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Cardiac Arrhythmias Following the Creation Ofan Atrial Septal Defect in Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries

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Cardiac Arrhythmias Following the Creation Ofan Atrial Septal Defect in Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.28.2.147 on 1 March 1973. Downloaded from Thorax (1973), 28, 147. Cardiac arrhythmias following the creation of an atrial septal defect in patients with transposition of the great arteries R. J. MOENE, J. P. ROOS, and A. EYGELAAR Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands In 64 children with transposition of the great arteries who underwent a Blalock-Hanlon pro- cedure, pre- and postoperative electrocardiograms were studied regarding the incidence and nature of rhythm disturbances. In another group of 19 patients with transposition of the great arteries, the atrial septal defect was created by a different surgical technique (fossa ovalis resection); this group was studied in the same way and the results were compared. After the Blalock-Hanlon procedure seven patients developed arrhythmias including atrio- ventricular (A-V) dissociation, wandering pacemaker, bradycardia, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia, supraventricular premature beats, and ectopic atrial rhythm. After fossa ovalis resection rhythm disturbances were present in three patients. Despite their relatively high incidence it seems unlikely that arrhythmias are a major factor copyright. contributing to death irrespective of the technique used; some arrhythmias are transient and serious disturbances of long duration are rare. In complete transposition of the great arteries the tion) using temporary inflow occlusion (Homan systemic and pulmonary circulations function in van der Heide, Eygelaar, Dorlas, and Bossina, http://thorax.bmj.com/ parallel and are independent of each other. Post- 1967; Litwin, Plauth, Jones, and Bernhard, 1971). natal survival of babies with this congenital mal- formation is possible only in the presence of PATIENTS AND METHODS adequate intracardiac shunting (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect) and/or extra- Between 1958 and 1970, 91 Blalock-Hanlon opera- cardiac shunting (persistent ductus arteriosus and tions were performed at Leyden University Hospital. pulmonary collateral circulation) (Paul, Van Twenty-seven patients were excluded from this study Praagh, and Van Praagh, 1968). Quite often, because they died before a postoperative electro- however, the communication between the two cardiogram could be taken; this study therefore on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected circulations is inadequate, resulting in deep comprises 64 patients. The ages of the patients at failure. The crea- the time of operation ranged from 1 day to 10 cyanosis and congestive heart years. Thirty-five patients received digoxin pre- tion or enlargement of an atrial septal defect in operatively; all were on maintenance digoxin post- order to improve the bidirectional shunting of operatively. Nineteen of 64 patients had had a blood can be accomplished by the intracardiac balloon atrial septostomy some months or weeks balloon-catheter technique (Rashkind and Miller, previously but nevertheless operation was necessary 1966) or by a surgical procedure. Hamilton et al. because of increasing cyanosis after an initial im- (1968) reported an unexpected number of arrhyth- provement. Transposition of the great arteries was mias and conduction disturbances following the complicated by a ventricular septal defect in 21 creation of an atrial septal defect by the Blalock- patients and by a ventricular septal defect and a pul- monary stenosis in 10 patients. During the Blalock- Hanlon technique (Blalock and Hanlon, 1950). Hanlon procedure a banding of the pulmonary artery The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rela- was performed in 12 patients, a cavo-nulmonary tive frequency and nature of cardiac arrhythmias anastomosis in four patients, and an ascending aorta- in our series of patients who underwent a Blalock- right pulmonary artery shunt in one patient. Hanlon operation in comparison with those who Resection of the fossa ovalis was performed in had an open surgical procedure (fossa ovalis resec- 34 patients at the University Hospital in Groningen 147 Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.28.2.147 on 1 March 1973. Downloaded from 148 R. J. Moene, J. P. Roos, and A. Eygelaar between 1964 and 1970; 19 patients could be included disturbances (Table 1). The disturbances included in this study since they had both pre- and post- A-V dissociation, wandering pacemaker, brady- operative electrocardiograms. cardia, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia, Of these 19 patients, a ventricular septal defect supraventricular premature beats, and ectopic complicated the transposition in five cases; in four cases there was both a ventricular septal defect and atrial rhythm. a pulmonary stenosis; during the fossa ovalis resec- Normal rhythm returned spontaneously in two tion one banding was performed, one Blalock shunt, of the seven patients after respectively two days one cavo-pulmonary shunt, and one ascending aorta and three weeks; in the remaining five patients, to right pulmonary artery shunt. Seven of the 19 the disturbances were present during the total patients had had a balloon atrial septostomy pre- follow-up period; in three of these five patients viously. At the time of operation the patients were a banding of the pulmonary artery had been aged from 3 days to 4 years; 16 patients were on performed simultaneously. The time of the first digoxin preoperatively and all were on maintenance onset of the arrhythmias ranged from four days digoxin postoperatively. All preoperative and post- operative electrocardiograms were studied for rhythm to four and a half years postoperatively. Each of and conduction disturbances. two patients showed two different arrhythmias; Electrocardiograms of the two groups of patients in one patient A-V dissociation was followed by were taken at different times postoperatively; the a wandering pacemaker, and in a second patient time of the initial cardiogram ranged from one day atrial flutter was followed by supraventricular to four weeks after operation. The follow-up period tachycardia (Fig. 1). One patient had a wandering ranged from one day to six years and came to an pacemaker resulting in periods of bradycardia end at the time of this study, or earlier if a total (Fig. 2). An ectopic atrial rhythm occurred in correction had been performed; follow-up ceased a at death in four patients following fossa ovalis two patients (Fig. 3). Eleven patients showed resection and in 18 patients following the Blalock- distinct lengthening of the P-wave for the first Hanlon procedure. time one week to three years postoperatively; the maximal normal duration of 0 08 sec (Nadas, RESULTS 1963) was exceeded in four patients (Fig. 4). copyright. BLALOCK-HANLON PROCEDURE Before operation all FOSSA OVALIS RESECTION Preoperatively all 19 64 patients were in sinus rhythm; at different patients had a sinus rhythm; after operation three times after surgery seven patients showed rhythm patients presented with arrhythmias (Table II). TABLE I Complete heart block was present in one patient http://thorax.bmj.com/ RHYTHM DISTURBANCES FOLLOWING BLALOCK- HANLON PROCEDURE (7 PATIENTS) TABLE II (Banding of the pulmonary artery was performed at the same time in RHYTHM DISTURBANCES FOLLOWING FOSSA OVALIS patients 1, 2 and 5.) RESECTION (3 PATIENTS) Time Patient Type ofDisturbance Time Post-op Duration Patient Type of Disturbance Post-op Duration 1 Complete heart Immediate Until death 4 (a) A-V dissociation 4 yr 2 mth block (trauma by weeks post-op (sinus arrhythmia, suction cannula) on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected rate 100/min; A-V nodal rhythm, rate 2 A-V dissociation 2 weeks Control ECG two 80/min) (sinus arrhythmia, years post-op: (b) Wandering 41 yr Total follow-up period rate 1 10/min; A-V sinus rhythm pacemaker of 4 yrl nodal rhythm, rate 100/min) 2 Wandering pacemaker 1 week Total follow-up period of 6 mthl 3 Supraventricular 8 days Control ECG three premature beats months post-op: 3 (a) Atrial flutter 2 mth 8 mth sinus rhythm (b) Supraventricular I yr Total follow-up period tachycardia of 4 yrl 4 Supraventricular 4 days 2 days from immediately after the operation until his tachycardia sudden death four weeks later (Fig. 5); during 5 Ectopic atrial rhythm I yr Total follow-up period the operation the area of the coronary sinus was of 4 yrl damaged by a suction cannula and this accident 6 Ectopic atrial rhythm 3 yr Total follow-up period of 2 yr2 is thought to have caused heart block. 7 Supraventricular 2 mth 3 weeks The two patients with supraventricular pre- premature beats mature beats (Fig. 6) and A-V dissociation re- verted spontaneously to sinus rhythm after 2 Follow-up ended at time of this study 2 Follow-up ended at time of total correction respectively three months and two years. A widen- Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.28.2.147 on 1 March 1973. Downloaded from Cardiac arrhythmias following atrial septal defect with transposition of the great arteries 149 I 11 copyright. FIG. 1. Electrocardiograms (a) one week before the Blalock-Hanlon operation, (b) two months, (c) two http://thorax.bmj.com/ years, and (d) three years after surgery. (a) sinus rhythm; (b) atrial flutter; (c) supraventricular tachy- cardia with electrical alternans; (d) atrial tachycardia with 2:1 A- V conduction. FIG. 2. Tracings taken one week after surgery (Blalock-Hanlonprocedure andbanding ofthepulmonary artery) showing a wandering pacemaker. FIG. 3. Tracings taken (a) one week before surgery (Blalock-Hanlon procedure and banding of the pulmonary artery) and (b) one year after surgery: (a) sinus rhythm, P pulmonale; (b) ectopic atrial rhythm. on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected FIG. 4. Tracings taken (a) one week before surgery (Blalock-Hanlon procedure and cavopulmonary anastomosis) and (b) six months after surgery: (a) sinus rhythm, high peaked P-wave; (b) intra-atrial block or P mitrale. FIG. 5. Complete heart block immediately afterfossa ovalis resection. (During operation the A- V node was damaged by a suction cannula.) FIG. 6. Premature beats ofsupraventricular origin eight days after fossa ovalis resection.
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