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UNIT 2 NARRATIVE THERAPY Play Therapy UNIT 2 NARRATIVE THERAPY Play Therapy Structure 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Theoretical Viewpoints Defining Narrative Therapy 2.2.1 Psychodynamic Approaches to Narrative Therapy 2.2.2 Cognitive/Constructivist Approaches to Narrative Therapy 2.2.3 Social Constructionist Narrative Therapy 2.3 Therapeutic Process 2.3.1 Assumptions of Narrative Therapy 2.3.2 Assessment 2.3.3 Goals of Narrative Therapy 2.3.4 Therapeutic Outline: Process of Therapy 2.4 Let Us Sum Up 2.5 Unit End Questions 2.6 Suggested Readings and References 2.7 Answers to Self Assessment Questions 2.0 INTRODUCTION Narrative therapy is a form of psychotherapy used when working with adolescents on the tensions or problems of living. “Psychotherapy involves the psychological treatment of problems of living, by a trained person, within the context of a professional relationship, involving either removing, reducing, or modifying specific emotional, cognitive, or behavioural problems; and/or promoting social adaptation, personality development and/or personal growth” (Barker, 1999). Narrative therapy specifically involves working with a person to examine and edit the stories the person tells himself or herself about the world to promote social adaptation while working on specific problems of living. These complex stories include those related to who they are as a person and their interpretation of events that signal to them where they fit into the world. It is very much about re-ordering parts or in some cases the whole of the personal in head filing cabinet. This occurs around specific and concrete incidents. In this unit you will learn about theories of narrative therapy, assumptions, assessment and goals of narrative therapy and we give you an idea of therapeutic process in terms of an outline. 2.1 OBJECTIVES After reading this unit, you will be able to: • Define narrative therapy; • Elucidate the theoretical viewpoints; • Explain the psychodynamic approaches to narrative therapy; • Describe the cognitive/constructivist approaches to narrative therapy; • Elucidate the social constructionist narrative therapy; 15 Therapeutic Interventions • Discuss the therapeutic process of narrative therapy; and with Children • Explain the therapeutic outline of narrative therapy. 2.2 THEORETICAL VIEWPOINTS DEFINING NARRATIVE THERAPY Freedman and Combs (1996) in their text Narrative Therapy notes, Using the narrative metaphor leads us to think about people’s lives as stories and to work with them to experience their life stories in ways that are meaningful and fulfilling. Using the metaphor of social construction leads us to consider the ways in which every person’s social, interpersonal reality has been constructed through interaction with other human beings and human institutions and to focus on the influence of social realities on the meaning of people’s lives. The central assumption of the narrative approach is that personal experience is fundamentally ambiguous. This doesn’t mean that experience isn’t real or that it’s necessarily mysterious or opaque but rather that understanding human experience, including one’s own, is never simply a process of seeing or analysing it. The elements of experience are understood only through a process that organises those elements, puts them together, assigns meaning, and prioritizes them. To say that experience is fundamentally ambiguous is to say that its meaning isn’t inherent or apparent but that it leads itself to multiple interpretations. To illustrate how experience is shaped by the language we use to describe it, consider the difference between calling heart-racing tension most people feel before specking in public “stage-fright” or “excitement”. The first description makes this agitation a problem, something to overcome. The second suggests it’s natural, an almost inevitable and not necessarily problematic response to standing up in front of people whose approval you hope to win. Whether people experience stage fright or excitement depends upon how they are interpreting their arousal. Strategic therapists gave clients reframes—new interpretation—for their experience. “The next time you are speaking in front of others, just think of yourself as excited rather than nervous”. Narrative therapists recognise that such interpretations are useless unless these interpretations fit in the stories people create about themselves. For example if someone does not have a positive view of self, he will have great difficulty believing that his hands are trembling because of excitement instead of anxiety. Therefore, therapist first needs to work on his life story (He is intelligent and people like to listen to him) and then the situation story (Hand trembling when on stage). Narrative therapy focuses on self-defeating cognitions—stories people tell themselves about their problem. Narrative therapy aims to expand client’s thinking to allow them to consider alternative ways of looking at themselves and their problems. Stories don’t just mirror life, they shape it. That’s why people have the interesting habit of becoming the stories they tell about their experience. It is also why therapist’s eagerness to impose their interpretation often fail—and why, by delving into people’s stories, narratives therapists are able to understand and influence what makes them act as they do. Narrative has become an enormously popular topic. There is a vast literature on narrative, written by anthropologists, sociologists, historians and scholars in 16 linguistics, cultural studies and literary criticism, as well as by psychologists and Narrative Therapy therapists. Partly this reflects the ubiquity of narratives: stories are everywhere. But partly, too, it reflects an important aspect of what has become known as the postmodern era in which we live. The industrialised, scientific, mass society that most of us live in is dominated by the values of modernity: belief in progress, rationality, science. These are some of the reasons why the literature on narrative is large and complex, and potentially confusing. For instance, it is possible to find several different definitions of ‘narrative’ and ‘story’. A story is taken to be an account of a past event that is structured with a beginning, middle and end, and communicates information about a sequence of intended actions undertaken by a person or group. A story is therefore different from a mere chronicle of events. A well constructed story has some degree of dramatic quality, and conveys suspense and feeling and something about the personality of both the teller of the story and the characters within it. A story will also usually have some evaluative element. There is often a ‘moral’ to a story. A story is told to ‘make a point’. A narrative, by contrast, is a more inclusive term that is used to describe a general process of creating an account of what has happened. A narrative may include several discrete stories, but may also include commentaries on these stories, linking passages and explanations. The whole of what a client says in a counselling session can therefore be seen as his or her ‘narrative’, which may be built around the telling of three or four discrete ‘stories’ over the course of the hour. The concept of narrative has been used in quite different ways by representatives of competing theoretical approaches to counselling and psychotherapy. There have been three quite distinct lines of development in relation to the evolution of a ‘narrative-informed’ or ‘narrative-oriented’ model of therapy. The three theoretical orientations that have been most involved in this area are the psychodynamic, constructivist and social constructionist approaches (McLeod 1997). Most of the remainder of this topic concentrates on the contribution of a social constructionist approach to narrative therapy, because that is the approach that has most fully exploited narrative ideas. However, before we move on to a fuller exploration of that set of ideas, it is necessary to review briefly the way that psychodynamic and cognitive/constructivist counselors and therapists have looked at story and narrative. 2.2.1 Psychodynamic Approaches to Narrative Therapy Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapists and counsellors have shown a lot of interest in narrative, and have looked at this phenomenon in two main ways. First, the stories told by clients or patients have been seen as conveying information about the person’s habitual ways of relating to others. Second, the role of the therapist has been viewed as that of helping the client to arrive at an alternative, and more satisfactory, way of telling their life story. The first of these topics, the value of the client’s story as a source of information about recurring patterns of conflict within their relationships, has been explored by Strupp and Binder (1984) and by Luborsky and Crits-Christoph (1990). Although Strupp and Luborsky have taken broadly similar approaches to this issue, the work of Luborsky’s research group, based at the University of Pennsylvania, is better known and more extensive. The key source for these 17 Therapeutic Interventions studies is Luborsky and Crits-Christoph (1990), although Luborsky et al. (1992, with Children 1994) have compiled excellent short reviews of their research programme and its clinical implications. The Luborsky group has observed that although clients in therapy tell stories about their relationships with many different people (for instance, their spouse/ partner, family members, friends, the therapist), it is nevertheless possible to
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