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Cooperce 2021.Pdf (1.679Mb) This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Caught Between Desire and Danger: Power, Agency and Emotion Work in American College Women’s Heterosexual Lives Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Law 2021 Chiara Elena Cooper | University of Edinburgh Abstract This empirical study, grounded in a feminist epistemology, analyses young, American college women’s reflections on their heterosexual lives. The context of these women’s heterosexual experiences provides a backdrop to explore how the phenomena of power, agency, and self- work emerge through and interplay with heterosexuality. Building on existing research on various aspects of women’s heterosexual lives (Fine, 1988; Holland et al, 1998; Tolman, 2002; Jackson and Cram, 2003; Powell, 2010; Beres and Farvid, 2010; Wade, 2017; Pickens and Braun, 2018), this study examines the ways that young women adhere to restrictive ideologies which dictate rules as to how to be a traditionally feminine woman and how heterosex ought to be experienced; but also how their accounts are able to, temporarily, rupture these oppressive power structures, as the women critically consider their capacity for agency and freedom. The study is based on 5 focus group interviews with 18 women at a large, southern public university in the United States. This thesis explores how nuances of pleasure and danger as well as agency and structure transpire through the young women’s narratives of heterosexuality, building up a complex picture of their experiences. In extending a Foucauldian (1978, 1980) understanding of discourse and power, this study will argue that the young women still have to navigate pervasive heterosexual discourses which dictate appropriate heterosexual behaviour. At the same time, this thesis critically analyses the women’s claims to sexual empowerment and agency – which suggest there is some room for circumventing these discourses albeit only briefly – from a feminist perspective. Finally, this research draws on Hochschild’s (1979, 1983) conceptualisation of emotional labour to argue that the young women engage in a form of emotional labour, or emotion work, in order to maintain their heterosexual relationships and their emotions (and those of others) and to manage certain sexual situations, including those involving questions of risk and safety. Thus, this thesis addresses two interrelated problems that are prominent in the literature: the first is that feminist theory aims to provide women the conceptual tools to understand their heterosexual lives, but often either reduces their experiences to structural oppression or a vague liberal view of empowerment. Neither of these fully grapple with the challenges and opportunities for change that women face in heterosexual encounters. Secondly, the women interviewed often rely on strategies based on linguistic interactions and emotion work to manage their heterosexual relationships and a coherent sense of self. Women’s heterosexuality Page 1 of 238 as explored in this thesis is considered a complex contradiction; the study concludes that young women are, on the one hand, able to articulate their sexual desires in an individualised sense but that acting out these pleasures with a partner proves difficult, suggesting that progress of sexual freedom remains intertwined with the intricate constraints of old. Page 2 of 238 Acknowledgements “Once a woman is thought to have said yes to something, she can say no to nothing” Katherine Angel, Tomorrow Sex will be Good Again I would like to extend a deep thank you to my supervisors, Professor Sharon Cowan and Dr Angus Bancroft. Your unwavering, ever-calm guidance and patience has been invaluable - thank you for your belief in me. Without the support of my family and my partner, this thesis would not have been possible. I’m not sure how to thank them for all they have done, and continue to do, for me. It is my biggest hope that they know just how much their love, comfort and encouragement has meant to me. I am beyond grateful and one day, I hope to be able to give back an ounce of what they have given to me. To everyone in my place of fieldwork, and they know who they are, I owe the sincerest thank you for their care. I am, of course, indebted to the women who shared a part of their lives with me. I hope this thesis can do their stories justice. Angels’ quote is one I found, by chance, in the final few weeks before submission. To me, it is captivating, almost moving, in a way. At the same time, I question it. I wonder, is it always the case that if a woman has said thought to have yes to something, she can say no to nothing? Yes and no, maybe, at times – as is the case with powerful quotes, they cause you to reflect in this way. I do feel, however, that it speaks to part of this thesis, to the binds women find themselves in, to the fine lines they are forced to walk, the complexities and paradoxes they encounter in their heterosexual lives. So, I ask that whoever is reading this thesis, sits with the provocation that this quote might muster and for the concept of it, the thought of yes and the simultaneous inability to say no, to be borne in mind as this research evolves. Page 3 of 238 Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ................................................................. 6 1.1 THE BIGGER PICTURE: RESEARCH INTO WOMEN’S HETEROSEXUAL LIVES ............................................. 8 1.2 JOURNEY TOWARDS THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................... 8 1.3 OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 11 1.4 KEY CONCEPTS AND ANALYTICAL CATEGORIES ...................................................................................... 13 1.4.1 Agency/Freedom ............................................................................................................................................ 13 1.4.2 Structure ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.3 Femininity .................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.4.4 Empowerment ............................................................................................................................................... 15 1.5 CONCLUSION: CHAPTER OUTLINE ............................................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER TWO - FRAMING THE THESIS, ANALYTICALLY AND THEORETICALLY ........... 19 2. 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 FEMINISM AND MY POSITIONALITY ........................................................................................................... 20 2.3 FOUCAULT, POWER AND DISCOURSE ........................................................................................................ 26 2.4 EMOTION WORK ........................................................................................................................................ 28 2.5 CENTRAL CONCEPTS .................................................................................................................................. 29 2.5.1 Gender and Sex ............................................................................................................................................. 30 2.5.2 Heterosexuality .............................................................................................................................................. 35 2.6 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER THREE - LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 52 3.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 52 3.2 WOMEN’S HETEROSEXUALITY ALONGSIDE OTHER THEMES .................................................................. 53 3.3 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH INTO WOMEN AND GIRL’S HETEROSEXUALITY ............................................. 56 3.3.1 Fine and Tolman: A Background to the Pessimistic Picture ................................................................................ 58 3.3.2 The Male in the Head ..................................................................................................................................
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