Next Generation Mobile Phone Platforms

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Next Generation Mobile Phone Platforms 1 Next Generation Mobile Phone Platforms Stephan Zeisberg Computer Systems and Telematics Institute of Computer Science Freie Universität Berlin, Germany [email protected] Zusammenfassung—In der Mobilfunkbranche waren Symbian OS setzte sich schnell als ein System durch, lange Zeit Hersteller wie RIM oder Nokia alleinige Markt- welches dies leisten konnte. Marktführende Unterneh- führer und technologische Spitzenreiter. Meine Arbeit be- men wie Nokia, Motorola oder Sony Erricson erkannten schäftigt sich mit den Next Generation Mobile Phones und das und nutzten die Plattform für ihre Geräte. Dadurch wird diese aus technischer Sicht miteinander vergleichen. erhielt das Symbian OS, bis heute, eine Vormachtstellung Es werden sowohl die Hardware als auch die System- Architekturen behandelt. Einleitend werde ich die drei auf dem Markt für mobile Betriebssysteme. zu vergleichenden Betriebssysteme iPhone OS, Android, Doch der immer noch zu geringe Funktionsumfang OpenMoko und die dazugehörigen Mobiltelefone, vorstel- des Symbian OS, lässt das Betriebssystem seine Gren- len. Dazu ist eine spezielle Sicht auf die Hardware Spezi- zen erreichen. Das auf einen Microkernel basierende fikationen, welche einen tieferen Einblick in den Aufbau Betriebssystem, findet man in verschiedene Version für der Systemarchitekturen ermöglichen, nötig. Die jeweili- unterschiedliche Mobiltelefone. gen Kernel und System-Bibliotheken werden weitreichend Das andauernde Wachstum der Branche sowie der erläutert. Anschließend werden die spezifizierten Architek- Drang dazu, etwas neues zu entwickeln, ist wahrschein- turen miteinander verglichen und bewertet. Darauf folgt lich der Grund, weshalb sogennante Next Generation eine inhaltliche Zusammenfassung sowie ein Ausblick auf Mobile Phones Platforms auf den Markt auftreten. die zukünftigen Entwicklungen in der Mobilfunkbranche. Unternehmen wie Apple oder Google setzen sich das Ziel mit neuen Konzepten zu überzeugen und somit Anteile vom Symbian OS beherrschten Markt für sich I. EINLEITUNG zu gewinnen. Vor nicht allzu langer Zeit, war der Erwartungswert Next Generation bedeutet, dass etwas bereits existie- an ein Mobiltelefon nicht sehr hoch angelegt. Alles was rendes, in dem Fall das Mobiltelefon, neue Funktionen man wollte, war ein Gerät mit dem man mit anderen erhält. Das Unternehmen Apple machte dabei mit der Menschen telefonisch kommunizieren konnte. Entwicklung des iPhones den Anfang. Heutzutage rufen Mobilfunkhersteller wie Sony Er- Google und die Open Handset Alliance zogen 2008 ricson und Nokia oder auch Netzwerkbetreiber wie T- mit dem T-Mobile G1 und der, sich darauf befindenden, Mobile immer mehr Kunden dazu auf, Mobiltelefone zu Android Plattform nach. kaufen, welche eine größere Bandbreite an Funktionen Es stellt sich die Frage, was Mobiltelefone, wie das anbieten. Diese Geräte sollen Digitalkamera, persönli- T-Mobile G1 oder das iPhone von anderen unterscheidet, cher Organizer und internetfähig in einem sein. vorallem in Bezug auf deren Systemarchitektur. Ebenso Der Antrieb dafür ist eine Kombination von immer gilt es die Ansätze anderer Hersteller, beispielsweise weiterentwickelteren Hardwarekomponenten, welche ei- Samsung, RIM oder Nokia, herauszuarbeiten. ne bessere Prozessor- und Speicherkapazität bieten sowie ständige Geschwindigkeitsverbesserungen im Bereich II. GRUNDLAGEN der drahtlosen Verbindungen. Dies eröffnet den Herstellern von Mobilfunkgeräten A. Begriffserklärungen für diesen Abschnitt viele Möglichkeiten bessere Produkte auf den Markt zu 1) Kernel: Der Systemkern (engl. kernel) stellt die bringen. wichtigsten Funktionen eines Betriebssystems bereit. Aus dem Grund, dass sich Hardware immer schneller Alle auf dem Kernel aufbauenden Softwarebestandteile entwickelte, erreichten die Betriebssysteme der mobilen unterliegen dem im Systemkern festgelegten Prozess Endgeräte ihre Limits. Diese mussten also einen weitaus und Dateimanagement. größeren Funktionsumfang unterstützen können. Das 2 Abbildung 1. Das Apple iPhone 3G[1], das T-Mobile-G1[2], der Neo Freerunner[3] 2) Library: Ein Software Library bezeichnet eine die Lautstärkeregler und ein Schalter für den Stummmo- Programmbibliothek in der Programmfunktionen dus sind die physischen Bedienelemente. [4] zusammengefasst werden. Die Libraries dienen dem Durch Sensortechnik macht Apple es dem Gerät mög- Zweck bestimmte Aufgaben zu erfüllen. Allerdings sind lich, energiesparend zu arbeiten. Zum Beispiel wird die diese Funktionen als eine Art Hilfsmodul zu verstehen Bildschirmhelligkeit automatisch verringert, wenn man und nicht eigenständig lauffähig, im Gegensatz zu das Gerät zum Ohr hin bewegt. einem Programm. Des Weiteren verfügt das iPhone 3G über eine Zwei-Megapixel-Kamera, ebenso wie über einen 8 oder 3) Framework: Ein Framework fungiert als Gerüst 16 GByte großen Speicher. Auf dem iPhone läuft das für den Softwareentwickler, welcher eine Applikation iPhone OS, ein von Apple entwickeltes Betriebssystem, erstellt. Der Aufbau der Anwendung unterliegt also der welches ausschließlich in Zusammenhang mit dem vorgegebenen Struktur des Frameworks. iPhone erhältlich ist. Es stammt von dem Betriebssystem Mac OS X ab. [5] B. Apple iPhone 3G Beschreibung Das iPhone ist ein Produkt der Apple Inc. und wurde C. iPhone 3G Systemarchitektur am 9. Januar 2007 auf der Macworld Conference & Expo Das iPhone OS, oder auch OS X iPhone, ist das offiziell vorgestellt. Die Firma aus Cupertino entwickelte Betriebssystem des Apple iPhone. Dieses basiert auf der das iPhone, da die Zahl der Mobilfunknutzer stetig an- Software Mac OS X und ähnelt ihr in Aufbau und Kon- stieg und die Apple Software, wie zum Beispiel iTunes1, zeption. Die grundlegenden Strukturen des iPhone OS nur auf Mobiltelefonen lief, die nicht Apples Produklinie werden anhand eines System-Stack-Diagramms (Fig.2) entsprachen. erläutert und beschrieben. Am 29. Juni 2007 begann der Verkauf des iPhones Das System-Stack-Diagramm besitzt vier Layer: Core der ersten Generation offiziell in den USA. Ein Jahr OS, Core Services, Media und Cocoa Touch. später folgte das iPhone der zweiten Generation mit Die Core OS und Core Services Layer beinhalten alle der Bezeichnung iPhone 3G, welches nun zum 3G Netz fundamentalen Schnittstellen, welche das iPhone kompatibel war. OS benötigt. Darunter versteht man Interfaces Das iPhone 3G lässt sich über einen 3.5-Zoll großen für Netzwerkdienste, Bonjour Services2, low-level Touchscreen bedienen und verfügt über keine physische Datentypen und weitere. Diese Schnittstellen sind C- Tastatur. Allein eine Home-Taste, ein Standby-Schalter, 2Technik zur automatischen Erkennung von Netzwerkdiensten in 1Eine Software zur Wiedergabe von Multimediainhalten IP-Netzen 3 Abbildung 2. Die iPhone 3G System Architektur [6] und Objective-C basiert und beinhalten Technologien, rufen werden. Chat- und E-mail-Anwendungen können wie zum Beispiel SQLite oder CFNetwork. [5] [6] zum Beispiel die Adressbuchinformationen nutzen. Zu den Adressbook Framework gehört auch ein User Infer- 1) Core OS: Unter dem Core OS versteht man die face Framework, welches eine Graphische Schnittstelle Kernelumgebung, worin sich die Treiber und Basis- für ein Adressbuch bereitstellt. [9] schnittstellen des Betriebssystems befinden. Der im OS Dateimanagement und Servicefunktionen stellt das X iPhone verwendete Kernel ist ein hybrid Kernel, Core Foundation Framework bereit. Diese API ist C- genannt XNU ( X is Not Unix). basiert und beispielsweise zuständig für das Einstel- XNU ist bekannt aus dem Open Source Betriebs- lungsmanagement. [10] system Darwin, welches die Grundlage von Mac OS Das CFNetwork Framework bietet die Funktion mit X bildet. Der XNU Kernel besteht aus den monolithi- Netzwerkprotokollen zu arbeiten. Dies ermöglicht die schen FreeBSD3 Kernel und den Mach-3.0-Kernel. Das Kommunikation über FTP oder HTTP Server. [11] Rechte- und Multiusermangement, sowie die Prozessauf- Um die Sicherheit des Gerätes zu gewährleisten, steht teilung, TCP/IP und Synchronisierung, übernimmt der das Security Framework zur Verfügung, welches die sich FreeBSD-Teil des Kernels. Für Speichermanagement, im iPhone OS befindlichen Daten möglichst gut schützen Debugging und Multitasking ist der Mach-Teil zuständig. soll. [7] [8] Ein interessantes Framework ist das Core Location Eine der Hauptaufgaben des Core OS ist die Verwal- Framework, dieses benutzt die, in der Hardware befind- tung des virtuellen Speichersystems und der Threads4. lichen GPS-Sensoren, um Längen- und Breitengrade zu Die Verwaltung des Dateisystems und des Netzwerks, bestimmen. Maps, eine standartmäßig installierte Appli- sowie die interne Prozesskommunikation, unterliegen kation auf dem iPhone 3G, benutzt dieses Framework ebenfalls dem Core OS. zur Positionsbestimmung. [12] Auf die sich im Kernel befindenden Treiber, besteht Das SQLite Library ermöglicht die Einbettung einer eingeschränkter Zugriff. Ausschließlich bestimmte SQL Datenbank in eine Anwendung und ist optimiert System-Frameworks und Applikationen können darauf für den schnellen Datenbankzugriff. [6] zugreifen. [6] 3) Media: In dem Media Layer befinden sich sogen- 2) Core Services: Der Core Services Abschnitt des nante high-level Frameworks. Diese sollen ein möglichst Betriebssystems stellt die fundamentalen Systemdienste einfaches Erstellen von Animationen ermöglichen. Des für die Applikationen bereit. Alle sich in der Software Weiteren befinden sich Frameworks für den Audio Be- befindenden Systemtechnologien beruhen auf der Grund- reich in diesem Layer. lage der Core Services, welche sich in verschiedene
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