DOCSLIB.ORG

A Critical Review on the Improvement of Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation in C3 Plants Using Genetic Engineering

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology ISSN: 0738-8551 (Print) 1549-7801 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ibty20 A critical review on the improvement of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants using genetic engineering Cheng-Jiang Ruan, Hong-Bo Shao & Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva To cite this article: Cheng-Jiang Ruan, Hong-Bo Shao & Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva (2012) A critical review on the improvement of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants using genetic engineering, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 32:1, 1-21, DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.533119 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2010.533119 Published online: 24 Jun 2011. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1003 View related articles Citing articles: 23 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ibty20 Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2012; 32(1): 1–21 2012 © 2012 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. ISSN 0738-8551 print/ISSN 1549-7801 online 32 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.533119 1 1 REVIEW ARTICLE 21 04 June 2010 A critical review on the improvement of photosynthetic 14 October 2010 carbon assimilation in C3 plants using genetic engineering 14 October 2010 Cheng-Jiang Ruan1, Hong-Bo Shao2, and Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva3 0738-8551 1Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bio-Resources Utilization, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian City, Liaoning, China, 2Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China, and 3Faculty of 1549-7801 Agriculture and Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan © 2012 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. Abstract 10.3109/07388551.2010.533119 Global warming is one of the most serious challenges facing us today. It may be linked to the increase in atmospheric CO and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), leading to a rise in sea level, notable shifts in ecosystems, and in the BBTN 2 frequency and intensity of wild fires. There is a strong interest in stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CO2 533119 and other GHGs by decreasing carbon emission and/or increasing carbon sequestration. Biotic sequestration is an important and effective strategy to mitigate the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations by increasing carbon sequestration and storage capacity of ecosystems using plant photosynthesis and by decreasing carbon emission using biofuel rather than fossil fuel. Improvement of photosynthetic carbon assimilation, using transgenic engineering, potentially provides a set of available and effective tools for enhancing plant carbon sequestration. In this review, firstly different biological methods of CO2 assimilation in C3, C4 and CAM plants are introduced and three types of C4 pathways which have high photosynthetic performance and have evolved as CO2 pumps are briefly summarized. Then (i) the improvement of photosynthetic carbon assimilation of C3 plants by transgenic engineering using non-C4 genes, and (ii) the overexpression of individual or multiple C4 cycle photosynthetic genes (PEPC, PPDK, PCK, NADP–ME and NADP-MDH) in transgenic C3 plants (e.g. tobacco, potato, rice and Arabidopsis) are highlighted. Some transgenic C3 plants (e.g. tobacco, rice and Arabidopsis) overexpressing the FBP/SBPase, ictB and cytochrome c6 genes showed positive effects on photosynthetic efficiency and growth characteristics. However, over the last 28 years, efforts to overexpress individual, double or multiple 4C enzymes in C3 plants like tobacco, potato, rice, and Arabidopsis have produced mixed results that do not confirm or eliminate the possibility of improving photosynthesis of C3 plants by this approach. Finally, a prospect is provided on the challenges of enhancing carbon assimilation of C3 plants using transgenic engineering in the face of global warming, and the trends of the most promising approaches to improving the photosynthetic performance of C3 plants. Keywords: Global warming, increase in CO2 concentration, biotic carbon sequestration, C3 plants, C4 plants, CAM plants, overexpression of C4 enzymes, transgenic C3 plants, improvement of photosynthesis Introduction st The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earth’s to increase by 1.5–5.88°C during the 21 century (IPCC, atmosphere has increased by 31% from 280 parts per mil- 2001). In addition to a rise in sea level by 15–23 cm during lion (ppm) in 1850 to 380 ppm in 2005 (IPCC, 2007). It is the 20th century (IPCC, 2007), there have been notable presently increasing at 1.7 ppm yr−1 or 0.46% yr−1, which shifts in ecosystems (Greene and Pershing, 2007) and in will lead to 50% higher levels in 2050 than today (Sun the frequency and intensity of occurrence of wild fires et al., 2009). Global surface temperature has increased (Running, 2006; Westerling et al., 2006). The increase in th by 0.88°C since the late 19 century, and 11 out of the 12 atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) warmest years on record have occurred during 1995–2006 e.g. methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), may be the (IPCC, 2007). The Earth’s mean temperature is projected major reasons for climate change (Nowak et al., 2004); Address for Correspondence: Cheng-Jiang Ruan, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bio-Resources Utilization, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian City, Liaoning, China. Tel.: +86 411 87656015; Fax: +86 411 87618179; E-mail: [email protected] (Received 04 June 2010; revised 14 October 2010; accepted 14 October 2010) 1 2 Cheng-Jiang Ruan et al. Abbreviations ATP adenosine 5′-triphosphate PEP phosphoenolpyruvate CAM crassulacean acid metabolism PEPC phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase CH4 methane PGA phosphoglycerate CO2 carbon dioxide PGAL phosphoglyceraldehyde DHAP dihydroxy acetone phosphate PPDK pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase FBPase fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase ppm parts per million Fru-6P fructose 6-phosphate rca regulation carboxylation activity or the Rubisco G3P/GA-3P glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate activase gene GHGs greenhouse gases RCA Rubisco activase GP glycerate 3-phosphate Ru-5P ribulose 5-phosphate N2O nitrous oxide Rubisco ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate RuBP ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate NADP-MDH NADP-malate dehydrogenase SBPase sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase NADP-ME NADP-malic enzyme Sed-7P sedoheptulose 7-phosphate OAA oxaloacetic acid SPS sucrose phosphate synthase PCK phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase WT wild type hence, there is a strong interest in stabilizing the atmo- photosynthetic pathway. The majority of terrestrial plants, spheric abundance of CO2 and other GHGs to mitigate including many important crops such as rice (Oryza the risks of global warming (Kerr, 2007; Kintisch, 2007; sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glycine Kluger, 2007; Mikkelsen et al., 2010). CO2 is the most max), and potato (Solanum tuberosum), are C3 plants prominent GHG in the Earth’s atmosphere. Among the (Matsuoka et al., 2001); (ii) C4 plants e.g. maize (Zea different ways to reduce CO2 emission and increase car- mays) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), which bon capture and storage (e.g. chemical transformations, evolved the C4 photosynthetic pathway (Sage and Pearcy, biological conversions, reforming and inorganic transfor- 1987); and (iii) CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) mations, and manipulations of the soil carbon pool) (Lal, plants, in which the stomata are closed during the day 2004; 2008; 2009), biotic carbon sequestration (Figure 1) and open only at night when the temperature decreases is recommended by the Kyoto Protocol as one of the and humidity rises; at night, CO2 is stored as malate in the important and effective strategies to mitigate the effects of large vacuoles and is released for photosynthesis during rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations by enhanced car- the day. While C3 plants grow well in temperate climates, bon sequestration (Hill et al., 2007). The Kyoto Protocol CAM plants such as stonecrops (Lithops spp.) and cactus is the first international environmental agreement to adapt to extreme arid conditions, but their photosyn- require binding greenhouse gas emission reductions by thetic capacity is very low (Black, 1973). In contrast, C4 industrialized nations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ plants such as maize and sugarcane adapt to high light, Kyoto_Protocol). Compared to different techniques of arid, and warm environments and achieve higher pho- carbon sequestration, biotic techniques are immediately tosynthetic capacity and higher water- and nitrogen-use applicable, natural, and cost-effective processes, with efficiencies compared to3 C plants (Black, 1973). Both C4 numerous ancillary benefits but a finite sink capacity and CAM plants evolved from an ancestral C3 species in (Lal, 2008). The increase in atmospheric CO2 concentra- response to changes in environmental conditions that tion is mainly from burning fossil fuel, thus, in the future caused a decrease in CO2 availability. C4 plants evolved in CO2 mitigation schemes have to match the scale of man- response to low atmospheric CO2 concentrations, while made CO2 in the atmosphere. For example, if fossil fuel CAM plants evolved either in response to the selection emissions from 1990 to 2100 are limited to 600 PgC, biotic of increased water-use efficiency or for increased carbon carbon stocks must increase by 120 PgC to stabilize CO2 gain (Ehleringer and Monson, 1993).
Recommended publications
  • Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning of Tomato Under Protected Cultivation in the Humid Tropics

    Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning of Tomato Under Protected Cultivation in the Humid Tropics

    Europ.J.Hort.Sci., 71 (4). S. 173–182, 2006, ISSN 1611-4426. © Verlag Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning of Tomato under Protected Cultivation in the Humid Tropics V. Kleinhenz1), K. Katroschan1), F. Schütt1) and H. Stützel2) (1)Asian Institute of Technology, ASE/SERD, Klong Luang, Thailand and 2) Hanover University, Faculty of Horticulture, Institute of Vegetable Production, Hanover, Germany) Summary Results of a 2-year structural analysis of indeterminate sink strength resulting from poor fruit set were de- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivated dur- formed leaves and accelerated growth of auxiliary ing different seasons under protected cultivation (ven- shoots. When canopy density was increased by culti- tilated greenhouses with PE-film roofs and PE-net vating tomato with double stems, total fruit biomass walls) in the humid tropics of Central Thailand are per plant was significantly improved by ca. 13 %. presented. Under the prevailing high-radiation condi- Within these plants, ca. 100 % more biomass was par- tions (ø 35.9 MJ m–2 outside and 23.7 MJ m–2 inside titioned into fruits of the primary stem than the sec- of the greenhouse), total dry-mass production was ondary stem. Since leaf biomass and area did not vary 2.6 g MJ–1 and similar to regions at greater latitude significantly between individual stems, there was indi- with much lower global radiation. Plant density cation that secondary stems improved availability of (2.1 plants m–2 in single rows vs. 4.2 plants m–2 in assimilates which promoted biomass partitioning into double rows) had no meaningful effect on biomass fruits on primary stems.
  • ISOLATION of the GALLIC ACID in the BUTANOLIC FRACTION of Crassula Ovata (Mill.) DRUCE (CRASSULACEAE) LEAVES and ITS VASO-RELAXING EFFECT

    ISOLATION of the GALLIC ACID in the BUTANOLIC FRACTION of Crassula Ovata (Mill.) DRUCE (CRASSULACEAE) LEAVES and ITS VASO-RELAXING EFFECT

    American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Sciences. ISSN 2429-5396 I www.american-jiras.com ISOLATION OF THE GALLIC ACID IN THE BUTANOLIC FRACTION OF Crassula ovata (Mill.) DRUCE (CRASSULACEAE) LEAVES AND ITS VASO-RELAXING EFFECT |Nantenaina Tombozara 1 | Zoarilala Rinah Razafindrakoto 2| David Ramanitrahasimbola 2,3 | Reine Dorothée * Ramilison Razafimahefa 1 | Eric Marchioni 4 | and | Dina Andriamahavola Rakotondramanana 3 | 1. University of Antananarivo | Faculty of Sciences, Organic Chemistry Department | Laboratory of Applied Chemistry to Natural Substances | Antananarivo | Madagascar | 2. Malagasy Institute of Applied Research | Laboratory of Applied Pharmacognosy | Itaosy | Madagascar | 3. University of Antananarivo | Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy Department | Antananarivo | Madagascar | 4. University of Strasbourg | Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules | Strasbourg | France | |Received | 23 April 2017| |Accepted | 07 May 2017| |Published 15 May 2017 | ABSTRACT Backgroud: Crassula ovata (Mill.) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat high blood pressure in Madagascar. Objectives: This work aims to determine the pharmacological mechanism of its antihypertensive virtue, to identify and isolate the major compound and to elucidate its chemical structure. Method: The powder of dried leaves of C. ovata was extracted by maceration with 90% ethanol. The ethanol solution was depigmented by activated charcoal then filtered on Whatman’s filter paper and evaporated to dryness. This ethanol crude extract was dissolved in distilled water and then successively partitioned with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol. Two serials of column chromatography on silica gel eluted by an increasing polarity solvent system and some preparative chromatography were used to isolate the major compound of the butanol fraction. The chemical structure of the purified compound was elucidated using some spectrometric methods UPLC–MS, UPLC–UV, 1D and 2D NMR.
  • Prickly News South Coast Cactus & Succulent Society Newsletter | Feb 2021

    Prickly News South Coast Cactus & Succulent Society Newsletter | Feb 2021

    PRICKLY NEWS SOUTH COAST CACTUS & SUCCULENT SOCIETY NEWSLETTER | FEB 2021 Guillermo ZOOM PRESENTATION SHARE YOUR GARDEN OR YOUR FAVORITE PLANT Rivera Sunday, February 14 @ 1:30 pm Cactus diversity in northwestern Argentina: a habitat approach I enjoyed Brian Kemble’s presentation on the Ruth Bancroft Garden in Walnut Creek. For those of you who missed the presentation, check out the website at https://www. ruthbancroftgarden.org for hints on growing, lectures and access to webinars that are available. Email me with photos of your garden and/or plants Brian graciously offered to answer any questions that we can publish as a way of staying connected. or inquiries on the garden by contacting him at [email protected] [email protected]. CALL FOR PHOTOS: The Mini Show genera for February are Cactus: Eriosyce (includes Neoporteria, Islaya and Neochilenia) and Succulent: Crassula. Photos will be published and you will be given To learn more visit southcoastcss.org one Mini-show point each for a submitted photo of your cactus, succulent or garden (up to 2 points). Please include your plant’s full name if you know it (and if you don’t, I will seek advice for you). Like us on our facebook page Let me know if you would prefer not to have your name published with the photos. The photos should be as high resolution as possible so they will publish well and should show off the plant as you would Follow us on Instagram, _sccss_ in a Mini Show. This will provide all of us with an opportunity to learn from one another and share plants and gardens.
  • A Survey of Carbon Fixation Pathways Through a Quantitative Lens

    A Survey of Carbon Fixation Pathways Through a Quantitative Lens

    Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 2325–2342, 2012 doi:10.1093/jxb/err417 Advance Access publication 26 December, 2011 REVIEW PAPER A survey of carbon fixation pathways through a quantitative lens Arren Bar-Even, Elad Noor and Ron Milo* Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Received 15 August 2011; Revised 4 November 2011; Accepted 8 November 2011 Downloaded from Abstract While the reductive pentose phosphate cycle is responsible for the fixation of most of the carbon in the biosphere, it http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/ has several natural substitutes. In fact, due to the characterization of three new carbon fixation pathways in the last decade, the diversity of known metabolic solutions for autotrophic growth has doubled. In this review, the different pathways are analysed and compared according to various criteria, trying to connect each of the different metabolic alternatives to suitable environments or metabolic goals. The different roles of carbon fixation are discussed; in addition to sustaining autotrophic growth it can also be used for energy conservation and as an electron sink for the recycling of reduced electron carriers. Our main focus in this review is on thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, including thermodynamically challenging reactions, the ATP requirement of each pathway, energetic constraints on carbon fixation, and factors that are expected to limit the rate of the pathways. Finally, possible metabolic structures at Weizmann Institute of Science on July 3, 2016 of yet unknown carbon fixation pathways are suggested and discussed.
  • Jade Plant, Crassula Ovata

    Jade Plant, Crassula Ovata

    A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 11 Jan 2010 Jade Plant, Crassula ovata Crassula ovata is a common houseplant that is usually called jade plant, or less frequently referred to as friendship plant, money plant, or silver dollar plant. Previously classifi ed as C. argentea, C. portulaca and C. obliqua, it is still occasionally sold under these other, older (and incorrect) names. This species is just one of about 300 in a diverse genus, part of the orpine family (Crassulaceae), about half of which are native to southern Africa. The name crassula means thick or fat, referring to the fl eshy nature of the genus, and ovata means egg-shaped, referring to the shape of the leaves of this species. C. ovata is a prominent component of valley thicket vegetation of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. The very similar C. arborescens, which has almost spherical blue-gray leaves with a distinct waxy bloom, is found in a different area, Jade plant is easily grown as a houseplant. in the Little Karoo and Central Karoo. It has compact, rounded heads of pink fl owers. The Khoi and other Africans used the roots for food, grated and cooked, eaten with thick milk. They also used the leaves for medicinal purposes. Jade plant is an easy-to-grow succulent that stores water in its leaves, stems, and roots. It has been used as an indoor ornamental throughout the world, and a landscape plant in mild climates. It makes a good houseplant as it grows well in the restricted root space of containers, is relatively slow- growing, likes the warm, dry conditions found in most homes, and tolerates neglect.
  • Does Mycorrhizal Status Alter Herbivore-Induced Changes in Whole-Plant Resource Partitioning?

    Does Mycorrhizal Status Alter Herbivore-Induced Changes in Whole-Plant Resource Partitioning?

    Research Article Does mycorrhizal status alter herbivore-induced changes in whole-plant resource partitioning? Colin M. Orians*, Sara Gomez and Timothy Korpita Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 College Ave, Medford, MA 02155, USA Received: 12 June 2017 Editorial decision: 21 November 2017 Accepted: 7 December 2017 Published: 15 December 2017 Associate Editor: Karina Boege Citation: Orians CM, Gomez S, Korpita T. 2018. Does mycorrhizal status alter herbivore-induced changes in whole-plant resource partitioning? AoB PLANTS 10: plx071; doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plx071 Abstract. Both mycorrhizae and herbivore damage cause rapid changes in source–sink dynamics within a plant. Mycorrhizae create long-term sinks for carbon within the roots while damage by leaf-chewing herbivores causes temporary whole-plant shifts in carbon and nitrogen allocation. Thus, induced responses to herbivory might depend on the presence or absence of mycorrhizae. We examined the effects of mycorrhizal presence on induced resource partitioning in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) in response to cues from a specialist herbivore Manduca sexta. Differences in plant size, growth and in the concentrations of carbon-based (soluble sugars and starch) and nitrogen-based (protein and total nitrogen) resources in three tissue types (apex, stem and roots) were quantified. Both mycorrhizae and simulated herbivory altered the concentrations of carbon- and nitrogen-based resources. Mycorrhizae promoted plant growth, altered sugar and starch levels. Simulated herbivory resulted in lower concen- trations of most resources (sugar, starch and protein) in the rapidly growing apex tissue, while causing an increase in stem protein. There was only one interactive effect; the effects of simulated herbivory were much stronger on the sugar concentration in the apex of non-mycorrhizal plants.
  • Impact of Water Stress Under Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Across Three Temperature Regimes on Soybean Canopy Gas Exchange and Productivity Shardendu K

    Impact of Water Stress Under Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Across Three Temperature Regimes on Soybean Canopy Gas Exchange and Productivity Shardendu K

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Impact of water stress under ambient and elevated carbon dioxide across three temperature regimes on soybean canopy gas exchange and productivity Shardendu K. Singh1,3*, Vangimalla R. Reddy1, Mura Jyostna Devi1,2* & Dennis J. Timlin1 The present study investigated the interactive efects of three environmental stress factors elevated CO2, temperature, and drought stress on soybean growth and yield. Experiments were conducted in the sunlit, controlled environment Soil–Plant–Atmosphere–Research chambers under two-level of −1 irrigation (WW-well water and WS-water stress-35%WW) and CO2 (aCO2-ambient 400 µmol ­mol and −1 eCO2-elevated 800 µmol ­mol ) and each at the three day/night temperature regimes of 24/18 °C (MLT- moderately low), 28/22 °C (OT-optimum), and 32/26 °C (MHT-moderately high). Results showed the greatest negative impact of WS on plant traits such as canopy photosynthesis (PCnet), total dry weight (TDwt), and seed yield. The decreases in these traits under WS ranged between 40 and 70% averaged across temperature regimes with a greater detrimental impact in plants grown under aCO2 than eCO2. The MHT had an increased PCnet, TDwt, and seed yield primarily under eCO2, with a greater increase under WW than WS conditions. The eCO2 stimulated PCnet, TDwt, and seed yield more under WS than WW. For instance, on average across T regimes, eCO2 stimulated around 25% and 90% dry mass under WW and WS, respectively, relative to aCO2. Overall, eCO2 appears to beneft soybean productivity, at least partially, under WS and the moderately warmer temperature of this study.
  • Succulents-Plant-List-2021.Pdf

    Succulents-Plant-List-2021.Pdf

    Rutgers Gardens Spring Plant Sale 2021 ‐ SUCCULENTS (all plants available from May 1) Scientific name Cultivar name, notes Common name Adromischus cristatus crinkle‐leaf plant, key lime pie Aeonium percarneum kiwi aeonium Agave americana century plant Agave americana Marginata century plant Agave montana Agave schidigera (Agave filifera var. schidigera) Aloe Delta Lights Aloe arborescens Octopus Aloe Bulbine frutescens Hallmark Coprosma Evening Glow mirror plant Crassula Tom Thumb Crassula Small Red Carpet Crassula falcata propeller plant Crassula ovata Gollum jade tree Crassula ovata Hummel's Sunset golden jade tree Crassula pellucida Variegata calico kitten crassula Crassula perforata string of buttons Cremnosedum Little Gem Delosperma echinatum pickle plant Disocactus anguliger Epiphyllum anguliger fishbone cactus, zig zag cactus Echeveria Pearl Von Nurmberg Echeveria Elegans hens and chicks Echeveria Woolly Rose hens and chicks Echeveria gibbiflora Echeveria nodulosa Echeveria runyonii Topsy Turvy Echeveria setosa Euphorbia Sticks on Fire red pencil tree, fire sticks Euphorbia lactea f. cristata coral cactus Euphorbia mammillaris indian corn cob Euphorbia milii dwarf crown of thorns Euphorbia milii crown of thorns Faucaria tuberculosa tiger jaws Gasteria Little Warty Graptopetalum paraguayense mother‐of‐pearl‐plant, ghost plant Graptosedum Vera Higgins Graptosedum Darley Sunshine Haworthiopsis attenuata var. Big Band zebra plant Haworthiopsis tessellata (Haworthia t.) Haworthiopsis venosa (Haworthia v.) Kalanchoe Silver Spoons Kalanchoe
  • Greenhouse of UNI Del’S Greenhouse Joe and Joan Traylor Ben and Tina Donath Bev Edmondson Patricia Hampton

    Greenhouse of UNI Del’S Greenhouse Joe and Joan Traylor Ben and Tina Donath Bev Edmondson Patricia Hampton

    A special thank you to: Harry and Molly Stine and Stine Seeds Merle Philips The Shea Foundation Greenhouse of UNI Del’s Greenhouse Joe and Joan Traylor Ben and Tina Donath Bev Edmondson Patricia Hampton BUENA VISTA Iowa’s accessibly scaled, eye-opening university. Estelle Siebens Science Center 610 West Fourth Street Storm Lake, Iowa 50588 1 800 383 9600 ph www.bvu.edu Greenhouse Only in a greenhouse can you have a desert right next to a rainforest. The western most of the three rooms has a number of cacti, aloes, agaves and euphorbia collected from the American Southwest and South Africa. The middle room has many species from the warm and wet parts of our planet, several of which make good houseplants. The nearest room is reserved for research projects, new plants and display of plants that are blooming. Greenhouse funds were Rainforest provided by Stine Seeds. Bambusa verticillata (Gramineae) (Bamboo) Carissa grandiflora (Apocynaceae) (Natural Plum Jasmine) Cissus rhombifolia (Grape Ivy) Desert Citrus lemoni (Ritaceae) (Ponderosa Lemon) Adromischus cristatus (Crassulaceae)(Crinkle Leaf Plant) Cyperus alternifolius (Cyperaceae) Aloe brevifolia (Liliaceae) (Crocodile Jaws) Drypterus marginalis (Eastern Wood Fern) Astrophytum myriostigma (Cactaceae) (Bishop’s Cap) Evolvulus speciosa (Convulaceae) Bryophyllum daigremontianum (Crassulaceae) (Mother of thousands) Ficus benjamina (Braided Ficus Tree) Crassula arborescens (Crassulaceae) (Silver Dollar Jade) Ficus elastica (Rubber Plant) Crassula perforata (Crassulaceae) (String of Buttons)
  • Anomalous Δ13c in Particulate Organic Carbon at the Chemoautotrophy Maximum in the 1

    Anomalous Δ13c in Particulate Organic Carbon at the Chemoautotrophy Maximum in the 1

    13 RESEARCH ARTICLE Anomalous δ C in Particulate Organic Carbon at the 10.1029/2019JG005276 Chemoautotrophy Maximum in the Cariaco Basin Special Section: Mary I. Scranton1 , Gordon T. Taylor1 , Robert C. Thunell2,3 , Frank E. Muller‐Karger4, Special Collection to Honor 4,5 6 7 7 the Career of Robert C. Yrene Astor , Peter Swart , Virginia P. Edgcomb , and Maria G. Pachiadaki Thunell 1School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA, 2Department of Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA, 3Deceased on 30 July 2018, 4College of Marine Science, Key Points: University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA, 5Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, EDIMAR, Caracas, • Particulate organic carbon at the O2/ Venezuela, 6Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA, 7Woods Hole H S interface in the Cariaco is 2 Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA occasionally isotopically very heavy 13 (δ CPOC as high as −16‰) 13 • The maximum in δ CPOC corresponds with low C/N ratios of Abstract A chemoautotrophy maximum is present in many anoxic basins at the sulfidic layer's upper particulate organic matter, implying boundary, but the factors controlling this feature are poorly understood. In 13 of 31 cruises to the Cariaco the carbon is relatively fresh Basin, particulate organic carbon (POC) was enriched in 13C(δ13C as high as −16‰) within the • The maximum also corresponds POC with peaks in chemoautotrophy and oxic/sulfidic transition compared to photic zone values (−23 to −26‰). During “heavy” cruises, fluxes of O2 − − RuBisCO form II genes implying and [NO3 +NO2 ] to the oxic/sulfidic interface were significantly lower than during “light” cruises.
  • Coordination of Plant Primary Metabolism Studied with A

    Coordination of Plant Primary Metabolism Studied with A

    ics: O om pe ol n b A a c t c e e M s s Wang et al., Metabolomics (Los Angel) 2017, 7:2 Metabolomics: Open Access DOI: 10.4172/2153-0769.1000191 ISSN: 2153-0769 Research Article Open Access Coordination of Plant Primary Metabolism Studied with a Constraint-based Metabolic Model of C3 Mesophyll Cell Wang Z1,2*, Lu L3, Liu L2,4 and Li J2 1Key laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 2School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 3Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 4Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Abstract Engineering plant primary metabolism is currently recognized as a major approach to gain improved productivity. Most of the current efforts in plant metabolic engineering focused on either individual enzymes or a few enzymes in a particular pathway without fully consider the potential interactions between metabolisms. More and more evidences suggested that engineering a particular pathway without consideration of the interacting pathways only generated limited success. Therefore, a long term goal of metabolic engineering is being able to engineer metabolism with consideration of the effects of external or internal perturbation on the whole plant primary metabolism. In this paper, we developed a constraint-based model of C3 Plant Primary Metabolism (C3PMM), which is generic for C3 plants such as rice, Arabidopsis, and soybean.
  • How Does Biomass Distribution Change with Size and Differ Among Species? an Analysis for 1200 Plant Species from Five Continents

    How Does Biomass Distribution Change with Size and Differ Among Species? an Analysis for 1200 Plant Species from Five Continents

    Research How does biomass distribution change with size and differ among species? An analysis for 1200 plant species from five continents Hendrik Poorter1, Andrzej M. Jagodzinski2,3, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado4,5, Shem Kuyah6, Yunjian Luo7,8, Jacek Oleksyn2,9, Vladimir A. Usoltsev10,11, Thomas N. Buckley12, Peter B. Reich9,13 and Lawren Sack14 1Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Julich€ GmbH, D-52425 Julich,€ Germany; 2Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, Kornik PL-62-035, Poland; 3Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, Poznan PL-60-625, Poland; 4Departamento de Selvicultura y Gestion de Sistemas Forestales, INIA-CIFOR, Avda. A Coruna,~ km 7.5., Madrid 28040, Spain; 5Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid- INIA, Madrid, Spain; 6Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), PO Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; 7Department of Ecology, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; 8State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; 9Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; 10Ural State Forest Engineering University, Sibirskiy Trakt 37, Ekaterinburg 620100, Russia; 11Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vos’mogo Marta 202a, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia; 12IA Watson Grains Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, 12656 Newell Highway, Narrabri, NSW, Australia; 13Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; 14Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E.