc Chitrat Dn swal poonch, Lorer Jhelum and Kishsnsanga valey, rMirpur asc€nding to 1220

Dimenlion!: 40- 60 x 25- 40 !h. Itcc.iplton: G€in tetEd. exine 1.5 !n thick, tectum psibte, sexjne finety ,ercr]rate, with oL- or distinct paflern vornacula. Names: Bal6, Burya (Udu). Bani(punjabD Flowerins Season:rvarch - tvtay Sit€ ofcott6ction: ci.tat Batakot Modici.aland Eco.omic V.tue: Localy tatex is used to remove wats sllds No: MH/GA/S- 125 Vouch€. No: MH/ G8/S- i25

Berberidaceae

Berberis b rc n disian a Ahrcndt- Fig. 26 ptat€. Il Dislribulion: Abbonabad (pad

DimonsioG: 26 (26.67) 34 65 tlm D*cdptio.: GEin sub-prctate lo spheroidat, 3- cotFte. amb circutar @tpi tong. Exins tectate, tectum psitate. potes, thickened at lhe sexine finety reticutate 1 Fm lhickwilh OL pattem. nexine 1 Fmlhickand inlrne 11 rm thck ve.n&!l.r ilamos: B€berry Ghgtish), Sumbat (Hindko). Florering Searon: March , June. Siio of collectlon: On the way to tvakE Uodicin.l .nd Economlc Vatoe: The ptant and ba.k used as diuretic astr.ngent, refrige€nt and anti,bitious. tt 6 specia y vatuable in s@det fever and brah affeclions. (Nadkami. 1S27). Slide No: MH/MA,/S- 193

Voocher lio: MH/M,AJS, 1 93 Film No: 9304/E

Berbeliis r(urawurersis Royle.

Ftg.27 Pt.t , ttl Dbtribudon: Haza@ Thandiani, Mnaini, Changla elc p@nch: poshiana !o Kuthnar Kashmir, Butna va[ey, Sonamalg. Xelan and Kishrwar. 2225-3660

OimonsioF:28 8 (45) 8o !m. D€lcripdon: Polen g€in sub protate lo spheroidal 3, cotpate, spnapenurate, longesl axis 30{5 pm. Sexine usua y reticutate. CoDr nemoranes granutare. S€xine rhicker than naane, fainw r€ricutaie vernacul.r Naftos: Zinshk, Kashmat, Chochar. (Urdu). Sumbat(Udu), Kal(tshi,

Flowedng Seson: Maah - June Sito of collection: On lhe way to Makir. m€dicinal and Economic vatue: The pt.nt ano Daft used as druretic ashngenl, €kige.anl and antibitious. tt is specialy valuabte in scader fever and brsin anections {Nadkami,1927) R@rbal|( is used as oncano ro rear mourh

Slid. No: Mtl/MA/S- 110 a 2l

u

a v

Pb-fr. Fic.teyfa ,d. txraq D. Frad| wt nm @, ?t. Rttr dtfir ()r,2oq 22 c.ltrrlit ,Dr, lriatot 2t brn t)ctloo 2/r cdorodr cE! {)@, ZC F Fc. t{d.()Aq l. A-!-t!r|aalr.(xr6ao''untn 2t. ,ft!,idt.-. {x|a)ol VoucherNo: MH/MAJS 110

Befteds tycium Royle.

Fis. .t3 Ptar6. TS{tl

Obrribution: Dir. Chitat, Gitgit, Hazara, Muree, poonch Very comnon eastwards 915-2135 metr€s. Our commonest species. The fruits a€ edibte and a€ colrected lor sate lhe.oots are used h medicine AhGndt ecogniz€d tou. va.iefa€s, of which three, /yc,nD, sMascicdans and su'vnescors are found in

Dlm€nsiom: 34 5 (38) 44 fn. Ooscription: crain sub-spheroidat, 3_ 4 cotpate, cotpi 15 x 3 tm amb circutar exine thic*ened al potes, 1 t 2 lrm ihack, tectum psitate. Senne finety reticutate wiih OL- pattem, s€ine hicker than nexine v€m.cut.rl.mo.: Kashmat (Udu), Sumbar(Hindko). Zan brsai, Koaray

Flowding $.son: i,larch _ June. Sii. of cottection I ShohaatBatakot flediclnat and Economic Vatue: lJsed as rebrituge and in ftenoiihagia, chronrc drarrhoea, pites and atso enehaly in eye diseases. Considered previousty in pfeparing 'Rasuar1 {Ka!t. 1997). Slid6 No: MH/SB/S- 029 Vouche. No: MH/SB/S- 029

Berberi s orthobow s Bien. D|3t lbutjon: B6e of SikaEm, Ku,ram va ey, Swar, asro., Gilgi, Battisian, Alkote- Biato, Skardu, Kashmir cuharg, Ashdah rn Kishtwar, 2400-5200 melels. Ahrendt recognizes sjx va/s ot tllis sp. fi]tosl or our material seems to be varconwaytand var sint arosis is from pass the sjnthan in E35t KashDir fl_ & S 8279 type.BM) Olme.3ion3r 34 (37) 43 pm

O.scription: Grain ettipsoidat or sphercidat 3 cotpate cotpi j5 , 3 rm, amb circular, exine thickened at potes 1 5- 2 pm thick, tectom psitate Sexine faindy reiaculare 1 rm thick wnh OL-patGm, nexine 0.75 tm lhick and anrine as thicl as

vem&ular Nam6: Berb€.ry (Engtish), Sumbal (Hindko) Floworing Sea.on:March - June Slte ot collec{on: Larazar.

Modicin.l rnd Econodic Vatue: Same as given for other species Slide No: MH/[R/S- 60. Vouch.r tao: MH^R/S- 60 Film o:19304/11

Be rberi s pac h y c a n th a Koeh ne. L pear'oranls parker, non Wall. Dkhibution: Astor, Battistan Hushe valey, Shyokvy, Haza.a, Kaghan Va ey; Mnaini, Nathia poonch, cari, Barian, Munee, Ohuti. Kashmn, Sonamarg Binghi valley. 2135,354 metres. This and B. z€beli€na have he |6rgest teave. Dlmenliom: 32,55 x 26-43 jrm. D€crlpuon: Grajns subprctate to spheroid€t, 3- 6_cotpate, amb cncutar colpi long, exine thickened at pot€e, 1-2 tlm thick, tectum psmre or wfh scabrate pDcesses sexine retrculate, with OL-pafle.n nexine thinnerthan setine. v€macuhr am6: Berb€rry (Engrish), sumbal (Hindko) Flowonng Sea3on:Apn|'June. Si0a of colloction: Shog€n. M.diclnal.nd Economic Vatoe: Asgiven for other spe€s ot aerber:s. Slide No: MH/SN/S- 145 vouchor No: MH/SN/S, 145. B re be d s p se u d u m be t I ata p arker. Fig.28 ptaio.lv

Dlstributlon: Quetla, kaghan Vslley. Patudaan. Kashmir, common, Jhetum, Sind. Lidde. and Upper Chenab valeys, Ashda . padar Nit Nag, Kean lo Ranban, Poonch, Bhedi, 122e2744 mel.es. OlmeGions:26.6 (31 64) 36.67 !m. D$cdption: Grain spheroidaL s|]b p.otaie. 1 @tpat€, breviotpate Exine tectate, *xine finely .eticulale, tectum psitaie, sxine 1 5 Fm, nexine I ILm and

v.m.cul.r 6nes: Sumbat (Hindko), Kashmal (U.du) Florering S.ason: Apil - June. Siie or colloction r Payya. U.dicin.f and Economic Valu.:Same as gi!€n to. Belbois btan Jisiana. slid6 No: l\rHlPAJs- 57 Vouchor No: MH/PA,/S- 57

Betulaceae

Alnus nitida Endl. Fig.29 Ptat€. tv

Diltibulion: The Alder is a fine tee, which gr*s b€side hi| si.eams trom Dn 6nd Swat easiward, suatty frcm 900-2OOO metrcs, Muzafiar Abad betow 610 _

DimeBions:21 3 (24) 27 pm

Do3criptionr cEin obtate to obtat+spheroidat, 4-5 porate, aspidate. amb gonrotrcme (angula4, c€ssimapjnate apenu€ vestibutum rypes. pores 54 x 4,7 ph connecled with thick sexinat streaks. Exine 1.S ph thick, iectum psitate, sexine finety .eticotate to tegi ale wirh Lo-pa(em. N€xi.e thinner than s€xi.e. vemac{|.. Nam€3: Sharote. Sharcry (Hindko). Floe.rins Seaon: August - Ocrob€r. Sib of colloction: Hassa Eatakot.

Mediclnal.nd Economic vatue: Used asluetwood ptanied n watertogged soil for reclamations (Baquar. 1995). Slid6 No: MH/HB/T,026 voucher No: MH/HB/T- 026

Bignoniaceae Jacranda mimositolia D. Don-

Disfiburion: This handso.ne roadside and ga.den t.ee has be€n intDdoced rrom B.diland A.genrina lo, LahoE, Rawatpindietc. Dih6nsion3r 44 (47) 50 pm.

DBoriplion: Grain sphei€Lprobte, 3- cotpate, amb circutar, coipiopen, 25 pm

long and 6 pm wlde Exine 1 8-2 5 Um lhick tectom with scabrale or gemmate preesses. pm sexine reti@tatel 5 rhick, with ot panem, nexine 1 um and intine vern.cular Nam€.: JackBnda (Engtish), Neetum (Udu, plnjabi, Hindko) Florering Sea3on: Apdl - May. Sit of coll.ction: Batakot Medicinalind Econodic vatuo: Gdn as roadside and garden tre Sli.l. No: MH/BT/T- 056 voucher No: MH/BTIT- 056 Film No: 19304/15 Bombacaceae Salmatia malabarica (DC.) Schott and Endlicher. Bombax malabarica (DC,) Schott and Endticher. Fig.30 Ptare. tv

7l Dbtdbuiion: The silk cotton l€e is witd in the sub-Himatayan lract lrcm Haza.a Eastwad ascending to 1300 meleB. tt is atso ptanted in the ptain as a Dadside and Gad€n lre. Simbat Simatisoneofour targest and finest t€es DlhemioB: 57 (60) 63 pm

O.scriplion: Grain sub, triangutar. p€robtate to obtate 3, cotpo€te, amb inteF subangular. colp open 15 !m tong and 3 pm wide Exine 2-2 5 !n thick. tectum processes, wilh sc€brate sexine re c0tate with OL-panern, 1 5 !m thick, reine j fm and inli.e11 pm thick v.macur.r Nam$: sitk conon Tree (Engtish). simbat (urdu. Hindko), stmal

Flowe ng Season:Fobruary - March. Sit of collectior: Khanian. fledicinrl .nd Economic Vatue: A parts o he t.ee ar€ used medicina y. The pasle of leaves is apptied tocaly to skin eruptions. The bark is given as a demul@nr and aphrodisiac in s€minat reakness. tts paste is us€d orer inllammations and eruptonsofthe skin. (Hussain 1987) The 9!m is ashingent, ionic, atteraiive, demut@nt and aphodisiac tt is uselul in dianhoea, dysentery, haemoptysis of puhonary tobe.cutos s, influenza haematemesE, and menofihagia lt is atso ls€ful for ch€cking menses after delivery. (Hlssain. 1 987)

The .ool ot a young tree is stimutant, tonic emetic, .estorative, astringenl and it is usetulin dysentery The tap root is sed in gonorfioea and dFenrery A pasle mado oi the ltorers is to€ y apptred over boits. sores and itch The dry fruil is be.eficial in chronic inflammation and uteration of lhe btadder and kdneys The seeds a€ us€lul in gononh€a, gtet, chronic cystitis, and etarhal diseases (Dastur. 1962) Slide No: MH/KN/T,1a2 Voucher No: MH/KN/T- 182 Film No: 19304/16

7r. Buddlejaceae (Loganiaceae)

Buddleja asi atic a Lour. B. neemda Ham ex Roxo.

Fig. 31 ptat!. tV punjab, DbLihrtion: Peshawa.. Mountain Ti[a, Jhetum District Haro River. Hassan poonch, Abd6l, Batrasi, lMurre road Kashmh, Kohata, Domet Mnpur, Udhampur and Jammu. 1305-i 220 metres.

oimsnlioB: i2 (14) i6 Fm.

D*ciption: Grain oblaie,spheroidat, 3- @tporate, amb semi"angular, cotpi 11 12r3,rm, ora tansreBatty e iptic,3 xO-7 rm, etine 1-15 rm thict, sxine finety reliculale, wnh oL- paltern vorn..ular Nam..: Butterfly Bush (Engtish), Booi (Hindko). Fbw6nng Ss$o.: Novembe.Apnl Sit6 oa collection: rValkandi. Medicin.l and Economic Value: teaves are used for skin cornplaints. Ae os€d 6s aborrifacienr. Doe !o tDisonous properties used to slupefy fsh and as an ins€clicide Florer and leaves lreat nighr btindness, cala6ct, and eyestain. R@is lrcar asthma. coughing w,th btood (Chin sl sl 1990) Slid. o: MH/Ml/g 79 Vouchor No: IVH/[IH/M|/S- 79

Buddleja cdspa Bth. B. paniculata Wall ex D, Don- Fig. 32 pt.te. tV

Distibution: Baluchislan U€k va ey, Harnai, Botan pass, Chihilun, Juniper lracl eic Norlh and South Waidstan, Kuram, ll|WFp TiEh, TartaE, Dir, Hazara,. Siran and Udhampur, 763-2440 hetr6, common on dry sunny stopes. Dim€nliom:11-17 x 13-21 fm

73 D$cdption: Glain suboblate lo subprotate, 3- cotpoate. amb circutar or circular lobate. @lpi as long as potar des. ap€.tu€ common rype, 06 lransveFally elllplic, exin€ 1r!m thick, tectum psitate, sexine ganutate, with

Vomacul.r Nimos: Buredty Bush {Engrish). Ch iBmi (Hindko). Fbwdng S€a.on: AprilJune. SiL of collectlon: Khanian f,.dicinal and Ecommic V.tue:Sam€ as given for I siarba Slid. No: MH/KN/S- 128 voucher No: [,|H/KN/S- 128

Filft No: 19304/18 Buxaceae Sarcococca sarigra (Don) Muell.Arg. S. prunifomis Lindle.

Fig.33 Plab. tV Fig. l4 pt.te.IS.II

Ol.tribuliontTrans Indus. Djr, Laram Swati Miandam, Bishigram, etc Hazara, Abbolt€bad, SiEn Valley, Ab* mountain, Muiree Hi s and poonch, common in forest undergroMh and shady places, Kashnn, abo on oder €nges, 1525,2rt!O

DimeBions: 30(48) 54 !m

D.lcripiion: Grain subp.otate to spheroidat, pantopoEte, exine 3 S pm thick. tectum with clavate processes. the pilta 2-3 pm tong, sexine, crotonoid, with OL panem, nexine lhinn€. lhan lne sexine. Vem.cular 6mes: Shela, Bansalra (Hindko) Flowering season: september May. Siie of coll€ction: Matrandi. ir€dicinal .nd Eco.omic Valu6: Unpatatabte ptanr, so a us€tut soat binder. Leaves are laxalive and blood puritier, Househotd remedy fo. overconing muscurar pains (Hus$in, 1987).

Sllde No: MH/M|/S- 1 18 Voucher No: l!lH/l\4US- 118 Fllm No: 19304/19 Cactaceae Opuntia de enii Haw. Fig. 3rl Plato. lV

Obttibution: N!ryFP, Haaia, Puniab. Sind. OiheBiom:132 (138) 144 fm D€€cdption: Grain +hencaLprotate, polyporate, pores more than 50, each having diameter, 16 pm and 11 !m aparl. Exin€ uslaly punctitega aie, setine glanllate, 1 Fm lhick, wilh Lo-pattem, nexine as thick as sexins and intine 06

Vomacuh. Names: Pdctly Poar (English), Nag Phani(U.du), Thor (Hindko). Fl@edng S€a.on: May - S€ptember. Slte ofcoll.ctlon: Gaiat Batakol. kdicinal ..d Economlc V.tuo: crown as hedge ptanl in some ptaces, ne6r villages in Lorer Kagha.. Slide No: MH/GB/S,101 Voucher No: MH/GB/S-'101 Filn No:1930420 Caesalpiniaceae Bauhinia vadegab L. Fig.35 pt.te. tV Fig. 15 Ptai.. Ts.ltl

It6rriburion: wild in lhe ioothi zone f.om swar eastwards to 915 metrs. Much cultivaled In ga.dens and rcadsides Sind, Batuchastan. punjab.

75 DimensioB:5a 5 (62) 69 prn.

D6$ription: c€in subprctate sublriangutar, 3-cotporate, amb circuta.tobate o. crcular, colpi open, 30 pm long and 12 pm wide pores rounded, striate lo sub- retrculare jnter radiatty ar€nged al cotpial Egion $ith diamete. 11 !m each Exine 4 pm thick. Tectum scabEie (fainty Eticulate) sexane granutate 2.5 !m thrck, wth Lo-paitern nexine 1 5 !m and inline I pm tnrc( vornacurar Names: BauhinE. Launch Fool (Engtish), Kachn (Udu). KatE

Flowering S.ason: FebrLrary - April Sita ot colloction: Hassa Batakot

u€dicinal and Economic v.t@: The root is caminalive, the flowers are laxaliveand lhe bark €puted lo have heating prop€rties (Tahavi,2000) Sli.le No: [,iH/HB/T- 037 Vouche. No: MH/HB/T- 037 Film No: 1930421 Camelliaceae (Theaceae)

Camdtia sinensis lL.) O. KunCe. Ilrea srre'rsis L. Ftg.36 ptare. tV Fis. t6 Ptite. Ts-[l

Dbtritution: clttivated rn Mansehra Districtand swal DlmBions:40 (47) 53 pm.

D.lcriplion: Pollen grain subobtate to protate- spheroidal 3, cotpoEte, amb semts ang0ra., apenure common type, ora usualy lEnsvecety pa€let, exine 2 !m lhrck, leclum wilh s€brate processes, exine 1 !m thick, granulate, usua[y wilh OL patleh, nexinel l lrn rhickand intinel i !m thick. volnacular N.mos: Tea (Engtish) Chaay (U.du), Cha (Hindko) Toor Chay

Flowe.ing Sealon: Summer o a n

3l !

3a $ I

Ff.>fV fb. a e.tb (xt6q ze. Arr ,an Gl55q a st,n|. ,d.!bl)66Q 31addl.'rrtrfrt -.t (xloq C. erdtd.ct?.(xlcoq 9E src6.tr. {Xr(!q3. Qrd.ft06qla 4d5. r.fi.|ooq A C.ir-.rrr*(xiq Site of coltection: Tatahaia Eatatot. Medicinrl and Economic Vatuo: Th6 ptant is used for a va.iety ot pulpos€s. Tea is "Miraculous truly a Medicin€" with an enraor,inary powg lo prctong tile. tt pfevenb dentat cavilies cades and p€vents cancer. tl atso .estricls the incease ot blood chotesterot tevet, controts hagh blood p€ssu€ and tore6 the blood sugar evel Tea suppresses aging, retresh the body, deters food poisoning, fight against the vnat infections and acls as a functionatfood (Oguni, 1993). Slide No: MH/TB/g 199

Vouch.r Not l!tH/TB/S- 1 99 Fllm l{o:1930422 Caprifoliaceae Abelia t flon R-Br Zabelia tilton (R- Br.l Makino. Fig.37 Plate. v Fig. t7 Ptate. Ts-[l

Obtilbuuon: Dt 2440 metres, Swat, Bahrein, Hazara,: t!4atkandi Kaghan, Mokhshpun, Kalapani, Changta Gati, Dunga cati, etc poonch, Havsti Rang€, Kashmir, Kishtwar and Ramban. 1525-3049 metrcs Dlm€n.iorcr 40 (50) 57 pm

D6cripdon: G.ain spherojdat to obtale. 3 cotporale, amb circutart cotpi very snot apefturs atium type, o€ bansreM y paE et or transvelsaly e iptic, exine 4-5rm llick, tectum with echjnale proc€ss*, sadne granutale, with Lo, panern. nexine thinnerthan sexine vornacula. Namos: Puth (Hindko) Flowe ng Ssa.on: May-July. Occurence: iralkandi

M.dlcln.la.d Economtc Vatuo: Used asMtkhg sticLs and tuetmod. Slide No: MH/M|/T- 157 Vouclror tlo: MH/UI/T 157 Film No: 9304/23 Lonicera caucasica pallas.

Fig.38 pki.. V

Disrribution: Kuram, Sika.am, Aina Msta. Souih Wazin{an: pirghat, Ciit€l Gangalwar Gol, Swat, Ushu, Sho Nata, Bjshig.am etc. Gitgii: Nattar Valtey. Astor: Rama Haza€ Siian and Kaghan Va eys. rhe GatEs. poonch, Banraa cati, Mounlain. B€don, Kashmir, cornmon Z7OO,4OOO meles.

olmsnrioN:46 65 (54) 64 Am D€€cnpdo.: GEin obtate lo sphercadat, 3, cotporate. amb goniotreme (semi, angular or subangulai brcvi@lpale. Exine echinate-bacutate, s€xine gEnutate, 1.75 lhick, with Fm Lo'panem, n€xine 1.5 Fm thick and intine 1 1 rm thick v€macular |{.m6: Honey Suckte (Engtish), phut(Hindko. Urdu). Flow.ring Ssa6on: June - Jlty Site of colloction: Payla M.dicinal and Economic Vatus: Used as w6tking sricks and tuet rcod Le6ves and now€rs are considered as a €medy tor venerat diseases Seeds a€ given ro ho6es ror colic. (Maljn a! a/ 2oO2). Slld€ No: MH/PAJS- 197 Vo!ch.. No: MH/ PAJS,197 Flh No: 19304/24

Lo nicera obovata Royle. Fig. 39 ptate, V DlrLibution: Kuram, sika.am Aina Meta south wazinstan: pilghat, chit€t, Gans6rwar Gol. swar, ushu, sho Nata. Bish€laft erc Gitgir: Natrar va{ey astorl Rama HazaG, Snan and Kaghan Va eys. The caties. poonch Banlara cati, Moo.tain. Bedon, Kashmir, common 2700-4000 metres. Dlmen.ions: 50 (60) 70 }tm D6cdpton: Grain oblate lo spheroidat, 3 @tpo.ate, amb *mlangutar or subangura., corpi short, oane bacutate, sexine granutate, I 50 rm thick, with Lo, panern nexine 1 pm lhick and intine 1 1 !m thick venacular Names: Puth (Hindko) Floworing Season: May-Juty Site of collection: Khanian. wledicineland Economlc V.tue: Usd .s watking slicksand tuetwood Slide No: I\AHIXH/S, 58 Vouchsr No: MH/XH/S- 58 Film No: 19304,25

Lonicera purpunscens (Dene) Walp. Xylosteu m pu rpurascens Oene Fig.40 Ptate. V

Distdbuiion: Kumm Shendtoi, Chitrat LNari pass Havingot. Swat Katam, UIror Asio., Rama. Kaghan Valey, Bnch zone poonchr Atiabad, Keran Kashnn: Pn Panjal Range. Kamn and Buzit passes. Minima.g. Sonamaq elc 2700' 4000 metres. Dimen.lo.s:,14 (49) 58 !m. O$cripton: Grain obtate to spheroidat, g @tporate, amb *mi- angolar or subangular, brclicolpale. Eiine echinat+bacutate, sexine granutate, 1.8 lrm lhick, with Lo-pattern, nexine 1 5 Amthickand intine I 1 fm thick. ve.nacul.r Nrm$: Puth (Hindko) Floesdng S..son: May, J0ty SiL ot coll€ction: Khanaan iledicinal and Econohic V.tue: Sark of the ptant is used to til the piltos. Leaves are gemicides. Tea made frcm teaves ts digestive and stomach tonic Ftuit and dded roweB are edibte (Kidjkar, j987) Slids No: MH/KN/S- 86 Voucher No: lllH/lMH/KN/S 86 Film No: 19304/26 Lgnicera quinquetoc 0rarts Hatdw. Ftg.4t pt r.. V Fig.16 Ptit . TS{tl

Di.tibudon: BaB.nidan, Kurr.m, Chnlat, Swar. Astor, Haara, Muree Hi[s, Poonch, r63hmir, abundanr, 8OO-3800 met.3s. Ou targest and comnDn$t spedes, solnetimss beooming a 5m6l rlee. Olm.nioir: 40 (45) 53.32 pm O..c.ipton: G6in obtar+ sphercidat. b@icotoar€. Ola transvels€ly pauttet. Enne with echinate or sc€bEt€ Drcces6€s, s€xine 1.5 Fm, wnh to-p6dem. nerne 1!m and intine 0.5 Fm lhick. volr.cul.r N.m.!: Himataya. Hon€yluckte, B|Jsh Honeysuckts (Eng[sn), Phul, He(|8i (Hindko, Udu). Flo*ering S€..o.: May - J!ty. Sn of coll.cdon: Khanian. f.dlcln.l .nd Economtc Vatuo: Wood is hard and used for making agli)utruEl imprehenrs lJsed as watking 6ticks. L€av$ aE us€d as fodder tor goars. (Dymoct,1890). Slld. t{o: MwXH/S- 055 vouch.r ltlo: MH/ KH/S- 055 Film No:1930427

Vibumum continitotium D. Don

Obdbution: Baluchistan, Juoip€r rEcis, wazirisran, Razmak and Kanigu.am. KurEm, Chitral, Swat Asto( Haza€. Kaghan and the cati€s, p@ncn. Ka3hmir. 1300-3700 mel€g Oin.n.ion.:9.32 (22 39) 27.32 rm. D..c.lprion: Glain prctate !o obtare-sph€roidat, 34otpo€re, cotpi tons. Exine s.abrale (g€mmare), t rm rhid( and senne thict€f rhsn norns reliculat€. wiul

80 Flats #: TS-lll

Fig.13. Be'De,is lycium Flg. la. Sarcococca sarigna

F ig-15. Ba u h i n i a v ad eg.ta Fi9.16. Canrerrra sinersrs

Fig.17 . Abelia ?rifloh F ig.18. Lon lcerc qui nquelocul aris vemaculer Nam6: Tatiana, tkt@n. Ban cuch, Uktun. (Hindko), Od

Flowedng Ssason: Apil - May. Sit ol coll€ction: Jatkhad, on the way to Baset. edlci..l.nd Economtc Vaho: F uit is edible, used as ronic Slade Nor[^Hl JD/S- 067 Voucher l'lo: MH/ JO/S- 067

Fi|m No: 1 9304//28

Vibumum loetens Dene. V, ne.osum D. Don. Th€ western form of V. neruosum, (Stap tl, Fig. 42 pt ie. V Obt.ibution: Chitrat, Dir, Swal, Hdara, Mur€e Hi[s, poonch, Kashmn otun coveins whote hilsides(1525) 2135_3660 metEs Easity Ecognized by its charac€dstic unpteasant propedy se . the commonesl shrub in its attiludinal zone in lhe western Himatayas. Dim6nsion.: 20 (25.s) 30.2 rm. Oeacrlptiotr: prolate GEin to oblat+spheroidat, [email protected], amb u$a y cnculaclobate Cotpi 9.28 x 3.1 lrrn exine 15-23 Fm lhick. Tectum with gemna€ or scabraie proc€sses, s€rine reti4tate, with ol_patem, sexine thickerliran nexins Intine 11 pm lhick. veh.cular ri|t|s: Guch uktoon (Hindko).

Floworing &ason: Aprit- t\,tay Sat or colloction: Sai rvtanoor Modlohal.nd Economic Vatus: Fruit is edible, us€o as ronrc. Loetpeople u* the plantto s\ r€ep the floors. Slido No: |,4H/S^,!/S- 130 Voucher No: IMH/S[,US- i30 Firm ||o: 19304,29

8l Vibu rn u m grandifl oru m Dene. Fis.43 ptat€. V

Distibltion: Chit6r. On. Smt. HaaE, Mure€ Hitts, poonch, Kashmn fl521

Dimensionr: 16 (30)32 !m. D6cdplion: Gcin prolate to obtate-spheroidat. 3-cotpo€te. anb usua y crcularlobate, colpi longi exine 1-3 sm thick, tetum with gemmate or seb€te proces*s, serne reticulate with OL,pattem. vemacular N.me3: Guch, l{oon (Hindko). Florenng Sea.on: Apil,May Slt of colloction: lManoo.. flodicinal.ndEconomicValA:Anrispgsmodic, astringenl, dio.etic, ureine s€dative tunclional uienne dEordeF. {Krrtrkar 1987) 'n Sllde No: MH/Mtu$ 06 Voucher No: MH/MR/S- 06 Film No: 19304/31- 32 Vibumum mullah D. Don. V. ste ulatum Wall. Fig.44 Plate. v

DBldbuton: Sharbal, ChitEl Swal, Sabab, Haza.a, Kaghan, Siran vatte!€ Galies, Muree Hills, Poonch. Ratlanpi. near T€*hel, Kashmir, Muzatfar Abad, Kishiwar. Ch.lru, Ramban, Udhampur, Jammu, Basoh,2000,3000 m€l€s. oimsnsion.:23 (30) 36 !m. D$cription: Grain prolale lo oblat€-spheroidal 3-colpo€te, colpi long Exine scabrate (gemmate). 1 rm lhick and sexine lhicker than nexine reticulate, wnh vernacula. N.m6: Guch. (Hindko) Flow.ring S6..on: Ap.ilMay Site of collsction: Kamal Ban.

8: Uedicin.l .nd Economtc Vatoo: Fruits edibte. Antispasmodic, astringent,

diurelic. (H|lssain, 1 987). Slido No: MH/XN/S, 96 vouch.r No: IMH/KN/S- 98 Film Nor 19304/33 Celastraceae Gymnosporia royteara (Wall. €x Lawson). Maytenus royteanus (Wall. ex Lawson), Ceraslrus royteanus Walli cymnosporia spinosa Auct. Cerasarus sprrosus Royle. Distibution: Eatuchistan, Wam 1angi, Torkhan, Waziristan, grlenan Khet, peshawar, atlwFP, Kohal Pas, Tirah, torer Swat, Lower Hazara, Khanpur, Abbottabad, punjab Kohata Common in Rawatpindi. Foolhi s Satt Ranoe. P@nch, eastward on hot dry doosio lZ2O metres. Dime8loB:17 6 (24) 40 !m. Descriplion: Pollen grain sub-polate to subobtate, usualy 3 colDorate, amb crcuEr, semi-angularor inieFsemrtobate. Aperture at.ium type ora transvelsetv parallel. Size ot tumina dedeass towards cotpi. Tecium wjrh s@b6re processes. Sexine lhickor than nexire, usualty Eticutaie, with OL- p.ttem. v€macul.r Names: Oteum Nigrum (Engtish) parakt (Hindko). Kandian turdu) Flowe ng Saason: r',,larch - April Site of coll€ction: Talahata Batakol

Medicinal .nd Economic Vatu€: The smok€ oI ihe seeds reti€ves toothache. Also used aswatking sti6ks, in caruing and engraving. (Hussain, 1987) Sllde No: r'{H/TB/s- 07a Voucher No: MH/TA/S 074

8l Comaceae

Com us macrophyt la W all.

Fig. 45 ptat , V Fig. .t9 pr.to. TS_tv obtibution: Swar Marguzar, Kurari etc Hazara Kaghan, and he caties common In mixed ioEst p@nch, Murce. Kashmir Mi.puri Kishen valey, padar Kishlwari Udhanpur, 1220- 2440 meres oloenlions:33 (37.62) 57 !m O.scriprion: polten g6in obtat+ spheroidatto protar€ spheroidat, 3 colpo.ale, amb semHngurar Corpr cassrmargrnare. a trttte stroner lhan he tengrh of potar ares, exne psitate, 1.77 thict, !m $ine as rhick as nexin€ or thicter than

v.rmcuhr N.mes: Kandr, Kandat (U.du, Hindko), r€ser (puniabi). FloreriDg So.sotr: Apdt - Jun€. Sito of coltection: t\ta0,andi Mediclnal an.t Economic V.to€: Used as timber and ,!€l ubod. Leaves are

Slide No: MHA,flfi- 051

Vouch€r No: MH/ [,1/I_ Os1

Ebenaceae

Diospyros kaki L. Ftg. 46 pt.i!. Vl Diltdbution: The Japanese pe6imDon is lometimes ptanled as in Laho.e and kul!. lt is very tine only when rips bui onfortunatety it tooks ripe berore it is. Dimen!io.!: 35(45) s5 }1m. Dolcription: crain p.otate to obtate_spheroidat, 3- c a'b sub'ngula/ corpr rong, apefture common o,o, o. n*"r"'o"oleersatty - oo", ettiptic, exine 1 !m

84 d I t

4 4 4

€ 1 a #ffi lhjck, lectlm psitate or with scabrate process€s, s€xine granuhte, with obscure or Lo-pattern nexine thinner than $xine. V€rnacolar persimmon Nam*: Dale-ptum, Japani Kaki peBimmon (Engtish), Japan' amlook(Hindko). Fbw6nng S.aon: MayJune Sit of cotloction: Balakot Uodicln.t and Economic Vatus: Fruit stimutares gastnc activities, !€al orarhoea, piles, and has taxatve p.operties. h modeh medicines lruitjuice t.eat hypedension, lyphus and typhoid. Fruh stalk trcats hicclp. oveBip€ fruit can b€ nade inlo a iam. The putp of lnripe ttuit is used as rne basas ror face,packs in |ne @smelic Industry beause of ns tumng quahtEs

Slide No: MH/BT/I- i76 Voucher l{o: I4H/BT/T- 176

Diospyros totus L Fig. a7 pt 0.. Vl Fig, 20 Ptato. Tsjv

r-uen(y iound pranred or ser,.sown abour viflaees h:'::1.:::1r"11- |ne hilb ^ from 703 1830 metEs. Batuctisran x s"€,, H*a_ M",.e h s;a;; *' Dimenlions: 28 (31.59) 34 um ^;;;J;;,.;"#j'::1,.,;,;:, c,ain prclale, spheroidat, 3_cohoEre, corpr open, hansveG€ eiine:$criprion: psitaGsexine bns. 1.77 !m thick re)(ine 1 !m thick, i,tr,ne + r !m thictr. vemrcutr. l{an6: Dare ptum. peBmnon {Engtisn,. Antooi. O€si Ahlook, Kara Amt@k (urdu Hindro) Floweri.g Se.son: Apit_ May. Sir. of co ecuoni Jaed [tdicinat .nd EconoDic V.tu.: Bad( is apptied ro borts and tumou.s. Ftuit is edble The frujt when unnpe is to be said cotd lirght and aslringent, when ripe, is

35 benericialin brood diseases, gonorrhoea, and teprosy Infusion of the truir is us€d as gats|e In aptha€ or stomat(is and sole th.oat Juice of he rrnipe fruit is given in chronic d,anhoea and dysenrery. (Husrn, 1987, sllde No: tvtH/JRfi- 1a0 vouchor No: l\,lH/JR/T 140 Filln l{o:20304/1

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagn us orientatis L. E, paryifoliawaq E.hortensis M.B. var. o entatis lLl Louden.

Fis.4N ptaie. Vt Fig.21 ptate. TS{V obtribuuon: KlrEm: shatozan, south. waziristan, wanna, No.th walristan Boya Swat, Jabba valey east ol Kutati, Aslor; Gitgiti Ladak, commonty ptanled on liled edges and bv wat€/ couBes n nhFdry hner regons Oim€nliom:30 (35) 40 rm Dolcrip{ion: G€in 3- colporatre, amb angutari apenurc wslibutum type ora crassimarginaie, crrcutar, erine 2 lttn thicti tectum psitate. sexine ,jnely reliculate, wilh OL patem, nerine thanner than *!ine. vornacutar Names: oteaste, (Engtish), Kankoti (Hinoio) Flowsrlnq Season: Ap.it- [,tay. Sit olcolloction:Shaan ilodicin.t.nd Economic Vatue: The,ruit is us€d for cougn and cotd and as an ing,edi€nr "Josrarda for : (M 6tin et at 2OO2). Slid. No: MH/SN/S, 96 Voochor No: MH/SN/S, 96 Film No: 20304/3

86 Ericaceae Rhodendron arboreu m Sm. Fig.49 Ptai..Vl Di3lribution: Swat, above Pn Baba, Haza€, Siran Valey, Dadar tvuree near poonch, raMence cotlege. Tra.khet, Kashmn, Rambn, R4aui, 122u244o metres. Ths tine tree is much more @mmon eastward. I is onty,ound on the

Dime..loEr 50 (55) 60 pm

Dccription: G.ain lerrad, exine 1 fm thick, tectum psilate, seine granirlate, rareiy .eticul€te, wiih obsclre or OL pattern. nexine thinner than setine, viscin

voma.ul.r llam€!: Ardawat (puniabi), Ranrot, Ramrot {Hndko) Floworlng S€ason: Febtuary-May Slte of colloction: Sharan M.dicinal and Econohic Vatue: FtoweB p€tals are biter tonic and aE earen by lo€l p4pte for.eliet of ditferent ski. diseas€s. Smdc of teaves is considered uselul for babies who are fearful The ptant is o.namentat especialy its ftorcB are sold in ma(er for omamentat puDose. (Matin €l a( 2oo2). Leaves ale poienous, appried ro the head against headache (Baquar, 1989) Slide No: MH/SR/T 90 Voucher No: MH/SR/T- 90 Film No: 20304/4

Rhodendro n hypena nth u m Baft , R. anthopogon auct Incl. Clarke Fig.50 ptats. Vl Dlltibutiotr: cregaious and very @hmon in &e aFne zono 2s97- 4269 nerres. pafb6r. astor. Nanga citgil. Juliat Nultah, Battisran, upp€r sorpu€ Nullah. Deosai Pass HazaE Kaghan, Kashmir. sbundanl at high meadows.

t\7 Sonamae Aafour is rcsFonsibte for giving this name ro the t€slem tom of R arnropogo, bur Parker conside€d the diflercnces to be unimponan[ Dlmenlions:40 (43) 48 pm O$cription: Grain tetrad exine 1.5 !m thick, iectum Psitate, sexine granubre, wilh OL-panen, nexin€ thinnerihan *rine, viscin strand pres€nt v.m.cul.r Nan€.: Kaiaban (Udu), Nichni (punjab|) FloPsring S..son: M.y,Juty. Sito ot coll€clion: Mak.a M.dicinal and Economic V.tu€: Leaves arc aromflc and srmulanl adminrstered to produce sneezing. (Baquar, 1989) Sllde l{o: MH/MA./S, 109 Vouchor No: MH/MAJ$ 109 Fllm l{o: 20304/5

Euphorbiaceae Andrachine cordlfotia(Dene) luell p Lepto u s c o rd ifot i u s De ne - Fig. 22 Ptai.. Ts-tv Dbtribution: Tirah, Di. Chitrat, Swst Bshreint Madran Haza€, rvturce Hi s, Poonchi MiDUr, Kashmir. Comfton In shady places espec E|y 1525- 2440

DimenlloE: 25 {2s) 3s pm. Do.crlptton: crain spherotdat- p€robtate, potypo€te, usua y 3- cotpate, amb ctrcular or InteFsubangutar Exrne rencutate. teclate, serrre granutale L77 }lm thic* with OL patieln. Nenne 1 j pm thick. vemacular N.m6: SL{aid ku(an. Kud(uni (Hindko). Flowedng Se4on: Summer Sit ol cottoction: Boti Batakot flrdicinat.od Econonic V.tuo: pta.t is poisonous. (Baqua.. 19S9) Slid. No: MH/BB/S- tzo

88 Voucher No: MH/ BBi/S- 120

Mattotus phitippensis (Lam.) ilue . Croton phitippinensis Lami Rottlera tinctoria Roxb. Fig.5t pt.te. Vl

Distilution: Sind, common, Swal and Lor€, H3zac eastwa.d, us@ y 2_4OOO feel. Kamila, a smatt evergreen tee, is one ot our commone$ roorhrfl ptants. lt is

Oim6Bion6:15 (20 15) 25 75 pm. D€c.iplion: Polen g€in sub obtate to sphercidat, t colpo€te, amb circutar or crcura.robate, cotpi as tong as potar ars, apedu€ drop type, oa lransversely parallel. Exine psilale, 2 6 rm thick Tectum psital€, sexine tinety glanutaie, with indistinct LO- pattern Neine thinnerlhan sexine v€rn.culrrNamB: Ronte.a Kamsta, Kameta Trc€, Red aery (Engtish), Kumtie (Ponjabi) Kambita (pushto) Kamira (Hindko, Kashmin). Flomring Soason: February - Noremb€r. Sit of collecton: Shohaat Batakot. Medicin.tand Economic V.tue: Usdasdyeing agenr (Hlsssin. 1987). Slido NorMH/SB/T- 023 voucher l'lo: MH/ SA/T- 023 Film No: 20304R

Ricinus communis L.

Fig. 52 ptat , Vl Oistibution: Casto. Oit ptant ,1220 widety ptanted to met€s and may be sef

Dlhonsiohs: 23.12 (2s) 31.25 llm. Descrlption: crain protate-spheroidat to sub-prolate, 3- cotpo.ate, amb circutar, corpr open 15 tong, pm llln 3 wide. Aperturc common type ora transv€Gety elliplic. Etin€ is proiected near the pore, exine psitate s€ine inety reticutale wilh OL-paltern. 33 I pmlhick, nerine I !m and intine 11 Fm thick. vern.cula. Nam6 castor Oil pjanl. Casror Bea. (Engtish), Arand (Udu. Hrndko). Rendi (Ponjabi)

Occur6nco: Common thooghout Low€r Kaghan. Floirering Sea.on:ThDughout the year. fl€dicinal and Econonic Vatuo: Bolh oit and .oots are doscnbed as a purgative lt is usefut in constiparion and in deumatism As a purga ve lhe oit is drecled b lE laken with ce s urin€ or an intusion of ginger or lhe decoction o, ren roo|s rnoM as Dasmut6 Is teaves are apptied ro the breasls lo stop the secrelEn of milk and if boited with the root in goats mitk and water, it €n be used as a bcat apptrcaton in ophthatmia, when appt€d to the abdomen they a.e popurarry thooght lo promote the ftenstruatflow (tvashhadr, 197s) Castor oil s€ds are ftainty emptoyed for the p.eparanon or caslor oil which is used as pu.gatire and tubricant. The oit €rc |s used 6s reditizer. tt contams the poisonous ioxin, ,br, (youngken,1950J RiclnoJeic acid is absorbed inlo the btood ano Gsues and excreted wili homan mitk, which when sucked, impads 10 the chito rc purgarve aciion. Ricinrn is a viobrn iritanr ol the iniestine, kidneys and btadder I is atso given afrer childbinh b fie tying in women and befoe chitdbnn lo bcililate d€tivery in ope€tions tor lithotomy, in pornonitis, dy*ntery and n,tammatory diseasos ot the unnaryo€ans (Khan 1905) The oit is atso put into ea6, if they are invaded Ey nsecls. I may at$ be d'opped into the eye In conjunclMtrs iHussah, 1g87J The dry roots are used as feb fuge. The jui@ or reaves is atso given nrernally tor increasing lhe mitk flow. Leaves apptieo lo rhe abdomen pDmote menslruar discharge. The balt is used tor healing wounos and so.es. (Nadkani, 1927) Slide No: [rHlr8/T- 069 Vouch.r No: MH/ TB/T 069 Film No:20304/8 Sapium sebiferum Roxb. Fig.53 ptate. vl

Oiltribution: Irequ€ndy ptanted in lh6 NWFP, punjab, Satt Range, Rawatpindi Haza.a, Gilgit and Jammu etc. I as naturatized on tstands in the Jhetum Rivsr. Addilional cultrvated specres ae mentioned by parter OimeBions:60 x 50 An. D*cripton: Potten grain protate, 6rety sub-obtate to spheroidat, 3, colporale, amb inlsr-subanguta., circutar, tobate or circuta. cotpi as tong as potar axis, apenure common type. o€ lransvors€ty e iplic, exine 3 tm thick T€ctum with sbEre pl@es serine Gricutare, 2 ,rm thick wjth oL-panern, neine 1 lrm

vemacular Names: Chinese Ta0ow r€o (Engtish), pepti, Charbi, peha Shisham, Jangti Iati (puniabi, Hindko) FLowering Sdson: May , &ober Sii. of collection: cidat Batakol. M€dicinaland Econonic V.tue: Juica o{ the rree is vesicanl and acid (Baquar, 1989). Sli.b No: MH/GAi/T, 097 Vou.h€. No: MH/ GB/I- 097

Film No: 20304/9- 1O Fagaceae Quercus batoot ctiIfth- Quercus ,7€t auct. plur. non L. Fig. tia Phb. vl Disbibutiori Grcgarjous in dry inner valeF rrom j2zo 2600 Dn, perbat Chilr.t Swat, Nanga kaghan Kashmir, tushsn

OimoBion6: 20 (2j.8) 30 !m o$cripuon: Grain subprotare to spherodat amb crcurar, ap€nu€ common rype, ora obscuE or transve.sety paraltet, exine j-i 5 sm thick Tectum psitate or wlh s€bate processes 3 cotporate or oc€saonaly some grains wilh nore lhan thre furrows: benealh the enrre of each furow an inter.at hyaline body Fufiom meridoniat in arangemeni or it 4 or 6 tekahedrat, Iong and tap€ring to pointed ends, ther memblan* smooth but generafly ruptured and not obs€ruable gains i. that have been prepa€d fo. micrcscopic examination in the

Vemacul.r Namos: Hoity Oak. Hotm Oak (Engtish), Bi{ha, Satool, Rsn

Fb$dng So.so.: Ap.ir- May. Sit of collection: Matkandi. fl€dlcinal and Economic V.tue: tt is dioretic and a{nngenl. Used in aslhma. (Nadkami,1927). Used asfu€imod Leaves are osed as fodder for goats Slido or MH/M|/T- 039 Voucher No: MH/M|4 039 Film No:20304/11

Quercus dilatata Lind. ex Royle. Fig.55 ptat6. Vtl Distfibutioni The ho y Oat is atso gregaious in many pla@s requinng moE morsure rhan the tast and usualy tolnd somewhat higher waziristant oir . Chilral Swat. Hazara Mrree, poonch. .rrq Kashmr Not on €nge l52a- 2744

ojmeBion6:29 (32.7) 48 !m. D3scription: crain sphedcat lo subprotale, amb crrcurar, 3, cotporate, colpi open 10 tong and pm !m 7 wide. Ap€rrure common rype, ora obscure or trans!€cely parattet Exine 2 pm thicti tsrum psitate or kith scabrate p.cEesses s€xne 1 !m, nexine 11 !m thick. Intine as thick as nexrne vern.cular Nam..: creen Oak (Engtish). B..ungi, Reen (Hindko) Flowe ng So.son: Apil- [Iay 4

4 50

5a

F*Vf. Ff9. € o,dIyr6 A(X1@ot af . Dt4rr6/(,1,! lr16tt, a, B.-!rr! dttid,t(Xro@) A fitdtrotrr &. Rhdt? dal tvQrprfiun (xr@q 51. l|e! pndrddxir2q'bd''/'l'lxb6,, 52 ,abtr.a otm'/dtlx r5@) 5E srtum db.un(x780) 5a. Qrr6 ldod (x13!ro Site ol coll€clion: Malkandi. [edicinal .nd Economic Value: Fruit is used in uinary prcbtems Used ior making plough and orher aoricuttuEl inptements Leaves are us€d as fodder fo. goats Branches are us€d to suppo.t tomato ptants. (Awan, 1999-2001) Slide No: MH/llll/T 142 Voucher No: MH/lMl/T 142 Film No:20304/12 Quercus glaucaThunb. Q. a/rnurala Sm. Fig.56 Ptar.. Vtl

Dl6t ibution: The teast common or our Oak 6 somerimes round in moist valeys from Hdara eastward 610, 1830metres. Abboflab6di Dadar, Ghad Habibulah, Mu'@ Road abore Tret Kashmir, Jhetum valey r@d, M@tfar Abad, Milpur, Udhaf,pur Basaorr. Poonch rra4het, NaMt Nadi etc. Dimensioru: 52 (55) 58 !m Ooscriplion: GEin subprotate to spheroidal, 3- cotpo.are, amb cjrcutar, apenlre common ryp€, oE obscure o. hnsveBety pa€ et, exine 1- 1 5 pm lnick. leclum Dsilaie or wlh sebGte processes v.mrcularN:m*: Brue JaparesOar (Enstish), Ba€en, B€nni (Hindko) Flomring S€Gon: ApiLMay Siie of collsctlon I Bhangisn.

Modicinal .nd Economic Vatue: Loc€ly Used for making sticks and other agncunu€l implements. Slid€ No: MH/BN/T- 103 Vouch€r No: [4H/BN/T- 103 Film No:20304/13

Quercus ircara. Roxb. Q. leucotrichophora A. Camus, Fig.57 PLG. Vll Distibution: Gregarious on ooter ranges, Trans Indus to Nepat, 927_ 2440 metrcs. Oir Swat, Mangtaur, Miandam, Madian, Marghuzar, Haara, Mur* Hilts Poonch Salesar rhe Sa[ Ra.ge. out€r t^r ot 'n Kasnnr oimensioB:28.8 (32.7) 48 !m. Descriptlon: G.ain protate lo protate-spheroidat, 3- cotpoEte, amb cncotar. cotpi open 7.5 pm long 1 75!m wide exine fain{y reticutate, 1!m lhick, sodne hic*er lhan nexine wilh OL, patien.

vernacular Nam*: c€y Oak (Engtish), Shah batool (Urdu) Rn, Reen (Hindko). Flowering Seasonr Apdt - May Site of .oll€cton: Kaghan.

fledicln.l .nd Eco.omic V.tue: lt is djuEtic and ast ingent Used in asthma. Also gNen h dianhoea, indigeerron and gonorhoea. (Nadkami, 1927) slids l{o: MH/KG/T- 163 Vouch.r l{o: MH/KG|/T 163 Film No:20304/15

Qu erc us semic arpifol ia Sm.

Distributlon: upper Waznistan, Kuiiam common in Sw6t Kohistan, Hazara Ridge belween Miranjani & Biran Gati, poonch, Ganga Choti, Kashmtr, Kishon valley, Ramban, Badrawah 2592-3660 metres Dimenlions:20 (2s) 30 sm. Descriplion:GEins prolate to subobtate, 3- cotpo.ate, amb circutar or sub- angu.a., ora obscure. exine 1-1.5 +m thick, teclum psilatei seKne relicutale or g'anulale, usually wth or -pafiem nethe thDner than exhe Ve.nacolar Name: Brcwn Oak (Engtish), Bangua., Ko (Hindko) Flowe ng Seaso.: Apil lvay Site of collection: JaEd ll€dicinal and Economic Vlluo: Used as tuetwood and for makins agicutural

Sllde No: MH/JR/T-'137 Voucher No: MH/JR/T- 137 Film No:20304/15

Gross ula riaeae Ribes arpesare Deng.ex Jacq Ribes grossulariaWa . in Roxb. (non L.); R. trimareasis Royle.

Fig.58 Ptat . Vtl Di.tibutiod: Kuram, Mountain, Sika Rah, Go

Dnnension.: 20 (25) 30 pn. O..cription: Grain subobt€le !o spheroidat to sobspheroidai, E, 7 po6te, ap€nure @mmon type, exine1.5 |lm thick, tectum psitat€, exine granutais, wirh

v6.nac0l.r Nam65: wird Red Curant G@se Berry Gnstish). Kag Oakh (Hindko)

Flowe.ing S.*on: May June Sib ot coll.ctlon: Aabusa,. ilo.llclnal and Economic Vatue: Beries a.e pulgative. Atso used as flavoring agents in Jams and candies (Hussain, j987) Slldo No: [4H/BR S- 77 Voocher No: MwBF/S- 77 Fih l{o:20304/17

Rioes gracrbre Wall. R. rubrum L.

95 Dbtibulion: Kunam, p6ss, Chir€t, Lomri swar, Bishigrrm, Banistan, Mapo ta and Thalle La, Hazara, Kaghan valtey Kashmir, common in rhe Juniper zone above lhe I€e line, Fras Nag, Kmn pas, Minimarg 3O4a-3965 met.6 Dlmensiomr 25 (30) 35 pm D6c.iption: Grain subobtate to spiercidat to subsphercidat, 5_ 7 poiate. apenure common type, exinel llm thic{ tectum psitale exine granltate, with

v€mac|llar Nanr6: Cunanl (Engtish) Kam. Jangti Angoor (Hindko) Flowering Season: ApriHv,tay. Sit ot coll.ction: Payya M.dicinal and Economic V.tue: Leaves arc used as diurctic, €f.ige€nl and dele.genl Fruils are taxalire, cooting and anodyne. Used in Jahs. (Marin elar 2002). Slido No: MH/PA,/S- 1i2

Vouch€. No: MH/PA,/S, 1 i2 Film No:20304/18 Hamamelidaceae Parrotiopsis jacquemonfiara (Dene) Rehder. Ftg.60 PtaG, vtl obtribuuon: Haza€ Kaghanand SiEnvalieys, $rar Dlmonsion!:30 {36) 40 Pn. O.lcripiion: cEin sphercjdat. 3- cotpare, amb circutar; colpi nea.ty as tong as Polar dis, exire 1-1.5 pm thick Gclum with scabrate prccesses, ssrne relrculate. with Ol-patem, nexine thinn€r than sexine

Vemacular NrD6: Psshatr, Shatr , pash@ (Hindro) Florerlng S6ason: March-May Sii. of cott6lon: Matkandi.

rorllcin.l rnd Economic Vituc Us€d as lire@d Atso used ror maring walkng sticks, axe handteand other agricutture imptemenrs. Slide No: rMHA,lllT 48 Vouchor No: MH/M|/T- 48 Film No:20304/18 Hederaceae (Araliaceae). Hedera nepalensis K. Koch. H. himalica Toberi Hederc helixacut. non L. Fig.23 Pt.te_ TS-|V

Distibuton: Kuram. Chilbl, Swai Hazaia, Muree Hi[s, poonch, Kasnmir. (071), 1525- 2440 mekes Very commo. shrubby vine ctimbing ctaffs or targe

Dimension.: 19.37 (25) 35 Fm O4cription: Grain spheroidat, obtale ro potale, 3- cotporate, amb cncutar or

sem angurar colpi9 Fm long 5 rLm wide. ora circuta. ransvelsety e iptic. Exine 2 rm thick, teclum with veru€te prcesses. Sexine reticutale or coarsety granulate 1 tm thick with OL panem, nexine r 1 lrm thicJq and intine as thick as vemacular Namesr Engtish tvy, (E.gtsh), B6.bathai, paLrt, Atbambat, A.bambal (Hindko, U.du) Flomring So.son: Seplember - Oclober Siie of collaction: Sha.an.

Medicinal and Economic Vatlre: Leaves and befiies are slimutant, cathartic and diaphoreiE Dry leares are used to slimutate sores Bernes ar€ purgaiive and are used in tebtite disordeB. (Matin al a, 2oo2) Slide No: [4H/SN/S- 081 voucher No: MH/SN/S- 081 Film No:20304/19 Hippocastanaceae Aesculus indica lwa , Ex Camb.) Hk.f. Pavia irdica Wall .ex Camb. Fig,61 Ptet€.Vtl Fig.24 Pl.te, S-lV

Disrriborion: Swat to Nepat in meephy'ac forest. conmon, 2135-3050 m€l€s. One of our largesl trees Di., Chitra Swat Hazara i,turee Hi[s, poonch and Kashmir. Cultivared in Batuchistan at elena Ziarat. Dim€Isionc:19x29 (26 x 30) 32 x 33.6 pm D63criplion: crain prolate, sub pDtare or protare sphercidat 3- cotporale, allernale, exine thin, sorface very tinety g.anutaFstiate. Fotrow lhr*, 19 I 7I !m, acuminate, membrane surface sludded wirh 3O€O prcjections of vad,ous sizes opio 0 5 !m in diameler. Potar tietd sma[, pores 3, one in the middte of each turow. circular 7.5 pm diamet€r membrane protruding 1 5 !m beyond prolile, general studded with 12 !m pDjeclions I 1 !m high and uplo 05 !m diameter Inline Ether thin. vemacula. Names: Himalayan Ho6e Ch€sl Nut (Engtish), Bankoe (Hindko),

Flowerins Soason: Apd - June. SIG of collGtion: Kaghan.

Medicinal and Economic Vatu.: Oit f.om *ed is apptied €nernalty in lheomarism (Baquar. 1989). Fruits are given to horses in @tic. (Nadkami, j927) Seds are locally used as anatgesics. Slid€ No: MH/KG/T- 059 Voucher No: [^Hl KG/T, 059 Film No: 20304,2e21

98 PIaE#:TS-IV

F ig.19. Conu s macrcphy tt a F ig.20. Di ospyros lotus

F i9.21. E laeag n u s orientati F i9.22. Andrac h ne cordiloli a

F i9.23. Hedera nepal ensi s F i9.24. Aescul us i n.tic a Hypericaceae (Guttiferae). H ypertc um obtongifot iu m Choisy. Hypedcum cemuum Roxb. Ftg. 62 pt jr. Vtl Dl.tribution: Kurram, Lower swat Hazara Matxandi Kagh6n, Abbottabad Changta and Nathia cali, Muree punjab, Br€wery, satt Rangs al Sakeer, Poonch, Kashmir, Chena , Jhetum Valsy Road. Barum ca[, common on ctiffs and Banl6, 91 5- 2Zt4 metres. Dimemion.: 14.6€ (tO) j8!h. Ite.c.ipdon: Grain sub_prctate protsle to spheroirat, 3_ cotpor5to, amb circltar or ctrcuEtsrobaie. cotpi 14 x 3 llm, ora circutar 3-4 gm wide. Etin€ psitate 1 sm thi6k. Sexin€ reticutate with O!_patern and thicker than ne nexine v.rnacular N!mB: Chamba, Sha.an cutab (Hindko, urdu). Flow€rlng Sor$n: February _ Apit. Slb of cottocdon: Jarcd fl.dlcin.l .nd Econonic V.tte: teaves a.e used as ,odder. !ry]ob ptant is used coBtruction ot Dof Us€d for matang 'n musi@r msrrumen|3. Ftorers are antid€ple$ant. (Hussin, 1987) Slido l{o: MH/JfVS- Oss Voucher No: MH/JR/S o9S Fllm No: 2030422 Juglandaceae

Jugtans rcgia L. Fig. 63 pt ia. Vtl Fig.25 pteto. Ta_v Dbtrllution: The Watnut, 4khlDt, is our most impo.tanr nlt t€e and il is,ound wild or cullivated fro.n gjt 3O5O met €s The w@d is very vatuabE ior tumibre, {EodcaMng and Gun Slocts and lh€ nub nnd a rcady maner t! 6l

o 66 a

t!| 6t tg

Pr!.v{. Frg. 55. Qllar .!tt. (x1360} !A Olrqa CarD, (xloo) 57. Ql'rra tnt. (xl3ao, 5a RE dF'l (X leol 6e Rlb !rdd. {x l.160 60 Modr lqt nslrt (X10@) 0t. &rr! ,r.tc, lx'o&., @" HYe.ldtn odd'glo,/rtn 0cq)0) 6E r/!,rr r{ir {x r2q Dlm€.t6ions: 33 25 (40) 46.55 !m. D$cription: Grain spheroidalo sub spheroidal 6, porate, 41.6 x 48 2 |lm,6mb cncubr, aspidate, ap€rtu€ drop tlFe, porcs c€ssinalginare, 6 to 16, with lh€n apenues more o.less circular, iregutaiy amnged. 3 3 !m in diameler crowded more or ress into one hemisphere. Texture nearty or quire smoolh Exine 1 5 pm lhrck. lectum psilate sexine granotate wilh LO pattem. S€xine thick€r lhan vom.cul.r Nam€: walnut, (Engtish). AkhEre (Urdu). Akho,e {H,ndko), Ghoz

Floworing S€ason: February - Apit. Sii. of collection: Kaghan flotlicin.l and Economic Valu€: Anth€lminlic, anriseplic. leaves a.e attelalive and ashngenl. undpe truit is remituge Husk ol the fruit or pericalp posess v€rmiluge and antlsyphilitic proporlies Undpe fruil is given to chitdrell as vern l!ge. A sp il d slilled from the leaves or truil is replted to be anlispasmodic, also useful in checking lhe sickness ot pregnancy. 8a* rs anthetminitic and laclituge. DMction of lhe bark is us€d !o stop mammary *c€rion and as a gaBle in sorc rhrcat (Hussin.1987) Slido No: rMH/KGfi- 034 Voucher No: IMH/KG[- 034 Film No: 20304/23 Lamiaceae (Labiatae).

Colebrookea opposi ,Toria lsm. Fiq. €465 Ptato. V[l

Oblrlbutjon: Pshawa., Punjab, Salt Range. @mmon, Indus e6tward, Lower Swat, Rawalpindi hills, Poonch, Mirpur, Jammu, asendrngto 1525metes. Dimensions: 34 (38) 42 um D€l6 pton: Grain subprolale to prolate, 3- colpate, colpi op€n 15 x I um, aftb circular, exine thickened at two poles, 2-2.5 pm thick, iectum psilate or with sb6te proesses, serine finely €iEulale, 1 2 !m thick, sith OL- patlem,

t00 thinning towards 6periore, bacuta round. narorerlhan I pm wide, mu,itess than 0.5 !m wide, lumlna up to 0.5 pm wide neine 1-1.25 pm thick and intine j !m

ve.n6cular Nam€!: Binda, (Udu), Ros$ (Hindko) Flowadng Seaaon: January,April Siie of collocton: Balakot Medicinaland Economic Value: Used as btood pu.itier and ti.*ood. (Husain, 1987). Slitl. No: MH/BT/S- 146 Volch.r No: MH/BT/S 146 Film Not 20304124-25

tsodoa regosrrs (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd. Rabdos6 regosa Wall. ex Bth; Plqtranthus regosus Wall. ex Bth. Fig,66 Plate,Vlll

Distribolion: NWFP, Swat, ChiiEt, Hazara. DamonBions:35 (38) 42 !m O$cripiion: Grain obtal+protale. G colpate. cotpi open, 6 !m tong and 2 !m wjde. Erine reliculale, sexin€ 1 !m nexine asthickas *xine and intne l l thick v€mrculer Namg8: Boor (Hindko). FlM.ing sea.on: May - s€ptember Sii. ol colleclion: Bhangran. flediclnal aod Economlc Vatus: Us€d as blood purifier Aiso used as inseclicide. (Hussain, 1987). tocally us€d as broom to ctean the fl,oor Slid€ No: MH/BN/S-o14 Voucher No: MH/BN/S 014 Fih o:20304/26

l0l Otostegia limbata (Bth.) Boiss. Bauota limbata Blh Fig.67{6 ptato. V I Fig.26 Ptat€. TS-v

Dbtribulion: Kunam; Pa.achinar, ltlWFP, Ti€h, Timargarhi near peshawar, Khybef, Chilral, Jambatai, Swat, Ba kot and tvingora, above Skardu, Haza.ai Manseh€ Kaghan, Punjab, Satt Range. pi.d Dadan Khan, Rawatpindi Dislicr, Jhalar, Trer, Ba.alao etc. (ashmn, Jhetun valey Road, tvtirpur, p@nch 61& (1 525-2.140) metres in dry Dcky ptaces.

Dlnemions:21.32 (24) 26 66 Fm. O€8cdption: Grain sph€n@! oblar€-subprotare, 3, cotpat€, amb cncutar, cotpi open, 14 j1m long, 2 5 llm wide. sexine €ticutate 1.75 fm, nexine 1.5 ld and

v6mcular N6ms: Purhkanda (Urdu). Spinaghazai {pusnio), Chitia Kanda. Kandiai, Chittr Booi (Hindko) Flomrhg Seson: May - June. Sit ofcollection:Batakol flediciml .nd Econoftic Vatue: Th€ ptant is not ot common use. The sieep and goals graze upon t. Sometimes powder of the ptant is mixed wilh butter and used ior wounds. Leaves guds apptied to and ophthatmia, (Hussai., 1 987) Slide No: IMH/BT/S 040 Vouchor No: MH/BT/S- 040 Fllm Not 20304127 - 28 Lythraceae

Lagerstroem i a i ndic a L.

Dl.tdbutioni The crspe Mynb is commonty ptanled as an omamenbt h the prains and lower hi[s ao {abou0 1220 metres in swal and Abbottabad Dlmomlons: 39 (47) 55 um.

102 D€&ripuon: Grain sphefcaLobbr€, $ cotporate. cotpus clo6ed, about 30 um long, 2 !m thact, lhicroning unifom in th€ middte and at rh€ ends, wnicn are poEs blind about 10, rcund€d. poE diameiff 6 pm. Exhe 3 l,m uick, shat€ a.d

v.maculer N.ft6: Phurush (U.du): Sauni, DhauB (puniabi), Gu!€-Mehandi (Hindko). Flow.n.g S..!on: May - Augusl. Sito ol colloction: Balatot. Idlcln.l .nd Econonic v.lm: tr is ctltrivared as an omamsntalre (&quar, 1995). Ba.k, leavss and flor€rs ac consireled hydEgogue, dla6tic and purgatave. Ba* is stimulant and f€bdtugs (Baquar, 1989). Slldo l{o: MH/BT/T- 198 Voocnor ilo: MH/BT/T- 198 Flh |{o: 20304/29

Woodlordia truticosa (L) S. Kurz. Lythrum ,ruticosum L. Ftg.09 Pt.!.. v l Flg.27 PLb. TS-V

DLtdbdio.: Aahchistan, SrNar, Karakar pass. Hda.a, Batrssr pass. Abbotabad, Aaghnotiar, Punjab. Saidpul Hitb, Raulatpindi Disr.ici, Mur€€ Road,

San Range, Poonch and MiAUr, Kashmn, Ranban, Riasi. UdhamDur 2- SOOO i3et. slnd. Dlh.n ion!: 10.6 (13.4) 15.62 rm. Oorcript or: Grain oblalesubprotate, 3- @tporate. amb circutar to inter seni. angular. Enne psilate, sexine I ,rm, nexine tt !m and intine r 1 |'n thict with vem.cul.. [.mo.: Fne Flame Busn Gngtish), Dhawai (Hindko). Flovrorlng Sd.on: Fsbruary - Apdt. Slt ot.olbcdon: Eatakot.

103 fiedl.ln.l an.l Economic Vatuc: Oied floweB arc astringent, stimutant, used in lNer complaints haemo.rhoids, dys€ntery, menofihagia and mucous membEne disode6, (Baqua., 1989) Slid€ Nor [4H/BT/S- 042 Voucher No: MH/BT/S 042 Film No: 20304/30 lalvaceae. Hibiscus syriacus L.

Fig,70 pt.t , vttl Fig.28 Ptat , TS-V

Dblrlbution: Another fine cu[]vated shr')b, which grcws both in the ptains and hills. Nalive land unknom butpossibte china. Dlm€nliom: 108 {135) 180 llm D€lcripton: Grain spheroid6t, pantoporaie, amb cncutar, ora c.assimarginaie circura., few ovar, pore diameter 5.4 (9.5) 13 x o t5 (12.4) 1768 pm spines dimolphic (in size), btunr spine tengrh 12 (14 6) 18 /m, usua y ditated at rhe bases 4 (5) 6 tlm wide Exine echinare 5.4 !m thict Tectum bacutate, (sc€bEte

in b€laeen the spines). S€xioe 2 66 pm thick, n€rine 2 Am thick vo.n.cul.r Namos: BEcuil (Hindko). Flow.ring Soason: Summer. Si!. ofcollection: Hassa Batakot ptanted ilorliclnrl .nd Economic vatu6: as hedge ptanl. Leaves a€ used as

Slldo llo: MH/HB/S- 025 VoucierNo: MH/HB/S 025 Fllm No:20304|31

t04 Meliaceae Cedrera serrata Royte. C, ,oora Sensu W.P Hi€m; fooaa serrata Ro6m. Flq.71 Pl.b. Vlll Fig.29 pt.i.. tS-V

Dlltibudon: SMt Malgu:ar. r€rakai Prssr Buner, Ha2r€, Lower Kaghan and lhe Galies. Murree Hitts. Pooncrr. Ud+tajipir, Kashmi. Jhetum va|sy. Kishen valley, Kishtwar. Udhampur. (610-) 1220- 2665 merBs Grow in damo shadv

DlmonrloE: 20 {2 1.5) 23 um. DGriplion: Grain Sphe.ic€lfrotat€. 4- cotporate, cotpi 7 !m long and 3 !m wide, poB 4, each having diarneler aboul 3 ym. Exine p6itate. sxine i.5 !m, nexine t fm and anline 1 I ! thick V.mlouler Nim63: Mahogany (Engtish)i f@na, Tun. Oado, D,atvi (Udu, Punjabi), OsEwa (Hindko). Flow.rlng Sd3o.:May - June. Sit otcoll.cdon: Hassam Abad.

fledici'|.l .nd Eco.o.nic V.luo: Us€d fff tu.nnure. fodder, onah€ntiat. rimber, medicinal (baft for dysent€ry), sha{ts and consrrucrion (rahavi. Z00O}. Slid. |{o: MH/HO/T- 143 Vooch€r l{o: MH/HD/T- 143 Fllm |{o: 20304/32

nefia azdaach L. ilt on'e?tarrs . Rosm.

Ftg. 72 Pt b. V I Dlltdbuuon: lt is a fovourite gadsn and roadside ree in Sind. Baluchistan, Kuram Valley. Punjab, and Kashhh to 1525 metrcs. Thoughr to b€ ritd in moFt .4ines an Easlem Kashmir. Oi|n.Bion!: 35 (37) 39 !m.

105 6

ta 6

d o o

7l n 7D

bvl Fle. ?}G Cd.td. qrff (XtS A |db qEr. ()Oq Oat ffi r,|lL {xloq aa |itffi trE (x'|'q ?q |ffi. itbrr oeo ?t. o..t*r.r- (ftq z 5--.alxooD D$criplion: GEin spherical protale, 4- cotporate cotpiopen, 2ipm to.g and 3 !m wde ora lalongare wilh diameler aboul 5 pm Exine 4 pm thick, tectum psilate setine 2 um neti.e 2 !m and iniin€ 1.S !m lhick V€macular Naft€: Bead T.ee, China Tre€. peEian Litac (Engtish). Aakayan (Udu), o€k(Punjabi). Draik (Hindko). Bakayana (pushto), Drcm {Sindhi). Flom.i.g Seson: March - May Sitl of collection: Girral Batakot flediciml and Economic Vatuo: The teaves, ,ooi bark. fl(re6 and fruits a€ used medicinaily All parls ot tie tee a.e biter and slrongty porgative in action. The leaves anrhehinlic, diuretic and emmena-gogle The decoctron of the leaves is employed in hysteria The teaves are used for skin diseases. Th. leaves and flowers are eflective for €ieving neruous headache. (Hussatn,1S87). The stem balk is anthetminitic stimutantand antispasmodic. The root bark rs best anthelminticfor roundwo.ms. The flow€rs are deobstruent, resotvent, and emm€na-gogue. The iruils soaked in whisky a€ u*d as an anlhetmintic against lapeworns and roundwoms elc. The seeds a.€ us€d to.lne tealment ot tvlhoid lever, relention of unne, and p€lvic pains (Tahava, 2OOO) Slid€ tlo: MH/GB/T 076 Voucher No: MH/GB/T 076 Filh Nor 20304/33 Mimosaceae Acacia modestaWal.. Fig.73 Ptat6.tx Fi9.3o Pt.to, Ts-v

Dblributonr Ealucni$an, Dn, Swat, Jhetum Vattey, San Range, p@nch. and

DimonaioN:39 {42 7)48.7 !m (Polyad}.l263 (15 22) 18 pm. (tndividuat siain). D€.c.iption: Grain compound (Potyad) composed ot 16 grains. 8 srains peipheral and 8 grains centatty ptaced in 2 groups. tapenng inwards to fil into the ring. The stole grain flattened and tens shaped. Grcup obtate or perobtate Plate #: TS-V

Fig.25. Juglans rcgia F ig.26. Otostegi a Ii mbate

Fig.28. H,Discus sytiacus Fig.27 . woodfordia fruticosa

Fig.29. Cedrcla ser'ata Fig.30. Acacia modesta individual glain 3,porate contour sub-spheriet Inie6tices berwen the celt 2 p wide. Exine psilal€ lo linely gEnutate, €xine 1 5 pm, nexine 1 25 !m thick and

vemacular l{am4: Phurahi (u.du, Hindko). Patos (Batuchi), pdu$ (past o). Flow€dng Sea3on: March - May Site ot collectio.: Balakot Iedichal .n.l Economic V.l@: The gum obtained frm the bari is used as lonic and s muanl. Usually the native mix rhe gum with wheat flour, suga. is added and roasted in Ghee. Ash is used in snuff pEparation. The gum toc€ly knoM as 'Chi," rs atso used in the preparation of "Halwa" tor lhe sake of lonic, €specrally given to women, who gives bidh to new baby. The gum is used as €slorative. (Husain. 1987). Slid€ No: [4H/BT[- 083 Vonch6? l'lo: MH/BT/T 083 Film No: 2030484 Acacia nilotica lLl Delile. Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd; Itimosa arabica Lam; Momosa niloticaL. Fig. Zl pt.t .tX Fig.31 Pt.te. IS-VI

Oistibution: Punjab, Rawatpindi, Batuchisran, NWFP, Hazam, pshawar, Sind. DimenJon.: 34 (37) 41 pm. (Potyad) 27 (30) 33 !m (tndividuat grain) Description: Grain compound (Potyad), @mposed or 10 cetls, 8 roming a cube. shaped cenlral block of 4s in two tiers, connected to form 8 ring encircting the cube oi 8 cells Whole g€ins flatiened tens- shaped. obtate lo psrobtale. IndiviJual grain sphenekubp.obre. 3, @tporate. cotpi open, 16 pm tong and 4 !mwide. Poes 3 oach with diameler aboul5 llm. Exine psibt+tain{y reticutatei sexjne 1.5 !m lhick, nerjne as thick as s€rine and intine 11!m thick vem.c||lar N3m4: Gum AEbic. Babul Acacia (English). 8ab@l (Udu). Kikar (Hindko), Rukh(Punjabi). Fl@6rln9 S€ason: [,larch - august Site ot collectron: Salbani ll€dicinal and Economic value: The bark is boiled wilh water: enract ol baft is used fo. severe toolhache and especially shen lhe gums a.e septac. The bark is used as asrringenl, also used in diarho€a and dysenlery Used as slomachiF, demulcent, aphrodisiac, nut.ilive and expecloEnt. Bark is powedul astringeni Pods a,e porerlul expeclo€nt. The en€cl ol gum ?lakla is slyplic lonic and astringenr, (Hussain. 1987) Stide No: MH/SB/T- 024 Vouche. No: Ml-l/ SB/T 024 Film No:20304/35 Albizzia chinensis losbeck) Merrill. Mimosa chinensis Osb€ck; A. sfipurata Boivin. Fig .75 PlaG. lx oistribuiion: Low€r Kaghan. Jhelum and Kishenganga valleys, eastward to

Dlm€Gions:56 (58) 70 pm. (Polyads) Decrlptlon: Polyad of 16 grains, a grains peripheraland grains @nl.ally placed in two groups, each group conlaining 4 grains large IndividualgBin 3- porate, prolate to sub sphei@l conlour flattened lo slightly convex, psilale to frnely granulale, tectale poGs iaintly dislinct exne 2.1 pm thEk Vemacular Naft6: Ohi, Siris, Shinn (Udu, Hindko). Floworing Seson: Apd May site ofcollection: Ghlal Balakot U€.licinal and Economic V.luq Intusion of lhe baft u*d as lotion for culs, scab es and skin diseases. Plant is alish poison,lSaquar 1989). Slide No: MH/GB/T- 104 vouchor llo: MH/GB/T- 104

t08 Film Io: 20304R6 Albizzia lebbcck lLl Bth. Mimosa lebbeck L. Fig.76 Pl.te. lx

Diliribolion: Swal and Hazaa, easlwads asending ro 1202 metes and @mmonly planred in sind, Baluchisran and rhe Punjab Plains. Dlmentiom: 75 (79) 84 !m {Size otgroup as a whole), 22 (25) 28 !m (size or

Decriprion: 6rain mpound (polyad) compced of 16 ells, I foming a cube- shap€d enlral block ol lwo 4's one above lhe othe.. I in a ring encircling the cube symmet ca ly above and below ihe plane lying behreen the two fours of the cental block, cenl€l c€lls 1 cubical wilh inleBtices between the @lts at then cornels Pe pheral cells 1 square fac€d on rhe outside, tape ng inwads to fit into the ring. The whole grair flattened and lens shaped irs outline in all planes I rcunded obale or peroblale. Space between lhe coheB of peipheral c€lls aboul 'l !m. Individual grain l po.ate. Exine oi outer p€npheEl @lls: psilaie, sexine 1 pm wilh Lo-paltern nexine as thick as serine and intin€ about + 1 !m thic*. Erine ofinner panofgrainthin and flexible. V.macular Nam6: Indian Walnut, akck Sins (English), Siah Snis, Shnin (Urdu), Snin. Shin (Hindko) Kalshish (PLrnjabi) Fbwenng Season: l4arch - May Sib of coll.ctiotr: Girlal Balakot Modicinal.nd Economic Value: Balk and seeds ars reslolativ€, 6{nngenl and used in piles, drarhoea, dysentery and goforhoea Flowe6 recommended in elbuncle, boils, srelling and othe. skin diseases. All pans are also €commended in snakebile. (Baquar, 1989) Sli.le No: MH/GB/T- 099 Voucher No: MH/GB[- 099 Moraceae

B roussonetia papy rite ra V ent Fig. 77 Ptate. tx Fig.32 Ptai.. TS-VI

OBlribution: The paFr mulberry, a natiw to upper Burma & chjna is setfsn in lhePunjabat Lahore, Rawatpindi, etc. Dim.n.ions: 10 (11 3) 13 3 pm

D6cnpton: Grain prolat€, .mb circutar, 2 3 porate. pores nol atways at opposrts ends, each with diameteraboot2 fm Exine psitate, sexine g.anutate 1 1 Fm thick with Lo-patlem, nexine as thick as s€xine and intine about 0.5 sm

vem.cularNamolr PaperrMulbery (Engtish); Kaghzi Toot (Urdu), Jangti Tur Ban Tut (Hindko) Floredng Sea3on:lMarch - Aprit Sire of collection: Tatahata Batakot M€dicin.l and Economic V.loe: Ptants used fo. paper manufacturing Fibe. llom the bark is lsed in ctothing and paper indusrry (Tahavi,2OOO) ll is used lor fodderr baft for putp, rapa ctoih) ercsion @nrrot, rurnirure, boxes, packing ciales, spods equipmenrs, veneer and ptywood (Sheikh, 1993). Sllds No: IIH/TB/T- 80 Vouchor No: MH/T8/T, 80 Fllm No:21304/02

Ficus caica L. Fig,78 Plate,lx Fig.33 Pt.re. TS-vl

Obtibutio.: FEquentty cuttivated upto 1525 m€tres in Eatuchistan and to 4OOO teer n Hazata F palmata Forssic. may be the wiB anesrlat form. Kiramu6 says that oE cuni€lsd iE js var Fprarnis Boiss A sp€cimen co ecled by rhe Crofishanks in Baluchistan is labetted ya. rupestnbHausskn.

0 Dimemion.r 9.31 (10 19) 12 !m Degcrlpdon: Pollen grain oblalerolale, bilateral o, radiosymmetric, 2,4 poraG. Eri.e 1 llm lhick, exine as thic{ a3 n€xine or may be sorewhal tticter wi0l LO or I obscure pattern glains oflen subaspidote v€macular Natne3: Anjeer (Udu) Phagwar (Hindko). Floworing Sea€on:Suhhe. Site ofcolloction: Bela Man@r. iledichal and Economic Vllue: Laxative and tood An ingredient in confection ot 'serra and compound syrup of'F,b'. (Younsken, 1950). The trur is atso used in conslipalion. renal and vesical catculi, visc€Et obstructions, pites, gout snd extemal ulceB, gum boils, cracks in mouth. Lalex from g€€n leaves is osed againsr wans. iHusssin,1987). Slide No: MH/BM/T- 73 Voucher No: MH/BM/T- 73 Film No:21304/03 Ficus cunia Ham. Fig. 79 Plaie. lx oistribution: Hazara near Batrasi. Mansghla Panjar, Rawatphdi District, Mirpur Jammu, common east ol the Ravi, t€aves v€ry asymmetri€t at the base. A foot

Dlm€nsion.r 14 4 (1824) 30.24 um. D€€crlpdon: Pollen glain oblat+ pol.te, 6dio syhmet.ic, 2, 4 porare, *xine prcbably as lhick as nexin€ or decidedt thicker. LO- or obscure pattem. G,6ins vehacular Namesr Phagwa {Hindko), Kasa, Ghui Kui (PuniabD. Flow€ring Season: May-September. SiL oI colloclion: Ghan@|. l€dicinal rdd Economlc Value: The bark and lruit made into bath are used to curc reprcsy Fruit is given in aphthous complaints. Rootjuice is used in btadder disoder. (Baquar, 1989).

l Slido No: MH/GUT- 105 Voucher No: MH/GUT,105 Film No:21304/04

Ficus foyeorafa Wall.ex.Miq. F. Iuducca Roxb.

Oistribulion:This is had(ed F. sar,erlosa J.E.Sn. On she€rs ar Kew by Co,ner bul as I have tailed lo find referen@ | have omifled it unlit I do. Our onty witd crimbing ig is very common and very variabte Dimensions: 10 (11) 12 pm.

Itescriplion: G.sin oblate-sphe.oidat to subobtate, 2, 4 porate. amb circutar, apenuE @mmon e,ane 1 sm lnid., te.tum psitate, setine granutate. wnh Lo, pattem, nexine thinnerthan sexine. vornacolar Nsm63: creeping Fg (Engtish). Ram phagwar Bar phagwar (Hindko), Doda Bel(Urdu). Florering s€alon: May-s€ptember Sit ofcoll6ctio.:Kaghan. ledicinal .nd Economic V.luer Soit bjnd€r. Atso g.Mn as ornamentat ptant. Latex s@ths ihe Bee sting lt is just simpty rubb€d on the skin for reiief. (Hussain, 1987) Side No: MH/KG/S,149 Voucher No: MH/KG/S- 149

Ficus parmala Fo.ssk. F. viryata Roxb.

Distibolion: Sind Ealuchistan, Ku.am. NWFP, Chitat, Smi, Kashhn, citgii, Haara, Mul@ Hills, plains ot Punjab Ascending to 2135 metres or den ZZ44

DimeGionB: 15 (17) 21 !m.

ltl D€cdption: Pollen g,ain oblate,plolare, bitareral or Gdiosymmetic, 2- 4 po6le. Exine psilale, *nne granutare, i t |tm rhEk with Lo-pattern, nerine as rhick as sexine and inline abo{l0.5 smthick velnacul.r Namesr Fig (English), phagwar (Hindko) Florcri.g S.$on: Jun+Oecember Sito of colLclion: Bhangian

Medici.al.nd Economac Vatue: Fruit is taxaiive and d€mut€n! us€d as diet in conslipalion and in lungs and btadder dise3ses Ash is used in ,tinr,fl Main sourc€ or tirewood (Hussain,1987) Slirl€ t{o: MH/BN/T !00 voucher Io: [4H/BN/T- 100 FilD l,{o:21304/06

,torus alba L. M. indica Li M, s acidosa criff. Flg,80 PLi.. tX

DBtribution: The while mutberry Gruit whfte or €d) is cutrivared and *tf-sen in all parls of the @untry from lhe ptain to the inner valeys of Hunza snd Ladak. The leaves aE used to teed sirkwom. Foma tataica (pal) ser. is supposed to

Direnlion.:r3 32 (16) 23 lln Dsscriplion: GEin prclate- spheroidat, 2-porate, amb circutar apeiure rounded, common lype, each having a diameier of 6 !m. pores mos y pres€nt ar @me6, apposle !o €ach other po€ mmblane smooth, exine t-15 lrrn thick, psilate, sexine 1 tm lhick. granulatewith Lo,paieh, intinel,l !m thicL vernacular Nam€: \\hts l',,lutberry (Engtish), Shah lool (Ud!). Toot china Ioot (Hindko). Flo$,€ring Seaonr March - Aphl Site of collection: Shohaat Batakot. fledi.inal and Economlc Valuo: Th€ malur€ catkins are usefut for rhe lreLnent of sour lhroat. The fruit is @oting and laxative. The ba.k is supposed to

lll be vemifuge lhe root is consrdered as antheLmintic and astingent (Tahavi, 2000). Main $ur@ or roel rcod in rhe alea Slld. No: MH/SSfi- 031 voucher No: MH/SBfi- 031 Fih t{o:21304/07

Morus nigra L.

Obtibutton: Aafuchistan, I,lwFP, Peshawar Vattey. Gitgii, Skardu, Sdnagar,

DindBiorc: 12 (15) 22 Fm. D6cdplion:Grain prolate- sphen€t, porare; pores 2, rounded, each hav€ diameler 5 Am. pores mostly pEsent at @.ne6 oppositre to each other, pore menbrane smootl" Lrne psilale or fa'rtly granulate. s€,ne 1 5 r-m nex'ne 1 pm and intine aboul 1 1 rmthick. vernacular Nam€.: Black Mulb€ny (English), KalaTut (Hindko) Flow€ring S.$on: March - July. Site ol collecdon: Bhangian. M.dlcinal and Economlc Valu€: Mulb€ry leaves a€ consideFd diaphoreric and smollienl. A d@ctron or the teaves is used .s ga€te in inflammarion of lhroal. The lruil is @ling and laxatiw. lt is used lor erc throat, dysp€psia and melancholia The rool rs reported 10 possess anthetmintic and askingent pDpedes The bart is used as purgative and vermituge. Aqueous aDd atkati etlracts of lh€ leaves and slem are actre againsl gram-positive bacteria 6nd y€asrs. (Hussain 1987) Slido No: MH/BN/T- 200 Vouchor No: MH/BN/T- 200 Film l{o:21304/8

ll4 Morus serrala Roxb. Fag.81 Ptaio. tx

Diatribution: Our only witd mulberry, but ar is atso cullivated i. Batuchistan, Marguzar Swat, Haara, Mufie Hitts, Poonch, Kashmh, cuha€. Jhetum vatt€y.

Kishlwar Padar, 1 22G 27,14 melcs in ntxed ioEsts Oimonsions: l1 (16) 25 rm D€.cription: Grain prolale spheroidat,2- po6te, amb circutarapenu€ rounded, each having a diameler of 5 sm, pores mostty presenr at 6meB, apposile to each olher pore membEne smooth, exine 1.5 Fm thick, psilate, sexine 1 1 0m lhck, g€nulalewith LO pattern, intine + 1 fm thick vernacurar Names: Mulberry (Engtish), Tur (Hindko) Flor€ring Season:fu rilMay. Site of colloclion: Has$ Balakot. fledicinal and Econooic Valuo: Used as fuet wood. BEnches a.e !*d lo suppod the tomato planls lJsed to make agicultu€t imptements. (Hussain, 1987). Slide No: MWHB/T 152 Voucher No: MH/HB/T 152 N.galivo No:2130409 Myrtaceae

C al I i ste mon c itrin u a (Curt.) Stapf. Fig,82 Ptei.. x

Distribution: The Bottle B.ush tree ot Quenstand and New Souih Wdes is f€quenlly planled in Pu.jab At Abbotabad and at Sadu Sharit DiDonsions:17.76 (18.5)21 3 !m. D6c.iplion: GEin oblate to subobtale, amb subangutd io triangutar, 3, syncolporate, @lpi 10 pm long and 2 pm wide, apenure @mmon lype, cncubr Exine fainlly reticulate, lectum psilate, sexine 1 5 !m, with LO parien, nerin€ as thickas sexine and intineabout l pmthict.

||5 n 7a

7l v n

ll lt o

a,*|l Fb. 73. ,/bd. ||fr (xroq 74 t-. re (xttq 7a ,w d&rs (xl(!q 7q &r f fxftrt v. wtt flDq 78. ftu orb lxUI7q Fd. qr-(xttll A S.dlllaQl'd.fi n.F|.t t if(xloq Vemacula. Nem$: Botle Brush (Engtish, Udu, Hindko) Floredng S€*on: February -Apit. ptanred Medicin.l and Economic V.lue: as ornamenr.l ptant snd rcadside planialion. Leaves are t@tty us€d for roothache. Slid. No: t\tH/HB/T- 22 Vouch3r No: MH/HB/T 22

Eucatyptus citrtdora Fig.83 Pl.te. x Ftq.34 Ptate, TS-VI obtibuiion: Introdued from Austratia and ptanied as roadside ptantatjon. Dimen3ion.: 10 (15) 18 pm Doscription: Pollen grain triangutar, 3- cotporate syn@tpate. Exine projected near psitale, aperturG. Erane sexine 1 .5 !m thick, nexine 1 pm thick. ve.naourar Nrm6: temon Senred Gum (Engtish), cond (Hindko), suraida

Flow€.ing Soason: Feb,uary-March Site or collection: Balakot Isdicin.l aDd Econoftic Vitue: Leav4 are anltseptic and repetbnt lo mosquito€s. Oe@crion of leaves is used as mouthwash and to retieve t@th3che. Wood is us€d in conslruction worr, rumture making and as fuetwood Aranches are us€d lo support lhe lomato planis. (Hl,ssarn. 1987). Slide o: MH/BTr|T- 122 Vouchor No: MH/BT/TI- 122 Filn No:21304/11 Eucalyptus globulus

Fig. 81t Ptate. X

Dbtribution: Inrrcduced frcm Auslratia and ptantsd as roadside ptantation. Dimen.iom: 12 (17) 20 Fm.

I t6 D*cription: Poten gran trLangUar, 3- cotporate syn@tpale. exine prqected nearapen!€s Exine psilale stine 1 77 !m nexine 1 !m lhick vehacularNamc: Blue cum. Tasmanbn Gum (Engtish). Gond (Hindko) Flos€ring S.a!on: March-June. Site of collocrion: Hase Batakot Medicinaf .nd Economic Vattat As g)uentot Ercatyptus cittidom Slide No: I\,IH/HBTTI 153 Vouch€r No: MH/HBm, 153 Film No:21304/12 Eucalypaus tanceolata

Fag,85 ptaie. X

Distribution: Introdu€d from Ausrralia and ptante! as roadside ptantation OideBion!: 15 (22) 28 pm.

D$cription: Pollen glain obtare.3 @tpolate ofsyncotporate smbsemi tobate. ora crcurar. exine 1-2.8 pm ihick, p.ojected nea. aperiures, psitate sexine 18 !m, nexine 1 !m thick Vemacul.r N.m*: Eu€lyplus (Engtish), cond (Hindno). Fbrering Ser.on: MarchJune Sit€ of collocton: Balakot iledioinaland Economac Value:As given for Eucatprrs c/h?ora. Slid. No: MH/BTm 88 Vouche. No: |,4H/BTTTT a8 Film No:21304/13

E u caly ptus tedticomus pa(er.

Fig.86 ptate. X

Disrribulion: Introduced trom Aust6tia and ptanted as roadside ptantation Dimension.: 11.5 (16) 19 28 !m Descriplion: Pollen grain tnangutar, 3, cotpobte, syncotpate. Exine prcjected j near apenues Exine psitaie, exine 1 .77 !m thic*. nexire pm thicl.

lt7 v.macular ttlam6: Forcst Red Gum (Engtirh), cond {Hindko) Sutaida

Floreri.g S€*or: January - Apdt. Siie of coll€ction: Balakot. N€diciMl and Eco.mic V.tu.: As given td Ematptus dlridola Slids l{o: MH/BT/TI- 201 Voucher |'|o: MtUBTm 201

Nyctaginaceae

Bouga inv il lea g I abra Choisy Fig. E7 ptlt .X

Di.Eibution: Wrdety ptanied as an ohamentatin thaptains. Oimen3lon6:27 (29) 31 !m. D€scripdon: c€i. Obtat+subtriangutar, $ cotpate: cotpi open, 3 !m wide. EJdne laintly €riculate, *xi.e 2 pm, ns{ne 1.5 !m and intine 1 !m thict. v.m.cular N.mes: Eougainvittea (Engtish, Ur,u, Hindko). Flow.ring Season: Throughout the year, Siio ot collection: Bahkot.

U€dicin.l and Economic V.tu6:crom as omamentatptanl. Slido No: IVH/BT/S- 177 Vouchar No: IMH/ BT/S- 177 Fih No:21304/15 Oleaceae

Jasminum humile L- Fig. 68 pt b.x

Di.tiboton: Baluchistan. Common in junipef t€cl, South Wandsian, Chiirat, LoMd Pass, Smt, mountain tttam, KataF, Bahrein erc Ha@, Muree Hi[s, P@nch, Xashmn, common 1220- 3t)io metres. A@dng to c@n of Kew, va.

8 Ewtutrm is a callivar as ths synonymy shows, lhe fom with pubesence on the low€r surfae of rhe leaves has been leated n vaious ways. I mighl be wonh callirg il lon pubigen Kitamlra makes it a variety oimsnsionE:25 (40) 58 !m. Oo.cription: G€in peroblate-subprotate 3- cotpate. cotpi open 11 !m tong and 3 !'n wide. Exine psilate 1 1 !m waxy. *xi.e11 llm. nexine as thick as *xine and inti.e 0.5 !m rhick. v.mecul.r N.nae: Jasine, (Engtish), Chambeti. Chamba (Udu) Flow.ring Season: April -June. Sit ofcoll€ction:Khanian. luedicinal and Economic Vatu.: Ftorers astringent and tonic to heart and bowers. R@ts osed in ringwoms Milky juice of ptant is used tor d€stroying rhe unheallhy liningwalls or chronic sinuses and tistutas, (Baquar, 1989). Slide o: MH/KN/S' 1s0 Vouchc. No: MH/KN/S 150

Jasminum mesnyi Fig.89 Pl.i.. X

Di.iribotion: Disrribured in Haza€, Puniab, tstamabad oimenlions:28 (44) 60 !m O.3criplion: Grain oblate- subprotate to obtate, spheroidat or spheroidat, 3- colpale, amb crcular, (cncutar- tobate) cotpi open, 11515 x 34 !m. E)(ine inl€ctale. clavate, 4 4 5 pm thick sexine €liculate 3 !m thick, nexine 1-1.5 pm

Vamacular Nam6: Peli Chambeli (Hindko) Flow.rlng Season: March -June. Sit of coll.ction: Hassa Balakot. fiorlicin.l .nd Economic Value: From tloweE pefumed oit is p.eparcd and the physicians p@scribed lhe leeves as a emedy ln skin diseese. uteB of the mouth otonhoea etc Fresh juices of the leaves are applied to sofi coms. The reaves are chered by those who s0fi€r lmm ut@raiion o, the mucous membrane of th€ mouth Ihe planl as considersd to b€ deobsrtuent, anthetmintic, diuretic and emmenagogue. j fhe nwe6 aG aphrcdisiac (Dym@k el at 183 ). Slide No: MH/Ha/S,028 Vouchor No: MH/HB/S- 028 Fllm No:213Ml17

Jasminum oflicinale L.

Fig.90 pt.t . X

Obtiblton: Common 915 2744 met,es, South Wanistan. Ka.igu.am. Rdmak. Kuft,am Shalizan, Nud

redicin.l.nd Econornic Valuo: Root is used in ingwom. The ptant is diureric. emmenagogue, and anthelmintic FtoreB apptied n skin diseas, headache and weak eye and n scorpion sting. teaves aE chewed as a t€alment againsr ulceElion or eruption in lhe mouth Fresh juice of teav4 is apptied to coms. Od

used in ear in olorho€a, (Aaquar, 1 989). Slirle l'lo: MH/BT/S' 53 Vouchor No: MH/B'S- 53 Film No:21304/18

Jasminum sambac (Ll Ait- J. bilarium Wall ex.Dgt Nyctanthes sambac L, Fig. 9'l Ph!.. Xl

t20 @ a 0a

6 ! a

s r c) l'bx. f|e. @. c.5rE cill|. (ptoq a Er4Da, ditd.lxrol 4 a.4dt @4r(p!q 6- @Jrd] a.d.l (p@q G. F$t* ads'r (pcq at &Odrif dt!(Xtoq A J-,rhu,rtu n|. {XGOI O.bE r.tafr4 (x1tt,,,, O, J.dntn oW.Ui@{, Did.ibulion: Commonly cuttivat€d on lhe ptains and the sr€et scented loweE arc made inlo garlands fo. sale. Dimon8iom: 34 (40) 50 rn. Oescriplion: Grain oblate- spherodal to spheroidat Eety subobtat€. 3- cotpaie, .arely 3- colpomte, amb cncubr tobalei exine 4 rm lhick, teclum with ctavate proce$es sexne relrcu ale, the mLri simpli-bacutate, nerine lhinner than seine. v€rnacular N.m*: Arabic Jasmin€ (Engtish). MosE, Motia (Udu, Hindko). Flow.dng S.8on: July- Oclober. Siie of colletion: Hassa Blakot [€dicin.l .nd Econmic Vatue: Ptant is cooting, used in cases ot insniiy, weakness of sight and affection or moulh Dried teaves soaked in warer arc made into a poullice and used in indotent utcer. Root is emmenagogue. Ftorers are ussd lo make ga.land ll ls atso tactifuge apptied unmoistenod to breasl lo afi€sl s€cr€lbn of milk in pue.poral slate in cases of th€atoned abscess. (Hussain 1987) Slido No: IVH/HEI/S 185 voucnor No: MH/HA/S, 185 Filft tlo:21304/19 Ligustrum lucidum Ait. Fig,92 Pl.te, Xl Fig. 35 Pl.to. TS-VI

Dbtibuton: Frequenlly culliv.ted, Peshawar, Abbottabad, Kotli nea. Milpur, srirugar, a narive ro china.

Dim.n3iom:29 (33) 38 Fm. O$cription: G€in suboblale 1o oblate-sphe.oid.l, amb circolar or circularlobate 3- colpofale coipi 8.88 fm long,266 pm wide. Exine 3 4 Fm lhick, linety reliculale, le.tum with clavato pro@sses sexine reticulate, 1.77 lrn thick nsxine

1 ILm and t 1 pm Intineihick. vemacul.r Nam*: Lislstrum. (English), Sada 8aha. Gtastic. Sad Bahar

l2l Flowerins Season: June - July Sli. of colbciion: Balakot. f.dicinal and Economic Vatuo: Comnonty grown as hedge ptanr. Atso ptanted as ornaftenlai in lawns Slldo No: MH/BT/S- 203 Vouch€r No: MH/BT/S- 203 Film No: 2130420 Olea ferruginea Royle. O. cuspidata. Wall. ex. D,C. Fig.93-94 Ptate. xl ri9,36 Pt.r.. Ts-Vl

Obfrbuton: Common alr along lhe Afghan lrcntier, also in Dk. Chilrat, Swat, ouler Hazara, lvu.ree Hi ls Salt range and outer Kashmi. Hitts 51 9-1830 met€s, usually with Acsc,e modosla DlmensioB: 15 (19) 23 pm. Occ.iption: G6in suboblate to oblatasphercidal, i.icolpale, amb circutar or subangular, colpi open 8.45 x 3 !m. E)ane 2 3 !m ltrict Te€tum with ctavate proesses. Sexine j 1 !m and intine 076 !m thick. v.macula. Nam6: Indian olive TEe (English) Zailoon, Kahu (Udu) Kahu, Kao(Hindko) Ktun Khan (Si.dhi), Khuna o. Khuwan (Pushto) Flov',€ring Se.3on:Ap l- May Slt of collection: Bhonja. fledicinal and Economic Value: The legves and baft are bitter and astringsnt, anlieplic, aniip6riodic, diurelic and ionic. Oilofthe lruils is rubetacienr, noti€nt, laxative. emollienl in enema for fecal impaclron, solvent and €edative (Hussin, r987) Slid. No: MH/AA/T-016 Voucher No: MH/BA/T- 016 Film No:21304/21

l.:l Flab#:TS-Vl

Fig.J1. Acacia nilotica Fig.32. BtDu$onetia PaPY lera

Fig.33. Frcus carrca F ig-34. E ucalvPtus cividorc

Fig.3S. Ligustum luc idu m F i9.36. Olee terrugin ea Paeoniaceae (Ranunculceae) Paeonia emodi Wall. ex. Hk.l. Fig.95 pt.t!. Xl Fig, 37 Pt.t , Ts-vtl

Dist ibution: Chrtrat, Rambour, Swat Mounlain ||tam Bahrein, Ulror, Haara, Kaghan, Kalapani, Thandiani Poonch Tautipn, Kashmn Lidder Va tey. Banihat, 1225- 3050 melres tMamekh is commonty gfegaious on open hilside. oimensioB: 22 (28) 30 fm. pDate- D*cription: Grain spheroidat.3 cotpor (oid) aie, cotp 9 !m rons,4 pm wide Colpi membrane smooth. Etine I Fm thick, Sexine thicker than nexine except n apocolpia wheE sextne and nsxine of 1 equat thrckness, reticutate, ve.nacurar Name!: Peony(Enstish). ltamekh (Udu). Chandra (pushto) Flowering Seson: Ap.it- May. Site of collection: Shogran. iledicinal.nd Economic V.tqo: The lubeB are used medicinaly in uienne and neryous d6eas€s and the seeds a,e used as purgative and emeiic (Zaman, el a/. 1970, Khan eta/ 1979) Slide No: MH/SN/S-113 Voucher No: MH/SN/S-I13 Film No. 21304122 Papilionaceae Astragalus candolleanus Royle ex Benth. A, royleanus Bungei A- multicepsWall. Fig.96 ptrro.Xl

Dbtribotion: Batuchislan, Chitral, Swat Kaghan, peshawa. Kashmir 1220-

Oimensiom: 16 22 r 13 21 Fm.

l:11 t)Gc.iption: Grain protate, subtiangutar. 3- colporaG. cotpi open. 10 !m tong and 3 !m wide, ora lalongate {abour 2 x I !m) Exine psitate. or fain y reti@tate, sexine 1.5 Um, with Lo-patte.n. Nexine 1 Fm and intrne 1 1 Um thick vernacula. Nam63: Bankainrha (Hindko), Kadia.a, Samut (punjabi). Flore.ing Se..onr May - August. Sib ot colleclionr Eela Man@. r€diciml .nd Economic Vatu€: Seed is demutcenr and smolienr. gjven in cotic and leprcsy. (Hussain, 1987). slld6 No: MH/BM/009 Vouoh€r No: MH/ BIM/009 FiIm No:21304123

Astragalus grahamiaaus Royle er Benth. Fig,97 ptats. Xl

Dbtribulion: Ealuchistan, Chil.at, Swat. Kaghsn Peshawar. Kashmir 1220- 3659

OineNions: 14(17) 21 !m D6cdprion: Grain sphercidat to protaie, 3, cotporate, colpi open, lO !m tong ,l and 3 pm wide, ora lalongate (aboul2 x pm) Exine psitats or fainly reticutat€, sexrne 1 5 !m, nexine I !m and intine ! 1 !m lhick v6h.cular Namo3r Chilti Bin, Kainlhi (Hindko). FloreringSealon:Mry Augusl Sit ofcollection:Jalkhad flediclnaland Economic Value:Locally used as iodder for goats Slide No: MH/JD/S-63 vouchs No: l'/H/ JO/S- 63 Film No:21304/24 Astragatus psitocenfros Fisch yar,psirocentros A. poremius Boiss Fig.98-99 Pt.t€. Xl

t2.l Dnrtibntion: Baluchasta.. Wazinsbn, peshawar, Cntuat, Haza€, Muzaffar Abad, P@nch. Punjab, Mur@ Hi[s, Satt Range, Batuchistan, NWFP, Haara Dimemions:12 (16) 20 pm

DBc plion: Glain sphercidat ro protare, 3{otporate, apenure comnon rype, ob lransveEally elliplic or ci.colar. exi.e 1 !m thick, t€ctum psitate, sexine granurale, with Lo- pattern vemaculaf Namo!: Kandiai (Hindko). Flwenng Season: i/ay J0ne Site or collection: Balakot

f€dicinaland Econonic value: Us€d as tuel@od. pranl is used as foddq for goals Also us€d as hedge ptant

Slidc No: MH/8T/S, 1 32 voucher No: IVH/BT/S- 132 Film No:2130425-26

Butea monosperma lLam-) Taubert. E rytth ri n a m o no s p etm a Lam.

Distibutio.: Punjab. Hazara Dlftensionsi 35 (39) 43 pm.

O$crlption: GEin sphorical subriangular, 3- porate, each por€ wilh diametor O !m. Exine fainlly rcliculale, sexine 2 pm, nexine 1.5 pm and intine I pm rhick vernacltlar Nam6: flame of Forest (Engtish), Patas. Dhak (Udu, Hindko,

Florering S€$on: March Apdl Siie of .oll€ction I Jared. Medicinal and Economic Value: Used in making ropes and *aring wax (Tahavi.2000). Slide No: MH/JR/T-212 Voucher No: MH/JR/T 212 Film No: 21304127

|]i Darbergr? sissoo Roxb. Ftg, 100 ptate. Xl

Oistribution: Very common bolh witd and cuftavared io 910 metres Dimensions: 11.30 {22 40) 30 !n. Oescdpl,on: Pollen gEin protat+ spheroidat to subobtate amb crrcutar or ss! angular tncolporate @tpi op€n 1OO5 !m tong 44 pm wide. Ofa transvers€ty parattet elliptic o. rransvgrsely pofs 3.5 !m in diameter Apocotipum drameter 8 !m and inle.colpium 19 22 !m Exine psitale, 2 !m thick sexine glanutale 1 !m ,l lhick with obscu.e o. LO- patiem, nexine 1 66 !m and intine I !m thick. vehacul.r l{em6: Pakis[ani Rose wood (Ensrish). Shisham (Udu), Tati (Hjndko), Shawa (Pushto). Florering S€.3on: Ma.ch - May. Sile of colleclion I Gi.lat Balakot iil€dicinar and Eco.omic Valu€: Oied balk and rfesh teaves are used as a l@l aslring€nl and h various foms ot haemoiihage, epislaxix, haemoptysis. naemaiemesis, menorhagia, bteding pit€s and atso for vaico vens. Rasping of the wood is uselul in leprosy, boits, eruptio.s and to a y vomiting. Oit is apptied enemarly in culaneous affections tvtucitage of the teaves mixed with sw€et oit is a good applicalion in ex@riations A decoclion of the teaves is given n lhe acute stage ot gonorrhoea. (Nadkami, 1927) Slide No:MH/GB/T 071 Volch€. No: MH/GBfi 071 Fal|n No:21304/2E

Desmodium elegans DC, Fig. l0l Plet .xl Fig.38 Ptate. TS-Vtl

Distribution: Haza6, Si€n and KaghanVatteys Dircn3ioft: 13 5 (16) 20 pm D€scriplion: GEin subprotate to obtate- sphercntat, tdcotporate, amb *mrangular sub,tiangular in potar visw colpiS 5 x 5.4 pm. Exine 15 pm thick,

116 s 9a L

n 5 s

s fito l0l

P!}tf. Ff!. 9f . J.rr*{rn !.rb (x 106, a- Itltfrun E ttn (xl(utt *9{ Oa. (Ilotot 96. P-d. .md (x10lo, 96. /rt dlrt c.dohrra 'tutb.tl2omt 97. N.etE (ll.!o) *99. /trttr.. pracJh. Eib-to.- Gl2-!0'.xlrlort o0. Irl.lt dt oo (Ilrq 104 . o-rD.rr0 dlgd (t locl *xine fnely .eticulale wirh ol-patbm Te.tum psitate or wth sb.ate pro@sses, seine 1 !m thick reticutate w h oL-paflen, nerine t 1 lmthick vernrcular N.mo!: Telegraph Ptant (Engtish), Chamkal. Chamla (Hindko) Flou,edng Serlon: June- Ausust. Sib of collocoon: Sen Manoor. f,odicin.l end Economic V:l@: Root is tonic, diureric. and a{nnged. us€d in chonjc feler, biliousness, @ugh. vomiting, asthm, diarlh@. and snakebn€. (Baquar, (1989). Slide No: MH/SIV/S- 013 Vouchor No: MH/SM/S- 013

Film No: 21 30429

Desmodi um podocarpu m OC,

Disldbution: Hazara, Siran and Kaghan Valleys. urmeBronr: ru (Jz, J5 !m Descdptlon: Grain subtnangular,subprotaie, 3- porate, po€s rcunded €ach having diameler 1 13 pm. Erine laintty reticutate, *xine 1 fm, nexine r 1 !m lhicl and inline somdhai less ftn*er than nexine Vornacular Nem$: S€maphore Ptant (Engtish), Cham€ (Hindlrc). Flowedng S€ on: Juiy- Septembsr. Site or coll€ctlon: Pais. fedicinal .nd Econohic Valoe: Fr€sh leaves apptied to abs@ss and rcunds. L4!es arc glaclagogue, us€d in diarho€a, dysentery and @nvutsion Rool is lonic, carminative, diu.etic. (Baquar (1989). Slide No: |',,|H/PS/S, 129 Voucher No: [4HIPS/S' 129 Film No:21304/30 Erythdna glabrescens (Prain.) Parker. Erylthdna subercsa Roxb. yar. grabrescers Prain.

Obtibution: Haza€, Rawalpindi. lJdhampur, lvlirpur, Jammu in f@thillzone.

127 Dimensiona:29 (31) 33 !m D..cription: G€in suboblale, 3-porate, amb semi,angutar, ora c.assimarginate, po,es rou.de{t each h6vin9 dbnetq about 5 !m Exine 2 !m thick, le.tum whh gemnate prc@ses, sexine 1 5 !n thick, €ticulaie, with OL, pa(em, nexine 1 pm and intine 1 1 !m thick vemacul.r N.mos: Co€l T€e (Engtish) cut-e-Nishrer (Udu). Ohot ohak, [,landra, Pangra, ohak (Urdu, Hindko). Flowedng S.a3on: Mafch -Apit. Sile of oolloclion: Khanian.

U€dicinal in.l Economic V.lue: The balk is taxalive, diureiic. emmenagogue, expecloEnl, anlhehintic, antibitious and febdfuge. The decoction is gaven in dlenlery and as vemifuge and is elfecliE et€ totion in ophrhatmis. Leaves arc anlhelmrntic, cathariic, galaclagogue Leaves are used en€maly as a dressing forulcerand forkilling masgots in so€s (Tahavi 2oOO). Side No: MH/KN/T- 181 Vouche. No: MH/KN/T 1al Film No:21304/31,32 lndigofera hetenntha Wall. ex Brand. Fig.102 Plaio. xtl Fi9.39 Ptar.. TS.Vtl

Oisifibution: Very common, Kuram, NWFP. ChitEt a.d swat east\rards, 1220, 3659 melres This group seems to be a composite spec€s and need tudher

Oihe.sioni:22 2 (29) al pm. D€*nption: GEin subprolate to suboblaG, tricolporale, subtriangutar in the polar vEwiamb semi- angula. @lpiopen, 11.5 x 3 pm Exine tinery reiicutale 2 3 !m thick Teclum psilate, sexine usually granulate, thicker lhan nexine with LO- vem.cular Nam6: Indigo (Enslish). Kainthi (Udu. Hindko). Flor€ring S€$on: May June

t28 Sli. of .olloction: San Manoor. U€dicinal 6nd EconomicVrtue: Leaves floweG and shoots cooling, d€mut€nt, anrdeproric and anri-cancerous (Matik et a/. 1964). Locally plant b uscd tor makng Dots ot huts and houses and as a fodder for cattle. B€nches are used

Slid. No: MH/SM/S- 012 Vouch.r No: MH/SM/S- 012 Film No:21304/33

Robi nia pseudoacac ia L. Fig, t03 PLie. xtl Fig,40 pta!.. Ts-vtl Obtrlbution: Nativ€ to USA F€quenlty cottivaled and oflen sett-g.own ,rom Prarns lo 3049 mer.es DlmoD.ione: 20.7 (26.8) 34 6 !m. o6.cdprion: Grain obtare, spheroidal 3- cotpo€te, @tpi open, tong. €xin€ psilale, pm 1.5 thick, sxine is thicter lh.n nexine, inline I 1 !m lhick. vemacul.rNam6: Btack L@ust. t@ust {Engtish). Kir-ar, China Kikar (Hindko}. Floworlng Se.3on:Apdt - May. Sit! ot collecdon: Khanian. fl€dlcin.l .nd Economic V.tuo: The wood is heavy, hard, srrcng and durabte. l! is us€d lor gen€ral @nstruclton, ship- buitding, turning and as a tuet. Tho seeds are eaten cooked by the locst The plant is poisonous, acting as a purgative a.d emetic. The floweE are a good source of horey. The plant was nlroduced lo EuroF in 1636 and is grown the€ as an ohan€ntat. (usher, 1984). Slado No: MH/KN/T,050 Vouch.r No: MH/KN/T- 050 Fllm No:21304n4

t29 Sophora morrrb (Royle) Baker ssp. morris. Fig. (,rt Pt.ie. xtl

Dilldbuiion: NWFP Chitrat, Swat, citgit, Kaghan Rawatpindi, poonch eastwads 1220 1E30 metres OlmoBions: 12 (18) 20 !m De&ription: G€in subobtare lo plotat+ sphe.oidat, 3- cotpobte, amb s€mrangurar, @lpaas long aspotaraxis, apenurccommon typ€, o€ lransve.sa y elliptic. exine 5 t !m thick. Teclum psitate o. whh scabrat€ pr@sses, srine 1 pfi thick fine y reticutate, with OL- or obEourc pattern, nexine 1 j pm thick, intine

VornaclLr N.mo!: Himat t€n Lablmum (Engtish), Shampastu, ZamheEb (Baruchi), Katt'i. Buna (Hindko, punjabD. Flowering s€ason: March Aprit. SIG of oolloctlon: Matkandi.

M.dlcinal and Eco.omic Vatuo: De@ction of ,oot apptied Mm to relieve headache Juie is used in sor+ eyes powdeed seed mixed wnh oit is used to kill lice in hajF (Baquar, 1 989). Ihe ojt is used for skin daseases white b€.6hes and leav€s aE us€d as lodder for €$e. Atso used as tuetwood (AMn,2OO1). Slide No: IVH/MI/T-'124 voucher No: MH/[4]/T- 124 FilD No:21304/35 Philadelphaceae Deufzra sfamirea R.Br ex Wall Fig. t05 pt.t .xtl

Obbibulron: A handsome Roweing shrub of outq ,a.ge On. clzar, Chakdara. Chilral, Swai, Bankol, Bahrein, Marguzar, Haza€, and Abbotabad. The pip€tine, Xalapani, elc Munee Poonch, Kashmir, Jhetum valey Road. Kishen vatiey Chenab valley,610- 2744 metres. DimonsioF: 15 (20) 30 rh

D0 O$cnptun: Glain prctare ro subobtale, 3, cotporate amb cncutar, ora transve6ely parallel. colpi 17 x 3.5 rm exne 2 llm thick sexine tinety reticutaie

veh.cular ares: Chagaur (Hi.dko) Flowering Saason:Apr lJune. Site of collection: Malkandi

Uedicin.l .nd Ecommtc Vatoe: Used as atterative. diurelic, stomachic and tonic Decocnon ofitis used in heumalsm and syphitis (Usher, j984) Slide No: l\,lH/[llls- 94 Vo0ch€r l,lo: MH/MI/S, 94 Fllm No: 22304/l Platanaceae Pratanus o'ientatis L. Fig. 106 Pt.t6. xI Fig.41 pt.le_ TS-Vtl

Dbtiibution: The onentat Ptane le o, "Chira,a is an otd inlroduction and is pla.ted as shade l.ee on rhe Atghan Frcntier, in aauchistan, Waziristan. And the Kudam to ChitEt and then easts€d I is probabty mosl @mmon betueen 1220_ tE30 melres. Bur it can grow at Rawatpindi,6nd Lahore ifgiven enough w3!er. In lhe Kashmn valley it is ev€ry vittage. B€ otd t€€s are usualty hoIN

Dimensiomr 15 (20) 29 Fm. Dsscription: Glain usurlly subobtale or oblare spheroidat, 3- cotpate, amb cncular, furows mendionalt arrang€d, exine 1-1 S rm thick, sexine reticuhie, as vemacular Nam6: Oientat Ptane T.e (Engtish), Chinar (Hindko). Florering S..5on:ApilMay. SlL of collociion: Kaghan.

M.dicinal..d Economi. Vltue: Usualy ptanted as shade tre Used astimb€r. fuer rcod. According ro wodehous (1s45) plant c€u* halevel Bad< is used in

Bt rheumalism. Bart boited wirh vinegsr 6 us€d in dysentery and dianhoea. Powdeed leaves are used in ophthatmia. (Usher, j9B4) Slldo No: MH/KGr[- 134

Voucher No: IVH/KG/TI- 1 34 Film No: 233042 Polygonaceae Rumex ,tastaaus D. Don Fig. i07 Ptate. xI Fig.42 Pt.t€. ts-vtl Di.rribdion: One ol the comnon*t smal shrubs atong the bas€ ot the ftounlains on banks, wa s among rocks erc Tl€h, Matakand, peshawar valey, Chilral, Drcsh, Swat ciigil, Hazara, Munee Hilts, poonch, Kashmtr, 610_ 213F

olmension3r 15 29 (19.31) 24 pm Do.cription: Grain spheroidat, obtaie, amb ci@tar,3- @tporate, @lpj 7 x2 fm Apenurc common Vpe, ora ci@tar, Exinej.5 }lm lhick. Tectum wilh verucate mor very thrn, Proc€sss, without disti.ct bacuta; tumina hexagonat sexine r 1 rm, nexine0aS Fm thict( intineasthickas nerine. v€mlcular l.mo.: Khatambat (Hindto). Flowodng Se.!on: Summer. Sib. of colloction: Shogran. l.dicinal and Econooic Vatue: toc€ly used as anriemetic, us€d lo cte.n rusl€d vessels. Fresh teavss are crushed and used ro stop bteeding trom vrounds. (Hussain, 1987). Slido xo: MH/SN/S- 155 Vouchar No: MH/SN/S- 155 Film No: 22304/3

ll: Plate# TS-Vll

Fig.37 . Paeonia emodi Fig.38. Desmoctium elegan s

F ig-lo - Ro b i n i a p se u.to ac ac i a F i9.39. lndigofeta hetenntha

F i9.41. Plalanu s odental i s Fig.42. Rumex hastatus Proteaceae Gravillea robusta A Cunn. Ftg,108 pt6ie. Xtl

Distibuto.: Ihe Austatian "Oak- a native to eueenstand, is sometimes pranled m the plains. tts wood takes a tine tinish tik€ someOaks. DimemioB: 30 (36) so jrm.

O*criprion: Grain obtate to Bubobtate, 3- por6te, amo angurar apefture ctub rype, pore crassimaginate, pore diameter 15 psitare, Fm, tectum exine 2.5 Fm lhick. granutate *xine wlh obscure or LO. pattern, nexine thinner than or as

v.macul.r Nam6!: Sitk Oak, Sitver Oar (Enstish). Shah Batoor{Hindko}. Flore.ing SeGon: March-April Slto o, colloction: Balakol r€dican.l an.l Economic Vatse: Wood is u*d for making tumiture and ior dacorating the hou*s Planred as roadside rlee ano a gaoen omamental

Sllde No: MH/BT/T- 180 Vouchor tio: MIVAT/I- 180 Filn Not 223ut4 punicaceae

Punica granatum L. Fig,109 pt.re. Xtl Fig. € pt re. TS,V I

Dbtibuton: Pm€granate is both witd and culivated tt is wild jn s3tt Enge, Saluchisran, w'i.ist6n, Kufi6m. NWFP, Dn. Chit.at, Haza€ and Kashmn, 9OO-

Dim.cion.: 18.62 (21.2) 24 rm.

Dl D€3crlpton: G€in subprotate. protate, 3 @tporate, @tpiop€n, 16 jrm tong and 3 wjde, ora circuta. with llJn diameter 3 sm. Exine tainity reticutate, sexine 1 5 !m, nexrne 1 F.n and intine I 1 !m lhic*. v6m.cul.r pomsgEnate Name!: (Engrish), Anar {ud!, plnjabi), Datuna,

Flowodng Seson: Apil - J!ty. Sib of cottetion: Kawai. Modici..l and Economic Vatue: The teaves, ba(, root balk floweA and rruir are us€d med'canatty juic€ The ot tEsh teaves is give. in dysenlery, as a styptac ro. the ciecking ot bteeding fiom nos€ A decoction of the teaves is uselut as eyewash. tor diseas€s of the buccal cavity. The bafk of slem and roois is used as anthehinlic. The rcoi balk is effectiE ior the treatnEnt oI t€uconhoea, haemorrhage tob€.cutosis dis€a* oi chitd.en (Hussain, t9S7) The no,€B and flolwr buds 6€ used as stypl|c, asrnngenl and ionic. They are u$d tor the trealment ot teucorhoea, btennonho€a, chronic diarhoea, dysentery, brcnchitis etc The iruir is vatued as s stomachic and reirige.ant The juice of lruil is given in ryphus, gastric, aslhmatic iew, in,lammdon of udnary lracl, ophlhalmia and haemorhage. th€ bark and lruit a.€ used ior snake bite (Dasrur,1962)

Slid€ No: MH/X|/$ 041 Voucho. No: i/H/Kt/S- 041 Film No: 2230415 Ranunculaceae Ctematis connata DC. C. amplexicaulis Edgew; C. yerutiaa Edgew Fis. tt0 p|.b. Xtl Dislribuiion: Common Dir. Chitrat, Swat, Haza€, fi4u.rce Hi s, p@nch, Kashmir 1500-2750 melB Dimemion.: 17.70 (246) 35.52 pm.

ll,l Itoscripdon: Grain prolale ro subprotate, 3- cotpate, amb usua y cncutar, @tpi 13 x 3 !m, exlne tectate 1.5- 2 !m rhick, recrum psitate or with s€blale p@ss€s, s€xine as thick as n€xine. vemacularNamea: Otd man's B€ad Hst(Hindko) Flo*rlng S63on: August - Seprtrber Site of .oll.cdo.: tManoor

redici.al.nd Eco.omic Valuerused in skin dis€as€s and as todder. (Hussain, 1987) Slide No: MH/MR:/cs- 008 Voucher No: MH/MR/cS- 008 Film No: 2804r'6 Clematis grata. Wall.

C. vitalba L. vaL grata (Wa -l O- Kk.e. Fig,l11 Pl.b. Xll Fig, rt4 Ptite. TS-VII

Distibulion: Common. Kumm. NWFP, Matakand. Chitrat, D,osh, towa,i pea*. swal Eahrain. Punjab sah range near Katas sakesar, Hasssnabdat, Munee, Haza€, Oadar, Thandiani, Pipe tane, P@ncn, Kashmn,61G 2450 nekes. Dlm€n.ions: 12 5 (18 2) 22 !m O€scription: Giain subprotate to obtate- spheroidat, 3- coipate, amb cicutar, colpi open 9 3 x 3.85 !m Ex ne with scabrale processes 1 S pn lhick, ssxine as lhick as nexine, intine i 1 pm thick vemacular N.m*r Bidi, Dant (Hindko) Florcrlng S€ason:July - September aire of colleclion: Bela lvan@r. Medicin.land Econornic vatu€: As si€n for C/omaris con ata Slide No: MH/BM/S 015 Vouchor No: MH/BtwS 015 Film No:22304t Clematis montana Buch. Ham. in DC. C. montana var. anemmiflora p . Bruh|, C, mgntana var. ircisa O. Kute; C. montana var. grandiflorc HK: C. montana var. obtusifotia H and f. Fis..t12 Ptar.. xtl Fig. € pt.!e. Ts_V l Di.blbution: tndus to Brahmputra, Dir, Chitrat, tvurre Hilts, Thandiani, Ounga Gali, poonch. Nathi. cali, Kaghan, Kashmir, 1828- 2750 metres. Dimen.ions: 18.66 (22 23)24.66 Fm D€scriplio.: G€in spheroidat- p.otate, anb circutar, 3, cotpate cotpi 8,88 fm Iong, 3 sm vide. Exine bctate. Tectum s€brate sexne I sm, nexne O 888 pm ihick and intine as thick as nexine vlrn:cuti.r lam€€: Hadandi (Hindko) Flow€.ing Sealon:Apit - Msy. Sii. of coll.ciion: NadiBangta Modicinat and Economic V.lue: Due lo showy floweE, a|so grown as gaden

Sllde No: MH/NA/CS- 160 vouchor Noi MH/NA/CS, t6O Fih No: 22304/8 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus virgata Ro\b- R, dahuricus lawson (non pall). Fig. tt3 pt.i.. Xtl Dl.tilution: Godap. Sind, Kuram valtey, Janbatai, Chitrat. Swat, Bahrcin, Hazara, Kaghan. Thandiani, Abboft€bad, Munee Hi||s, poonch and Kashfiir, common 15292rt40 met€s DimeBion.:21 (25) 27 rm

B6 tql t00 .toa l6

i|! to? IC 100

ilo tlt t12 tia

iol. SoprE.,r& ?,rA o(to) 16. I| o(r!|D fr. ttl|. ofit5 6t2.0l ro7. &r.r ,.raar drlo) ,t(4. ct|lb-t- al.- 0l7(|) r(,. fl6 Fr.int o.|It r|o Ch.r d (|tlt ttt. mr- oal7Bt tt2. c!r- e.af, 06aot rrlnr-*t-0(r0 D..c.iption: Grain oblate sphercidal to suboblate, 3- colporale, amb s€rni angurar or subangular ora lEnsversely elliptic or cncular exine 1 fm thick, tectuh psilate, *xire g.anulals with LO- pattem, nexine thinner lhan sxane. vom&ula. Nam6€: Silpaja (Hindko). Flo&ring S€a3on: llla.ch,Apil Sib of coll.ction: Malkandi M.dlcinal and Economic Value: Fruit edibte. De@ction of teaves and truits is us€d in @rd and feve.. (Hus$in, 1987). slldo No: MHA,|t/s- 123 Voucher : MH/MI/S,123 Film No: 22304/9

Sageretia ttrea (Osbeck) 1{.C Jhonston var. brandrethiana lAitl Qaiser and Nazim, S. brand.ethiana Aitch; J.L.S. Ftg, t't4 Ptat€. xll

Dl.triburion: Batuchistan, aa.at, To*hum, That Kunam, NWFP, Ti€h, Peshawar, Chitral, Bundai, Dir, Swat, Barikot, tvtarghuar, Bahrein Hazara, Btack Mounrain, Punjab. Sah Range, Jhetun. Rawarpindi Disi.icr, poonch. Kashhir 519-2440 metres. oimoftiom: 11 (18) 20 |lm Descdption: crain subprctat6 to subobtate, 3- cotpoEt€, amb, semi- angltar, oia cncula., e{ne 1 !m thick, tectum psitate, sexine granutate with obscurc pan€m, nexine thinner than s€xine vornacula. Name.: Kokura, canger, Gangei (Hindko). Flowsdnq Sea$n: Summer Slt ofcolloction:Hangari.

I€dicinal.nd Econo|nic Vatue: Deco.tion of teav6 is used as stimurant. Atso us€d as blood puriner Leaves are used as fodde. rof catte. (Hussain, 19s7) Sllde No: MH/H|/S- 46

ll7 Voocher No: MH/H|/S' 46 Fllm No: 22304110 Ziziphusjujuba Mill. Z, sativa Gaeftn| Z. vulgaris Lami Z. ofricinarurr Medik.

oi3trib|rrbn: Las Beta, Batuchisr,an, That, Kurram Vatby Kohat Dir, Mig€, Ash€th. Chilral, Lowef SMt at Saidu, tower Haa€ al Nawan Sher and Rawalpindi Oistncl eastwards, very common, 9001gao metres. DlnreBioB:18 5 (22) 27 !m D..c.iption: Grain protar+spheDidal to obtate, smb ci.cutar, oc.asiona y subhangular 3- colporale. angutoaperturare. OE circutar. each porc having diameter op to 3 !m. Int€rcottilm 40 pm, apo@tpium 20 !m, 6tpi open 42 , 2.5 psilat€, !m, exine, sexine 2.5 !m thict, iinety reticulate, nexine 1 O !m and

v.mac'|l.r tLn63: lJnnab. Wataiti Bs (Udu) Ber Kai€n {pushro), Unab (SindhD, S njti, Bairyan (Hindko). Frow€.ins Season: June - Jut Site of collection: Kawai.

I.dicinal and Economic V.tqo: Tho fruits 6re emo|ieni and pectorat The syrup or dried drupes is used for bronchitis. The d.ied rruits a€ supportive expectorant and blood pldfier. The bark is us€d lo ctean wounds and so€s. Th€ gum rs used In certain affections of the eyes. Leaves chewed comptotely anaosrh€rize tr'e raste. (zaman, €a al 1970) Slido Nor l,lH/Klfi- 04.4 Voucher No: MH/K|/T- 044 Film No:22304111

Ziz i ph us m au fiti an a Lam - Zziphus juiuba Lam. non nitl.

Dbtibulion: F€quentty dlivated a.d atso ser-sown. Th.oughout Sind, Baluchistan, NWFP and Punjab sometimes ascending lo 1 830 metres

I]8 OlmeftlonB:21 (26) 30 !m D€lcription: Grain pElale-spheroidal. amb usually circular, 3, colponate, Ora orcular. each pore having diamelerup lo 4 pm, €rine psilale, sexine 2 !m lhick, linely relicolale, nerine 1 !m and inrine 1!mrnick vornacular Nam..: Indian Ptum (Engtish), Sinji(Hindko). fl oren.g Season: Jury-S€plemb€r Slt6 of collection: Bhonja.

fodicin.l .nd Economic Valu.: Bark is used in diafih@a. Leaves ar€ used to make a plaster in strangLrry Fruit stytpuc, mucitaginous and pectorat, u€ful bloo{, purfier and @manative. PowdeBd ,oot is apptied on $ounds and utcers as poult|ceithe decoction ot.oot is used in rever (Hussain. 1987). Slide No: MH/BA/TI 186

Voucher No: MH/BA/T/, 1 86 Fih No:22304/12

Ziziphus nummutaria (Burm 0 Wight and Arn. Z, rotundifolia Lamk: Rhamnus nummularia Burm.f. Fig. t15 ptate. X I

Dbtibulion: Common in lhe hotier parts ot the country. Sind, Batuchistan, Kunam NWFP, Punjab Lower Haza.a 0, 1200 melres. olmeBiom: a0 (42) 45 !m. D4cription: crain sub obtate-subprotate and sometimes subl.iangutar. 3- @lporalei po€s 3, each having diam€ter 3 !m Etine psitale, sexin€ 6 !m, nexine 3 !m and intine 1.5 !ft thick. vetnacul.r N.m*: Jher Seri {Udu),8en (Hindko). Flwering Seson:March - Jllne Sit of coll€clio.: Fa dAbad f.dicinal and Eoonomic V.tu6: The fruit is edibb. Aranches are topped as rodder for liveslock wood is used as riEwood (Baqua. 1 99S). Leaves are apptied exlernarly on boils and s€bies Fruit is asl.ingent and @oting, used in bitious an€clions (Baqua. 1 989)

r19 Slnl€ l{o: MH/Fo/S- 144 voocher No: MH/FD/S- 144 Film No:22304113 Zizi phus oryphylla Edgeur. Fig. 116 Plat6, Xlll Fig. 1|6 Plii.. TS-Vlll

Dbltibutlon: Hazara, Sna. and r€ghan valleys. oimensio.!: 16 (24.s) 31 !m Dolcription: GBin prclate- sphercidal to oblate, 3 colpoEle, amb s€mi- angul€r. sub- angular or lriangular bevicolpohl€, Exine 1-1 5 !m lhick, veslibulate, exine surfac€ loreolste. Tectum psilate, s€xine lin€ly rstjctrlate wfln Lo-Patlen Nexine ihinnef than sexne. Vom.cuLr am6:Phitni(Hindko). Flowodng Season: l,tarch - June Slt of coll€ctio.: Bhangian Me.llcid.l.nd Economic V.lu.:Ftuit isedibte. Atso grM as hedgeptant. Slid. No: MHaN/S- 20 vouohgr No: MH/BN/S,20 Film Not 22304114 Rosaceae

C oto n e a ster a c u m i n ata Lindl - Fig,,t17 plai.. X[l Fig. 47 Ptate. fs-vll

Dbtibution: Easl Kangi Vall€y, tadak, Hazara, sc€re. Nalhia Gali, Kashmn, sca.ce, Kashmir fo€st cncb D€cent Kashmir Passat 2550 metB

OimoBion!: 18 66 (23.25)30 FIn. D$cription: G€in polate- spheroidat, 3- cotporate, amb cncutar to subangutar, @lpi 12.50 llm long, 4.44 Fm wide. Exin€ tectaie. Tectum psitale. seine granulate,wilh LO- pattem, 1 lrmthick nexine l rmthick and inline r 1rm thick.

140 v.maculff Nam€'.: Llni {Hindko) Flowering S€.son: May - June. Sit of colbclion: san Manoor lu€dlcinal.ndE6onohi.Valu.:Slolon is considered astringent. (Hussain, 1987) Slido No: MH/SR/S- 111 vo0cher No: MH/SF,S 111 Fltn o: 22304/15 Cotoneaster affins var. bacirranb (Lindl) Schneider C. bac,Traris Wall ex Lindl. Fig,l'18 Plair. Xlll

Obribution: Found from Arghanistan to Nepal betwe€n 1 1 00, 3000 retGs.

Dlmon3lone: 25 (26) 3s Fm. De.c.ipton: G€in spheroidal, 3- colporale, amb circula., @tpi 30 x 4 rm, ora LansveEally paralle, exine 2 fm lhick. tectum psilate, sexine stiatoieticulate, v6nacularNam$: Luni (Hindko). Flomring Soason:Apdl , May. Sit! of collection: Lalazar M.dicinal md Economic Valuoi teaves are used as fodde. for et||e. Slido No:MH/LF,S- 62 voucher No: MH/LPJS 62 Filo No:22304/16

Cotoneaster nummulan? Fisch and Mey. C. racemiflora var rayleana Oipp; C. racemitlora var koasctryi C.K. Schn, cf; C. minuta Klob' Flg. 119 Plato. Xllr

l4l Dist lbutlon: Baluchislan, waziristan, KLriiam. Chitlal, Swat, Gilgil, Astor, Skardu, Dras. Haza.a. Munee Hills, Kashmir,600- 3000 metEs Dim.nsion.: 18 (24) 29l]m.

D6criptonr Grain prolaie- spheoidal 3- @lporate amb cncubr, colpi 10 x pm. Exine lectale, telum psilal€, sexine g€.ulate, with Lo' patrern, 1 ,rm thict. nexine 1 pn thick and intine j 1 tlm thicl<. V.m.cular .m@r Cotton Ester (Enslish) Luni (Hindko) Flomrirg S€ason: Aprjl , June Sit ofcolloction:Lalazar [€dlciml ..d Economic Valuo: Planr is oeeclolanl, aped€nr and sromachic (Hus$in,1987). Slido No: MH/LR/S- 54 Voucher No: [,4H/LF,S- 54 Filft No: 22304/17

Crataegus songadca C. Koch. C. oxycantha auct? non L; C. oxycarahgides Thuill; C. fiscteri Schn. C. rnonowna aucl. Ftg..t20 Ptar.. xll Fig.4a Phte. Ts-vll galuchistan, Diatriburion: Katat and Ha.boi HiIs, Koram ChitEt, Swat, Astor. Gilgil. Hazara. Mur.ee Hjtts. P@nch, Kashmn, 9OO- 2750 metres D|m.nsionlr24 (41 7) 64 pm.

D€c.iption: G€in 3- colporate, obtate, in potar view srbtda.gular with rounded and protruding apices, medium sized or iather la€e. Exine medium lhickness. ederne aboul as thick as endexine, sudac€ c@B€ly granutar. Fufi(M (2,4), 28.5 x 13 9 !m, narowing abruptty ourside the pore io 77 !m, acute or.ounded, mernb.ane smoolh. Polar tietd sma , inder 1:5.3. pores (Z-4) one in the lniddte of each furows, 1 €ctangutar, 18.7 x 13.9 ph, membrane protruding, t smooth but sometmes be set with ragged pieces of exine. Inline rather thin thickoning over the pores ro 2.5 !m.

t42 Plate# TS-Vlll

Fig.43. Punice gftnextm Fig,41. Clematia gnta

F i9.48. Ziziphus F i9.45. Clematit montana oxyphylla

Fig.47. Coaoneasb. acun nala Fig.18. Crataegua songanca Veftacular Nam6: Haw lhom (Englbh), Bama (Udu), Bansinjti, Bansangti,

Flow.rlng S€ason: May -June. Slte of colloction: Shogran. flodicinal .nd Economic Vatu€: The thud enract ot ne truirs is cardiac and used as rtredy tor organic and functonat dis€ases ot hea.i slch as dyspnea. hypeftrophy, vulvular insufficiency and headoppEssion. (Zalrlan et aj 1970.) Slldo No: MH/SN/S- 70 Vouch.r No: MH/SN/S- 70 Fllm No:22304118 Cydonia oblonga Mill. C. vulgarisPersi Pyrus. Cydonia L.

Fiq,,t2,t Ptat . xltl Fig.49 Ptato.TS_tX

Obtibution: Coftmonty culivated in Batlchistan Chit.at, and Kashmn Occasionally in the plains Oimen!1o6.:30 (38) 45 !m D€c.ipt'onr clain sph€.oidat, 3- corporate, amb €ubangula., cotpi open 10 x 4 7 !m, o€ x 7 !m e{re 1.5 fm thn*, bctum psjtaG, sexhe granurare, wnh

v..naculaf Namo.: Behi (Hindko). Flowdng Se.son: MayJune. Site of coll€cton: Batakor [.dicinal .rd Economic v.tw: le€ves, buds and ba.k a.e conside@d as aslringenl. sed is demutent, us€d in dys€ntery, orarmoea, sole thfoat and tever. Fruii is cardiac tonic, expectorant and astdngent. Mucihg€ is used enemally to cure utcels and s.atd The rruit is atso usd in making lam and jely (Baqu6r,1989). sllde No: MH/BT/T- 136 Vouch.r No: MH/BT/T- 136

l4l Film No:22304119 Eriobotrya hponica (Thumb.) Lindley. Fig.l22 Plat .Xlll Fig.50 Ptai.. Tslx

OErriburion: Widety cutiivated in Sub- Himatay€nzone and adiaent ptains. Dim.cio.s:24.60 (27 55) 34 pm Descriplion: Pollen grain spheroidat, amb circutar or inteF subangutar, 3- colpolale, colpi-open I pm lons 3.55 pm wide OE s t 6 !m Exine 1.5 !m rhick Iedum psilale, *xine granutate, 1 1 !m thick. with indistincr pattem, nenne 0.888 pm and intine 0.5 !m thick. ve.n.cur.r Nam$: Lokal (U.du) loqugr (Punjabi) Flowring Searon: November - January Sib ot coUection: Hassam Abad.

fi€{lcinal and Economic Vatu€: The Ituit is edibte] the lrce is cultivated as an omamenl6l t@ and lor its fruit. {Aaquar, 1995) slid6 No: MH/Ho/T 147 Voucher No: IMH/HDfi- 147 Fitm not 223ut20

Pnrsepia u,ris Royte. Fig.1Bra pht .x[l

Distributon: Wazidslan. Haara, Abborrabad, Lower Kaghan Valtey. Shinkiai. Poonch, Aliabad, Bagh Tehsit ne poonch cily. Ksshmn, Kud, Jammu Kashmir R@d, Ramban, Udhahpur, Jammu,610- 2744 metr*. oimonsio.!:25.3 (29.5) 37.5 rm. Description: prolale crain sphgroidatto obtate spheroidat (sub sphercidaD, 3- @lporale, amb circutar to semi anguta. Cotpi tS !m long 3_ 4 !m wide. O,a t6nsv€Bely elliptic, exine 2.3 !m thick. Teclum psitate, *rane sl iato_reticutate slighlly thicker tian nexine. vern.cul.r Nam€s: Phutwa€ (Hindko)

t44 Flow€ntrg S€a3on: Apdl - May and Oclober - November. Sit ot coll.clon: Shohaal Balakol. Medicid.lin.l Economic valu3: The oillrcm lhe shrub is rubelacient 6nd us€d in d€umatism (Baquar, 1989) Slido No: MH/SB/S-033 Vouch€. No: [4H/SB/S-033 Film No:22304,2'l Prunus amygdatus Babch. P. anrygdalus Baill:, Amy$alus communis L. Fig.125 Pl.ia. Xlll obtribution: Wid in Baluchislan, Kursm, Chitral, Gilgil and Aslor li is cullivated in Baluchislan Kuiiam, chLt€|, Gilgit and Kashmir. O@s not do $/ell in plains Dim.mlom: 19 (25) 27 llm Ddcdpuon: GEin suboblate lo prolsle- spheroidal, 3_ @lpo.ate, amb semi angular, ora lransleMlly elliptic, exine 1 Fm thick, lecluh with scabrate p.@sses, sexine stnatc reliculate. Nerine lhinner or as thick as *xine v.m.cul.r N.d*: Almond (English), Badam (Hindko) Fld.rlng Sorson: March Apdl. Sli6 ol collgction: Balakot fledlclnal an.l Economic Value: S€ed is slimulant, neruine lonic and demul@nt (Baquar, 1989) slid. No: MH/BT/T- 167 Volch€. No: MH/BT/T- 167 tilln Not 22304122 Prunus americana L.

Fig. 125 Plrt , XIV Fig. 5l Plet6. TSIX olrtrlbutio.: cultivaled in inner valleys of Baluchistan. 3660 melres, Kuram, Hlnza, Gilgil. Ladak, Kashmn

145 tla 117 't 16 lta

ita lie 120 121

1Zl 1A lu 16

l!!_.n,ry !aj ,{.,ra r- srafrJi.,r. Q{roe 1|.6. u)s. ,{,t'',t/0i4 F6/r) fl.. 4tr ry'ata 0.t0q rr7. wr ai, |.t mml 116. coDarr.ar .l*r. nr, !..f.i 6tto00) ite, cfr,fr. nufiubt an![tri !2o.-of!!!!r! qftd- ootot flr. qdr. d5t 0a@) 12. tuy. ifr.{c; 0(|o) tar2( rf,.ra rr0$O) r2!. rnr,.i||abixt@l Dim.i!ion.: 16 (26) 35 pm D6c ption: Grain 3- colporate spheicaf prolate amb semi angular (usually suttiangular), ora lransve6ely elliptic, exine 1 5 rm thick Sexine Slrialo_ .eticulate, sexine as lhick as nexine. Te.tum psilale, intine i 1 pm lhick vemaculirNa|lB: Apn@t (Enslish), Khooani. Han Odu, Hindko) Floworing S€ason: lMarch- April SiL of collection: Paris. [€dicinrl and Economic valuc: Frun is edible Dried frlil as refrigerant and lalalive used in revsr. (Baquar.1989). Slid. No: MHPS/T- 169 vouchor No: MH/Psfi- 169 Film No: 22304/23 Prunus avium L- P. cerasus var aviumLl Census avium (L.) Moench. Fiq.l27-128 Pld3. XIV Di.tribldon: cultivated in hills.

Di|n.n!lon3:17-25 x 1&23 Fm. O6.cdptlon: GGln suboblate to prclale 3' colpo€te amb semi' angu{ar, ora iransversally elliptic, exine 1 rm thick, leclum with sc€brate proesses, *xine

Vomaculir l{am*: Sw€€t Chery(English), Galas (Hindto) Flow€dng Sea8on: [,lay-Seplemb€r Slio ol colloction: Kaghan. f.dicin.l.nd Economic V.lue: Fruit is ionic and astingenl (Baqua., 1989) Slid. No: MH/KG[- 127 voucher No: MH/KG/T- 127 Fikn Not 22304t24 Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex. C.K. Schn. Prunus communisHuds. Var. irstiaia Hk.f; P. atucha Royle:- P. domestca L. ssp, ,rstifia (L.) Poir. Fig.129 Plaie. XIV Fig.52 Pt.te. fslx

Distibution: A common cuttivated ptum. Dlm€nsiom: 23 (25) 30 pm.

Doscriplionr Grain spherical-prolate lsuatty sub- triangutar 3- colporate. cotpi 16 !m long and 4 pm wde. apo@tpDm diareier I pm Erine ieciaie, and slightly stiale, sexine 2 5fm. nexine 1.5 Fm and intine 1 !n lhick v.ln.cular Names: Plum (English), Alubokhaa Aucha (Udu, Hindko). Florcring S..son: May - June Slie of colloction: Balakol

M.dicinal and Econoftic Valu€: The tree is cullivated for its iruit Fruil is ref.igerant and laxative it is given in combination with other drugs in leuconhoea, n€gular menslruation and debilily following misriage (Baquar, 1989). Slido No: MH/BT/T- 148 Vouch€r No: IVH/BT/T 148 Fllft Not 223Ur25 Prunus comuta lwall ex Royle). P. padus Hk.li Cerasus comutaWall. ex Royle. Fig_ 130 Phte. XIV Dbtdbution: From Kuram to Chitral €astward lrom 2135 3050 metes Not foond in the dry innervalleys OimeNion8: 15 (24 4i 33 |lm. Description: Grain sphedcalprolate 3- colpo.ate, amb semi angdd (usuatty sub'tiangular) ora transversely elliplic exine 1.53 !m thick Sexine Stnato- reliculale or granulate, sexine as lhict .s .exine. Tectlm psilate or with sebEte processes, inlin€ 11 !m lhicl

147 Vehacul.rN.m6: Bid Chery (Engttsh), Banh, Katakarh (Ud!- Hindko). Flowedng S€a3on: Ap l- rMay Sile of collsction: Bela Manoor. Medicinal and Economic Val03: Oit tEm the Kernet is a substitute for birier almond o (aaquar, 1989). slide No: MH/BM/T- 003 voucher No: MH/BM/T- 003 Film Not 22304t26 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Amygdalus persica l; P, persica (L.) Stockes. Ftgt: l3t pht t: XtV Fig *i 53 Pt.ts #: TS.IX

Dlrtdbutlon: Peach is widely cutlivated in both ptains and hi s. Olmonsjom:4'l (48) 56 !m O*cdption: Glain sphedel prclate, usualty subhangular. 3, colpolare, @tpi 22 !m long and 6 pm wide. apocolpium diameter 15 !m Exine tectate, and striate, s€xine 2 !'n, nexine 1.5 !m and inline 1 fm thick vemacularNam*: Peach (English), Shaffatu, Aru (Urdu) Z€rcha, A.u (Hindko) Flowering S6.aon: April - May. Slt ofcolloctlon:Pais. fledicin.l end Econonic Value: Th€ tr€€ is cultivated for ils fruir (Baquar, 1995). FroreB arc puqalive and diuretrc Frun is stonachic, demulcsnr. antis@rbulic. and us€fulin ase d€. (Hus$in, 1987) Slide No: MH/PS/T- 135 Voucher No: [IH/ PS/T- 135 Film No. 22304127

t48 Pyrus communis L. Ftg,132 Pt.ie. xtv

Disrribulion: Common cultiEted pea.s, introduced from Eurcpe, which usua y do well abovel200 metros. DhenBioN: 25 (30) 35 pm.

OEcdpton: GEin sphenel protate, usualy subtianguta.. 3- @tpo6re cotpi 16 t 4 pm Apocolpium djameier 8 pm Exine tectale, 6nd stighdy strialei sexine 2 5 !m, nexin€ 1.5 !m inline 1 !m thick vomacularNamer: Pear (Engtish). Naashpati (Udu, Hndko), Bagugosha

Florering So.son: March - Apnr. Sib ot colloction: Kawai. Medicin.l .nd Eco.omic V.tu.: Fruit is sedatrve and askingent (8aquar,1989). 'bb.ifuge, Sllde No: rMH/Kl/T- 209 Voucher No: MH/K|/T, 209 Fllm No: 22304/ 28 Pyrus lindleyi Rehder- P sineasis Lindl. non Poir.

Fig. 133 Pt.t . xtv

Olstibuttor: Found trcm the ptains ro 3354 metrcs Dlm€mioBr 24 (28) 33 !m. D9scdptonrGrain oblats- prclate,3- cotporate @tBopen 6x6!mwide pores 3, rounded, one in lhe middte or each cotpus, having diamerer 5 ljm Exine granuraF suiale, *xine 1.5 pm, ne{n€ as thick as s€lins and intine i 1 pm

Vom.cular N.m6i Common sand pea. (Engtish). Nakh, Tanchi (Hindko). Flows ng season: l4arch,April Slt6 otcolle6uon: lvalkandi

I.t9 tledicinal and Economlc Valu€: Fruit is edible. Larative, adnngent, atso @ked (aaq!ar, 198S). Slid€ No: MH/MI/I- 122 Vouchor No: MH/MUT- 122 Film Not 22304129

Pyrus pashia Ham ex D.Don.

Fig.13a Pl.t . xlv Fig. 54 PLi.. TS-IX

Dlrlribulion: Common especially nesr villages in Chilral Swal, Kaghan and Si.an Valleys ol Haza€. Muree Hills, Poonch, Mnpur, Kashmn 760- 2450

Oimon.ions: 22 {24) 20 !m D€.cription: Glain oblale- prolale, 3- colporate, mlpi op€n, 13 pm long and 5 pm wide, pores 3, rcunded, one in the middle or each colpls, having diamele.4 pF. Exine gEnular- striste, sexine 1 !fi, netine as thick as serine and intine + 0.8 !m thick vomacllar Nam$: Wld Pear (Ensrish), Baiangi (Hindko). Fldoring Season;March - April Sit ofcollection:Balakot fl.dlclniland Economicvalu.: Fruit is edible and laxativ€. (Hussain,1987). Slide No: MH/BT/T- 133

Vouchor |{o: MH/BT/T- 1 33 Fllm No:22304130

Rosa brunonii Lindl . R. rroschafa auct Ind. non. J. Herrm. Flg. t35 Pl.te, xlv Fig.55 Pl.ie. TS-X Diltribotion: Baluchislan ziarat, Krrram, Tirah, Chit€|, Swat. Gilgil HazaE M!re, P@nch, Kashmif.121$ 2439 mdB

t50 PlatE#: TS-IX

Fig.s0. Eri obotrya j apon ic a F i9.49. Cydon i a oblo nge

F ig.52- Pru n us bokh arien si s F ig-51 - Prunus americana

pashia Fig.53. Prunus Perstca Fig.54. Pyrus DimBioG:23 (30.3) 372 !m D€loription: Grain oblale spheroidal to prolale-spheroidal, licolporate, amb cilcular semiangular colpi 8.84 Fm, long, 4.5 rm wide. Exine leclale. s€xin€ reliculale, teclum psilate, *xine 1 75 !m, ndine O.8aa tm and inline 0 5 !m

Ve.nacular N.m€: Musk Rose (English), Jhal, Kuruch, Shangai (Hindko, UdU) Flow€.ins S6.son:Apdl - June. Slt6 ot collection: Manoof f..li6iMl .nd Ecommic Value: lt is aphodisiac and b€nencial in biliols afections and bumiru of lhe skin. Root G benefcial in eye dis€as€s. (Nadka.ni, 1927). Used in skin and eye dis€aes {8usssin. 1987) Slido No; MH/MR/S- 007 Voucher l{o: MH/MFrs- 007 Fllm No:2230481 Rosa ranofhamnus Boulenger. Rosa webbiana wall. Var microphylla Crcpi J.L.S, Fig.'136 Plate. xlv Diltdburion: Kuram, Chittal, Swat r€bm, Utlor, Kashmn. Jhelum Vall€v

Gande|bal. Takht, Pahlgam. 1 5212744 nekes. Dlm€Gions:20 (24) 30 pm. Dorcription: G€in prclale to subprolale, l.i@lporals, amb circular, colpi op€n,

2E x 6 Fm, ora l.ansveBally paEllel 5-0 x 4-5 !m eine 2-3 Pm ihack, teclum psilale, sexine granulale. 1.5 Fm thic*, n€xine as thick .s sexin€ and intine 11 5

Vemacular Names: Rose (English), Phool, (Hindko). Flowcdng 56..0n: Apdl-June. Sli. of colloction: Dudipat sar. l€.licinal .nd Economic Value: Pelals, sliarens and oils of s€ed are loc€lly

l5l Slide o: MH/DFYS- 165 Vouche. No: MH/Dtu$166 Fllm o:22304/32 Rosa webbiana Wall,€x Royle.

Flg,137 Pt.t . xtv

Dl.l'ibqdon: Kuram, Shalizan eici Dir, Chiiral Srat, Katam etci citgit, BallisLan, Oras, tadak, Nlbra, Zanskar, 1524- 4110metres. Dimon.iom: 22 (25) 28 pm lblcdplion: G€in sub-spherical, hcohorate, zonate, granutaie. Funow nard liapenng lowards pointed ends. g€nul€€ aranged in row6 giving rhe su{ace a slrialed appearance. tuine striate, sexin€ 2 !m, nexine as thick as sexine and

V.macol.r Nrm66: W d Ro6€ (English), Phool. Shingad (Hindko). Flolforing S..ron: June - August. Sib ot collrcuon: Lalazar. usdicinal .nd Economic V.luo: Us€d ror manufactunng p€rlur€s. tr is an ingrcdient of "Gul Xrrd" us€d in digestiv€ ailments Petals F uits arc apphrd ro toululcer. wounds, sprain and iniui*. (Hus$in, 1987). Slldo o: MH/LFrS- 061 Voochor No: MH/LF,$ 06i Fllm No: 2230443

RuDus errrpaicus Smith.

flg. 'l3E Plats. XV

Oi3triboton: Swal Ka.akar Pass, Ha:ara, Kaghan Vattey, Kohata. Batrasi, Baghnolar, and Mure€ Hills easrward intheChn Pinezone610- 1830merrcs. OiDeBiom:27 (30) 35 !m. D€tcriptlon: GEin p.olale sphercidal, 3" colporate .hb semiangular or circular, ora l6nsveEery elliplic, 1-1.5 !m thi6k, Exine 1-2 tm thicl, teclum with scabrale proces*s, serine raticulate, ahd n€xine is lhinner lhan s€xin€.

t52 1A 127 14 tire

i!o 131 't3il t13

tL r!6 tt t!7

H.a XV. Fh i2C. Airrfn.t ,br. Q41@ll2r'1a nt,,,,|dlfft (x14{D) l20 Al'al,t iifrj,iriiiriitinj-i-. d,mi co,irre {iroo) trr' avnur p'dc' 0€00-) r32 Fvdr fiiiiirx-aai ]s' atrrr,ft ()(rdio) r!. ry..FJt o'so) l3"b'Dtr'rD'J niiorr.'tr,irrr'n rr6t!o) lJt. ft- -tr0"@t V€m.cul.r Nam€s: Rasp Be.ry (Engtish), Guracha (Hindko) Flow.dng S€.!on: Feb.uary-Ap.il Sit of colloclion: Manoor lrodicinrl .nd Economic Valu.: Ths ptant is cordiat asiring€nt used for loos€ness ot borels, inrosion of leaves lak€n to srop diarrh@a and tor bte€ding. Decoclion or .ool is useful in dys€ntBry, Erar€d bo!rch, and whooping cough. (Hu$ain,1987).

Slldo No: MH/UR/S- 154 Vosh.r l{o: MTUMR/g 154 Fllm No: 22304/3

Rubus macilentus Cambin Jacq. Ftg. 139 pt.r.. XV

Dl.trlbudon: rMaindam, Swat, Hazam, Baghnora., Narhia Gati, Thandiani, erc Muroe, Poonch, Kashmir, 152+ 2744 meltd Olm.n.lo.3: 30 (36) 44 llm. O€lcdpton: Grain prolate lo sub-p@taG. 3 cotpora!€. cotpi open, amb sub. angular. Exire 1 }lm thick, sexine rsticuhte, te.tum psitale and nsxine b thinne.

Vem.cul.r Nemes: Raspbeny (English), Guracha, Chanchi {Hindko, Udu). Flows ng Se.8on: April -r,lay. Sit6 of coll.ction: Malkandi ilo.llclnd.nd Economic valu6: The young reaves are crushed .hd squ€€.sd, used ror uni@ria. Ihe rruit is edibte and diuretic. Atso used in dianhoea. (Hussain,1987)) Slid6 |{o: MH/MUS- 208 Vouch€r No: MH/M|/S- 208 Fll|n o:22304/35

l5l Rubus riveus Thumb. non. Wall. Fig.l{l PlaG. XV Di.lriborion: Haa@, Snan and Kaghan Valleys DlmonsioN: 16 (21) 24 tlm. DeBc ption: Grain prolate- sphero dal, amb subangular to cncubr, 3- colpoEte b.evicolpate, ora transv€rsely parallel. Erine 1 5pm lhick teclom psilale or wiih scabrate, pr@s*s. Sexine nnely GiEulale, 1 sm lhick, nexine 0888 rm lhick, and Intine l llrm lhick. vornrcular Nam$: Raspberry (English), Gu6cha (Hindko). Flow€ring Sea3on: June -Augusl. Site of coll4tion: Malkandi. f,€dicin.l .nd Econooic Vanue: Fruil edable, unnpe iiuils used as lonic and aphrodisiac Roors, leaves treai skin probl€ms (Husain, 1987). Slide No: IVH/MI/S- 052 Vouchor No: [4H/[4]/S- 052 Film NO: 2230.u36 Rubus urmrtofius Schott. R. fru,icosus Hk.f. non. L; R. discoror Weihe and Nees; R. analolicus (Focke) Focke ? Fig- 141 Plale. x, Fig.56 Plate,Ts-x

Dislriboiion: Baluchistan, Khawaja Amran Range and near Chappar, Kurram Chilral, L(rer Swal, Gilgit, Hunza, Nagar, Los€r Hazara, Common, Punjab, Mure, H6sanabdal, SaI Range, Poonch, Kashmir,609- 1830 melres DimeGions: 15 1 (22) 26 7 pm. Do.ciption: Grain spheroidal lo prclale- spheroidal 3- colporate. colpr open, brevico pate, amb circular to semi- angula.. Exine 1 1.5 sm thick, teclum wilh s@brate processes, s€xine finely reticulate, nexine lhinner lhan setine vom.cular t{66or: Black Berry Gnglish). KaflaG (udu). Kalwani (Pushto)

tt4 Florering S€.!on: Aprjr - June Site ot collectron: aalakol Medicinal .nd Economlc valu€r Fruit is edible. used io make dnnks wine. Leaves are rich in tannins Old leaves are used in lhe t€atment ol diafiho€a, @ugh, rcdocing rever and diletic (Hussain, (1987). Slide No: MH/BT/S-019 Vouchor No: MH/ST/S- 019 Film l,lo: 23304/1 Sorbaria tomentosa lLindl) Rghdsr. Schizonotus tomentosus Lindli Sorbaia lindteyana Maximi Spircea tindleyara Wall; S. sorbiforia Hk.t.non.L. Fig.142 Pl.te. xv Fi9.57 Plato. Ts'x

Oi3t ibution: very common shrub. ChitEl, Swal, Indus Valley to 2744 met€s. Kargil, Ladak Road, HaaE, MurE Hills, Poonch, Kashmir, 1220- 3354 met es. oimeftions: 11 5 (15)28 Fm O6cnpiion: Grain sub oblate or oblal+ sphebidal, 3- @lpo.ate, amb sub liangular with broadly rounded apices. Exine 1.5 fm thick, tectum psilate, sexing psilate ornn6ly €ticulale, 0.75 }lmlhick with Lo-pattem, nexine 0.5 Fm thick and inline as rhick as nexine. Vemacul.r NamG: Ka.li (Hindko). Flowedng S€ o.:June Augusl Siie ot colloclion: Bela Man@r. t{edicinal and Economic valu€r Decoclion ot leaves is used in colic An ointment pGpared by roasting lhe lruit in ghee o. butter, used as a €m€dy fot acne. Twigs are use as ins€ct repellent by the loel p@ple. (Husssin, 1987) Slide No: MH/ BM/S- 011 voocher No: MH/BM/S- 011 Film No:233042

t55 SprTaea affirs parker. S. hype cifolia parkor (non L.) Fig. 143 Pt.to. xv

Dbfibudon: Haara, Bhunja, Kaghan, Bedod Mounrain, poonch, Kashmir Burzil, Minima€. Gangabat Lake. 11525)- 2440- 3964 meres oimeruions: 16 (18)20}1m.

Dolcdpton: G6in prelale- spheroidatto spheroidat, 3 @tpo€ie, anb cjrcutar, colpi 17 x 2 Fm, ora tEnsvers€ly etliptic.2 x 5 !n. etine 1 l4 lhic& t\eclum p€ilale, sexine striatc retidlate. Vom.cular Nam€: Kulkun (Hindko) Flow€ring Season: May-Juty Sab of colloclion: Sha€n flodlclnal .nd Economic valu6: Leaves aE osed toc€tty as fodder B€nches 6€ us€d for making baskels Also us€d as ror sweeping the floor Sllde No: MH/SN/S- 156 Vouci€r l{o: MH/SN/S- 156 Film No:233048 Spirea cartoniensis Lour

Ftg. ta4 Ptat , xv

Di!trlbudon I A gaden ravourile in both ptains and hitts Dimomiom: 10 (10.35) 12.8s fm. Dotcription: Glain oblat+ sphercidal, 3- colpoEte, amb subangutar, cotpiopen,

6 x2 0 Fm. ExinegEnulate, s€xine I rm, nexin€ 11 rm and inlineO5 sm thi.k. vomacular lila||B: Karari. Rati Kurkan (Hindko) Flowating S€ason: May- July. Sii. of colloclion: Malkandi. [o.licinal and Economic Valu3: Leales 6re lsed as todde. Aranches are us€d lor making baskets Atso us€d as for sweeping the floor. crown as ornam€nlalin some places (Hlssain 1S87).

156 Slido No: MH/M|/S- 207 Voucher No: MH/Mt/S 207

Spiraea hazarr'ca R.N. parker. Fig. 145 pt.te, XV Distribudon: HazaE, peak, Makra Kaghan, Siran Va|ey, (Retated to S a/cu/ata Hk.t bul is Eadily *parated by its gtabrous lwigs and inflorescence .palkel). Dimomionr: 19 (21 5) 24 pm. O@crlpton: c€in sphedet- obtale, amb circltar, 3 @Dora€, cotprop€n, 14, 4 pore 3, one in the !m, middte of each @tpus, rounded, each having daameter 4 Exine glanulaie, psitat€, !m. lectum sexine st.iatc €tiatate, 1 fm lhicl. with OL-patleh, n€xine t 1 pm and intine O S !m thrck vemacul.r Nam6: Kurkun (Hindko). Flowerlng S..!on: May Juty Siis of coll.cdon: Makra. medicanal an.t Eco.o.nic v.tue: Leaves are used as fodder. BEnches arc used tor making baskers Also us€d as tor se€eping rhe fl@r and making walking sticks (Hussain, 1987) Slide No: MH/i,4AJS, 206 vouch€r No: r'/H/l',,lAJs- 206 Firm No: 23304/5

Spiraea lasiocatpa Kat & Kir, S. hypedcifolia Kar & Kir; S. crerafa pamp; S. ,ycioides parker.

Fig. 140-,t42 ptat . xV

Di.trlbutonrChit6r, Showar, Sho. easl oi Baroghitpass. Dimonllon.: 15 (17.5) 19 pm O6cription: G€in obtare,spheroidat 3- cotpo.are amb circutar. cotpi 15 x 2.s rm ora tansve.sety ettrptic 3 x 7 sm, erine 1 !m thick, tsclum psitate, sexine vsmacular Nam33: Shagoto (Kohislani) Flderhg Seasonr May-JLrty Site of collecdon: Jalkhad.

Modicinaland Economic VatuorAs given above for othef species of Spi.Eea Slide No: MH/JD/S- 66 Voucher No: MH/JD/S- 66 Film No: 233046 7

Spiraea v acc inifol i a D, Aon. Flg.l{A Phto. XV Fig.58 pt.b. TS_X

Oisbibulion: Ou cmmonest sp€cies on ctifis and wam sunny bant€ in the ouler rang*, swat, Marghuza., Bahrein, Haa€, Manseh,a, Abbottabad. calties pipe line, Mufiee, Poonch, Kashmn, Muafar Abad. Ramban, Udhampul Kishtwar 1220 metres Oimociorc: l1 (13) 15 !n. Decdption: Grain prclat\e- spheroidat to spheroidat. 3- cotporate, amb circutar, @lpi 11 x 2.5 )rm, ora transErs€ty e iptic, 2.5 r 4 5 rm, erine 1 pm lhic*, tectum psilare, sexine stnato, reticulate wnh oL.p6tteh. volnacular lilamB: Kud

t58 Rubiaceae

H a mi lton i a s uaveoten s Roxb. Fig.149 ptate. Xv Oiltribution: NWFP, pass, Matakand Hazaa, Abboflabad, punjab. Salt Range. Mounlain Titla, BaganMta, Saidpur Hils, piB Mouniain, Anock Dishct, Mure Road Outer Kashmir poonch, Hr s. Mirpur and Oome on lhe Jhetum Valey Road.700- 18oometres

Dimension!:25 (37) 40 Fm Or.cription: GEin obtale to obtate, spheDijal, 3 colpale, @lpr 4- 8 !m wide, oE longiludinally ettiptic,6-1j x 5-8 exine 2.5- gm !m, 3 thict at two poles, O I 1 pm thick al equalor, mun bss than 08 Am wide, tumha |e$ than 1 fm wide, nexne FnsrdeEbry lhinnerthan tne sexine v.hacul.r Nem€6: chetra (Hindko). Fbwenng So.$n:OcroberMarch Sit olcoll€ction: Hassa Batakor r€dicinal .nd Economic Vatue: The intusion ot oot js given i. courbaturc. (Baquar, 198s) slldo No: i,tHAlB/s- 126 voucher No: MH/HB/S- 126 Film No:23304/9-10

Randia tetrasperma (Roxb.) Bth. and Hk.f. Garde n ia tetrasperma RoxD. Fig.l50 Ptaie. xvl Dbtibution: Aaluchistan, Wam Tangi. Lower Swal, Na,iglam, Haza€, Kaghan punjab Valley, near Abbonabad. Saft Range Kalas and Mountain TiIa, Saidpu. Hills, Poonch, Aagh, Patandri, Nakjatjn lvtirpur, easrward 610- 1830 meres. Dim.nsion!: l7 (28) 36.15rm Dercription: Grain spheroidat ro subobhte, 3- cotpare. amb circuta, or semi angular, ap€du€ club type. pore crassimarginate, cirdtar 2 x 5 rn. Erine 2.5

t59 130 t$ t{l

1.il tal l/|ll 14

!46 't4. tal trF TE

PLl.xv. Fla. isa. Rll|n dLqt. {.xl@l l!. frau. n c|,rlr.0(t0ot lilo Flrur rii{rr txl!6) rl|l. arar. rdtL 0(7!o} 'ra2. aoad a|..!b- {x1@) {9. qff|.. .ar. {xr65ot |.{ $br -,b,a,r- oqm} la6. 6Fn . ,E.ac. (xlalo) 1&14. gir- L.lF 6tt20) la. 9t .. ttd,tu. (x'12@) i|p ,i' br. r.|aolr.0l{) pm thick, iectum with scabrat€ process€s, sexine 1 50 Fm thiclq coac€ty reliculale, with OL-patiem, mld simpti- bacutate t6ss lhan 0.5 sm wide, tumina veryrrregular, nexine 1 Fm and hUne 11 fmthick. vomaculaf Nam$: Gang€ri. Kika, Kukat. Khukhuri (Hindko). Flos€ring S€ason: Apnt - Juty. Sile of coll*tion: cirtat Batakor.

ledicinrl .nd Economic Vatue: Frui is nitating and emeric, us€d as tish poEon, pulp otfruit is used in dy*ntery, as anihehintic, abortitacieni apptied lo tongue and palate ior fe@r and ancjdentat a ments oi chrtdren dunng tething. Ba.k is aslringent. given inteha y as wel as enehaly when the bones ache during iever and in rheumatism. Aqueous extEct of root bart is insecticidat. (Baquar,1989) Sllde No: MH/GB/S- 046 Voucher No: MtUGa/S- 046 Filln l{o: 23304/11 Rutaceae Citrus aurantium L. Ftg. t51 Ptate. xvl Fig.59 Pt te.TS-X

Dbtribu on: ll is seldom cuttivated. Oamemio.s:27 (30) 34 !m. D6cdptlon: Glain sphe,icaf pDtate amb semi, angutar, 4, cotporsre, cotpi open, 14 fm long and 3 pm wide, pores 4 sometimes 5, rounded each having diameler 3 pm, Iransve6ety p6ra el Exine 2 3 5 pm tbick, tectum with s€brate processes, sex ne granutat€, 2 !m thict, murisimpti- bacutate, nexine r 1.5 pm vemacular Namo3: Sour or Sevitte O6n9e (Engtish); Khana Nibu (Udu), Khati. Gi19il(Hindko). Florcri.g Se.son: Juty, Augusr

160 Slle of colleoon: Batakol. fedicinal .nd Economtc Vatu.: The fruit is cardGlonc, tarative an{t anthelmintic r€move latigue, aphrodisiac The flower 6 stmul.nt its smel €r€ves cotds, ils decoction is good in teleB, is jurce E ron6, dru€tic, usefut in pnes, enhrgement ot the spten, chesl lrcubtes, and tumbago. The leaves are given for bronchitis The peet is lsefut for checking vomtrng, and prevention of intestinat worms (Kinihr el al 1 987) Slldo No: MH/BT[- 172 voucher No: [,tH/BTfi- 172 Fllm No:30304/12

Ci tru s reti c u I ata Blanco. Chrysocarpa lushingaon Ind., C, siaensrb L. ssp saraara Engl. and Harms; C. aurantium L.

Fig. iS2 ptat . XVI Diltribution: Sanrara. the toose skinned orange is culrivated I punjab. rl,WFp Dimensioft:30 (32) 43 !m O..criprion c€in spheicat- protare 4- coipofare corpropen t5 !m tong and 3 pm wde. pores 4, rounded. each having diameter 2 !m. Exine reticltate; sexine 2 prn, nerine 1 5 !m and intire 1 i pm thick vsm.cular l{ames: Ofang€ (Engtish), Kino {Urdu Hinoko) Floredng Season: June - Augusi. Slt ofcolhcdon: Fand Abad ir€dicinal .nd Economic Vatue: Th€ ipe trurt is s@er ano soor; srmutanl, digeslible and lonic ll clres tep.osy fetieves sore throa( @ugn asthma, thirst, hiccough ll is good io, the throat and the tuice a ays earache. The s€eds are good ior piles and in bitiousness The mot is anthetminrci Emov€ cotrc, usefut in vomdms and urinary catcutls (Kiftikarar€1. 19s7) Sllde No: MH/FDIT i72 Vol|cher l'lo: MH/ FD|T t72

t6l Fllm No:23304/13 Cifrus sinensis (L.) Osbsck. C. autantium vai sinensis L. Fig, 153 Ptlte. xvl

Di3lributon: Cultivated in Punjab and NWFP (Btood o€nges of cujranwata and Khanpur are famous) Oim.n.ions:35 (37.5) 40 tm D€.cnption: Grain sphen@t, protate. 4, coipobte, cotpiopen, 17 pn tong and 3 pm wide Po.es 4 rounded, each havng diameter abolt 3 !m. Exine reticutate serine 2.5 !m, nexine 2 !m and intine 1.5 !m thick. vsmacul.. ilam6: S$€€t O€nge (Engtish), Maha (Udu. puniabi, Hindko). FlNerlng S€aaon: July - &ptemb€r Slt otcolleclion:Balakot edicinal and Economic Vatue: Ptant produces a poputar truir eled ,M€lta, nch in vitamin C (Tahavi, 2000) Slido No: MH/AT[- 174 vouchor No: MH/BT/T- 174 Film No:23304/14' 15

Skimmia laureola lOC.) Sieb, and Zucc. ex Walp, Limonia taureola OCi L. laureota Wall. Flg i: 60 Pl.t #: TS-X

Dl.flbution: Dn Gujar Valley and r',4i9€ Swal, Above Bishigram, Hazara, cornmon, Thandiani, Nalhia Gali, Donga Gali, elct Kaghan Vatley, Muree,

Poonch, Kashmn, very common as under growth in Fn FoEsts, 2134- 3O5O

Dlmonlions:20 (27) 38.5 pm

O66criplion: Grain sub- prolate to polale spheroidat, 4-5 cotporale, dmb crrculaF lobate, apenure common type, ora t€nsversely parattet, exinel- 1 5 rm

r62 PIatBF: TS-X

Fig.55. Rosa brunonl Fig.56. R!6us urrtlrbrius

Fig.57. Sorbrnb tomenioga Fis.atB. Sqitaea vacclnffolia I

Fig.59- Citru3 auran um Fig.60. Skimmir raut€ora lhick, tectum wilh sc€brale process€s, serins 1 pm thick stnate the omamentatEn concentaled on the apertu€ membranes. Nexine i 1 |rm thi.rk, v.ln.cularName!: Ner (Urdu), Nero (Hindko) Flomrlng S63on: April - May. Slt of colbction: shogran flsdlclnal and Economic Value: Leaws a€ used in small pox, the smoks or burning leav€s is saii to pu.iry an, abo 6ed for novoudng rood (Baquar, t9E9) Slide o: MH/SN/S- 047 Voucher No: lvlH/SN/S 047 Fil|tr l{o: 23304/16- 17

Zanthorylum amatum O.C- Z. alatum Rotb, Ftg. 't54 Ptate. xvl Fig.61 Pldo. TS-XI

Oistibuiion: Beld !a6m Pass in On, Swat, Marghuar, Bahr€in, Miandam, Hazara, Abbotlabad, Baghnotar, Kalapani, etct llturce Hitts, Saidpur Hitts, Poonch Hills and Jhelum Valley Road eastward asc€nd,ng to 1525 metres. Dim.ndorE: 12 (t6)20 rm. De$dption: Grain prclal+spheroidar to subprolale, 3- colporate, amb circutar lobale, ola transveEely paiallel. Exine 1-15 lrm lhick, leclum Wth baculate process€s, *in€ reliculate, the ornameniation concentlaled on the ap€rtuE membrane. Nexine 11 um lhick. intine+ 1 um ihick Vom.cular llrmG: Timbar, Timar(Udu. Hindlrc). Flo$€rlng S3$on: April - May Slto orcolloctlon: Balakol UodlclMl antl Economic v.luo: lt is used as slomachic. c€rminative. F.uit is aho ls€d in ".hallrerl' Th€ branchB a€ used as toorhbrush or 'Masr€l" for cleaning the telh. lt is also used for loolhache Us€d for pedumery, leaves a€ eaten in lrineF and aE much appreiaied The €ds aE unliad as p.€servative and prepa.ation of hair lolion (Hussain,1S87). Slide No; I\,|H/SB/S- 030 Voucho. No: MH/SB/S- 030 Film No: 23304/1 I Salicaceae Popurus ciriata Wall ex Royle. P. pydrormis Royle:, P, rotundirolia c'ilf. Fig. t55 PlaG. XVI Flg.62 Pl.!o. TS-XI

Di.tibodon: Common in msophytic foEsi On, Chitral, Swat, cilgit, Battistan, Haara, Mu(@ Hills, Kashmn. 2000, 3000 melr6. Oh€nrlom: 20 (25) 30 fm O6crlption: G6in sphercidal, inapeiruhte (acolpate), exine 1 pm thick, 1 obscu€, s€nne granular wirh LO- patlem Intine sometjres withdEwn complelsly lrom the etine leaving space 1-1.5 !m across. lmp€rfecdy undeBized grains numercus adheing to no.malon€s VolnacularNsmo3: Popular (Englsh), Palach (Hindko) Floworing S.ason: March-Apnl. Srt ot coll€cdon: Malkandi. [6dicln.l .nd Economic V.lue: 8aA b ued as slimulanl, tonic and lo puify blood. Wood is used as limber and iuel rcod. Leaves are used as rodder ior catle Used for making cicket bats and other spod anicles Also us€d in pap€r making. Poll€n arcallelgenic. {Baquar, 1989). Slide No:MH/M|/T- 168 Vouchar No: MH/[4]/T- 168 Sal ix acmophylta Boias, S. percica Boiss? S. dayr'essi Boigs.

Fig. t56 Plat . xvl Fig.63 Phb. TS-XI

Oi.tibutio.: The commonest willow below 1550 metrcs on rcadsides by irigation dilches. wale. mills, erc Upper Sind, B€luchistan, Kuram, NWFP, Chit al. SMl, Gilgit. Hdara, Punjab, Salt Range, Mure Hills, Kashmn, Jh€lum Valley Road, Ki€hl$€r, etc Usually 300- 1600 m€tres Din.BioB:15 4 (18) 21 pm. Oolc.iptio.: Grain. prclate to prolat+ spherctdal, 3-@lpondaG, 3mb cncular to cncular lobate, colpiopen 8-9 x 2,5 pm, o.a circula. or t€nsversely ettiptic, exine 1 5 !m thick, tectum wilh scabrale proesses, sexine reticulate wilh OL- patt€rn, neine thinner than s€ine v.macular N.m.s: Vvlllow {English), Bens (Hindko} Floworing S6a3on: [,larch -Ap l. Siar ot colloction: Hassa Balakor fedicin.l and Econmic Vrlue: Wood is suitable fo. match stick and spln wood. Wo.d is also used for fuel, pap€r pulp. bask€l making, todder, tanning, daGs. cickel bals and planking. (Hussain, 1987). Slide No: MH/HB/T- 035 VoucherNo: MH/HB/T 035 Fllm No: 2330420

Salix babylonica L. Fis. 157 Plate. xvl

Dl.tribution: Th€ @ping willd is widely planted as an omamental upto 2000

Dim.mions: 1E (20) 22 um.

165 O.3criplion: Grain sub-sphedcallo prolat€, 3- colporaie, colpi op€n, I pm long and 2 !m wide Exine fa nlly €liculale, sexine 2 pm, nexine 1 5 pm and intin€ 1

Vom.cular N.msa: weeping Wllw, Indian Wllow (English), {Bens (Hindko). Baid€-lvajnoon (Udu), Lela, Aitsa (Punjabr. Flow.ring 9ea3on: Febru€ry - [,,larch Siie of collelion: Balakol. M.tlicinal .nd Economic V.lue: Wood is suitable fo. match stick and split wood Wood is also used tor fuel, paper pulp basket making, todder lanning, clales, cnckel bals and planking (Tahavi 2000). Slide o: MH/BT/T 131 Voucher No: MH/BT/T- 131 Film No:23304/21

Salix derrticula,a N.J.Andress. var, fazanca (Parker) Parker. Popu,us elegans Wall var hazarica Part.eL Fig.l58 Pl.re. xvl Fig,64 Pl.te, TS-XI

Di.Llbulon: SiBn and Kaghan Vall€ys or Haa€. OimeGiom: 12 (16) 18 !m Do.cripton: Glain polate lo prolate-spheroidal 3- @lpoEie, amb cncular or circula. lobale. colpi long. ora cioular o.lransveFally elliptic, exine 1 Fm thick, leclum with scabrate prc@s*s, sexine .eticulate, wilh OL- patem, nexine

Vsmacular Nams€: willow (English). Bana {Hindko). Flow.irg S..son: March-May. Sii. ofcolloction: Payya, Way lo Mak.a.

t66 Medicl.al and Eco.omic Value: Oecoction of baft is used as lebiluge, aslingent Also used in inlermit(enlsnd remitlent fever Bark is anlhelminlic Also used as tuelwood and a usefulsoil binder. (Hussain, 1S87)

Slide No: MH/ P!JS- 1 07 Voucher No: MH/PAJS- 107 Fih Nor2330422 Salix denticulata x var himalensisFlod. Populus elegans Wall var goyaniana Andrcss. Fig.159 Plato, XVI

Di6tribution: Chillal Lowan Pass Astor, wylare, Kalapani, Babusr Village, Barusbn, Kashmn, Baltal. Gurais Pass, Sonamarg, Burzil, 3000- 4200 metres Dimen.ions: 13 (17) 20rm Dgcription: Grain pDlale lo prolal€- spheroidal, 3- @lporate amb cnclla. or circulaFlobate, colpi long ora circular or lransversally elliptic etine 1.25 um thick, teclum with s€brate pbcesses, serine rcticulale, with OL- paitern, nexine v€maculrrNams: willow (English), Baer. Baera (Hindko). Floworing Season: March-lMay. Sita of collection: Sati. Iedfci.af and Economic v.luo: As given ior Sal,, denticulala N J Andress ra.haza.ica Slid€ No: MH/S|/S- 157 Vouchsr No: MH/S|/S- 157 Film No: 23304/23 Sarix tlabelraris N.J. Andress. Fig- 160 Plate, XVI

Di.fibllton: Chitral Orosh, Swai BishigEm, lake 6bove Ushu Deosai, Barustan, Burgi, Thalb. and Salpu6 Pass, Gibn. Niltar Valley, Zanskar, Ha?ara, SiEn Valley, Kaghan Valley. Saf'll Malook. Poonch, Aliabad, Kashmk, common in alpinezone 3000-4000 mel.es DinonlioB:20 (22) 24 !m. O6cdption: G€in sub-sph€dcalto plolale, 3- colporal€. colpi. 8 x 2 pm wide Exjne lanlly ,eticulate, sexine 1 !m, nexine 0.75 !m and inlin€ 1 !m lhick vemacular Nam6: Bens (Hindko). Flow.dng Se.son: J0n€July Siia of collecton: Makra H€dicin.l.nd Economlc Value Oecoclion ol plant is rocally used as rebriruge Also us€d in headache and cold Sllde Nor MH/MAJS- 108 Vouch.r No: MH/MA,/S- 108 Film No: 23304,23 Sarit sP. Fig. 161 Plate, xvl

Dimon.lonr 9 s (12.55) 19 pm D$crlption: GEin prolale to prolar+ sphelliral, 3' @lpo€te, colpi open 7.5 !m long 1.75 !m wide, eine lainlly reticulale. 1 pm lhick, sexine lhicker lhan nexane vomrcul.r Nani€.: Wllow. Bens (Hindko) Flosring S€ason:Maah - apnl Sit6 ot colleclion: Bala*ot iltodlcinal and Economlc valus: Wood is suilable lor malch stick and split wood. Wood is also used ror tuel. pap€r pulp, baskel makins, foddsr, tanning, crales, cnckel bals and phnking. (Hus$in, 1987). Slido No: MH/BT/T- 205 vouchor No: [4H/BT/T- 205 Film No: 23304/25

t68 Sambucaceae (Caprifoliaceae) Sambucus wightiana Wall. Ex Wight and Arn. S, eburus (non L.) Clarke. Fis. 162 Plate. xvl Fig.55 Pl.t . TS-XI

Oi5trlbution: Chital. Msdaklasht, Shishi, Astor, Ratlu, Swal Kalam Gabral, L,tlor. Haza€. Kaghan. (ashmn, very common, 1524- 3050 melGs. Gcgarious on hi||sides and Valley botloms whe€ sn@, otten avalanche sn@. li* late,

DimenBions: 11.6 (15.1) 18 I!m. Itecripdon: Grain subprolale to oblals- spherok al, lri@lporate, amb cncular. or circulaF lobate, @lpi I x 3 Fm, ora tlansEely elliplic, (Oraslpi transE6als, equatoials) exine baculate, 15 rm thick, lectum wilh gemmale proceses, sexine thicker than nexine, reticulate with Ot patiem, intine llltmlhick Vem.cular N.m6: Elder (English). Kanula, Gan@16 (Hndko) Fld6.ing saon: July -August. Sit3 otcoll€ction: Aela Manoor Modlcin.l.nd Economlc Value: Decoction ol il and lts bark is used as laxative, diu€lic, pursative and in drcpsy. {Aga al et ar 1985) Leaves arc diurclic, expectorant, diaphoElic, and purgative, ls€d in dropsy. Bedies are purgalive: beris and rools a€ us€d in dropsy. (8aquar, 1989) SlldoNo: l',4H/Bl'tS'001 Vouchor No: MH/Bl'r/S-001 Filn No: 23304126 Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. D, dioica Roxb. Paerea yiscosa L. F19.163 Phb. XVI

Fig.66 Pht . fS-Xl

DltLibulon: r€rachi. Sind, A€|uchEtan, cmmon on dry halls. Nonh and Sooth Wa:nbbn. Thal lo KuFam, NWFP: PunFb, San Raige .nd dry hilb along th6 ba$ of ih6 Himaley.s on ba€ 6oil, Oir, Sffil and HazaE oa3tsadq as.€.ding to 1525 mer€3.

Dlm.nllonr: 22.6 (25.7) 30.6 um. Dolcripton: Graan prolale€phedcal, amb ci.cular, & colporaie, colpi o€€n 16 |rm long and 3 lrm wid€, p@s 3. one in lh6 middle or €sch colplls having dian'€t8r 2 !m. drcp lyp€, Iramvers€ly elliplic o. t aBErry parall€l, €xine I 2 lrm rhick, tectum Firale, s€rim granulare, 1.5 lrm flic{ w n LG patem, nenne 1 !m and inline + 1 !m lhick. V.m.cuh. Nr||a: Snalrta (Hindko). Ghura3tay (Pushto). Alhr, Sadhe (Punjabi). Flo{rdng S.r!on: Augusl - F€bruary. Slb otcolbcto.: Ha8sa Balal(ot X.dlcln.l .nd Ecooomic V.luo: Loavss a€ us€d in lh€ lr3aln€nt of N/ounds, $,€lling and boms. Also us€d as febflfug€, in fieumalism. Ba b applbd as asting€nl bsths and fonentalions. Th8 ftuil is us€d as fth poi6on. (Hussain, 1987. fhe gum, rcsin 5nd aDuh€n pr.s€nl in f'eh o.te rould Euppo€€ 0'at fiey wo{ld Blain th€ tud lik€ a lim€ed m€al poultice. From th€r aa|ting€nt prop€ni€s il is prob€bl€ lhal ti€y hrve 3om€ iebdluge vidue€, {nib |he r6in3 conlai.led in ih€ app€er !o *€€p ti€ bousl6 op€n (Dlmocr, 1E90). Ihe inhabila.l U3€€ ltle planl as tlelx/ood and hedg€ pLnl. Slld. No: MH/HB/S. 027 Vo0ch.r o: MH/HB/S- 027

170 Plat#: TS-Xl

F i9.61. Zanthoxyt um armatum F i9.62. Popu lus c ili ala

F i9.63. Sdtix acmophytt a Fig.64. Salix denticuletav ar.hezerrica

F i9.65. S ambuc u s wightiana Fig.66. Dodona€ v,scosa Fllm No: 23304/27 Sapindus mu*orossi Gaertn. S. deaergers Roxb. Fig,'164 Pl6ie. XVI

Fig,67 Pl.t , TS-Xll Dbtribution: Introdo@d trcm Cnim, @esionalt cullivaled as fat sesi as Indus (Nol common in ourarea). Dimonsion!: 14 (17) 22 pm. Doscdplon: G6in oblate- spheroidal lo suboblate, 3 colporale amb sub- angllar, colpi long, aperlure comnon lype oE circular €rine 1 !m lhick,leclum psilate o. with scab€le processes, sexine nnely reliculate, 1 1 !m lhick, wilh indislinct or OL-patiem, nexine 0.5 !m and inline 11 Fm lhick. Vem.culrr N.m6: Chines€ Soapberry Soapnut Tlee (English), Rnha (Hindko) Flowedn9 S€ason: summer. Sile of coll€clion: Hass Balakot [Gtticin:l .nd Economic v.lu.: The Buddhisls use lhe seds lo make rosaies. (Ushsr. 1984). Sllde Nor MH/HB/T- 102 Voucher No: MH/HB/T- 102 Film No: 23304/'24 Simarubaceae Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. A. gtandulosa Desli Toxicodendron altissimum niller. Fiq 165 Plde. XVll

Obtibution: Balochlslan, Malakand, Gibn, Hazara, Abbotlabad, Nalhia Gali Kashmr valey, etq cultivated in lhe hills but does not do rell below 1525

Di6ension!:17(24.70) 30 75 pm.

t7l t50 l6t 152

r!t5 r5a itc

i6e 100 r67 r!l

i6t 1Q2 l!3 't.it

Pl.b XVl FlA 160 talrda |!trt rt (X1@) t6r' Cft,a rntft" [Xr@) l52 C/i'r ,.prar titot r53. d'!,. -|.rta 0ooo) lSa zrDorfm .rt it dle{oJ '166. tudd|n d.a oc@) t6. s.,r .or4i'i (xl@) i67 $rn Dardr,- lxlool rce. slik dract a r.ribrra 0(to) i6e tur.l|hrr t t nh*,tt Fn!(Fl t!O. Sr, llr* moOt ICt SU .9 (xt@) |Gr' Sta.,c. trttr.|. (x!@' ra!|. Dodrr... tD. o(toool ita. srrrtara|'4lol (xt l@) D6cription: G.ain 3 colpo€te, prolale to spheDidal, amb circulaF lobale or cncular colpi open 13 17 !m long, 24 pm wide, apeduE common lype, ola lransveely parallel, 2 x 5 po, exine thickened at the pol6, iectum wilh s€brat€ or gemmat€ process€s, sexine stnaie, 1 !m lhick, nexine 1 1 !m and intine 1 !m vcmacul.. N.m6: Tre ot Heaven (English). DaGwa (Hindko) Fbredns S€.3on:April - May. Sii. of colloction: Hass Aalakot Modicinal .nd Economic V.lue: A deco.tion of lhe bark ol both slem and root i3 used as c€rdiac depressanl and ashngenl ll is used io cure vaginal discharge, dysentery, inGslinal worms, epilepsy, asthma, and hean @mplaints. (Usher,1984). Slide No: MH/HB/T- 038 Voucher l{o: MH/HB/T- ma FilD No:2330429 Solanaceae Cestru m au rantiacu m Lindl. Flg.166 Plate xvll Fig.68 PLi.. TS-Xll

Dbtributo.: o€nge coloured ceslrum € cuhivated in Abboltabtd, intmd'iced

Oimenaion.: 29 (32) 35 !m O.3cnpdon: Grain subprolatesub- tiangular, 3- colPo..te, @lpi op€n. 2 fn long and 2 fm wide. Exine rain y stdate, sexine 2 Pm thick, nexine 1.6 pm thick

ve.nacul.r Names: ceslrum (Enslish), Rat'Ki'Rani (Hindko) Flore.ing Soa.on:Auguslseptemb€. Slt6 of colloction: Kaghan fllodicinalrnd Economic V.lue: Grcwn as ohamentalplanl Slid! No: MH/KN/g 115

t72 Voucher No: MH/KN/S 1'15 Film No: 2330,U30 Cestrum noctumum L Fig. t67 Plate.xvll Dbtrburio.: Commd in gadens in lhe plains The scenl is strong at nighl Inlroduced from Tropi€l Amenca. Olm€nsio : 27 (30) 33 !m. Delcription: Grain subprolale- subiriangular, 3- @lporate, colpi open 22 !m long and 2 !m wide. Exine fainlly stnate, *xine 2 Fm nexine I 5 Fm {slightlv thinnerthan sexine) and inline 1 Fmthick v€macul.rNams: Raal Ki Rani(Urdu, Hindko) Flowe.ing Sason: August september Sib of collection: Ealakot. odlcinal and Economic Valu.: An intusion ot lhe planl is used as an antaspasmodic in lhe lreatfienl oJ epilepsv (Usher' 1984) Allergenic slnptotns of grains are unknown but Dr Bhutta has expe enc€d that the grarns cau*

Slido No: MH/BT/S- 114 vouchgr ilo: MH/BT/S 114 Fllm No:23304/31 Datura stramonium L.

Dbtibuttot: Usually above 1220 relres, Baluchislan, to€lai, Kuram common in villages Chil.al, Dir, Swal, Aslor. Ballistan Gilgit Hunza Nagar, Hazala Munee, Poonch, Kashmir, 1524_ 2740 metres Cosmopoliian

OlmoGion.:43.5 (55) 72 }1m D.icription: G6in sphedeloblate, amb cncubr, 3_ @lporale brsvicolp'16 colpiopen. 2.5 !m long and 4 !m wide. Ap€.ture common lvpe oia transreFelv patallel, teclum wilh scabrale prctess€s' sexine 2 !m thick. baculale' and alea rokls emerge of bacdlae 1 6 x 2 fm, wilh OL_ paitetn Nexin€ r 1 !m. nexinous

l7l appa€ntly riom the margins of lwo rounded fiangular polar a.eas and slrelch about 3 !m, inline 0.5 !m lhick vemacula. l{.m.3: Jnnson weed, Thom apple, (English), Dhalu.a (udu), Ta(ur, DatluG (Punjabi) Kala DhatuE (Hindko). Flow€dng Soason: Summer Site of coll.clion: Ganool f,€.licin.l and Econooic Value: The seeds are us€d in poisoning and are given medicinally in aslhmalic complainls. The leares are applied to boal and ulcers and arcalso smoked with lobacco lor aslhma (anonymous, 1956). Slld€ No: [,!H/GUS-204 Vouch€r No: MH/GUS-204 Film No:23304/32

Solan u m pseu doca psic u m L. Fig.168 Plare. XVll

Di.tibulion: Cultivated in florer gardens. Seen self-sown at Garhi, Jhelum Valley, in Poonch, MiPur Dime.sioF:21 (26) 30 rm D6cription: G€in sub-prclate spherodal sub- tnangular 3- colporate. colpi 1 !m wide. Exino faintly reticulale, sexins 1.75 fm, nexine 1 Fm and inline I 1 rm thick. Inline folds eme,ge apparenlly fEh the margins of lwo rounded i angular polar a@s and stclch abolt 1 2rm. vamacular N.mor: Jerusal€m cheny (English). Mirchola (H). Flow€ring S€alon: Summer. Slto ofcollecdon: Jaled it€rlicinal and Economic Valu€: Roots are expectoranl Leaves are used as a pouhie owr rheumalic and gouty joinls and in skin diseases Also grow. as gaden omamenlal. (Hlssain. 1987) Sllda No: MH/JR/S- 138 Vouch.r No: MH/JR/S' 138 Film No:23304/33

t74 Withania somnifen lL.l Dunal. Fis. 169 Plate. xvll Fig.69 PLie. Ts-xll

Distribudo.: Karachi, Sind Baluchislan, NWFP Kuram Swal Hazara, Salt Range. Mullan, Poonch. Lo\ryer Jhelum Valley €aslwards, rarely as.ending to 1525 melrss.

Dimercion.:24 (26) 28 Fm D€cdption: G6in sub'ti.ngulaFperoblale, 3- colporale, apocolpium diameler 12 !h, @lpiopen, ienuimarginaie. 6 !m long, aboul 3 !m wide, pores 3, eactl having diameter, 3 pm Exine .eliculals (murj simplibacculale), s€xine I pm lhicl, nexine also I !m thick and Inline as lhck as *xine and nexine, intimous folds eme.ge frcm lhe maQins ol lwo rounded t angular pol.. areas and stretch about 2 !m {equabnalviw). Vemacul.rN.m6: ftsand (Hindko), Asgand Nasooi (Udu), Kuli Lal(Pashto). Flowsrin9 Soa3on: Summsr. Sib of coll€ction: Bhonja [odicin.l .nd E@nmic Val!€: Gre€n lsares are ls€d to relieve lh€ pain lm joinls and painlul srelling. Rools are us€d as diurctic and lonic. Juice of lhe whole planl is uselolin fieumalisft Rool is tonic, alierative, aslnngeot, aphrodisiac and netuine s€daliv€ S€€ds poss€ss lh€ prcpeiy or coagulating milk and also contain poienols pbpeni6. Leaves and rools are narcolic (Hussain 1987). slide No: lvlH/BAlS- 116

Vouchor No: Mlu&q/S- 1 10 Fllm No: 23304/34 Staphyleaceas Staphytea emodiWall. ex Brandis Fig,170 Pl.t ,XVll Olltibuton: Kumm, Dn. Swal, BahreD, HazaE, Kaghan. Ihandiani, Nathia Gali, Dunga Gali, Munee Hills, Poonch Kashmir, Sonamarg, Kishen Valley 1830- 274,1 mstres in mesophyiic foresls. DimonsioN:22 (30) 37 rm D€acription: G€in oblate to subprolate. 3- colpo€te amb circular or semi angular, colpr long, ora t..nsversally slliptic, exine 2 pft thick, tectum psilate, s€rine reticulale, wilh OL- patem, nexine thinner lhan or as thick as sexine. v€macol.rNam€s: Snake Slick (English), chirra lHindko). Florering S..aon: summ6r. SlL of collocdon: Kaghan [odicinal .rd Economic Valu€: Us€d locally as walkang stick and tuel wood L€aves are used as fodder to. €tile Slld€ No: MH/KN/S- 151

Voucher No: MH/KN/S- 1 51 Film No:23304/35 Thymelaeaceae Daptrre orgoides Schrgb. Daphne mucronata Roylei D. angustifolia C, Koch, D. anguslrlroira Stocks; D. angusfbita var. afghanica (Meish) Keissil. Fig. l7'l Plate, XVll Fig. t0 Pliie. TS-Xll Dbbbution: Aaluchistan, Waziristan Kunam, Chilral, Swat, lvalskand, NWFPI Astor, Ballistan, Gilgit Agency, Nagar Sazara, SiEn Valley, Nathia Gali, etcl Pooncn, (ashmn, Main Vall€y, Kishtawar, 762 2900 metE.

Dimen8ion.: 17.32 (20.20) 25.32 Fm. D*c.iption: G.arn spheDidal to subsphercidal, paniopofale, po.es very small, neady as la€e as broch| Exine 2 rm thick, teclum with scabrate prccesses,

t76 s€xine. coaGely and dislinclly reliculale, with OL- paitem. 1.66 sm lhick, nexine 1 sm snd intine ! 1 sm lhck vornacular Nam.s: Dsphre Planr (Enslish) Jeko (Ud!), Kutilal (Hindko).

Floworing S€ason:Apdl - May Site ol colloclion: Hangari flodicinal and Economlc Valuer The plant rs poisonous producing seve€ diarhoea, rools arc pulgative, and bark and leaves ars used in culaneous affeclaons Intusion ol lsaB is given m gonorhoea and applied io abscesses The beries are used lo induce nausea (Hussain, 1987) Slid6 No: rVH/Hl/S- 072 Vouchor No: Mtl/Hl/$ 072 Flh No: 23304/36 Tiliaceae. Grewia opaiya Drum. ex Burret. G. oppositilolia Ham. Ex D.Don (non DC.) Fig.l?2 Pl.te, xvll

Dlsidbuiion: Baluchislan Wam Rifr- Hanai, Las Bela, NWFPIChe6l Punjab, Sall Range, Sakesar, Nuryur, Seli, Hills of Rawalpindi Dislrict including TopiPa.k and Mun€e road, Hazara, Abbollabad and Manseh€, Poonch, Kashmn, Jnehn Valley Road, MiQur, Jahmu.518- 1830 metres. DimeBions:21 5: 35.2 (35 5 x 474l a8 5 ' 554 Fn. Ddc.iption: Poll€n grain prolate to prolate spheroidal. 3- colporale. colpi open. 8 x 2 fm. ora tEnsveery pa.allel, exine 2.3 llm thid( lectum psilale or wnh scablale plo@sses, serinefaintly reticulale, 1 5 !m lhick wnh OL-patleh, nexine t 1 tmthick-intine 0 EE fm lhick vem.cula. Na!ne3: Ohaman (Urdu), Tamar(Hindko) Flow€ring Se$on: May - Augusl. Sib ot coll€clion: Gitul Bslakot

t17 fiodicinal and Economlc Vlue: lls bark is used as s remedy of dy*niery {Oymock otar 1890) Fruit is @oling, askinsenl and slomachic, intusion oi bark is demulcenl Leaves are used in puslular eruptions. R@t balt is used in fieumatism (Baquaf 1989) Leaves a€ used as fodder. Slide No: MH/GB/T 017 Vouchor No: MH/G8/T' 017 Film No:24304/1 Grewia terax (Forssk) Aschers and Schw€inf. G. populifolia Vahli Chadara tenax Forssk.

Dlstibuton: Sind, Tatla. Gharo Baluchistan, near Ha.nai, Kalat. Zhob Oistrict, Kuram. Thaf Badish- Xhel Trans Indus, Punjab. Changa Mangs. Jhelum, Salt €nge, Hazala, Khanpur, Road to Abbottabad, Mirpur, Billawar, Jammu DircGionr:20 x 34 (34 x 45) 42 x 50 fh. Descdptlon: Grain oval lo ftombodal 3- colporale. amb cnculaf or cnculats lobate, colpi nearly as long as polar axes, aperlur€ common lype, ora transversally parallel. eine 2 3 rm thick, rectum psilate or with scab€le pbesses. serine €liculate with oL, palten nexine thrckerthan sexine V€rnaculrr Nam6s: Dhamai, (Hindko) Flowering S€.son:Apdl-May SiL of .oll*lion: Bhangian iil.dicinaland Economic Vrlue: The nucilage ol lhe bark is used by women lo cl€an the hair or vermin Leaves are used as fodder. Fruil is edible and slven in diarhoea and dy*ntery. (Baquar. 1989). Sride No: MH/BN/T 15S Voucher No: lvlH/BN/T- 159 Film No:243042

178 Ulmaceae Cerlis austraris L. C, alpinaRoyle; C. caucasica Planch.

Fig,173 Pl.t , XVll Fig,7l Pl.te, Ts-xll

Oistdbution: Bauchislan Harna- Loralai. Chilra Jambalai, Swat, Ullol, Bishigram, elc; Slal Range, HazaE, Kaghan Abbotlabad. Muree. Poonch- Kashmir, comfton, Kisheng and Jhelum Valley e€slward, 1200- 3000 meires. Dimensions: 21.5 (24) 27 !m D*cription: Pollen gEn spheroidal, amb ciEular, 3- poEle, poEs markedly rhickened, @mmon typ€, aspidate, bul not protruding above lhe solace of lhe gEin diameler 3 8 !m Exine 1-1.5 !m lhick, lectum psilate, sexine gEnulate, I pm lhic( wilh obscure patleh, nexine 1 1 !m lhic*. vem.cullr Nan6: Nettle T.ee (Ensrish). Bat'€d (Udu. Hindko). Flossdng se.son: Summer. Sib of collection: Kangar Balakot Iedicinal .nd E@nomic Valu3: The lruil is used in @lic and amenonh@. Seed yieHs tatty oil (B6quar 1989). slirle No: MH/KB/T- 032 Vouchsr No: MH/KB/T- 032 Film No: 24304/3 Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble. U. laevigata Royle. Fig. 17it Plato. XVll

Dbtribution: wib or nalulalized from Swal to Jammu 1068- 3050 metres, usually iound by rcads o. about villages Parke. reports from Ealuchislan. Swal, Haza€. More Hills, P@nch and Kashmir Valley Dimonsions:26 (38) 40 pm

179 Delcription: Grain subsphe.oidal 2-5 porate, amb cncubr or semi-angular apenure drop type exinel rm thick iectum wth scabrate processes serine regllate wth Lo paltern nexne thinnerihan seine VohacularNam.s: Small Leaved Elm (English), Mannu (Hindko). Fldering Season: March-April Siie of colloclion: Kawai. M6dicin.l .nd Economic V.lue: teaves increase flow of uri.e, edu@ tever, and remove stones iiom lhe bladder lnner balk tr€ts vanous skin eruptDns, abscesses and swellings. diadho€a, backache, swealing ai niqht, inginq in the ear. Wood is used for making fumiture (Hossarn, 1 987). Slido No: MH/K|/T- 175 Vouch€r No: IMH/KI/T 175

Ulmus wallichiana Planch ssp. xarlhoderrra Melville and Heybreok. Fig, 175 Plale. xvll

Obtributjon: Found lrom Swal lo Nepal, Swal, Hera, Mure, Poonch, and Kashmn, 1830 3050 metres Often moisl ravines and boad leaved toesl gimensions: 25 (28) 32 rm O.lcripiion: Grain oblate spheroidal to spheroidal to suboblale 4- 5 porale, amb circular, pores drop type. equally spaced a.ound the equator, elliptical,4 x 3 pfi lectum wth scabrate processes, exrne 1 pm thck. raised and lhickened vern.cular l{6m* Himalayan Elm, Big leaved Eln (English). Kine, Kian

Fldoring Season: March-April Sito of colbcrion: Malkandi fi.dicin.l and EconomicV.lu.: As given for U/mus v,?osa. Slido No: MH/M|/T- 164 Voucher No: l!lH/Ml/T- 164

l0 Film I'lo: 24304/5 Urticaceae Debregeasia salicifaria (D. Oon) Rendle. Boehmeria salicilolia D. Don; Ur,rca in Roxb. Nomen; Deb rcgeasia hy poleuca W edd. Fig. 176 Pl.re. xvll Fig.72 Pl.to. TS-Xll

Distribution: Dn, Swat, Lower Hazara, Punjab, Hassan Abdal, Sah Range, Murce Hills, Poonch l'rirpur Jammu, Kishtwar, usually near springs and water @ues, asending to 1830 motres. Dim€nsions: 13 (19) 22 !m Oe3criplion: Glain sphercidal to subsphercidal. 3- 6 porale. ahb circular, ap€riore @mmon type, erine 1- 1 5 pm rhick, r4rum psilare, *{ne g€nulate, witt' LO paltem, nexine lhinne, lhan sexine Vemacular Nan6: Chinsel (Hindko). Fbwnng Sea3on:Apnl May. Sib of collection: Shino [€dicinal and Economic V.lu.: Oecoclon of leaves is u*d as blood purifier. Leares a.e used as fodde.. (Hus$in, 1987). Sli.le No: MH/SO/S- 106 Vouch€r No: MH/SO/S- 100

Verbenaceae

Clerode n d ru m in erme Gaerln.

Dbtribution: Cullivated in Sind and P'iniab gardens DimeFions:44 (53) 60 !m (excluding the verucae) Description: Grain suboblate to subp,olate. amb cncular, 3- colpaie, colpiopen, 42 !m long. 2 um wide. Polyporare, pores 1 rounded. pore diameler 6 pm,

l8l Plate#: TS-Xll

F ig.68. Cestu m a ura ntiac u m Fig.67 . Sapindus mukorossi

F i9.69. With a n i a somniferc F ig-70. Daph ne oleoicles

F ig.7 oli a 1. Cettis au strati s F ig.1 2. Debrcgeasia salicif anguloaP€rlurala, ap€rtu€ 6 pm aids. E{ne thid, verucaia, vemc.€ 2 x 1 !m, 3€{ne granulale, 2 pm lhtck with Lo-patlem, nerine } 2 !m and inti.€ as !!ict

V.mlculr. l{.n 3: Ami, BaFaj. Piran (Urdu), Lengai (Hindko). Flo{.dng S€..on: July- Augusl. Slb ot oolboton: Gidal Balskol. X.dlcl..l ..d Eco.omio V.lu.: The lesv€3 ard roob arc us€d m€didnalv. The fie3h juice b w€d as en alsrnsta in s.rotulou3 and ven€reet dis€as€s. A b'|ch prcparcd wilt |ne l€aves is recomm€nd€d ior mania and itch€3. Th€ roob arc us€d as febritugB as an mbloc€tion in lh€o|naiism (Dastur, 1962). Slld. No: MH/OB/S- 085 Vouch.. Io: MH/GB/S' 005 Fllm l|o: 24304t Dunnb rgpe'll L. D. plumtei Jacq.

Dittibllto.: This t opioal Amedcan shrub is prcbably th8 common€st hedg€

Dlm€n lon.: 40 (50) 5E llm. D..crlptm: Gmin suboblate lo 3ph€'!iral, 3- colpolale. amb cndllar, colpi ustlally b.9, ap€doE commo.' type, ora transv€Ealry paralbl. exin€ 2 ,j|n thid(, taclum psilal€, sexina l8liculal€, will OL- patbm, n€xin€ as lhict as s€xin€. Vom.cul.r .mo.: Doranta (Hindko). Flor.rlng Sar.on: March - Apnl, n'orc o. le3s lhrcughout f|e year Slb of coll€cdon: Balskot. f.dlcln.l.nd Economlc V.lu.: Grc$m as h6dg€ pla.t. Pranl is b€li€l€d to b€ poisonous (Baq€r, 19Es). 9lld. o: MTUBT/$165 Vouch.r No: MwBT/$ 165 Fllm o:24304/8

ta2 Lantana camara L. Fig. 177-'178 Pld.. XVll

Dlatribution: This tropical Ameican shrub is much cullivated in gaden tor its florersoras hedge planl. Natu€lized n l',,luzafar Abad, Billawarand Juammu. Dlmen.lonr:25 (27.5) 30 !m Do.cripdon: Grain suboblate to oblate- spheroidal. amb circular. 3 colpo.ate, @lpi open, 17 pm long and 3 !m wide. Apenurc @mmon iype, ora transvers€ty parallol. Exine 3-3.5 Un thick, tectum psilate, sexine reticulate, 2 !m thick, wnh OL-panern, nexine 1.5 !m and intine 1 !m thick Vo.n.cular Names: Punch Phuli(Udu), Panj Phllad (Hindko) Flow€dng S€a3on: Augusl - October Slte ol coll.ction: EoliBalakot flgdicinal rnd Economic Value: Planr is considefed as diaphoretic carminative, anliseplic and vulneEry The decoclion of plant is given in heumatism, tetanus, and mala a ll is also conside.ed as tonic and is (ls€d in alory oi lhe abdomi.al [email protected] €aqua., 1989) Slido No: MH/BA/S- 119 Voucho. No: MH/BB/S- 119 Film o:24304/9

Vitex negundo L. V.incisa Lam; V. negundo var incisa (Lam.) Clafke. Fig,179 Pl.re.xvll

Oitbibution: Trans Indus and lhe Indus eastward, as€nding 1o 1220 metrer in the sub- Himalayan zone. Kuram. Alizai lhal, Khyte. Pass, Swat, in g€ve yards and by steams, Lowe, H.zala, Rawalpindi Hills, Muiiee Road, Poonch, Kashmir, Jhelum Vaaley, Muzarar Abad, Kishtawar. Mieur. etc; Planted by str€ams lo check erosion. oimen.ion.: 17 68 (19.5) 25 4 x 11 5 (13 7) 19.3 pm

l3l Delcrlpton: G€in prolate to sub-prclale, 3- @lpate, amb cidlaFlobale, @lpi 10 !m long 3 pm wide. Exine 1.5- 2 pm lhici Teclum Nnh scabEte pr@ss€s, sexine with oL- panern, nexine as lhic* as sexne Vem.cula. N6ft.3r lnd an Pivel (Englsh) Manran. sumbalo (Udu) lva ani (Hindko), Matoandd (Pashlo), Ninna Banu€ (Punjabi). Flored.g S€ason:fu ril- oclober. Sit of coll6clion:Balakot f..licind and Economic value: Fresh leaves are used in lhe foftn ol bandage lor pain of chest and back Ae u*d as loothbrush or "Maswak lor cleaning the rerh. B.anches and r@ts a.e plaed in cereals lo avoid inect and p€st attac*. Also Lrsed in gum di$ase gngivitis or 'M€skhora" and skin diseases. Oned leaves arc snoked ior lhe rclief of h€adache Rools and leaves aG also used as tonic and lebriruge. Leaves used as vermiuge, tonic, arcmatics, .o.ts .€ used as expectorant and lonic, jui@ ofthe leaves usd for rcmoving f€tid discharge and rcms lrom ul@6, an oil pEpared from it applied sinuses and scrofulous sores (Hussain.1987). Slid,. xo: Mw BT/JB/S-018 Vouchor l{o: MH/JB/S-o18 Fild No:24304/10 Vitaceae. Yiais persrba Boiss. Ampetopsis vitifolia (Boiss) Plauch. Fig. t8o-lal Pbte. XVll

Diltribulion: Ealuchisian. Junapq tact, Quetta Hills, €rc. Chilral Shogot Sha.bat, Swat, bdN Bishigram Haza.a, Kaghan Valley, Malkandi Poonch Aliabad, Kashmir, Jhelum valley Road lvluzaifar Abad, Kishen valley above

Bandip!.. 91 5-2,140 metres olm.ntion.: 25 (28) 30 pm

184 D6*riplion: G€in prclale-spheDidal to slbprolate 3{olporate, amb lriangulaF roond€d.lriangular, colpilong o.a circoar, common Vpe, transversally eliplic 4 | 5.5 Bm exine 1 fm thick, t€clum psilate, sexine nneLy relculate, wiih OL- patlern, nex ne lhinn€rlhan sexine vern.culff N.m€: Angur (Hindko) Flw.rln9 S€.son:ApnLMay Sii. of coll*tion: Sa.i. (Ra.e planl) U.dicin.l rnd Econofric V.l@: Leaves a.e astdngent u*d in dianhea. Sap ol young branches a€ used lo cure skin diseases Dned fruil as sreel, cooling, slomachic, laxalive. demulcenl, used in @ugh, hoaEenes thi6t. Juice olunipe truil is astingent, u*d in throat rnfections Ba& keats €nerous aftections (Baquar, 1969). Slido No: MH/S|/S- 92 Vouclrer No: MH/S|/S- 92 Film No:24304/1r-12

Vitis venifera L. Fig. taz Pht6, xvtl

Dblriboiion: Grapes with or without seeds, cultivated specially in Baluchistan. Chilral, Swat, Ballislan. Astor, Kashmir. The Blact( "Cotnlh" g€pe is died and expoded lrom Sl€rdu A green seedless, a white and a plDle grape are

Dimonsions:22 (24) 26 !m Odcripton: GEin prclate- spheoid.l to subprolate, 3{olporale, amb ld.ngulaF rounded, f.iangular or inter hsxagonal, colpi open 14 pm long a.d 3 !m wid€, o€ circular with diameter 2 pm. Erine 2 pm thick, lectum psilate, serine finely reticulale 1 .5 !m neine 1l fm and inline 1 1 pm rhick Vom.cul.r Nam€: Grapes (English), Angoor (Udu), Ansoor, Ohak (Hindko). Flowsdng S€ason: April- May. Slb oa colleclion: Balakol

t85 t65 !@ ia 167

171 172 tle i70

175 174 174 t73 177

r7g to ill 1@

Pka x\/r. ao.fc5, Nd,n ./d-,l (xlo) f06. c..lrra .rrrr}|fvr firooo) 167. @shm do6)n6t lrl@) l... $bn p..rrdoc+aa'(Xi0oo) tO. r/t,.n/. (X1000) 170. Stlir rrd (X10@,'| i7l. A.dn. d.on. (xl00o) 'lnta.!'t12. &da qly. (xlOOO) 173. Cdr.llll,L (X1000) t7a. Urtu, {f0.. (X0@) t75. lrlfir! rrutta o,r||ooda.l rl 1l!. fx0.9..d. *aL (xllxx)l l7-l7a urL cn- 0(m) l7g iilurd flr@) le|tl. t a. p..J- {x|0@) r€2. w. |t,iaf, 0(r(0) rddl .|rd Ecdodb V.h.r Frunt anb. R|p. tuI! re dturriq !.€t 5rmts & ril taten * a b.a. lhe k5r- e rtr.tut br rn h rd€a. RooB induc. lh! !..r€rion ol mllk in nuEing mo0l.r. Trgat lub€rcuLeis of tt. Irrnpfiatic shnd!. (Hu$ain, 1984. SlU. tlo: l|tl/BT/C$ |nl voci.rllo: r|/stcg 091 Fllm l|o: 2430413

l16 DISCUSSION DISCUSSION

The presonl study has been €ried oul on pollen morphology of Tre€s and Shtubs growing in Kaghan Valley. About 350 rre6 shrub6 a.d crimbers were collecled fDm lhe research area ior palynological investgations rh6se *re wild. $ms @re planled as roadside or omamenlal olanls The present sludy provldes a compreh€nsive sludy of lhe lloE ot Kagha. val6y North€d Pakistan @mprising of 66 r.milies 121 gener. and 195 species. Oetail is

S.No Cl6./SubCl.8. Fanlly G.nu. Sp.clos TreB Shrubs 1cynnosDemae491284

2 2

61 110 181 69 112 121 195 7f fi8

OE hundred and Nenty nine(129) new eports have b€.n i.@ooraled in lhe pessnl m* lrom the resaEh area as no prevbus repons are avarlsble on lhe palynoloqy of lho following speci* vz. A@r 6esun, A. cappad@icun, A penlaponicun, Agave canlala, Yrc@ aloifotia, Pistdjd integanina, Rhus @tinus, Cakaranthus rcseus, Calatrcpc procera, Penpbh aphtla, Befteds bandisia.a, B. kunawrensis, B. tyciun, B otthoboiys, B pachycantha, B p*oduhb6llata, Akus nihda, Jadahda ninosifolia, sa@c@a satsha opuntia dilteni, abelia triltara Loni@B @@si6, L obovata, L putpwsens, L qukquel@dans, vibmun @tinilofiun, V toetens V. g.andnorun, V nulah Gynnospona tufteana, Dospytos kaki, D totus, Eheagnu, orentalis, Rhodendrcn arborctun, R hypatanthuh, A..ladne @rdifolb, Manotus philippensis, Que.cus dilatela, Q. q|arca, Q ihcana Q senjcarptoha, Ribes alpestrc R. glaciale, Padotoplts jacquenottiana, Aesc!tus indic4 Hypericun obtongnoliun, cobbtu(*ea opposbotia, LaseBtrcenia indica, Hibiscus slhacus, cddEta snla, Fb6 cadca, F. cn@, F roveotala, F pathata Llotus edala, CanBbhon dn.uq Eucalyplus ckidda, E lancdolala, E leiti@nus, Jasninun nesni, J sanb@, Ligusltun tucidan, olea lefiuginea, Paoonia enodt, Astagalus ca.dolleanus, A. gQhanianB, A psilacdtas vor ps,bce,a@s, oesrDd,um degans, tn ligofM hetomntha, Robinie pseud@6cia, Sqhua nollis ssp nolls, De zia stani@, Ptalanus orienlatis, Clenatis connata, C Wta, C. nontana, Rhannus virgala, Sagerctia |haa va..b.andethiana, 2iziphus oxyphf a, Coloneaslq acunkala, c atrrc var bacillatis, c. nutunutada, cydona obtonga, tukepta utils, Ptunus arygdalus, P. aharcena P. bokhaiensis, P cohuta, Pytus @nnmig P. tkdteyL P pasr/r, Rosa btun@ii, R nahothahnus, R wbbima, Rubus e|iptitus, R a<enl6, R. niveus, R llnifotius, Sotbatia tonentasa, spnaea atr s, s cartoriarss, s. ha2arba s: /as,oca,p6 s. vacNiniolia, Ranctia tel.awnna, Skinnia lau.aota, zanlhoxrtun anatun, Populus ciliata, Salix anofiyna, S. babr4onica, S. dqticutata ht. ha2alica, S dehticutala var hinalansis, S taberars, Se/ix sp, Senbucus \|ightisna Ailenthus ati6ina, Cesttud au6nl@uh, Datu.a stranonuin, Soldnun pseud@apsicon, Staplrytea eno

t33 GYMONSPERMAE 1: CUPRESSACEAE The tamily is chaEcterized by inapeduEte or E€ly 1- colpat€ pollon exin6 1-2 pm thck. lectum psilate, serine granurare with LO- pan6m, size .a.ge:13.6-36 4 rn. (3 gene.a a.d 5 species rere studied) Ihe laxa eFmiEd rn the tafiiry cuDressa@ae eveated that lh€re is great range of vadation ot Fllen size in $is fanit. The marimum polten size 36.4 am was e@rded in ClrFssus seDrdirens white the minihun siE 136 rm in Thrla otental,6 The est ot the speoes posse*d i.tennediare pollen size sucn as 22 5 rm in Junipeus excelsa, 25 I n J connunts and

Size range noriced in Cup@ssus sgmperyiens is 27 3 (31.2) 36.4 am. Ednmn (1965) reporied the size range 31-33 llrn loi lhe same speies end 25-35 llh ror lhe genus C,p.essls He arso noticed that pollen g.ains of CupDsus a€ monolept (misolept, sometimes p*ibty areme) Wodehouse, O935) gde lhe size 6t{e 231-27.4 rm lor th€ gen6 Crpressrs, *nich is very d@ to present li.ding Present linding re€aled fte 6ize 6nge 20 l25l 32 rm lot Jmipetus cfununE, 14.2 (225) 2? $n lot J. ercelsa and 25 (30) 35 !m lor J squarrala Hyde and Adams (1958) provided the size .anqs 244 .20.4-27 2) pri tor J comnuiis. Edlman 6l s/ (1961) hav6 given tre srz€ ..nge 25 llm for ttle same speci6. Edllnan (1965) €corded lhe s€e range 20.33 Jlm for the gen6 Junipeus and 26 lrrn lt J @nnunis wodehou$ (1935) has giw. lhe size .a.ge 20.t32 ,rm ror th€ genus Ju,tpsus and 26 2 io 31 9 Fm tor J @nDur,s Wod€house (1945) repo.led lhe size Enge 20.5.30 Fm f4 fi'e genls Jlr'pelus Iilak (1989) .epo.red rhe size .a.ge 24,30 rm tor lie J commur,s Huang (1972) has given lhe size range 29-35 x 29-35 rm ror bolh J. tornosana and J. squanata vat. nonisonkbla which is close to pr$ent

t39 In lhe prese.t srudies the size ,ange notced in thula onenlalis is 1 3 6 (184) 34.5 am Erdhan (1965) has grveo lhe size rar€e 25-35 l]m lor lhe genus Th4a and 2e rm for rhe same species wodehouse, (1935) has given lhe sizo €nge 25-2a 5 Jn io. I occdontars tkuse (1956) reporled the sizs range 3343 r 38-45 rm for the same specr€s Huang (1972) haB given f|€ size range 18n9 x 22-36 x21-23 um to the sam6 soecis Erine thickne$ is more or r€3 unito.m in a rhr€e geneE h qielrtds C/presos s€Dperyirurs a.d fhqa exi@ is 1 53 !m arck. in runPerus @nnunts and J ercelsa 1 5 sn and in J sqraD€la 1 trn thick. Erdinan el a/ O 961) desnbed that exi.e is 1 5 l1ln thick n , @mnun s. 2: EPHEDRACEAE

Pollen grain protare. hexazonocotpate provided w{tr tongitudinar ddges, radicsFmeb@t, sm@th lrthout obicutes, cotpare with a colpus at me base or each lurcw belween he ndges. The number ot longitudinat ndges 5. sepaEted by vaneys (cotpi) wih bdnched grooves Exine psil.re, 3-3.75 lhick. sexine pm lrm 2 thick and toms smooth. holtow, tongilldinat ridges, nexne 1 thck rm and has tamelarline strucluEs siz6 range40 x20_ 58.18 x 34 s4 Am (one genus with one species was srldied)

Pr6eni frnding €veated fE size €nge aO (4s 33) 5818 x 20 t24) 34.s4 rirlr 75 ld }3 lfr thick exiE as noti(Ed in Epheda Aetdiana. Erdtnan (1965) €poned lhe size Enge 55 |lm {tongs! ax|s) ror the same speoes. He siudied sbout 33 speoes i. lhidr nunber ot tongludinat .idges van* nom 5 to 18 probabiy or even more The ndoes are sratghl or fieandrols or zigzag. pbvided with shori, sometihes .a!hd ffegutar branch*. wodehouse 1935 has liven the eze range 35 3 to 54.7 r4 long a.d 18.2 to 28 5 llm boad ror th€ genus Eph6dra, p.ovrded wth 5 to 15 longitudinatndgoE Erdlman(i943)hasgiven$esize.ange52x35}lm,ore antaypt hli@. size a.ge giren by vanous rcrkeG above 6 ci6e & p.osenr 3: PINACEAE G.arn vesiculate, bi$@te, bitateEt. exine 1-75 !h hick, sexine Eliculate, size Enge 2s-104r 23-100 r 24-91Jlh tor @.pus,2t93 x 20-71r 24 77 Fm lor bradder and 36 x 54-107 x 150 rrn ror whote grain (4 genera and 5 sDecles were stud edl

In lhe present fi nding rhe size range of gra ns .s .oliced in A6,bs p,drow is 48 x 49 6 (88 7 x 119 8) 112 x 144 rm. Exine ot centEtbody 2.5 !m thick and exrne ot cap 4-6 rn 6ick Wodehouse (1935) has given rhe size .ange 5€ to 1 11 pm mo6dy ove. 90 fm tor lhe qenus ADies whicir ls ctose ro preenr fndmg Huang (1972) menroned 93 104 x 9t 1oo x 89-91 rm tor corpus 9r-93 x 65 71 x 72-77 ln tot hta&et lo A. kawakani Ettunan (1965) has qiven tne size 6nge 75_145 Fn tor the gen6 aD'€s and 75 x 90 x 85 ror llh coDus and 40 t 80 x 55 lrh ,or sacci tor tE same sDeoes wrh about 11!m thrck erine Moore e/ a/ (1978, 1991) haw given rhe size range 70 r00 lhe genls !m br rbies Erdbnen (1943) .epo@a lre sze rahoe 7g (90) 111 }1m tor the oenus Ables rn me present studtes size range n cedrus d€odara was notied as 4€ x 64 (59 x 866) B0 x 112 rrm and extne 405 rn thicK Hyde and Adams (1958) tuve gven fte size €nge 56 4 (48 r 52 S2 9 x 48 5_60 4) !m m polaf view. body and btaddd logerher B2E (72.3-98.6) am for the same speces E.dhan (1965) hasgi@nlhe eze Engs.,6adlh oi corpus (50) 60, 72 rfr. bEadlh oI saccr (47) 64_72 }lm tor lhe osn6 C&r,s ano coDus 5a r 66 x 60 rh sa6j 20 )t 64 t 42 to. l|m !\e s.mo specres. wodehouse {1935) has gren lhe si2e Enge 62_78 rm. ge.ectty 65 Fm. for ne gsus cdas which is close to the range sze ot t|e sp&ies lnder studies A@rd,ng to hjm grahs or C€.frs a€ intennedjale betwe€. pn rs aid picea Present frndino reveabd me size range 51 4 x 55 7 (801 x l2O) 107 x 150 }lm and exhe about I 0.5 !n lhick al distat and about 4.6 rm thick at proxmar pote for P/6€ sDilhiara Erdrman (1943) has grven oe sze range 84 x 138 pm (Prcxrmat view) a.d 68 x 130 rm (Lalefat Mew) ror p er@/sa Erdhan (1965)has qiven the sEe ra.ge 12S rln torged axrs nctudrng sacc He has given size r6.ge fo.6rpus about6s r TO x 50 @ and br Bacciabout 45 x 62 73 !m lor P altos Hyde and Adams (1956) have given lhe si.e Enqe 94.4 (85,1097) body and bradder tooerher for P onoli(a 'rn wodehouse (1935) has given trle size Enge 6&91 rm, mosdy 80 /n lor lhe genus Ptcea According to hlm bladdeB smallin p.oponon b d.e size of lhe grain, @.caw on lheir p.otimal sidos unless tully expand€d, becomirE no€ and moE coneve as the grain dnes end fnally clos ng over ts broad vental surtace Flrow generally cleany deiined as a shallow groove betwen the bladdeB Cap cncular in ourline, wilh no ta@s oI maEi.alc.est Terture ol lhe ehre of lhe @p very fner-tirer lhan lhal ol the grains ot Piros. lhough ol simii.f charactef Huang (1972) has glven lhe size ra.ge 74-90 x 60-72:64, 68 !m for coDus and 6076 x 52-54 x 57'64 am to. bladdet lor Picea

The presenllindins rcwaled thesize Enge 36x 54 (53 x738) 64 x96 ,rm wldr 4 lfr tticl eine al the proximai pole ior Ptus rorbutshi and 40 x 63.4 (47 2 x 75) 56 7 x 38 3 Am wilh erine 3-4 Am lhrck al p.oximal pole a.d about 0 5 ,fr rhick al distal pole lor P. Mllicttiara Wodehoo* (1335) has gNen lhe sEe Enge 52 (545) 572 pm lor lhe P @xbulght wodeholse (1945) has Oven lhe eze range 44 x 65 rm dctusive or rhe btadder ior ihe genus Ptn,s The pollen caoses hdy tever Erdtman easi (1961) hale given the size range ,14 x 55 x 3A sm ,or colpls 31 x 37 x 42 lln for ecci, tongest axis of gEin about 80 }lm to. P si^€stna Wodeho6e (1 935) has menlioned the size .ange 54 5 sm ro. A wan h,ana Erdrna. (1943)has given rhe size €nge 0204 1062 llm (sverage 60 lln) ior the same speci$ Erdtman (1965)has gven lhe spe range 47 x 68 x 57 llm for corpus and 27 x57 x44 !h ror bladder lof same species @llecied from Kashhn He also mentioned rhe 3 ze range 51 x 64 x 55 !m for coFus and 31 x 55 x 43 Bm for btadder tof |ne sahe specie @llected rrom Botani€i Gaden UCIA B€.tetey. Titak (1989) has grven lhe size range 79 (75 80) }lm tor the same speies Huang (1972) has gven the size range 37.48 x 32-46 x 35,44 rm fo. corpus and 31, 45 x 27'37 x 30-42 rm lor bladdet lat P nassaniana 4: TAXACEAE G6in sub6ph6bidal, inaFftrab, witn evaginat€d tip. €tine 1- 2 {n lhick iactun *ttr sb.aie process€., s€xi.€ glanulale o. finsly [email protected], s,i:e r.nge 20 - 32.37 lrm. (One genu6 wilh one species wa3 sbdied) The p,snt finding Ev6ated the 3iz6 ran96 20 (25 27) 32.37 rn wtth exine lhickness about 1 5-2 am at proximat pote lot faxus walichiana Erdlrnan (1943) and Erdhan el a, (196i, 1963) haw giv€n the size Eng€ 24- 30 Fm aor ure $me sp€cies. Edrnan (1965) has g,H t|€ sie 6t{] 2O-3s !n for riE gen6 Tarrs Huang (19?2) has giH the sle ElE6 17_19 x 1+ 20 lnlot T. .elebk9 He noticed the snE fnety edculab wilh OL,patr€m. ANGIOSPERMAE s: AGAVACEAE (MONOCOTYLEDONAEI.

GEin subsphe.oda 1-colp6ie (sucate). eire 15 Fm thck, tecbm psilale or wilh seb.ate proc€$es. sexine .eliculale. wilh OL patteh, nexine thinnerlhan sexre. srze range 16x 30-43 x65fm (2gene6a.d 2 spei6

No p€viols eports aE availabte lot agave caotata and fucaa aloifotia in the published liealure Presenr tindir€ eveared the size 6n9e 25 x 35 (45 x 60) 48 x 65 @ with }4 lrm lht * eri^e tot a. cstata and 16 : 30 (28 19 x

49.85) 36 65 r 40 rn wth 2 rm thrc* exine for yrc.a a/o/o/t6 Hoang (1 972) hasgvenrhe size range 75,79x95.108 x 79,96 rhforA anenca,a which is brgerlhan the preseni finding Huang (1972)has given lhe size.ange 4t79 r 70-108 r 40-92 rm torthetumity 6: ACANTHACEAE (DICOTYLEDONAE} protate, percbtale, G€lr 3- @tporate, amb semlangorar or InleF subangubri erne 2 }lm thick rectum prccess€€ vaious usuany bacurale. sexne nosty relicutate, .a.ety granutal€. nerine thin.er lhan or as thick as sexine, size rangei 309 x ?181-4363 x 6363 ph (One genus wjth one

pr@nr Th€ studjes reveated that fie grains ot Adraroda yasba .re g coporare Eher than 2-porate wnh size Enge; tength 41 81 (g 3) 63 63 |]m. breadrh 30 9 (38) 43.63 Jh and exine 2 !m th ck white in smr|a. sludres Matrk el a/ (1964) have lhe opiniof lhat rhe gEns or L yasica are 2-2oniDorate. gMng a sEe range 64 x 36 !m Erdhan (1952) reponed the sze Enqs 20- 1 15 tor |he fanrty !m Zahu ot a/ (1979) hav€ given tt|e size rangei tengdh 54 (64) 75 pm breadth 4l (44) 48 rrm tor the same species Accdding ro heo lfiepranrisrnseclpoitrnaled Huang(1972)hasgiventhesizeEnge21,1,r4x 77 pn 22 tot rhe tani)ty and 25,47 x 1e34 !n ro. the genls Jlslr.ia. 6: ACERACEAE Grain proiale protaie-sphdoidat, lo 3, @rp (or) a@, amo ctrcubr or cn.ulaFtobate. catpi 22-26 \ 2-4 rrm ora circ!,ar. 4 x 3 pm, exhe 2 !m rhrcr. teciom psirate or slh s.abcre pr@*es, senne st iatceficulare, nexiE .s lhick as or ttinner lhan sexine rhe€ is great vandion in sze.a.gei1384 - 32 lrn (1 genus and 3 sp€o6 were studred) No pr4ious Epo.ts a€ dailable lor A@ c@siuh, A caotadoticun e d A. pentaenicun in he published li[eraau.e The present flnding reveaied rhe size range lenglh: 20 76 (22 96) 27 68 pm, b.eadh 1384 (1615) 19 22 um wth 1.53 !m rh ck exine lor a caesrn 28 (30) 32 !m with 2.5 !m thick exinetor A cappadodtun and 23 25 x 18 20 !m wth 2 !m rhick eKne for A per,laponicun. Etdtrnar 11943) has giv€n the slze Enge 40 x 26 !m for A canp€sfi]s, 37 x 27 pm tof A negundo, U pn lot A ptalanotdes, 45 x 34 rn tot A. pseudodatanus and 43 x 32 pm lot A ecchatun wodehouse (1935) nasgiven the size range 28 x 39 pm tor lhe genus acsr Erdtman (1s52) h.s gNen the size range 36 t 4a pm to. ge.us ,4.6r He atso .eponed the size 6n9e 39 t 26 A. negundo, 48 x 36 !m tor a pseodoplrtarus and 45 x 32 'ot lot A sacchatun Huang (972) has given the sze .anqe 25.34 x 16-25 !m |or tne genls ac6. The polen grains may €ose hay teve. and bronchial .sthma. Hyde and Adams (1958) have given rhe sze range 2A \ 322 (25 x 31 35 3) !m io.A pserdop/ata,rs. Huans (1972) has hentioned the po 6n grains ola serutatun ae ! corpo (6)re Erdnnan (1952) atso mernioned that po en grains of fanitv aceE@a€ are 3-cotporoidare. whit€ in the presnr studies polen gnins are bcolpare in caesiun t and A pe aponicutu ano mcoD.rate n A. @ppadocicun. gtains rhe ae a|rbome ard have impact on Dro.chrat ,stnma

8: ANACARDTACEAE GBin protate to subspheodat, 3-cotpoEle o. 4_ pora€ amD orcurar or angu|.r, corpr usua y as lo9 as potar axes, o.a lranswr$Iy eliplic or lransveB.lly pa6[ei, exine l-2 prn llict, teclum wilh €orae D.ocesses. e:me .etidtate, or slriatojeticltate. lsualy with Ot-p3llern, nexiE hi.ner lhan sexi.e, size.angei 19-30 !h {2 genera and 2 species rere stud€d) presenr The frnding reveated lhe size 6tge 22.21 e4A2,2926 fi wrth 1 33 thtck p,stida rh exine fo. htegeftina huang (1972) has given the size Enge 23-28 Fm lo. P ch,lFrs,s and 17-24 x x1r25 rn lot P. brcb,n|,rs $iich is close to the pteent fnding No prevrous r@rd exists rn lhe pubtished literalo€ tor Rhus colinus size €nge €coded is 19 (25) 30 pm with 1,2 rm thick exne. Huanq (1972) has g ven the s ze range 22- 38 x 18- 33 llm lor the ge.us Co,nus, which is 6lose lo the size range of lhe sp*ies under studies 9: APOCYNACEAE

GEin sphencal peobtate or telragonatro hexagomr. 3{otpoEte, amb cirdlar or a.gula., apenore drop type, po.6 cE$imarginate, usoatty 5 rh eide i.cluding annulus, eine 2 !m thrck, tectum pslate or witn veruete pr@386, sexrne qranurate or finely rericuraie The.e is great diverc ty i. s 2e Engei.e 31-74 tLm (2 genec and 2 specis we€ slud ed) No previoos ecord exists in (€ pubtished t[e6ture for C€ftararrhls @srs Ih€ present findrng eEded s|.e €nge 57166) 74 !m {ith 4 un hici( exine. Huang (1972) has given the size.ang€ 1rO3 x 16€3 pm for tE hmily Erdihan (1952) has given lhe srze range (2G)2575 (r10)!m ior lhe ramily .nd 5343 !m lor the genls Calha.arthus which is ctose lo the pesent

size range recorded in /verrum irdrdd is 31 (35 5) 39 pn with 2 !m Lrcl< (1989) exine Tilak has qiven lhe size r.r€e 42 x i6 ph ro. the same specEs which is wthin f|e size range of the species under stldies. 10: ASCLEPIADACEAE potyad GEin ielrsd or honad o.ty ate. acetotyes. wn6n grams are ietrad potyad or they are characte zed by being sessite or pedice ate subspheroidat, exine 1t6 rrn lhick, tectuft usla||y psitate, *xins fEtv retcurare slh Lo,pa(eh. nerine thinner than selne size ra.ge fd polinia 350 * - 360 r 980 1000 l]m and for terrads 4060 r 25-40 rm (2 genera and 2 specl€s rere studied) prcvous No Eports a€ avaitabre In rhe pubtished titeratu€ to. catolropis p@E aN Petipt@a aphy'ra p€sr tinding .eveat€d size ran96 35+ 360 r 980-1000 |ln for polinia of C p@era wilh 6 !m thick exin€ and 40- petiptM 60 x 25, 40 !m tot lexad ol aphlta with 1 5 pm thrck exine Huang (1972) has given lhe size €nge 1 1G 460 x 330990 pm of pollinia and 40 r 58 !m ol lelrads lor lhe iamiy which is close to lhe present linding. l1: BERBERIOACEAE

GEin subproale to spheroidal 3-6 colpare amb crcllar corpi rong eljne thiclened al pores 1,2 Fm rhick, rectom psilare o. wi0l scabrale pr@sses, *xine eliculare, w(h oL- panem, nexino thinner than s€xine, size 6nge 26-80 !h (1 g€nos and 6 specEs were sludied) No p€vlous recod lot Bebeis brcndisiana, a kunawutensis ,8. lwiun, B onhoboltts, B. pachycarlha and a pseudunberafa ensts i. the

The taxa exanined in t'5e famlly Be.bedda@ae revealed thal there is greal Enge or vaiaton ol porle. size the genus The maximuh potten size 80 rm was .€@rded in A tu,awu@nsis while fE minimlh sze 26 llm in 6 b€rdlbtaru Th€ rest of the sp€os p@ssed inremediale polen size Present linding evealed lhe size 6nge 26 {26 67) 34 65 Fn wilh 2 ln lhEk exine for B tard,siana, 28I (45) 80 pm for I kunawrrensrs 3a 5 (38) {4 lrm wittr 1 t 2 m tiick exine lot B. lyciun 3.4 (37) 43 um wnh 1 5- 2 pm lhick exine lor 8. othobolrys, 32 55 x 26_43 J]n wi$ l-2 ,lm hick enne tor a. paclry@nlha ar{l 266 (3164) 36.67 rm wjth 2.5 Jln mrd< d|ne ior B pseodunbellala In he simitar studies Erdtman (1952) .eponed fte size range 46 lar B. dictyophytla. H@ng (1972) rn menlioned the size range 35_46 lrtn lat B kawakamit ard 49-50 x 36-37 llm for B ants,ato_sezer, 12: BETULACEAE

GEi. obrate to obta,ie-spheroidat 4-5 pocte amb angutar oE cdssmarginate, exine 1-2 rm thictt tetum p6rtate, serine sfiatc€t@tate, nexine as lhick as or thinner Lhan sexin€ SEe.ang€:21 3 27 pn. (1 genus wrh 1 species was studied) No peMous ecord elisls lor A/r?s ,,r,ira in the pubtished lire€ru€ Pe*nt fnding €vealed rhe size 6nge 21 3 121, 27 pn w\th d,ne 1.5 !m hick (1943) Erdhnan has given bhe sze .ange 2s !m for t glulinos., 27 tn lotA incana,2l pml$ A rugosaand2l !mtorA yind,s Huang(1972)has gNen |rle size €nge 15-25 x 14-29 vn tot A. jap6ica. fnak (g@) non@d tne size range 18 x 26 pm lor,4 ,epalarsrs Hyde and Adams {1958) €poned llle srze range 20 9 x 2361163-22 4 t 21-25q pn bt A glulkosa, which is close lo the pr€se fnding 13; BIGNONIACEAE

Gcin pDlate to obral+spheroidal 3, colpate, amb circutaf. @tpi tong, €xine I 5-2 Fm thc*, leclum uth s€brate or gemnare processes. sexine

cliculale, wnh OL-panem, nexihe thinrer ihan *x[e Size €noe 4,4 50 um o genus wilh 1 speoes was nudied) p.eeous No ecord exists for Jacrarda minoslora in the oubtished lile.arure Sia .ange re@rded is,r4 (47) 50 rrn with 1 &2 5 !m thick *ne. Edlman (1952) has given the size range 3G7O pm and Huang (1972) eponed |he size range28-51 x 2B-42 !m tofthetaritv 14: BOMBOCACEAE

Grain sub- hangutar perobtate to oblate. 3- colporaie, amb inte. suDangub., cotpi short. aperture cllrb type, ora cEssimarginate, exine 2 25 lhick, !n tecium wilh sc€brale processes, s€rine reticurare, w h ol-oattem n€xine lhihner trlan serne size range 57 _ 63 pm (1 genus wrh 1 sDees

The presenl fndrng eveated the size range 57 60) 63 pn with 2_2.5 pm drici< exine to. sarmara matabarba E|drnan (1952) repoded the sze .a.g€ 31 I 66 !m for aorba a/b!D, which is ctose ro ft pEsent f.dino H@ng (1972) nas gven rhe s,z e 6 ge 2ta2 x ae6l tn td B natabaneu; l5; BUDDLEJACEAE (LOGANTACEAE) Grain obtate-sphe.oidat o. subobtate to sobprotare 3. cotpoEte amb sehi,angular or circuta. tobate cotpr 6 to.g as pota. axes, ap€nore cmmon lype, oE lranswrsa y e iplic. exine 1 rm lt|ict iectun p6itate, sexine granulaie, or fi.ety €tidteie with rndisund or ro.pa{e,n, s@ .ange r 1 _ 21 !m. (1 ge.us a.d 2 species were studcd) The p€senl finding rev€ated lhe size range l2 (14) 16 lrm wjth e|lne 1-15 ln thick for Buddeja asiatjcs and ilrT x 1&21 lfrwmrrmtnrck erne tor a cn'sps. Huang (1972) has given lhe size range 13-1sr 14-16rm for lhe A. as,aa,aa and 13-15 x 1,L16 !@ ror A dspa whth 6 lery d@ lo

16: BU)(ACEAE

G6in [email protected] to spheroidar, pantopoBte erine 1-3.5 um thick. beclun wnh clavafe pr@$es. lhe pila 2 3 Am long, sexine crolooo d, witt) OL-patl6rn. nerine lhinner than lhe sexine, size ranget 30 - 54 pm (1 genus wilh I species was sludied) No pretous record exisls m 0le published riteralu€ ror Sa6@ea s/,qra Si2e €nge [email protected] ,s 30 (rO) 54 l]n with 3 5 rm thick erine Hurng (1972) h6 qiven the size Enge20- 51 J]h ror the familywhich is do* to he

17: CACTACEAE

G6in sphercatp.otate. potyporate, amb cncubr. exne 1 Am thick, Exme usualry punct-tegrrtarei sexrne gEnutate, with Lo-palteh, nexine lhinturthan or as chick as sexim, siie ranget 132- 144 !m. (1 genus with 1

previoos No re@d exisG in the pubtished tire?lve lq Opunlia d€le,,i, Size E.ge [email protected] he€ is 132 (l3g) 144 !m wilh 2 !m lhick eine Erdhan (1952) hasgi@n rhe sEe range 135-150 pm fo. Opu,r6 sp which is wry close to lh€ p€*nt fndrng 18: CAESALPTNACEAE

GBin subprotate.subhangutar 3-cotpoEta. anb circutaFtobate or c/drar, @rpr oFn, Tectuh seb*ate ('ajntry re cutare) *xine granlrale, with Lcpanem Eaur-,a the onty genus, showjng g,eat diveBity tn polen morphol€lc.l characters, as menlioned by Bun and Bhuth (j990) One sPecres of the genus was studied whtch was 3 cotporate wilh st at€d omam€nlalion. oiwGity in omafrentationat paflem is fBtricted b aaurr,b (The only one spares was daitabte for studies) tt is r4Mnenoed nar more sp&€s ot Bauhrta if ava abte shoutd be enensjvety studied ro .each any conclusions in relaton to 0re divercty in ornamentatjon ot the genus size P.esenr linding revealed rhe size Enge 54 5 {62) 69 pm and erme 4 pm rhick as noried in Ba,h,n,a vat gara Edrman (1952) has eponed th€ sze range 46 x 33 !m ior A .onrara. Huang (1972) has given ihe size r6nge 2a42 x 28-37 pm lat B Crernpiori Tilak (1989) rcponed the size Enge l5 x 19!mforB varegata a.d 62 x 45 tmlot B putpu@a Zanv el at (1975-74) noticed fhe sEe €nge 75 (aol a5 ph lot B. vatiegala vishnu er €./ (1962) gave the si2e .anqe 58-74 r 4t-53 pm lor rhe same species But and Bhuha (1990) havegiven lhe sizera.ge42 (s4) 67 ph br rhe samesp6i6which is cro* ro rhe pE*nr fnding T.havi (2000) has given rhe sia tan re 77 (82) 87 0m for lhe sme s@cies 19: CAMELLIACEAE (THEACEAE)

Grsin suboblate lo proate-spherodal. 3-colporate amb semiangLjar apenu€ common vpe oE lsually l€nsveGely parallel, exi.e usualy 1 um lhrck. 6rely wh Erls, tectum wjth sbEte pro@ss, sexine et@tate and nexne hnne. lha. sexine, size raryei 40 - 53 pm Polten g.ains ot tour va eus (P-005. P-008. P-012 and Oe, men) inlroduced bV Lever B.ofE6 Tea Re*arch Stalion (LTRS) Paksran a.d Nationat Tea Research hstitute

Si2e range as noli@d h Csnel/ia sr€nsis is 40 (4i) 53 !n wth 2 !m trLick exine. Huang (1972) Gpofted 6e size range 25 48x23-sOpmforlhe genus cdnelra which i€ ctose b lhe pesent fnding pole. g€i.s of bur p{12 vanedB (P-005, P,008, and Oe men) @re studied i was foud that porren ot lhese vanelies have more or tess simiar characleB stight difiecn@s wsre obsetoed in size Enge, th ckness ot sexine, neine and

20: CAPRIFOLIACEAE

GEln oblate to subprotate, 3€tpo6re, amb ci.!uEr, smr angorar, subangula. or crclla.tobate, ora usualy transveBally para et, exine 1-5 Jrm lhrck, tectum w h scabrate, gemmale, bacutate orechtnale procBses. s€xine granulaie or €tjculate, nexire thinn€. than serne. There is grear vanatun in size €nge in th€ tamity: 9.32 - 70 l,n. (3 genera and I sp€cies rere studied) The raxa ex.mired in rhe tamiy capiroliace.€ rev€aled lhat lhere is great €nge ol va.iation ol porren si2e in nis lanily The maxifium pollen size 70 rm Es ,ecorded in aon c€ra obovala while |ne mi.imum si4 9 32 llm in vibunun contunalun The rest of the sp€cies possessed inte.mediate po len

No pevious re@d exists for ab€lia t rto.€ in he oublished lrteratu€ Pe*nt f nd ng revealed the size range 40 (50) 57 Bm wlth 4-5 rm fick exine H!a.g (1972) has given rle size enga 40-52 x 47-47 I lot A. ionan&a $hich is Ery dce to the pre*nl lnding No pevious rMrd eisrs for lonicare caLcasba, L obavata L. puryub@ns and L qrirquelocrbrs i. lhe publFhed herature The presenl nnding evealed rhe si4 .anqe 46 65 {54) 64 sm with 3 25 Am f ick exlne tor

L carcasrca 50 (60) 70 )lm wilh 2 5 Am lh ck exine lor a. oboyala 44 (49) 58 Am wrh 18 llm rhici exine lor !. pu,prrasrers and 40 (45) 53 32 !m wj$ 2 5 pm thick eiE for a quinq@bcutans Huang (1972) h.s given the size range

33$3 x 4G60 Jlm tor th€ genus ronice€. No pEvioos record erisis n the published ftqalute tot vibunun @mihifolun, v f@tens, v. Wndflotun and y n///at present sIl]dy €vealed rhai there is a greal vaiaton in size range in the genus e.932 !m h v ctuthiloliun and 36 pn in y n!ra, Present .esuls show rhe size 6n9e 932 (2239) 27.32 rn rili|' 1 16 n:,ick enre tu v. enttufotiun, 20 {255) 302 llm with 1t2 3}lm thDk exi@ ior y n ele,s 16 (30)32rrnwith gnndittorun 1-3 ,lm thick exine for V and 23 (3O) 36 t\n wilh j Bm lhick etine tot v nullah. Huang 11972) has given lh€ size Enge 1G3o x 10_30 ,rm for lhe genus yiblh,a He h.5 repoded six species with size .ange 1s25 x 1V22 gn lor V r@tidun, 1T-28 x 1122 rlm for V tuzonicun var lomenun, 25-30 x 25-30 ld V. oduati$inuh, 22-2A x 20-22 ra tot V. patototiun, 20 30 , 14-27 rm tot v prcphquun ad 22-30 x 1y2a pm tu v. tajwanianun. Pu.r et at (1976)have given th6 size Enge 25- 30 x 23-26 um td v opot6 21-30 t 1A,2A rn tu v tantana and 26-39 t 21-30 gn tor v

20r 21: CELASTRACEAE

Pollen g6in sub-pblate lo suboblate, lsually 3

No previous €cord exisls in the plblished liteElo€ for Gynrospona royte€na sia range .bserud is l7 6 (2,t) 40 un Hun.g (1972) €ooned d€ size range 17rg x 17-20 Um fot G diveBilolia and 23.24 r 22-26 tn lot G lriroculer.s which rs clos6 lo ltle p.esenl fnding 22: CORNACEAE Pollen g.ain oblal+sphe.oidal lo polal+ spheoidal 3- colpoEle, amb semiangular, €lpl crasimargina0e exine psilaie, 1.77 !m thicl, *ire as lhick as nexine or tric*er tha. nerine, size rangei 33 - 57 !m. (1genlswth 1 speci€s was studied) h Comos haclophtlb tne size Enge was .ot@d 33 (37 62) 57 !m $th 1.77 !m thicl exi.e Huang (1972) has given the size range 37- 56 x 3a- 44 rm ror the same speci6s which is dos lo the prcsentfrndinq 23: EBENACEAE

GEin prolate lo oblare. sph€roid.r, 3.corpoEte, amb inrerh€xagonat, orcurar or sub.ngoraf. copi long, apenue comnon of drcp lype ora tansveFally elliplic or t a.sveca y para||et. eine 1 Am thic*, leclun psitate or with scabrale pro@eq sexine granurate. with obs@€ or Lo-patte.n -Ihe nexine thinner than sexine. .ea characleistics of the ora oi flis tamity may be lhe lransveBally ellrptc o€ extendirc to equaion.t ares Pefi.ps, mosr ora of rhe lransve|salry pa€tlel rype may be c€lsed by the rupture of the delicate etine, va ation in srze range was toundi 2&55 llm. (1 qe.us and 2

No pEvious Ecod exists in lhe published liteEtu€ for orospyrcs k€ki and D k'tus Pr$ent fnding revealad the sne range 35 (45) 55 rm with 1 rrm

202 ihick exine ior D /€k, and 28 (31 59) 34 lrm with 2 77 !m thick etlne tor D /olus Huang (1972) has given t|e size range 2248 x 2145 !m lor the family 24: ELAEAGNACEAE Grain prorate to obrate- sphercidal 3(-4) colporate amb angurar aperrlE vestibulum tp€, ora cEssimarginate circuar exine 2 Am lhick tectum psilate etine fnely reliculale, wth OL-panetn, nexine lhinner lhan sexne, size angei30- 40 !m (l genuswilh 1 specGs was stodied) No p€vious r@rd exisrs aor Eaeagnus onbrlars in lhe publish€d ileratur€ Size 6nge noticed is 30 (35) 40 rrm with 2 rm lhick etine. Hlang (1972) has given lhe size Enge 20'38 x 33-47 !n ior lh€ lamily which i5 wry cl6e lo the present fnding 25: ERICACEAE

G.ain rerrad E@ly monad afte. acelolysis, eire 1 |tm lhrck, le.tuh psilale, serine g.anulate rarely euculal€. wth obscurc or OL-patlern nexie Lhinrer than sexine vicin stra.d p.es€nl. size range; 4G4€ pn {1 genus and

No pr4ioos record dl5ls lor Rhoden&@ 4fnBlun and R hyperarthrn in the published ileEtu.e. The pesentfnding €w5led the eze €noe 50 (55) 60 /m w{h 1 fn thick dine lor R a.bo€tud and 40 (43) 48 pm {irh 1 5 Am lhick exine lor R hypenanthun Huang (1972) has given lhe size range 37 57 rfr for R ellipticun, 47 -55 *n lot R tornasahun, 40-45 rn ior R /aeost/rm. 40-50 ln lor R tutcprosum, 45-50 rm aor R s,insit and

26r EUPHORBIACEAE Grain soboblale to pro ale or prolate sphercida to subpolate 3' @lporale. amb circular, .nc(rarlobate or inlersubaogular, colp' varyrng in lenglh in width and in thickness of ora moslly not cmssinarginale. 'nargin, lransveBally parallel, but sre of hem, oE tra6versally elliplic or circular, Erely crassimarginale exine 1-3 !m lhick, tectum psrlate o. wf| s€brate, verucate, gemmale o. bacuale pro@ss6, *xine mostiy granurale o. nnelv

201 €li@l€te, uth OL- or croto.patiem. nexine as lhick as s€nne, 6ize dnge: 1560llm (4 genera a.d 4 species were srudied) The taxa examined i. rhe iamilv Euohobia@ae evedled tial thse E great ranqe of va.ialion ol pollen size in this family. The maximum pollen size 60 llm was rsrded in Sapium eb/ib./d while the minimum size 15 pm in Malol4s ph'ir'pp€nsis. The 16r of rhe species poss€ssed intermediate pollen

No Drcvious reoort |s availablo lot Andtachka cotdiloha atrd Matblus pr,rilp€rsA in pubrished rileErure Preenl finding r€veared lhe size Enge 25

(28) 35 rrm wilh 2.75 rm thick eire brA. @rdifoli€, 15 (20 15) 25 75ld wilh 2.6 pn rhick exine lot M philbpens's. Huang (1972) has repoied the size

€nge 1 1-56 x 12-56 !m lor lhe rahity and 20-32 x 22-31 rn to. lhe genus Mallotus H€ studi€d lhree species ot Malolus. ie M japonbus size tange 2430 r 2d31 |fr, M. panbutatus si:e Gnge 20-22 t 22-24 gn a d M. @pondua 6iz. @ 9.1*24 x21-26 rm si2e range nori@d in Rdl,rs connnis E 23.12 Qq 31.25 rm wirh 2 33 rm lhick €rin€ Huang (1972) hasgivsn thesze ange 26-31x23-28 tm tor the $me sp€ci6 rhicn is close to lhe sp*j6 uder studres Pesent rnding revea ed the sze .5nge 60 x 50 lrm wilh 3 um lhick ennetot sapiun sab/'tun Huang11972) has given rhe sire renge 37-53 x 29-43 !m for the same species which is smallerlhan lhe present lnding 27: FAGACEAE

GEin pblate lo suboblate or spheoidal, 3-cor@rate, amb circular, sonelimes cncularlob.le, colpi Bually long. ora rcnsveGaly ellipric or ci@ra,, exine 1J 5 llm thic(. ccrum psilate o. wittr sb.ate prcGs€s, sexin€ granuale wlh LO or obscure paltem nexine lhinner than ssxine, siz€ 6ngei 2e58 sm. (1 genls a.d 5 sp€cies e/€.e sMied) The presenl slld es reveal€d ihat th6€ s great range ol vanabn or pollen size in lhis gsu' The manmw pollen size 5a Fm Ms E@rded in Quercus giauca shile lhe mininum sr!€ 20 am in Q balool and Q emica.p,/lrl,!,. The.osr ol lhe speo€s poss€ssed inremediare porlen si4. No p€vloLrs €cord errsts in lhe published lterature tor Q baloot, Q. dilatata, Q.

2M da@a, A. kcana end A sehicartao,a The present finding revealed the sie Gnge 20 (21 8) 30 !m wifl 1-1 5 Fm thick exine lor Q. ba/@I, 29 (32.7) 48 UD w h 2 pm rhick eire lor Q dilalala, 52 (55) 53 pm with 1- 1.5 !m thick e n6lor Q gbu@, 2A S Q21) 48 !m wilh exire 1!m lhick lot Q incaha and 20125)30 lrm wilh 1-1 s uh thic( exire ror Q smE6/p,fol,a Huang (1972) has givon lhe si2e Enge 27-34 r 2G3o |ld ror O. va.ibb,r's lhe mosl conspicloos and dlstinctive teatue is @dge shaped plags embedded in the @ll conlenls, undedyrng the turcw, one benealh eadr and Gdraling lowa.ls lhem lrom lhe cenlre ol ihe cel Wodehouse (1935) eponed size range 30 x 25 to 36 x 26 Fm ior vanols sp€ci6 of Qrof,s Erdthan (1952) reponed size.ange 44 !m forQ @ns Erdtman (1961) has quoled lh€ size €nge 32 r 28 Fm lor Q. pel@ea and 32, 2T gn tq Q .obu. Hyde and Adams (1958) haee qilen $e size Enge 198 x 25 (180- 20.6 x 21.t30) Fm for Q ,rex s.d 25 x 33s pm ior Q @ms Size .olied in a@ds glarca is somewhat larogl than €po.led by earous workels mentoned above tu. q sp€os Allhough the g€ins of Q. d/alala hare tut been descnbed so tar yel t is known hal mosl ot the species cau* hay

28: GROSSULARIACEAE

Grain suboblate to spheroidal lo subspherodal. 5-7 podle, apedurs common type. exinel5 }lm thick iectum psirale eine granolate wlh obs.ure pallem size 6nge 20 35 !m. (1 genus and 2 spei€s *ro studied) No r€porr exisls tor Ribes a/peste 8nd R g/acrale in the pubrished lile.ature The p.6ent nnding @aled UE size .ange 20 (25) 30 fn wit' 1 5 rm lhick exine for R a/peslr€ and 25 (30) 35 pm wilh 1 ld lhick exine R 'br g/et ,e Hu.ng 0972) has grs rhe size Enge 2G34 !m to. rhe fanily which fallswilhin lhe size range obseNed 29: HAMAMELIDACEAE

Grain spheoidal,3- @lpale. amb cncular, colpineadyas long aspolar axes, exine 1.1 5 pm thic( leclum wilh sbr.E proceses sexie r€ticulale, wilh Ol-pattem. sEe ranget 30 - 40 um {1 genus wrth 'l specEs was

205 No previous €pon exisls ld Parcliopss jacquenontiaM in rhe plblished lirerar!€ s ze Enge obseNed is 30 (36) 40 llr wilh 1-1 5 rrm lhick exine Huang (1972) has given the size ra.ge 20-rr4 x 21-39 or 34.42 rm lor the family wtrich is wilhi. lhe si2e range of pre*nl fnd6g 30: HEDERACEAE (ARALIACEAE) 6rain oblale spheroidallo polale. 3-colporale, amb ctcular oranquar, @lp long, ora va.ious. exne 1 2 pm thrck, teclum wilh ve.rlcate proesses. enne €lculate, usually wlh Of pa&m, nenne us!3lly thinner ihan etrne, srze rangs 1937 - 35rm (l genusulh l speces wassludred). Prcsent frnding €vealed lhe size ange 19.37 (25) 35 Bm silh 2 rm lhick ettle lot Hodeh nepatensE Huanq 0972) has given the size €nge 16' 48 r 15-36 !m for $e family Edlman (1952) has gven the s 2e range 32-36 !m and 4G46 un tor sane species 3l: HIPPOCASTANACEAE Grain prolale. sub-prolate or p,olale sphe.oidal 3-@lporate, erane lhin, sudae very linely g6nulaFst ale turow 3 aclmrnate memb.ane slrfa@ sMded wth 30-60 pDjelions ol various sizes uplo 0 5 pm in diameter, pde 3 one in the middle of each tunow. circulaf. size ranoe: 19 x 29 - 32 x 336 pm (lgenuswth 1 species was srudied) No prsious €pon eisb in lhe published literatu€ ror Ae&ulrs Itdica. The pres€nl slud es rcvealed lhe size range 19 x 29 (26 x 30) 32 x 336 !m Hyde and r'rdams (1958) have gv€n the s'2e ra.ge 222 x 19 4 121 2 23 x 1a 1 -20 4 vtn tot a h@pacaslanun and 27 a 24 2 \26 7 - 29 2 x 22 4-26 4 rn lot Aosculus x caaea wlrich is doe lo lhe preenl

32: HYPERICACEAE (GUTIFERAE) Grain o.olale to prolate- sphe.oidal, lcolporale amb ci.4lar or cncubrlobale. ora crc!|a., exine 'l rm ihick, teciun psrlate, seine €iculate or granulale. usually wlh ol-pallem, nexare thinn€r than *rrne si2e rangei

14-18!m. (19€n6 with 1 Bpecies was studred) No p€vious .e@d exists tor lypeiun oblongtfatun in rhe puhtshan riterature Si2e ange is noliced 1466 06) 18 rm wirh I rm thict dine Huang (1972) has gilen the size tange 19-21 | 1S-19 pn lot H. acutisqpatun and 16-23 x 15 20 w lot t] iaporicud $tich is close to the presrn rnding He sludi€d six speci€5 palynologically trom TaMsn 33: JUGLANDACEAE

Grain spheroidal to sotspherodal, 6-podte, amb circular, apenure drop type, etine 1-15 rm rhck, tecrum p3ilare, sexic gra.uare wfth Lo- patteh, size 6n9ei33-47 !n (l genuswth l species was studied) P€ssnl studi€s B€ded lhe siz 6n9e 33 25 (40) 46.55 pm wilh 1.5 !m thick exine lor Jlg/ans regia In simiar srldies Hyde and Adams (1958) havegiven lhe size Enqe 359x 395 !m tor lie same sp€ies Hlang (1972) h6s given lhe size r6.ge 36-42 !m tor J cslrar€rs,s whrch Ls clos€ to lhe

34: LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE) Grain oblate to prolate g or & colpate, amb cir@|a., elliptic rarely s€mi-angular. @lpi as long as polar axes, 6gged, sonetmes *idely epabted al eqlalor. e{ne moslly'l-3 Fm lhick, lecllm wilh scabGle or ve4u€te pro6*, sexine etcura[., size Enge] 21 - 42 tn (3 qene€ and 3 species were siudied). No previous E@d er6ls ln lhe plblished lileratore tor Co/€b,oo*aa oppos/ttur'a Size ranqe is nori@d as 34 (38) 42 pm and eire 2-25 pm

size Enge no[@d m /sodon rpgosus 6 35 (38) 42 pm wnh 2 !m tick €rine Zahur el a/ (1978) have given lhe sze mnge 30 (34) 38 pm for P/€clranrrrs regosrs which is ctose to the present rinding The presnt nnding .eveaLed size 6nge 21 32 (24) 26 66 !n wilh 3 25 !m lhick qine zahur el al (1975-78) have given lhe size r.nge 30 (32) 34 pm tor the same specEs 35: LYTHRACEAE Grain oblale-subprolare, 3@lporaie, amb cidular lo fler sefii a.gular, teclum psilale, exine 2-3 Fm thick sexine psilale or rugllate wilh Lo- panem, mine thinner than sexi.e, size rangei 10 - 55 lrn (2 gemra and 2 so€ci€s @e strldied) There is a great vaiaton in lhe size ra.ge bel'reen lhe loo gen€ra. The naxifrum pollen size 55 rlm was r@rded in Lagear@aa nd,ca shile tlE ninimum size 10.6 |lm in ,yoodloidta tdtcosa

Tho presenl tndng revealed ihe size rangs 39 (47) 55 Am with 3 |rm lhick ex n€ for Lage6lroedia rtdica E.dlma. (1952)hasgiven the size 31-33 llm ror L c€tculala, which is 6ts smalle. lhan lhe p@nl f.ding Size range obs€rved n Woodtordia tultcosa s 106 (134) 1562 !m silh 2 tLm lhick exine Erdtman (1952) has qiven lhe sze range 22 5 x 14 5

Fm for rhe same species $tich is clo€€ to ihe p.66rt fndino 36: MALVACEAE Grain sphe.oidal pantopo.ale, amb crcllar, ora qassmarqinate ci@lar, t4 oval, sprres dimolphic (in size) blunt, osually dileted at th. bases. exine &hinare 5 4 !n lhick, lectlm bacllate, (s6brato in beb,een lhe sprnes) sexne 2-3l1m thick wilh LO- patlern. nexine 2 Jd lhick si4 range 108 180 Fm. (1 genus kth 1 speoes was studied) No p€vious epon exists lor tlbi$ls s/racrs i. the published r{eatlre. Tho presenl findrg Evealed lhe sr2e rafge 108 (135) 180 lrm wth 5.4ld thict exine. Malik el al (lg n) €poned fte size 6nge 120 !m for,l. arnabiros Huang (1972) has giEn the size .ange 122"132 tm lot H. raiwanersis and ]05-195 pm lor H. tileus. Zahat et al. (197t78) have noliced lhe size .a.ge 91 (15953) 240 !m ior genus H,breus. They have sMied six.peci6 greing in Punjab anjlm ar a/ (1994) bde eponed tE size Enge 64.9 (96.41) 123 !m for Hibis@s arstiv€lrs-t?e They sludied six species of Hl,iscrs Erdtm.n (1952) has glven the size range 30190 !m lor |rle lamiry Tahavi (2000) eported n€ sEe Enqe 171 (194) 218 !m (excludi@ spiE) lor H eeu/6r,lus and 139 ( 191) 242 pm (excluding spines) lor tl msa

37: MELIACEAE Gtain sphen@Lpolale. 3-! colpoEt6, amb vanous @lpi crassmarginate, aperilre drop or common type @rely c655rm6rgnal€,

208 FdnsveBally elliptic or ciEUar, exie 1-4 l1n thict, lectum psilate, erin€ linely rcliculale or granLrlate wth OL-or obscu.e p.tiem nexine lhin.er lhan exine sl2e ranqet 20 - 39 pm (2 oene€ and 2 specles ree srudied) No pBious €po.ts are avail.ble lor Cedrcla se@la in the published lileralure. In fle pre*nt linding si2e Enqe is 20 (21.5) 23 !m wlh 2.5 !m thick exine Edlma. (1952) .eponed $e size rangs 2344 pm ror lhe genus Cedrcla which is somwhar la.oer han th€ pr.s€.t findi€ Planls or tB family a€ inst pollin.led size range observed rn M6li€ az6da'"ch is 35 (37) 39 tm wth 4 pm fick exine Erdtma. {1952) has repoded the size range 42-39 !m ror tr€ sane sp€cies which is very do6e lo pcsl fnding. 38: MIMOSACEAE

The pollen grain of Aca.,a spp and , /blzzia spp are a | 16 @lled wiih vanable size and difGrenlialion n |hen aFang€menl lo rom polyads rh€ disial wall of individual gEins i3 lhi.ker and lhe ap€n!€s a€ I poEte The individlal grains arc .lso variable in lheir size from species t0 3p4ies. Ths inteBpecific cha€clels or poly.ds are quile similar nevenheGss il is possible lo difle.€ntate rhe polyads or Acacia spp and Ahizzia spp The apedurcs in all rh€ species are simple por6 colpaie and @lDoEle aDenures have neler been nolrced n th€ sludied malerars, size ranlF: 34-84 !m (size ot polyad as a whole) and 13 - 33 !h (size or individual g€in) (2 genera and 4 sp€ies @e sluded) Pesenlrnding revealedlhe size range 12.63 (15.22) 18 !m (lndividual graln) and 39 (42.7) 48 7 !m (Polyad) with 2 75 !m lhick exi.e for Ac@i€ modesta and 27 (30) 33 pm (lndivid@l s€in) and 34 (37) 4l !m {Poiyad) wilh 3 pm thic( exine for 4 niiorba. Tahavi(2000) hss given lhe size rang€ 15 (16 3)18 !h tor Ind vdoal ce I and 47 (49 5)52 !m tor Polyad torA nodesl€ $tich is wry close lo lhe presnl lrding lls si4 and olher ar€ 'ealure cloely elared lo a. daalbala, reporled by Byde and Adams (1954) wnh size ange 25.6 x 52.5 !m The gEin! a.e airbome Vishnu el a/ (1962) have descnb€d 4. ,riroltca giving the sze range 42 46 x 42-44 !m oI Poly.d Hlang (1972) has given lhe size 6nge 38{5 !m to. he genus Acac'€ Adt (1939) €pdl€d lhe size Enge of polyad as 36 (38.5) 42 tor the same species Tahavi (2OOO) has given the si4 range 11 (13) 15 !m for individualgrain and 36 (39)43 !m lor polyad tof the same rpdes Prsent fnd ng relealed lhe size .ange 56 (58) 70 pm (Polyads) wilh 2 1 pn rhick e\tne lot Albizza chl,€rs6 and 22 (25) 28 !m (Size of indtidu5l g6in) and 75 (79) 84 um (Sia ot grcup as a whole) with 2 !m lhid exine fo. t /ebb6ct. sutt and Bhotta (1991) have eive. rhe size range 58 (63) 65 !m ior the a .h,rers,s which s dGe lo the pre*nt fnding Malik e! 3/ 0964) have descibed A reOOeck giving size Enge oa polyad 8s I x 85 um Butl 0989) has gven the siz6 range ol poryad as 63 (71 5) 80 !m for ttle same specEs Tahav (2000) has sven lhe size range 24 (26) 30 pm for individlal srain and 77 (31) 86 pm to. polyad for lhe same speies. which is do* to lhe present finding. Enomous amount ol ponen is shed in lhe air altrDugh lhe plant Ls i.secl polli.aled. Ihe srarns of this plant probab y cause ale€ies !o e.rain individuals rn the area. 39: MORACEAE Grain oblate-sphero dal lo slbobale.2-4 poraie ambcirc!a., aperlure @mmon or dop type, exLne 1 sm lh ck. tectum psilale. sexi.e g.anuale, with Lo'panen. nexine thi.nd than sexire. There ts greal vanaton In size.angel s-30 24 rm. (3 gene.a and 8 species rerc slud€d) The pEsenl lindi.g revealed lhe size €nge 10 (11 3) 13 3 jrm wlh 2 um thick enne for BrcuNnera papyril4. Wod€house (1965) €ported lhe size 6ngs 134 Jlm lor the same spsdes Huang (1968) @porled size 6nge

11 15 x 13-18 Bm lor lhe same species Ti ak (1989) rcporled 10 x 12 pn a.d Zahur el ,l (1975-78) eponed si.e rang€ 1l (14) 17 l1m lo. the sane species The planl shed maximuF quantity of pollen g.ain in lhe month ot ApilMay in Pakislgn and $e pant is wind p! linaled Behlon 1924 m Wodeholse (1965) has ttE opnion lhal lhe grains ol lhrs l.ee are a potenl €us€ to hay iever In lslamebad n is qrowng geganously causrng allergies and olher broochial diseases No lrevious €co.d exists in the oublished lilerature tor Fi.us canca, F. cunia F foveolala a d F palfualr. The presnl frrdinq revealed lhe sEe 6nses31 (1019) l2rmurh 1 lln thick erme lor F @i@,144 JA24)

2t0 4.24 tm lot F cunia, 10 (1 1) 12 !m wi'l 1 Fh thict exine io. F towoiata and l5 (17) 21 pm wirh 2 !m hick exine ior F pa,nala Hlanq (1968) reponed $e 5 z€ range 1 5 17 x 11.21 tln tot F beechaFna Erdlman (1952) has given the si2e range 13 r 18 5 l'n tor F eea,pa. A@rd ng to him lhe thin and nenble exi.e in MoE@ae b someltme invaoinated in a way which mighl lead io ralss condus'on ot the gran being l-sulcale The pEsenl findrng revealed fle sze range 13.32 (16) 23 rm wilh 1- 1.5 Jlm thick exine lor Morus €iba 12 (15) 22 rn wth 2 5 rn thicr eine ror M r&r€ and I 1 {16) 2s rm and eti.e 1 5 ,lm lhick for M. se@la No eod ends an the publrshed lileEtu€ lor M emla. Hyde a.d Adans (1954) reporred rhe size Enge (224 | 26.1 rn) tot M alba wodeholrse (1905) €po.led lhe size Enge (17 1 20 6 rd) ror m6 sam€ species lt has b€6n shown by Mrravece6 (1973) lhat M a/ra most @mmon arrergenrc str4t re 's in Soulhem Calironia \ryhib Bemton 1928 wo

No previols €@rd exisls tor Callislemo, c,?tnus io lhe published l sralure The presenl ti.dlng revealed he sz€ lange 17 76 118.5) 21 3 pm Wlh 3 !m thick exine. Erdtnan (1952) has given lhe size 6nge 12.35 pn tor the family. Huang 0972) €ported lt€ siE .ange lt22 x 2G30 !m io. c coccin€us Tilak (1989) noliced the size ranse 1t22 pm ior lhe c' ,iEaas. zahur er a/ (1978) have given th€ size range 17 (185) 20 !m br c /anceo/arls The plant is insecl polli.ated bul ils grarns occaslonany b@me

No prdious ecod exBls in lhe published lileEtre lot E@alwtus ctuidoQ E. lanceolala and E. l€riltclmus The pr*ent findrng r€veal€d the

)tl size Enge 10 (15) l8 !m wirh 2 5 tn rhicr< exine lot E cjii.lora, 12 117) 20 pm wilh 2.77 !m lhickexineforE g/ob!/us, 15(22) 28 !mwilh 1 2Spmthick elne for E /arc€olala and 11 5 (16) 19 23 pm w h 2 77 !n rhick enne ior E btincMu' zahut at al. \1975-78) .6po.red rhe size Enge 54 (58) 63 !m lo. E. g/obrlus Tilak (1989) has given ihe sia range 13'16 x 2G25 pm to. the samespecies, while Edrman (1952)has giwn rhe size range tor23! 35 !m

4l: NYCTAGINACEAE Grai. suboblale lo subp@lac, 3@lpale, amb cncular, colpiop€n exire 1-5 Fm lhick teclum usoally psilal6 sine granulate or €li@late nerine thinner than sexine. size .angei 27-31 um (1 genus wilh 1 speci6 was

Presenl fndlng reveaed lhe size @nge 27 129) 31 !m wilh 3.52 !m lhi,ck exi^e lot Bougai.villea glabb. Erdlman (1952) has gNen lhe size range 21x 36 vn lot A dabra var up,b, whi.h is clos€ to the pres€nt firding 42: OLEACEAE

6€in subobtate to subpotale.3- @tpate or3-@lpoEte, ambcirculaf. orcular lobale or semtsanoular colpr neany as long as pola. axes sometimes cfassimarg nale. apenure common type ora circular, exin6 r- 4 rrm hick, laclun pslale, or wth scabrale, veru€te or clavale pr@s*s sexme €li@late or tirEly reticllale, wilh Ol-paten. .exine lhmne. or as lhick as *rine, there is great va.ialio. . size range 6 15-66 fm. (3 genera and 6

The raxa exaoined in rhe lamily oleaceae re@aled that there is grcat

Engeofva aiion of polle. siE n thislamily The ma{mom pollen size 66 Bm eas e@rded in Jasni4um gErd,ilorud while lhe minimum size 15 Jlm in Ole fe@girea The rest ot lhe sFcies p6ess6d intemediale pollen size No oeNious record exists for Jasrftrrn rn€sny, and J sambac in the published lite.aru€. rhe peenr ti.ding rdealed rhe sie rarue 25 (40) 58 !n uith 1 !m ihick exine ior J numile, 28 (44) 60 um *tn 4-4.5 pm $ick exine tor J mes,y,, 36 (44) 52 pm with 4 pm thick exne tor J ofdnsle and 34 (40) 50 rm wlh 4 lln thick exir€ ior J saDb& Erdhan (1952) reponed

lt2 lhe s ze Enge 57 ! 46 !m ior J hrmile iralik 613/ (1964) noliced lhe size €nge 33 !m ior J onbt'ale Huang (1972) has give. rhe size range 28-45 ! 34-48 !m ror the genus Jaeirrn He studied lwo species Zahu €l €/ (1978) have given rhe slz€ Enge 58 {62) 66 pm tor J gQndilluun and 34l42l50

No previous f@rd exists for rorsrem /@d/m in rhe pubrished lileElore. P€*nl finding re@aled U€ si2e €nge 29 (33) 36 rm wirr 3-4 rm lhick €xino Hlang (1972) has given lhe sze ange 25-39 x 24-40 pfi ror lhe genus L,guslrun He repofted live species from Taiwan shich is close to the

No p€vious rcport is avartabte in pubtished tite€tue lor olea leroginea size range re@rded here s 1 5 (19) 23 Bm sth 2.3 jrm thic* exine Wodehouse O935) fepoded lhe size range 22 !m tor o eurcpaea. whlc6 do* to lhe pr€d nnding 43: PAEONIACEAE

Gr6in prolal€- sphero dal. 3-colpor (oid)ate, anbhangllar exine 1 pm thic(, sxine hic(er flan nexine exept in apocolpia where sex'ne and nqine ol 1 equar thickness, .etcurate. size rangei 22-30 l.m. (l genos wiul 1

No previoos .eport is avairable in publshed lte.ature tor Peonia emodr The p€sent fnding revealed the si@ range 22 (28) 30 lln wiLh 1 rrm thict exine Erdhan (1952) has giwn rhe size 6nge 36 x 38 |)m for P

44: PAPILIONACEAE G.ain sphdiEl, sut sph€ri6l, subhangular, obrate- suboblate. p€. oblare, prclate 3- poEre or 1 colporate, amb crcular, drclrats lobale o. semi- a.gular aperturc common rype or drop type. eine lslely 'l-25 pm thick. lellm is commody reliculale or g.a.ulate, sexine thictor lhan nexine, rarely being the same thiclmess The€ is g€at vanalon in size range I e 11-

43 llm (8 g€nera and 1 1 species @re stl]died) The laxa examined n the tamily Papilionaceae revealed lhat theE is greal range ol vanaton ol ponen si2e in lhis tamily The maximon pollen size

2tl 43 Bm was ecorded in Sllea Dorospema while lhe minimum size 1 I pm in Dalb€,lia s6s@ The 6t ot the species possessed intemediate pollen siE. No previous t@rd erists lor /4sragal6 @tdoleaus, A. g6hanim6 a da pslocenlas var psiloc@lres in lhe published lite€llre The oe*nt rnding €vealed the size 6nge lt22 x 13-21 pn witt' 2 5 !n thick exi.e tor A candallaanus 14(17) 21 !m with 2 5 !m hick exine tot A VahanianB and 12 (16) 20 pfr with 1 am hick €xine rof A pst/oE tros val ps,/ocerL6. Vishno ei al (1962) .eponed si2s range ot 18-20 x 14-16 pm lor 4 conbnuplbutus Hua g (1972) has given lhe size 6n9e 20-21t 1719 !m lor A. Mnkolaiza@is, 16 22 x 1t21 pm for A. ,o*oerss and 17 x 1116 !m for

Pr6ed nndir€ revealed lhe size range 35 (39) 43 !m with 3.5 pm lhicl exire for Arlea no.osoorma Vish.u et a/ (1962) dsc bed lhe same speci€s giving a size of 40-42 x 34 pm. Tahavi (2000) has gven the size raige 37 (41) 45 !m ior the sam€ speces which is co* lo lhe present tinding The pesnr findinq €veared the size Enge 1r (22.40) 30 !m sit' 2 pm rhick eine tor oalberyta sssoo vishno er a/ (1962) re9oned size 'le 6nge 58-68 r 543r !m for rhe sare spsies. Khan er a/ (1970) gave t'e size range 40-42 pm and exine lhickness up to 45 pm for lhe sam6 species. \ hich ls larger rhan d,le p.esent hding zahor el a/ (1978) desc bed the sanssp€cles and reported lhsrang6l6 (20.5)25 !m. Huang (1968) repoded rhe Eiz6 rang€ 21-30 x 25-29 !m lor d.e same specles. Auft (1989) has given the siz6 range 26-23 x 22-24 !m lor lhe same speies. Tahavi (2000) has given l'|e size €nge 1a (22 5) 27 !m lor ihe sme species No prelious rdrd etists ior Oes .diun elegans ann O. Ndacatwn in lhe pu blished I'terature The p€s€nl frnding .evealed the srze range 1 3 5 (16) 20 !fi with 15 um thck *ne lor O e/ee|a s and 30 (32)35 !m with 2 !m ihickerneforD. podoc..prm. Hua.g (1972) has given lh€ sze range 19- 46 x 18-52 !m for rhe genls Dosnodild He studred 21 sp€cles Chen el a/ (1993)have sludied 15 spei6 ot Ossrrod,rd eifl SEM and TEM and give. l\e 3ize 6nge 22-2A \ 17 -22 tfr lot O. @udalun and 37 50 \ 41.55 tn lot D hetercphyttm. zahut eI at 11973) hde given the si4 .ange 37 (41) 45 un lor

2t4 D ni@phy un. vishu et al | 1962) ecoded the size €nge 28 x 2tr22 um

Size.a.ge r@rded in Aur@ rnorosp€ma is 29 (31) 33 pm *lh 2 pm fic* exine. Erdlman (1952).eport\:d the size range {24-44 pn) ld E4hnna qpp. Bult (1989) has given lhe size range 345 (375) 405 !m ror E g/€br€scens Tahau (2000) has eporl€d the siz6 range 31 (33) 35 !m lor the same species which is very clos€ lo (le pEsenl fnding No p.evlous ecord er6ts in lhe published lite@rute lot lndiqolqa ,el€.arrha si? €nqe noted h.re is 222 (29) 41 pm wrh 2.3 pm exi.e Huang (1972).epoded the sire.ange 21- 4 x 2l-37 !m to. rhe genus rrdilo/le/a He has sludied nine sp€c'es ol rnd'@tera w! er a/ (1995) have giw6 lh€ size Enge 20-46 x 21-45 pm lor li€ genus /rdgolola Th€y have strldied 15 sp€cts of /rd,lofera trom TaiMn. Tilak (1989) has given lhe size range 39 x 30 !m for / cordlfolr:a Maikera/ (1964)have given ihe size range 26 40 pfr lot I geerdiana. zahu. er a/ (1975 78) repo.led the Bize Enqe 22 (26) 30 !m for lhe eme species No D€vious e@d exisb in oublished literalure fo. Robtrb ps€l]doacada. Size €nqe Eoded hee is 20.7 (26 A) 34 6 !n wiu' 1 5 |Jm

No p€vious re@rd exists |or Sop,h@ ru/6 ssp. Dolis in lhe published literarue size range noted rs 12 (13) 20 pm wilh 1 5 !m lhic( exine. Huang (1972) has given the size rang€ r 2rs x 11-20 !m to. the ge.us Sophor€ which is very c ose lo ths pGsent linding. 45: PHILADELPHACEAE G.ain prolale lo subobl.le, 3. colooraie. amb ci.cllar, oE t areveely parellel, colpi 17 x 3.5 Fm. exire 2 Am lhck s€xire frely eliculalo eith OL- pattem. saze rangei 1t3O |lm. (1 g€nus ulh 1 sp€cies wa3 sludEd). No pEvious rd.d exisb for OeulzB sladinea in trE plblBhed llteralur€ Size .anqe noticed herc is 15 (20) 30 pn with 2 rm lhick exine. Huang (1972) has given the size fang€ 17-30 x l5 27 pn for D pubhata and 15-30 x 1127 sn tot D latwanes,s which is very cl6e lo the present llnding

2t5 46: PLATANACEAE

G.ain usually suboblale or oblate spheroidal, $@lpale, amb ci.@lar, tu.os mendionally aranged exrns 1-15 llm lhick, *nre etolate, size

€ngei 1 5-29 Fm (1 genus wilh 1 sp€cies Ms stldi€d) No record erEls n the publBhed lileErure tor P/rtan6 qientalis. size range notrced in lho prssent studies i5 15 (20) 29 Am wilh 1 1 5 Am lhick exine Edlman (1952) has given the slze Enge 22.5 x 14.5 t\m lot P. [email protected]. Wodehouse (1935) repo.led lhe size range 18 x 14 to 21 x 17 rrm ior rhe genus P/alanus. Adams el 6/ (1958) haee givei the size range 16 3 x 189lrm io.P €@nfora which swilhinlhesze 6nge of p.esenl frndinq 47: POLYGONACEAE

GEin spheroidal, oblate amb ci.cua.. colporale. apenle common ' lype, oE circular. exi.e 1.5 Bm lhi.( and tectum with veru@te proess6, size @q€: 1$24 un (l genuseilh I specie6 wds studied) Plenr fnding ever€d th€ si2e tenqe 15.29 O9.3r) 24 @ $itr 1.5 Jlm ihick exine ior RuDer ras,atus Zah!, or a, {1975-78) eported nE size 6n9e 22 (24) 26 |rm lor the sane specias *ni't is cros io ine p6eni fnding. According lo Wodehouse (1965) danl is wnd pollinaled and ralls into

48: PROTEACEAE GEin oblate to subobbl€ 3- po.ate, amb angul.r, aperlu.e club We, leclufi psilale exi.e 25 rm thick, sexine gEnllale with obscure or LG patlern nexine lhinner lhan or a! lhic( as *ine, size Enge 3G50 llm (1 genus wirh 1 species was slld ed) Present linding reveal€d lh€ size Enge 30 (36) 50 Am with 2.5 }ln thick er ne for Gravl//ea robusld €rdnian (1952) has qiven lhe size Enge 35 x 47 !m lor the same species which is close lo the size of lhe speoes under studles Huang (1972) has gven ths size rang€ 15-17 t 2A-27 j\t lot rhe familv which is smaller than the Dre€gnl r€sulls. 49: PUNICACEAE

GEin slbprolale lo pro at€-spherordat. 3 cotpoEte amb ctrcuiar. cotpi 16 x 3 !m, aperruedrop rype, ora crcltar 6xine 1 5!m thick, recruh psitate

*xlne gEnllale wilh Lo paftom. size range: 18 62 24 pm. (1 g€nls wilh 1

P6enl finding reveared lhe sizE €nse 13 62 (21.2) 24 Fm rih 2 s |lm t]|'i.k exine lot Puaica qanatun E.drnan ( 1952) €poned ihe eze 6nqe 19 r 26 fn for lh€ same specEs Tah.vi(2000) has gilen rhe size Bnge 25 (21) 29 !n to.lhe same species Sze he.e coincides wirh lh€ size mnge.eponed

50: RANUNCULACEAE

G€in p.olate to suboblate. 3{olpare, amb circurar, @lpr usuarry long. erine 1-2 !m lhck. leclum psilale or wth scabrale processes. sexine shate orgranubto wilh Lo-patle.n, nexine as thck as or thinner lhan sexine There ls greal va alion in size range ie 125 - 35.5 l]m. (1 ge.us and 3 species

No ptevio6 eporls a€ available in published hteralure rd C rDar'.s @n@ta, C ghla and C nontana. The p€enl linding €vealed the size ranqe 17.76 (24 6) 35 52 pm uth 1 5- 2 !m thick exne ior C corrata 12 5 (18 2) 22 !m with 1 5 pfr thick exine lot c gtata and 1a 66 Q2 23) 24 6 16 with 1.8 Im thick exine ior C @rlara Huang (1972) repoded lhe size range

15-30 x 1 5-32 !m ior lhe genus Cleralis He sludied 1 3 species oi C/edars trom Iamn. hyde and Adams (1958) have giwn lhe size €nge 17.2 x 14.7 (16 3-18 1 x 17.2- 1S 8) !m lor C v,l€lDa ftdtsan {1952) .eponed |he size range 26 !m for C. palers and 19 tn lot C zeylanica. 51: RHAMNACEAE GEi. obldte-sphe.oldal lo suboblaie 3 colporste, a.nb semrangular or subangula., aperlure dop type, 06 vaioos, exine 1 Fm lhtc( lectum psilate. sexine granulate or fnely Etculale wilh Lo- palte,n. n€xhe lhinret than saxne, sr2e ranqe: 1 1 - 45 !m (3 geeE and 6 speci€s @e stdied)

2t7 No p€vious ecod exists to. Rnaflnrs ,.gala in the pubtished literatue Pr€seni tinding eveared the size Enge 2l (25) 27 }ln with 1 |rm thi.k exire. Edllnan (1952) has 9iv6n the size rang€ 17-35 Fm ror fle famity Huang (1972) has g'ven t'e size 6nge 21-22 x 2d21 @ lot R @nata, 17- 24 \ 1e27 gn lot R. totusana, 2125 , 23-27 sn lot R nakanazl vir'|'ig, i. close io the pr€sent r$ults No pfovlous rocord exists fof Sagetetia thea var bbndrcttiana in the pubrished rileralJre The prNnl finding €v€red $€ sEe 6nge 11 (18) 20 |)n $h t Fm rhid( enne h sih'rar sMies Huang (1972) eported rhe size range S17 x 1On 7 20 llm for the genus which is cros€ !o the pr6ent frding. No pevious rc@rd ex6ts in the publishgd riteratue tor Ztiphls n1ldnma and Z orlphyl/a The pre66nl sludy reveaLed the size €.ge 18 5 (22) 27 !m eith 4 !m rhick enne b. Z. jujuba. 21 (261 3O pn and exine 3 !h ltlick lot z naudnaaa, 40 (42) 45 !m with 9 pm tick exine fot Z. nonndana a.d 16 (24.5) 31 !m with 1-1 5 !m lhick exine for Z oxlphl/a Huang (1972) has given rhe size range 20-27 x 2a-30 lrn lot z rtljuba zahu et a/ (1978) have d€n the siE .a.ge ,14-46 pm to. lhe same species wi*| 6 !m lhic( €rine n|ak {1989) has noli@d the size range 1$25 pm for tE genus Zi4phus Zanq el at \197t78) haw given the size .a.ge 44 (.46) 48 fm for th€ Z nrmmrlara, shich is very close lo the presenl linding. 52: ROSACEAE G6in prolal€ to oblale, 3- colpdaie, amb ci@|a., or semiangular, .pedu€ immon lype. exine usually 1- 2 |jn lt ck, l*tum psihle o. wilh scabrate poceses, *xine glanulaie, nnely Eliculale, stnato-roliculate o. striale, usuallywilh LO- or ndislinct pati€rn, nexi.e lhlnne. than seine TheE is g€al vari.lon in sizs range i.e. 10-e'4 llm. (11 gene.. and 29 spe.i* wsr€

The le examined in the f.mily Rosac€ae revealed that thee is gE.l

.ange otvanatun ofpoll€n 6ize in th s iamily. The maximum pollen size 64 pm was recoded i. C€taagls sorgarba whrle lhe minimum size 10 Am in

2t3 No previoB repon extsls in plbtished liteblure ror coroneaster acunkata, c affrns var bac ans and c nrmmrlan?r rhe pe*nl fnding evoaled lhe s ze range 18 66 (23 25J 30lot c acuninata,25 \26J 35 w lol C atns va.. bei ans and 1A Qq 29 $ C numutdb Exine is 2}1m hi.l in all lhe lh€e species Huang (1972) has gNen the sze Enge 35 pm tor C.

The p€senl iinding reveared lhe size Enqe 24 (41 7) 64 !m tor Crcraeqls songanba $ttle Hyde €l a/ (1958) have given the sze 6nge 25.8 x 37 .4 tn lot C. nonagyna. No p.svious cpon exisls in published literatuE for ctdorra oblorgr. In tne presenr srudy sze range was noticed 30 (38) 45 !m with 15 pm thick

Presenr tinding reveated the si2e range 24.60 (27.55) 34 !m with I 5 !m thick exine for €rbboLya /a@r,ca Huang (1972) descnbed the eme specres gMng lhe size range 19-22 x 19-22 tn zahur el a/ (1978) Eponed tE sE €nge 9a (109) 124 pm and Tahavi (2000) has gNen lne size range 96 (111) 126 !m lor lhe same speci6. Which is very targef lhan the

No prevrous rocord extsts tor pnhsopir rtl6 in the pubtished tiieratuE Pre*nl finding .eveated fE size .ange 25 3 (29 5) 37 5 !m eith 2 3 pm d\ick exin€ Huang (1972) €po.ted d)e size @nge 25-37 x 2535 pn ior p eand€ns which rs close lo lhe prese r6utts No previous epod exrsrs In fE pubtrshed riterature for prunus anygdatus, P amadcana, p. boNkdienns and p conura. the pr*ent fnding reveared f|e slze range l9 (25) 27 rm wifl 1 rm rhick exine iot p. anygdalusj 16 (26) p 35 !n with 1.5 pm lhick exine tot ane.j@na 1j-25 x 1&23 /n *ilh 1 r(m thick erne tor P av,ih, 23 (25) 30 !h wilh 4 pm lhEk elne tor P bothanensis, 15 124 4) 33 tn with 1 53 !m ihick exine for p @m!ta and 4i (48) 56 !n wlrh 3 5 !m thrck exi)ne lot p petsjca Erdtman €l a/ (1963) have Oven the eze.ange 27 x 30 !h tot p aviun. Huang (1972) has gve. rhe p. size Enge 1+30 x 14-30 !m lot phaeosticta and 19-21 x 20-25 tn lot p DU@. Hyds and Adahs (195a) ,eponed lhe size range 26.5 x 36 (2128 4 x 32 3- 37.4) !m tor P spnosa Wodehouse (1965)re@rded the gEin size

2t9 50.57 !m lor P pear'ca. He also noliced that ths dust lrofi the skin of the ftuit o@sionally cause asthmatic symploms afihouqh the ptant is inseal polli..red The gEins are airbone zahlr el al (197176) have giren the si.e rarge 39 (46) 54 pm for lhe same species. No preeous €po.t exists in the pubtish€d tileratu€ for p,rus @nnuni' P tin neyi and P pashr'a Present finding eveated lh€ size.a.ge 25 (30) 35 pF with 4 pm lhrck erne for P commrnis, 24 (28) 33 !m w h 3 pm ftck exine br e ,ndle)4 and 22 (24) 26 !m wjrh 2 pm $ick exine ror p

No previous repod exists rn be plbtished theratu.e tor Rosa brun@i,, R. narcthannus and R @bbiars. The presenr tinding reveated the size range 23 (30.3) 372 sm wilh 2.6 pm rhrck exire torR DruroDi 20(24)30 !m wilh exine 2,3 ph thick for R' .€norraDnus a.d 22 (25) 28 !m wnh 4 !m lhEkexi.etor R @bbiara H!a.g (j972) has gtuenlhesize €nge 32 3-39x 37 43 pn lot R. ttciae, 25-33 t 19-32 1 pm for R Donisorersrs, 27-35 x 2G 2ArnforR p@i,26-Ut2O 25 rnlot R @nbucka,24_29 x 24,30 pn fo. R radanen&s ard lG32 r 27-29 Lh ror R r€nsnorsone,srs No p€viaus re@rd exists tor Fubus etipticA, R nacibntus, R njwus and R u/rltolius m the pubtished tde.atue The preent finding Eveated the sze range 27 (30)35 !m wi$ 1-2 !m thtck e(ne for R e iptjcus 30 (36) 44 wlll 1 thid ior !m ,rn enne R Dacite,lus, 16 (2i) 24 rm wjth 188 llm rhict exi.6 r0r R ,/r€!s and 151 (22) 26 7 !m wilh 1r s llm uiick exine ior R u/Drtorrs Huang (1972) studied 20 specGs ot R brs patynotoqrc€lty He ha! giE. rhe eze Bnge 16-21 x r rl' pn. tot R ahnoiatrs.22_ x17,26rjn lat R. nesogaeus, 14-22 x 11-22 tn tot R. paNiatatitolius 1s-27 x j7-2j t)m lot R shinkoersis, -21 17 x 1+2o tn lor R taiwtuEhus, 1d24 \ 1,1 x 20 tm lot R. lai@nbota and 20-25 \ 20-50 !m ior R ,ianlhus Edrnan (1943) has reporled the size Enge 32 um tor R dh€maerorus Efdrnan (1952) has Oven ihe s2e ra.Ee 37 x 29 um tot R ctaaaenotw prevrous No rcport exists to. so.barla ronerlosa in ihe pubtished lite.ature Size range for p.esenl nndinq is 1 1 5 (15) 28 |rm and elne L5 rn

210 No p€vious record ensb ior Spi,/a€a an4s, S cadton,brss, S hazahca, S tasiocarpa a^d S yacdrtbl,b h the pubtished literatu€. The p.esenr findrng ev€led lhe size range 16 (18) 20 rm wth 1 |lm thick enne ror S. aths,1o (10 35) 12.85!m wirh 2 llm thrck esne forS .adoflersis, 19

{21 5) 24 !m with 1 2 Fm thick exi.e for S. hazancs, tS (17 5) 19 pm with 1 pm lhEk erne for S. las,ocarpa and 1 1 (13) 15 rm B{h 1l]m thick erine ior S. vaccinilolia Huang has given rhe size range 16-17 x 17_18 pm tof s. tomos€na, 1&19x17t9!mlotS Msonicola and 1114 x 13-15 pmlol prur,b/a. s. Hyde and adans (1958) reported the si2e ra.ge 12 9-18 !m tor S ,/nanl Several speces of Spiraea have occasionaly consioereo causng

53: RUBIACEAE

Gdin oblare lo obEesphdo:dar, 3-@tpare, amb circutar or sslni angurar. oE lo.gilld nally e iptc or crcurar, ctlb lype cEssmaEnate, exine 2.13 rh thick tectum sth sblate pr@sses, etine, @6dy elicutate, wirh oL-pattem nexi.e considerably rhi.ne. than the sexrne s.e range 1/- 40}ln (2 genera and 2 speoes re€ srudied) Presenl fnding feveated ure size range 25 137) 40 Bm wnh 2 5-3 !m rhlck ex ne lof a€Dilron a sraveo/ors Erdtman (I952) reporled the size range ,() x 43 l/n ior the sme sp€jes *nich is ctose to lhe p.esd resuns. previous No fecord exisb in pubished ileErure ior R€rd,a retaspr@a. Present fnding @vealed lhe size €nge 1Z (2OJ 36lS un with 25 !m rhick exire Hua.g (1972) has given the ste range 12,32 x 15,36 !m for the genls Fardlb which is dce to the pre*nt finding : RUTACEAE protale Grain ro subobtate,3-5 cotporate. amb cncutar tobate. circLrtar. hErsuoanguraror sehrangutar corpiusualy tonq ape,nrre @mmon or drop lype ora ransveGa paE ry |et or @nnecled together as a beh, exine 1-2 l]m thicl, lectum paitale or with s@brate, gemmate or bacutate p.oce.s6. s€xire g.anulate, striale or reliculale, nenne rhinn€r rha. $rine, sr2e.ange: 12,43 rlm (3 genera and 5 species wer€ sludied)

221 No previoqs €cord erhls tof CA'us rcUcutata, Skinnia taueota aN zanlhaxylun smatun in lhe published rirerature P€sent findi.g reveated the eze range 27 (30) 3a !m hth 2 3.5 pm thick exine lor c au.anttuh, 30 /.32) 43 pm aith 3 5 um thick exine ror c rericrtala 35 (37 5) 40 !m widl 4 5 !m thick exne for c, sr€rsrs, 20 (27) 385 ]lm wth 1-15 l]m thck exine fof Skinnia tau@ta and 12 (16) 20 !h wfth 1-1 5 !m thick exi@ tor zanthaxytun amatun Tahavi(2ooo)has given the sze Enge 32 (34) 3O fm ror rhe C au.a.lirn which is cro6e b prEent findings Huang (1972) has gN6n the s4 .ange 26-30 x 20_27 lot c tachbana. E,dtnan (1952) @poned $E s|:e 6nge 34 x 32 pm fof C. sinersd Huang (1972) has given ihe sze dnge 21,25 x 18 22 rm tor s*nnia @vesjana a d 21_25 | 1e22 @ lol zanthoxylun pleropoduh w6ich rs close lo the presenl tinding 55: SALICACEAE

cEin protate to protare-sphsoidal 3-cotporate amb circutar of circlia.lobate, colpi long, ora cncutar or transveEa y e iplic exine 1 gm hick le.rum with s€b6le processes, sexine retcotate, wi!,l ol-paltem, nexne hinner ihan sexine. srze Enge 9 t3o |rm (2 genera and 7 species

previous No repon exish i. rhe pubtshed titorature for poprl,s ciliala The p.esern finding reveared rhe sire ,ange 20 {25) 30 !m with 1 !m hick enne €rdlman (1943 and 1952) has given the si2e.ange 30 !m to. P renula and pm 35 lor P trmda 9r9as Wodehouse (1965) has given the size 6nge 2.a,37 um to. the qenus pqpulus Hyde and Adams (l9SB) haw qtuen the s ze range 33 5 !m ror p .aresce,s. No p.evrous rcporr exists for sal', enophy a s babytonta, s .Jenliulata va. hazatica s denticutata vat hnatensis, s ttabenatis antl Sa/ir sp In the pubtished treratrre The prese nndins range (18) r54 21 !m with 1.5 um thick erine ror s, ac@pryla, 18 (20) 22 3 pm um with 5 thick ex .e tor S babylonica, 12 (6) 1O pm with exine 1 pm thicklot S denicutata vt hazanca 13 (17) 20 !D with exi.e 1 25 Fm bict tot S dqtitutata ve hinatereis, 20 (22) 24 pm wrth 1.75 llm rhick exin€ tor flabelais s and 95 (1255) 19 !m w|h 1 um lhick exine fo. s3/ir sp Wod€house (1935 and 1945) .eponed rhe srze.ange 17I !m to. genus Sa/,x and 17-18 pm for S d,scolo/ Huang (1972) has gven the sLze Enge 17-22 x 12-16 Vn lot S wahuryi Erdtrnan (1 952) has given the size range 20-36 !m rof genus Salr. He also reponed rhe size Enge 20 24 !m tor S daphnolites, S. ghndilotia S. hehacia S ,unnutada aN S. retbutata Hyde and Adams (1958) notced rhe si2e range 15 r 164 (14.2 16.4 x 1a 6-172) !m tor S. caprca zaiv et al 11918) reponed the size range 18 (20) 22 um for s. letrasp€rmd Tahavi (2000) has given the size range 20 (22) 24 !m tor same

56: SAMBUCACEAE (CAPR|FOL|ACEAE)

GEin subprorare to obtale-spheroidat, 3- cotpoEte. anb circutar or crcurats robate colpis x 3 !m 0.6 kamvers€ty- elipric, exine bacutate. 1.5 jrm thrck, teclum with gemnale p@ce$es. *xine thicker lhan nexine reliculate wilh OL- paden, si2e €nge; 11.6-jO Am. (1 genus with 1 speies

No prevrous ecod is avaitabte in the pubtished rileEruc for samb,cus w,ghtara Presenl finding reveatsd the size.ange 11 6 (j5 1) l8 !m wnh I 5 !m ihick exrne. Hyde el a/ (1958) Mve grve. rhe size range 16 6 x 17 4 (15 3- 170 x 16.2-i0 7) ,lm ro. s nda and Hua.g (j972) report€d ihe size.ange 20"26r 14-26 Fm tor S. ,bm6ara which is ctose ro the pfesentfnding 57: SAPINDACEAE

Grarn oblate to slbprotate or spheroidar 3 cotpoEre amb anguEr smlangura., orcuta. or subanguta., aperture @mnon. exire us@itv 1 2 um hi6k, tecbm usuatty psrtate, sexire striate, .eticutate or gEnuEe nexrre lhinne. than s€xine size ranget 14-306 rrm (2 geneE and 2 speoes we.e

P.esent findrng reveated the size range 22 6 (25.7) 30 6 !m wilh 1 2 thick !m exi.e for Dodoraea v6co!r. Erdtnan (1952) epoded the srze .ange 29 \ 26 tm lot D. aflenuata and 33 x 26 !m tor O atlenuM vat neans Huang (1972) has given lhe size |ange 27-33 x 26-35 pm lor O. v,scoss zahur (197t78) €l al haE noi@d the size 6n9e 22 (24) 26 !m ,or rhe same speoes. (193s) Ilak reported the size.a.ge do.e rha. 30 pm aor the sme specieswhich is very close lo the prgsenr fnd ng Enornous amount ororans

221 of rhs pant are internixed in the a. bor thei. altergenic symptoms a.e lnknown Dr Bhuha has expe.ienced that it causes seve.e initalion in the thoat il lhe gEi.s ac i.haled directy Si2e range notced in Sapirdus ,ukorcss, !s 14 (17) 22 !m wth 1 pm lhick exhe. Huang (1972)reponed rhe sze Gnge 1519 r 18-21 um to.the $he sp€o6 whrch is do* to the present findi.g 58: SIMARUBACEAE

G.ain prorahe lo spheoidat, @tporate, anb ci.cutartobaE or ' cj@lar colpr 1117 x 2-4 Fm apodure @mmon type, oE t ansvelsa y paErer, er.e 1 Am lhick thickened at poles,lectum psitate or wth scabrale pro6se' sEerangei 17-3075 lmt(1genls*ilh 1 sp4 es was studied) No pevious €pon bt Aitanthus alissina elisls in sE pubtished rirerarure size rang€ notced in the presed nndi.g is 17 (24 70) 3075 !m wrrh 1-2 !.i th ck exine Huang (1972) .eponed the si4 Enge 1+30 I 14-22 pn ftr the famity which is d@ to tl|e pGent lindrng 59: SOLANACEAE

Grah pdprotale ro obtaie or spherodat to subtriangulaf, 3{otpoEte, amD crcurar sem anqutar or subangutar apedure dDp, erne 1,3 rrn thick, lecllm usoaly psilale. sekne retrc! ale. gEnutate or slriatorgt cutate, uslaly {th oL, or obs@re padem, @ine thinner than sexire. There is great vanatun in th€ size range; 21,72 gn (4 genera aod 5 species re.e studied) The laxa exah ned in rhe tamiy sotsn.ceae ev€al6d thal th6fe is grear Enge of variaron ot polen size in lhis tamity rhe maimun polen size 72 rrh Ms r&*ded i. Darrra slraronluD white rhe minimum size 21 pm in Sotahun psd udotapsicun No p.evrols [email protected] exists in the pubtished trte.atu.e fo. c66rtun auturltiacun, Datua stdnonun and sotanun psaudocapsbun rhe prese.t tindi.g €veated the size Enge 29 (32) 3s !m wth 3.6 !m lh ck 6xhe lot C. aun.liacun and 27 (30) 33 um wirh 35 !m thick extne for C. nodnun, 43.5 155) 72 @ \it 2-3 rm a'ic* erine tot Datua stranoniun, (26) 21 30 Am with 2 75 tlm thick exine tor Sotanrn psoadoc apsicun and 24 (26) 28 !m wlh 2 !m thick exi.e tor Withania &hnit'eta Erdtman (19s2) Epo.led lhe s2e range 53 x 40 !m for Cestruh smftr'i and 41 x 45 pm ior Oalda suav€obrc Tahavi has d€n ihe si:e Enge 29 (32) 35 pm ior the c' noctumun Huang \1972) has gN€n the stze ranqe 3547 x 37-47 tn lol Datua nelet and 4147 x 45-50 !m for a suaye/ers He atso reponed lhe size 6nge 26.3i rfr for So/anutu ndicn, 17-33 x 16.31 gn tot S higrun and 28-34 x 26,31 rn lot S \anthacaAun He repoded 12 species from T.iwan. &hur el a/ (1978) have given the size 6n9e 42 (rr5) 48 !m for a (1989) a/ba. Tilak has giwn lhe sze Enge 28 x 26 Fm ior S whidr is "rgaD. close to the prcsent find.g. Zahur el a/(1978) have giv6n lhe size range 21 (241 27 Vn ,ot Mthaoia sonritstu .{'nch is d6e to lhe specimen under

60; STAPHYLEACEAE

Gain oblate to subprotate 3-@tporate amb ctcutar o. s€m|angura/. corpr bng. oE fiansveBauy euiptic. exne 2 rm thrck. tectlh psitate, sexine rebculale, with oL- paneh, nexine lhins tr|an or as tric* as serne, size anget 22-37 sm (1 genus with 1 spe! 6 was studied) No p.evDus €cord disls tor slapr//ea enodr in rh€ pubtished rderatuE. rang€ si2e is 22 {so) 37 rm 3nd exine 2 Am rhick in fle p@nl

6I: THYMELAEACEAE

Grain spheoidat to subspheroidat pantopo€te po,* vefy sma[, ne.ny as |arge as brochi, exine 2 llm thick, tecrlm wnh s€brate process, senne @ars€ry and disuncfly reticutate, wih ot_ patlern, nexire thinner than sexn.. sze.anget 17 32-5 32 Jrm ( genls wilh 1 species was sludi6d)

previous No report tot Drphne oboides exisrs in the pubtish€d lileraturc. PreEenifinding reveated th€ size €nge 17.32 (20 20) 25.32 jrn wth 2 L\ict exine (1972) !m Hlano has 9'@n th€ sia €nge 2t3S !h tor O 4sanens6, 21-27 $n lot D gqtNa and 27-37 vr tot o. odo? whicn is cbse to lhe pre* findi.g

215 62: TILIACEAE

GEin prorate ro sphsddat, 3stporate, amb crcutar or cncutartobate, colpi nea y as 169 as pota. ares, aperture @mmon typ€, ora tEnswr$Iy parallel e! ne 1 3 Fm thrck tectum psrtate or with s€brate pocess6 sexine [email protected], wilh OL- p.ttem, si4 .aoge. 20 x 34 - 48 x 55 4 sm (1 genus .nd 2 spec'6 re.e studied)

No p.ev ous r€co.d exisis in the pubtshed tite.atlre tor Grewia optiya and G a6r€x. Aesenr tinding €veated the sEe Enge 21 5 x 36.2 (35.5 x 47 4) 48 5 x 55 4 }1m with 2 3 Bm hick exi.e for G odjva aN 20 x U \U x 4s) 42 ! 50 llm with 2-3 !m hhick exine tor G l6na, Edtnan (1952) €po.red the size range 46 x 65 llm for G as,irba Zahur eral (1978) have given ttE sEe 6nge l3 (135) 14 !h and Tahavi (2ooo) reponed lhe si4 Enge 15 (15 5) 16 rm lor G. as,;iica Hlang (1972) has gNen the size Enge 32_55 r 24,-it2 !D ior the genus Greta He stodied fve speoes pbnl is insel

63: ULMACEAE

Grarn rhomboidat. subspheoidat o. rectangutar, 2-5 poraie, amb orcurar or semFangotar, aperture drop type orcommon type, exine l-1 5 Am lhick,leclum psitate or with scab.ate pr@sss. ser ne granurare o. egulare, wilh lo-panem, nexine ihinner ihan *xine, sze 6nge; 21-40 ,rm (2 genera and 3 species were studred).

No previous record exisls in Ihe plbiished Ineralure tor Celi6 aEtralis, uhnus itosa and u. watichida ssp xmthodema presenr tinding eveated (tle size ra.ge 21 5 (24) 27 !n with 1r s !n thict exine tot c aostalis,26 (38) 40 Am tor U vi osa and 25 (28) 32 pm fof U watldhtana 6sp rarmodema wth 1 pm thick exrne in both speoes. Erdlrnan (1s52) has given rhe sEe range 22 x 23 5 ph for ce/trs &ra4ea. €rdlman (1943) reporled the sze range 17-21 !m br c acrloale white wodehouse (1935) has given rhe size range 40-55 tn lot C taevigata and 25-55 um to. C @cidentatjs. wodehoGe (1945) has quoted the size rarye 3G65 pm ror the genus Co{is Huang (1972) has given the size @nge 20-25 pn tot C netuosa Wodehou* (1965) has given lhe size ra.ge 23- 38 }ln for the genus U/m/s Hyde and Adams (1958) repoded the size Enge 26- 29 5 }lm ror U 9/ab6 Erdhan (19,t3 and 1952) reporred the size Bnge 8- 3a llm and 15- 44 rm tor the genus u/m!s respectivety Huang {1972) has given the si@ Rnle 22- 32 rm

64: URTICACEAE

GEi. spheroidal ro subsphercidal. po.ate, amb circuta., '6 apenure common iype. exhe 1-1 5 !m $ick leclum psitate. *ine granutaie, with Lo- pattem, neine lhinne. _ than sexine. sze 6nget 13 22 !m. (1 q4us wit, 1

No rccord exrsb tor DebEgoasa sarclolia i. the published tileratlre Si2e range E@rded is 13 (19) 22 !m wjth 1t 5 pm hic* exine Huang (1922) has own the size,ange 14-21 !m for D edul,s wodehouse (1965) has given lhe siz€.ange 14- 16.5 !m tor geols Dobreg€asia whch E ctose io the

65: VERBENACEAE

Grain prorate lo obtate, 3-cotpoEte or 3-cotpate, anb intersuba.gutar, o@rar or circularlobate. @tpi usualy tono, ape.ture commo type o. drop y 9pe. ora usla tEnsve6a y para0et, erine 1-2 rn lhick ieclum psitale or wilh scabEte or process€ serine uslaly relicutale, wilh OL-paner., nexi.e lsuarry thicler rhan sexine. There is great vanabn in s2e range ie 11.160 !m (4 gene.a and 4 species rere sludied). Tho taxa 6xamin€d in rhe tdmity Veb€naceae .eveated thar th€re is geal range of vanabn of polten si4 in th6 tamity The naximud po0en size 60 was .e@ded ln C/eDd€ n&un fn in@e wnite lhe nininum size 1 I S rn in vler ,6grrdo The rcst of the species possessed Inlemediate po ten srze. p€sent The tinding reveated the size ange 44 (53) 60 !m (excluding trfe vdtucae) with 4 !m thic* ethe ft, ctercdea.hm inene Etdtnan (1952) fepoded rhe size range 17 5-156 !m tor the famity. Nan et a/ (1962) rcorded rhe size .angs 56-s8 !m tor rhe same sp€cies Huang has given the sia 6nge 42-76 x 43-71 !h for t\e genus C/€rcderd.um The ptanl is in*cl

227 No repon exisls ld Drrarla.epens in rhe published liie.atu€ Size Enge herc toond is40 (50) 58 rm wfl 2 |lm ttck er ne P€.enl fnding.evealed lh€ size range 25 (27 5) 30 !m with 3,3 5 pm rhi.k exine lot Lalrtana 6tuda Nan ol a/ {1962) e@ded the si€ 6nqe 33 !m ror tlle *me sp€ci€s Hua.g (1972) has given lhe size range 26-35 r 3G 40 !m for the genus aa.tara and 30-33 x 34,40 !m ior the same species which is doe to the pre*nr esutts Size range noriced in vnd negundo 817.@ \19.5) 25 4 x t15 (13.7) 19 3 !'n wilh 1 t2 pm thick exine Hua.g (1972) has eponed lhe sia 6n9e 27-32 x 20-24 pm ior the ge.us Vil€x. tr/1atik al a/ (1964) noticed the siz€ 6nge 26 !d fo. the same speci6. zahu. er al 11975-78) €coded the siz€ Enge 24 (28) 32 t 15 (18) 21 !m and Titak {1989) has given tha size range 39x 27 for lhe same species 66: VITACEAE

GEin polale3phercidat to p.olate, 3,cotpo€te. ahb ci.@tar, inte. hetagonal, semi-lobalg semiafgular or subangutar, cotpi tong, apedue common vpe, o.a t ansversalty e iptic or circutar, exine 1 2 Am lhick, teclum psilate or wilh [email protected] pr@es *rire €ttcut.te. wjth ol_pa(em, nenne as lhEk as or thinner than sexine, size rang€i 22-30 pm. (1 Oenls and 2

No pBio(is .@rd exists tor ynrb p€6rc€ i. tle pubtished lite6lu€ The pese.l finding reveated rhe size .ange 25 (28) 30 !m with I um ihick exine ior V pesica a.d 22 \24) 26ln\lh 2 pm thick exine to. y v€rr€ra. Hlang (1972) has given the size range 19,38 x je-31 um for the genus v,rs. Erdrrna. €l at (1961) reco.ded fle size €nge 29 x 24 um ror y !€rr6ra The plant is nsect po inated

228 CONCLUSIONS coNcLustoNs

Palynologicar dara geneBled hrough lhe pre*nr invesligalion Es analysed m tems ot evarlaling moQhogEphlc cha6clec ol pollen obtained from the pranls growing h lhe Kaghan Valley. Norlhe.n Pakislan. Following conclusioN @n be dEwn trm the presenl study

1 Each plant speci€ has some disrinctve mo.phorog car poren chaEcle6 whch can tu.lhe. be me.ged lolelher lo ertacl genenc or lam||y bvel pollen Itaiis

2 One hund.ed a.d erghly flre€ Angiospemic planls belonging to sxty lwo tamilies rere inveslgated palynol€i@lly. The sy.thetic char.clec ot pollen include 1-colpate (sulcate) obeBed in mono@ttedonous ram y (Asavacea6)

A di€Gity ol pollen apeture appeared in di@lytedonae lcot@rate ponen rere obseNed in the toll@ing tamilies!

acanthaceae. Anacada@ae Ap@ynaceae aombocaceae Buddleireae, Camettiaceae, Capnrohaeae, Cetast6ceae. Cona@ae Ebena@ae, Euphodiacea€, Fagaceae, Hederaceae, Hrppocaslanaceae, Hype.caceae, Lythraceae Phitadephaceae, Polygonaeae, Puni€@ae. Rhamnae.e, Rosaceae Sali@ae. Sahbu€eae Sapndac6ae gnarubaceae, Sola.a@ae

Sla phyleacea€, Ti iaceae 6r d Vilacea e.

34lpale ponen rere nolced in Bignoniaeae, Hamametidaeae, Nyclaginaeae Platamcea€, Ranuncdaceae and Robiaceae. !6 colpate in Berb€idaceae a.d Lshiacaae 3,4 coporate @re lou.d in Elaeagna@ae and Melraeae, 3a colpdate and 5yn@tp(or)ate n Mynaceae, g5 @rporale in Rutaeae. 3-cotp(o4ate polten we@

obseryed rn AceE@ae. oteaceae anc vebenaceae 2-4 porate in Mor.@ae, 2-5 porate in ulma€ae, 3-Do.ate in Min6aeae and Poleaeae 3{ poEte In lnica€ae, 4-5 poEte rn Betuta@ae, t7 po.a!€ in Gro$llana@ae, 6.po.ate in [email protected] panroporate in Buxaceae, Malvaceae and Thymeteaceae, potypoEte in Cadace.e 3-

229 @lpo(oid)ab in Paeniaceae 3 porste or 3- colporale in Pap iona@ae Telddgpolyads/pollinia ae found in As.l€piadaceae

3 Gymnospe.mic pollen nclude i.apenu.ale, .arely 1-colpal€ obsetoed in (Cupessaceae). hexazonocolpate in (Ephedra@ae), vesiculate. tise@re in (Pime*) and n (T.xa@ae) Tnis is based 'napeEtu€re on iie analysis or lwelve planls belonging to rour families ol

Oislincl pollen shape h3s emerqed lhe most dragnoslc ieature lo genera. such (CupEssaceae.laxaceae), pDlare snd .adiosymmerdcal in (EphedE@a6) and bilareE in (Pinaceae) Gfeat variation n poren shap€ in was obserued A.gidpems viz. Sphero'dal slbsphebidal. oblale, peoblaie. prolaie, subp.olare, peDbrate and lhombodar eic: hentioned in Discu$ion

5. Exine th ckness and scutptlring proved to b€ hetpfut al genedc and

6 ll will be i.teres0ng to @fietate fis patynotogi€t etalionship sith olher characlgc or raxonomic importanc€ slch as moDhotogi€1. anatomEal, cytologi€|. DNA sequence strdies, chemotatonomic and iavonoije madGr etc This $ill @nribute to estabtish an improved classifietion Pollen ot many laniries causes *.ious alleroic readjons. The pollen data fbm pre*nl sludies will be usefurto idgnlit potten oi a lergy causrE members A detailed scanning eleclro. microscopic slrtdis will pdide additional palynologi€l ch.6cte6

The study has r6ufted i. developmenl of basic potlen bank ot ptants growng rn Kaghan valley incldng voluninous €tatogue highrighling moaholaxonomrc l6its to. t5e ti6t tme In Pakistan.lhat €n readrtv be

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