MESSAGE

GGG reetings of Peace!

This State of the Brown Environment Report represents the output of the one-year collaborative efforts of every employee of Department of Environment and Natural Resources –Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB) Regional Office XII in accomplishing on and beyond the yearly targets set during planning-workshops. It is also a concrete manifestation of the earnest involvement and commitment of everyone to pursue our programs, projects and activities with renewed vigor and dedication, all for the good of Mother Nature, the environment and ultimately for the people.

Kudos and Congratulations also to the industries, companies and other stakeholders in their continuous commitment to comply with Environmental Laws, rules and policies promulgated by our Department.

To the readers and researchers, as we try to make this report more comprehensive for your own benefit and understanding, may this book report be useful to you.

Finally, to all the employees and support staff of DENR-EMB XII, who joined hands and collaborated in achieving our avowed mandate and made this report possible, congratulations for a JOB WELL DONE! Remember though that the challenge before us to continue our labor for a better and healthful environment continues.

MA. SOCORRO COLINA-LANTO OIC-Regional Director

iii 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

PREFACE

This 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report or SoBER is published to update the readers/researchers and the public for the status of air quality, water, solid waste management, and other environmental concerns under the mandates of Environmental Management Bureau XII. It does not include the other environmental agenda— “green” and “blue” which depict concerns on land use, biodiversity and resource management; and coastal and marine resources issues, respectively.

This report is written comprehensively and shown assessments for the implementation of major environmental laws focusing on Clean Air, Clean Water, Ecological Solid Waste Management, Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes, and Environmental Impact Assessment. It also highlights information, education, and communication (IEC) campaign and advocacy efforts of EMB XII towards environmental protection catering all kind of audiences, like local government units, academe, and other partners in the region. This report also tackles environmental issues and concerns with recommendations which aims to address environmental problems.

It was prepared in accordance with the guidelines set by the Environmental Management Bureau since 2007 to harmonize the preparation of regional SoBER to facilitate the consolidation in coming up with the national report.

iv 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

DENR-EMB XII would like to express its heartfelt gratitude for the inputs provided by the following:

♦ Department of Environment & Natural Resources Office (DENR) XII ♦ Mines and Geosciences Bureau XII ♦ Airshed Governing Board and its Technical Working Groups ♦ North Cotabato Geothermal Airshed Governing Board and its Technical Working Groups ♦ Silway River Water Quality Management Area Governing Board and its Technical Working Groups ♦ Bay Water Quality Management Area Governing Board and its Technical Working Groups ♦ Land Transportation Office - Regional Office XII ♦ Technical Education Skills Development Authority XII ♦ National Food Authority - City ♦ Local Government Units of General Santos City, Koronadal City, Municipalities of Tupi and Polomolok, South Cotabato Province ♦ South Cotabato Provincial Environment Management Office ♦ Energy Development Corporation ♦ Commission on Higher Education (CHED) XII ♦ National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) XII ♦ Department of Agriculture (DA) XII ♦ Department of Education (DepEd) XII ♦ Department of Interior and Local Government ♦ Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) XII ♦ Department of Health (DOH) XII-Center of Health Develop- ment ♦ Boy Scouts of the ♦ Pollution Control Association of the Philippines Region XII Chapter ♦ National Statistics and Coordinating Board (NSCB) XII ♦ National Statistics Office XII

And to all who in one way or another have helped in the prepara- tion of this report.

v 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

ABBREVIATIONS

A&D Alienable and disposable lands ALRI Acute lower respiratory infection APCF Air Pollution Control Facility APSF Air Pollution Source Facility AQM Air Quality Management ASBU Anti-smoke Belching Unit AURI Acute Upper respiratory infection BOD Biochemical oxygen demand Brgy Barangay CAMS Continuous Ambient Monitoring System C.O. Capital outlay CCO Chemical Control Order CDPWQM Capacity Development Project on Water Quality Management CHED Commission on Higher Education City ENRO City Environmental and Natural Resources Office CMVR Compliance Monitoring and Validation Report CNC Certificate of Non-Coverage CO Carbon monoxide DA Department of Agriculture DAO DENR Administrative Order DepED Department of Education DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DO Dissolved oxygen DOAS Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy DOH Department of Health drm Drum DTI Department of Trade and Industry E.O. Executive Order ECA Environmentally Critical Area ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate ECM erosion control measure EcoGov2 Philippine Environmental Governance 2 ECP Environmentally Critical Project EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMAP Environmental Monitoring and Audit Plan EMB Environmental Management Bureau EMF Environmental management fee EE Environmental Education ESWM Ecological Solid Waste Management FMS Forest Management Service gal Gallon GASS General Administration and Support Services geo geometric GIS Geographical Information System GPOA General Plan of Action GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product GSC General Santos City Ha Hectares H2S Hydrogen Sulfide HWG Hazardous Waste Generator IEC Information, Education and Communication JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JPIChE Junior-Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineers kg Kilogram

vi 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

km Kilometer KRAs Key Result Areas L/sec liters per second LGUs Local government units L Liter LMS Land Management Service LTO Land Transportation Office m Meter max Maximum MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau min minimum MIS Management Information System MMT Multipartite Monitoring Team MOO Manual of operation MSU State University MT Metric tons NAAQGV National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values NCGA North Cotabato Geothermal Airshed NCM Normal cubic meter NDMU Notre Dame of Marbel University NEPC National Environmental Protection Council NGAs National government agencies NGOs Non-government organizations NIA National Irrigation Administration

NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide NOVs Notice of Violations NPCC National Pollution Control Commission NSDW National Standards for Drinking Water NSO National Statistics Office NSWSR National Solid Waste Status Report ODS Ozone-depleting Substances P.D. Presidential Decree PAB Pollution Adjudication Board PATLEPAM Philippine Association of Tertiary Level Educational Institutions in Environmental Protection and Management PCAPI Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc. PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls PCD Pollution Control Division PCL Priority chemicals list pcs pieces PEMO Provincial Environment Management Office PETC Private Emission Testing Center PhP Philippine Peso PICCS Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances PIChE Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineers

PM 10 Particulate matter with diameter equal or lesser than 10 microns PNOC-EDC Philippine National Oil Company-Energy Development Corpora- tion POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants Prk. Purok

vii 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

R.A. Republic Act SAMPs sampling and measurement protocols SLF Sanitary landfill SM Settleable matter

SO 2 Sulfur dioxide SOBER State of Regional Brown Environment Report SoCot South Cotabato SOCSARGEN South Cotabato, Sarangani and General Santos City South Cotabato, Cotabato, , Sarangani and General Santos City sq km. Square kilometer SQI Small Quantity Importation TA Technical Assistance TCT Traffic Citation Tickets TDS Total dissolved solids temp Temperature TMG Traffic Management Group Tot. col. Total coliform Tpd Tons per day TS Total solids TSD Transport, Storage, and Disposal TSP Total suspended particulates TSS Total suspended solids Turb Turbidity TWG Technical working group UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WDP Wastewater Discharge Permit WFP Work and Financial Plan WQM Water Quality Management WQMA Water Quality Management Area WQSR Water Quality Status Report

viii 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

Executive Summary

This 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report summarizes all the major efforts of the DENR-Environmental Management Bureau XII. It was prepared following the guidelines for the preparation of a harmonized regional state of brown environment report. This report is a review of the state of the quality of air, water, solid wastes, toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes, environmental impact assessment and environmental education in the region. It relates the existing issues and concerns on our environment and hopes to give recommendations to address environmental issues in improving the environment. Air Quality. Air Quality is a major concern not only covering health and sanitation for the general public but likewise it intertwines with climate change and other significant issues of our environment. There are three identified major sources of air pollution namely: mobile sources, stationary sources and area sources. Mobile sources include both on-road vehicles and non-road sources. On-road vehicles such as cars, jeepneys, trucks, and buses, are dominant in the region especially on continuously progressing cities of Koronadal, Cotabato, Kidapawan, and General Santos. Non-road sources such as non-road vehicles and offroad equipment (which include ships, airplanes, and agricultural and construction equipment) are also present in the region. Stationary sources refer to industrial firms and establishments causing emissions from fuel-burning generators, geothermal well exploration and other manufacturing processes. These sources emit 10 tons per year of any of the criteria pollutants or hazardous air pollutants or 25 tons per year of a mixture of air toxics. Emissions and particulate dispersion aggregated over a particular spatial region are classified as area sources. These are sources emitting less than 10 tons per year of a criteria or hazardous air pollutant or less that 25 tons per year of a combination of pollutants. These include dry cleaners, gas stations, auto body paint shops, commercial buildings (heating and cooling units; surface coatings), residential buildings (surface coatings), fuel combustion in non-road machineries, boats, waste disposal in the form of open burning, landfills, wastewater treatment and even the family lawnmower or barbeque grill.

ix 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

Emission inventory conducted by the EMB Region XII showed that there was an increased particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM 10 ) in area sources with the amount of 25.13 tons/hr, followed by stationary with 13.0 tons/hr and mobile source with 3.7 tons/hr. Stationary sources had produced 4.12 tons/hour of sulfur dioxide (SO 2). Emissions of nitrogen oxide (NO 2) were taken from stationary and mobile sources with 53.3 tons/hr and 20.2 tons/hr respectively. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were also formed from stationary sources with 13.7 tons/hr and mobile sources with 126.3 tons/hr. These imply that these harmful gases and particles are present in the region and may result to increased health risk to an individual and community, if not addressed properly. Under the Bantay Tsimneya Program, which involves the issuance of Permit to Operate for Air (POA) Pollution Source and Control Equipment, surveillance of firms/industries without Permit to Operate, monitoring of firms/industries with Permit to Operate, and conduct of stack sampling, a total of 490 firms were issued with POA for 2013 and 130 monitors were monitored. Unscheduled visits were also done to observe actual practices made within each firm/industry. There were 14 stack sampling tests conducted and 14 samples collected. EMB XII also issued a total of 30 Notice of Violations in the said year. EMB XII established and maintained three (3) major ambient air monitoring stations, specifically located within the municipal halls and commercial/ industrial centers. These are: Station 1 (Tupi, South Cotabato); Station 2 (Koronadal City); and Station 3 (NFA- Gensan, General Santos City). The average annual readings for 2013 of PM 10 for the three (3) stations were within 49.9-63.0 µg/NCM categorized as “Good”, according to DENR Air Quality Indices. Under the Bantay Usok/Tambutso Program, collaborative activities were performed by EMB XII, together with the Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)-Land Transportation Office (LTO) XII and local government units (LGUs), to include actual emission testing of roadside vehicles and monitoring of Private Emission Testing Centers (PETCs). They had had activated and maintained one (1) Anti- Smoke Belching Unit (ASBU). For 2013, out of 122 roadside vehicles tested, 29 failed the test. Also, vehicles from the DENR Offices/sectors were tested using smokemeter and opacimeter summing up to a total of 22 vehicles. Five (5) vehicles f ailed and were immediately subjected to conditioning and f urther repair. In addition, vehicles of other government agencies were also emission tested. A total of 26

x 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

vehicles were subjected for emission testing. Five (5) have failed the said testing which implies that although government vehicles are regularly tuned-up or repaired to comply emission standards, it should still be monitored for assessment. PETCs were also monitored in terms of machines used and calibration done, conducted in collaboration with LTO XII and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) XII. A total of 25 PETCs were monitored in the provinces of South Cotabato, North Cotabato, Sarangani, and Sultan Kudarat. Two (2) airsheds are designated and its governing boards are active in Region XII. These are North Cotabato Geothermal Airshed and South Cotabato Airshed. Both governing boards have achieved notable accomplishments, including among others attendance to meetings, formulation of house rules, capacity building, promotional activities and actions plans. Water Quality . The Region has 21 principal rivers, mostly located in Cotabato, except for the Allah River in South Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat, and Siguel River discharging into Sarangani Bay. EMB XII has identified 19 minor rivers and creeks, 7 lakes, and 3 coastal and marine waters. The in South Cotabato and the Sarangani Bay in Sarangani and General Santos City are declared as protected water bodies. As of 2013, DENR-EMB XII has classified 38 water bodies (2-Bay, 1—Lake, 21—Principal Rivers and 14 Minor Rivers) that support both domestic and industrial based activities in the region. Classified Bays are located one (1) in Sarangani Province that covers the municipalities of Maitum (stations 1—4), Kiamba (stations 5-9) and (stations 10—14) and one (1) in Cotabato City (portion in ARMM) both are under classification SB and SC. Class SB; 1) Recreational Water Class I— regularly used by the public for bathing, swimming and skin diving, and 2) Fishery Water Class I—appropriate area for spawning Chanos chanos or “Bangus” and other similar Species. Class SC; 1) Recreational Water Class II—ideal for boating and other similar activities, 2) Fishery Water Class II—ideal for commercial and sustenance fishing activities, and 3) Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries. The lone Lake water body is found in the municipality of Lake Sebu in the province of South Cotabato. Known of its natural beauty and scenery, Lake Sebu was classified as class C (stations 1-7) and B (stations 8-10). The Lake bearing the name of its

xi 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

Municipality has become well known attraction for the highest and longest Zip line but also for the reach inland fishing industry from growing of Telapia a known local fish cultured in fish pens within the lake. Of the 21 Principal Rivers, seven (7) are classified under Class “A”, 6 are Class “B”, 6 Class “C” while 1 classified as “B” (upstream portion) and “C” (downstream portion). There were 14 under Minor Rivers. Of the 14, 3 are classified as Class “B”, 7 as Class “C”, 1 Class “D” and 3 rivers with dual Classifications (2 with upstream as Class “A” and downstream as Class “B” and 1 with upstream under Class “B” and downstream under Class “C”). In 2013, the bureau conducted regular quality monitoring activities through water sampling from 9 selected water bodies and 1 creek. In quarterly basis, the bureau has able to conduct sampling activities in at least four (4) water bodies ( Silway River, Sarangani Bay, Sefali River and Kematu River), Semi-Annual (2) waterbodies (Marbel River, Matingao River), Annually (1) waterbody (Libungan River) and monthly (2) waterbodies (Taplan and Pangi River). Bulok creek is being monitored quarterly basis. There are two (2) Water Quality Management Areas (WQMA) designated in the region, the Silway River WQMA and Sarangani Bay WQMA. The initial 10-year Action Plan of Silway WQMA has underwent further enhancement by Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Measures during the 3rd Quarter of 2013. The activity entitled “ Stakeholders` Review Workshop on Silway River Quality Area (WQMA) Action Plan and LGU Compliance: Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction & Climate Change Adaptation Measures” was conducted and facilitated by Mahintana Foundation, Inc. with funding support from the Lutheran World Relief (LWR). In the implementation of regular monitoring activities, EMB XII continues to conduct/inspect commercial establishment, industries, hospitals for Effluent Standards. A total of 210 Waste Water Discharge Permits have been issued of which 31 are new and 179 availed or renewal. Solid Waste Management. Region XII, like any other region, is beset with the noticeable problem on garbage, especially in cities and other urban municipalities, obviously due to the concentration of people in these areas. Open dumps being operated by cities and urban municipalities are mostly located in natural gullies, which pose dangers of

xii 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

contaminating downstream water bodies and underground water reservoirs. The burning of dumped wastes also contaminates the ambient air quality of the areas surrounding these dump sites. One noticeable impact of open dumps is the alteration of the aesthetic view of the area. Pursuant to Republic Act (R.A.) No. 7160 - the Philippine Local Government Code and R.A. No. 9003 - the Ecological Solid Waste Management (ESWM) Act of 2000, local government units (LGUs) are responsible for the management of their generated solid wastes. They are mandated to comply with at least four (4) sections of the R.A. 9003 to immediately address the SWM problems in their areas of jurisdiction, particularly 1) in the preparation of 10-year SWM plans, 2) closure and rehabilitation of open and controlled dump sites, 3) the diversion of at least 25% of generated wastes from disposal facilities through the establishment of MRFs and 4) the sanitary disposal of residual wastes. The traditional role of the DENR-EMB Regional Office XII is to provide technical and other capability building assistance and support to LGUs in the development and implementation of local solid waste management (SWM) plans and programs, focusing on the four (4) requirements that LGUs must comply. For calendar years 2012 and 2013, limited financial assistance were extended to some selected LGUs in the establishment of Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) and segregated waste collection systems. Region XII was fortunate that one of its provinces was included by the National Solid Waste Management Commission–Secretariat (NSWMCS), EMB Central Office in piloting an assistance program on the updating of provincial SWM plans and certain funding allocations were downloaded to EMB XII. The program was intended to assist the Province of South Cotabato but DENR-EMB XII decided to maximize its benefits by adding the small province of Sarangani which also passed the NSWMCS requirements. It was determined that the two provinces could not proceed in updating their provincial SWM plans unless the plans of their constituent LGUs are also updated. It was then decided that initial activities will be focused on assisting their constituent LGUs first. On the requirement of closure of open/controlled dump sites, the LGUs of Norala, South Cotabato and Koronadal City were issued warning letters urging the immediate closure and rehabilitation of its open dumpsite following the Closure Plans they previously submitted. General Santos City was also assisted in formulating a detailed

xiii 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report engineering plan for the closure of their open dump site to comply with the World Bank requirements relative to controlling the burning of wastes in the dump site. Two (2) categorized Sanitary Landfills (SLFs) are already operating in the region and one (1) Cluster Categorized Sanitary Landfill designed to cater to the residual wastes of six (6) municipalities is nearing its completion. For CY 2013 activities related to the disposal of residual wastes were focused on the monitoring of operational Sanitary Landfills (SLFs) in the region. The activity was spearheaded by the National Solid Waste Management Commission –Secretariat (NSWMCS) and supported by the ESWM Section of EMB XII. The findings of the monitoring activities indicate varied operation deficiencies of the SLFs of Tacurong City and Polomolok, South Cotabato. Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes Management. R.A. 6969, otherwise known as the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990 mandates the control and management of the import, manufacturing, processing, distribution, use, transport, storage, treatment, and disposal of toxic substance s and hazardous and nuclear wastes. Some of the significant accomplishments DENR-EMB XII for 2013, include: 1) the issuance of five (5) Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances (PICCS) Certificates. PICCS is a list of all existing chemicals and chemical substances,

2) the Issuance of clearances of regulated chemicals under Chemical Control Orders (CCOs): cyanide –5, asbestos –1, mercury– 4 and ozone depleting substances (ODS) - 10 3) registration of five (5) hazardous waste transporters and the type of wastes transported consists mainly of used oil (I101) and the rests are empty containers (J201)/ (M504 – Impregnated Plastics) and Miscellaneous waste or health care wastes (M501) 4) registration of two (2) TSD facilities, 5) registration of 40 Hazardous Waste Generators 6) monitoring of Health Care Wastes (HCW)- an average of 150 metric tons of infectious waste is generated in the region, three (3) metric tons of sharps and 4.5 metric tons of pathological wastes Environmental Impact Assessment. The EIA implementation in the region is anchored on the provisions of the Presidential Decree 1586

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and its upgraded Implementing Rules and Regulations. In 2013, there were a total of 176 Environmental Compliance Certificates (ECCs) and 417 Certificate of Non-coverage (CNC) issued. EMB XII had also surveyed 20 projects caught operating without ECC and necessary permits for FY 2013. These projects were issued with the same number of NOVs. On the other hand, six (6) Environmentally Critical Projects were monitored during the duration of FY 2013, while 305 projects were actually monitored within Environmentally Critical Areas, and 53 of these projects monitored within ECAs have been found in violation of the Environmental compliance this year The integration of new EMB policies have further promote EIA as a planning tool, foremost of which is the segregation from the EIA process the practice of prior submission of permits, clearances, endorsements and other government approvals within the jurisdiction of other NGAs and LGUs which can pre-empt the EIA evaluation process. Under the Revised DAO 03-30 Series of 2003, creation of Multi- Partite Monitoring Team (MMT) is organized to encourage public participation, to promote greater stakeholder vigilance and to provide appropriate check and balance mechanisms in the monitoring of project implementation. EMB XII organized 19 MMTs composed of different types of industries—banana and pineapple plantations, shipyard and power plant projects. Quarterly meetings are conducted in every industry to give leeway on issues and concerns of different stakeholders. The company also has given opportunity to discuss the Company’s Update on Operations and Development. Most issues and concerns raised during the meetings pertain to road rehabilitation of barangay roads, employment and the corporate social responsibility of the company. Public Awareness and Environmental Education. Environmental Education (EE) has been an essential part in mobilizing every people on their role in environmental protection. Since the creation of R.A 9512 otherwise known as Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008, the DENR-EMB XII through Environmental Education and Information Section (EEIS) has been establishing linkages with other agencies whether its government, private, non-government and civil society groups. Through expanding linkages, public awareness and social mobilization in environmental protection increases and strengthens. EEIS has been developing information, education, communication (IEC) materials such as newsletters, republish leaflets, radio plugs and

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informational radio program; playing of different environment-related films, video clips and music. In 2013, DENR-EMB XII conducted environmental education and public awareness activities such as tree plantings, clean ups, lectures, informative materials exhibit and many more. Specifically, the following Environmental Education activities were conducted and institutionalized: Environmental Lectures – Conducted in various schools to inculcate to the minds of the youth and children the importance of protecting the environment and its natural resources. ♦ Radio Broadcast/Guestings – EMB XII is maintaining a radio program dubbed as “EMB Dose sa Himpapawid” over radio station DXKI in Koronadal City to keep the public informed of the activities being undertaken by the office. Broadcast releases and pluggings were also initiated. ♦ Conduct of Special Events – The special events conducted regularly every year are: World Water Day (March 22); Earth Day (April 22)/Month Celebrations; World Environment Day (June 5) and Philippine Environment Month (June); Ozone Month (September); Coastal Clean-up Month (September); Consumer Month (October); Clean Air Month (November); Environmental Awareness Month (November); Climate Change and Global Awareness Week (November 19-25); International Day for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (September 16) were among the special events celebrated for 2013. During the celebration of these special events, the EMB XII spearheaded the conduct of various environmental film showings, distributed of IEC materials, fact sheets, conducted interactive lectures, quiz bees, supported recyclable events, etc. Environmental Administration. The annual budgetary allocation of the region is Php 26,491 Million , and with this amount, the office was able to meet and even surpassed some its goals and targets. The General Administration and Support Services was able to sustain in providing the needed support services that complement to the successful implementation of the various activities of DENR-EMB XII. In the implementation of the various environmental laws, EMB XII was able to generate PhP 5,566,353.00 as revenues of the office. The upgraded and modern regional laboratory contributed to the revenues generated in terms of laboratory analyses of water and waste water of different industries and establishments in the region.

xvi 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report

Table of Contents

Title Page ...... i Message ...... iii Preface ...... iv Acknowledgment ...... v Abbreviations ...... vi Executive Summary ...... ix

Chapters:

1.0 Introduction ...... 1

2.0 Regional Profile ...... 5

3.0 Air Quality ...... 10

4.0 Water Quality ...... 64

5.0 Solid Wastes ...... 178

6.0 Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes ...... 194

7.0 Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 206

8.0 Environmental Education ...... 215

9.0 Environmental Administration ...... 239

10.0 References ...... 249

xvii 2013 Region XII State of the Brown Environment Report