Secretary Baker

Current Policy A New Europe, No. 1233 A New Atlanticism: Architecture for a New Era

United States Department of State Bureau ofPublic Affairs • Washington, D.C.

Following is the prepared address the last escape hatch from the postwar reconstruction; the scenes by Secretary Baker to the Berlin prison camp of nations which of Allied aircraft supplying a Press Club at the Steigenberger Eastern Europe had become. blockaded city; the scenes of Hotel in Berlin, December 12, 1989. In 1971, the Quadripartite American and Soviet tanks facing Agreement on Berlin epitomized the off at Checkpoint Charlie. It is a great honor for an American terrible dilemma of detente-the By standing together, in Berlin to speak at this time in this city. proposition that cooperation as elsewhere, Western nations For me and for millions of my fellow between East and West assumed created the essential preconditions eitizens, Berlin is the crucible of the continued division of this for overcoming the division of this half a century of history. continent. city, of this nation, and of this • Here we have seen clearly Then in 1989, the most continent. what elsewhere hid in shadows. important event-eertainly the As these recent events have • Here the ambiguous disclosed most dramatic-of the postwar era unfolded, the Soviet Union has its true nature. occurred right here in Berlin. shown a remarkable degree of • Here we made the choices and On November 9, the wall became realism. And President Gorbachev took the stands that shaped today's a gateway. Berliners celebrated deserves credit for being the . history's largest, happiest family Soviet leader to have the courage reunion. And all of us who watched and foresight to permit the lifting of In 1945, pictures of a bombed­ these scenes felt, once again: We repression in Eastern Europe. out Berlin brought home to us the are all Berliners. But the real impulse for change terrible cost of war. Once more, images from Berlin comes from an altogether different In 1948, the Soviet Union flashed around the world, images source: the peoples of Poland, of stalked out of the Four Power that again heralded a new reality. Hungary, of Czechoslovakia, of Control Commission and blockaded This new reality has its roots in Bulgaria, and of East Germany. Berlin-the clear declaration of cold those older Berlin scenes-the They have freed themselves. war. scenes ofWest Berlin's dramatic From the Baltic to the Adriatic, In 1953, Berliners staged the an irresistible movement has first popular revolt against Soviet gathered force-a movement of, by, tyranny in Eastern Europe~ and for the people. In their In 1961, the Berlin Wall closed peaceful urgent multitude, the peoples of Eastern Europe have As Europe changes, the maintain significant military forces held up a mirror to the West and instruments for Western in Europe as long as our Allies have reflected the enduring power cooperation must adapt. Working desire our presence as part of a of our own best values. In the together, we must design and common security effort." This is our words of Thomas Jefferson, the first gradually put into place a new commitment to a common future, a American Secretary of State: architecture for a new era. recognition of a need for an active "Nothing is more certainly written This new architecture must have U.S. role in Europe, a need even in the book of fate than that these a place for old foundations and acknowledged by President people are to be free." The changes structures that remain valuable-­ Gorbachev. amount to nothing less than a like NATO [North Atlantic Treaty The charge for us all, then, is to peaceful revolution. Organization]-while recognizing work together toward the New Now, as President Bush stated that they can also serve new Europe and the New Atlanticism. last week, "the task before us is to collective purposes. The new consolidate the fruits of this architecture must continue the New Missions for NATO peaceful revolution and provide the construction of institutions-like architecture for continued peaceful the EC [European Community]­ In May of this year, President Bush change." that can help draw together the suggested to his NATO colleagues The first step is for free men and West while also serving as an open that it was time to begin consider­ women to create free governments. door to the East. And the new ing new missions for NATO. The path may appear difficult, even architecture must build up For over 40 years, the North confusing, but we must travel it frameworks-like the CSCE Atlantic Treaty Organization has with understanding. For true [Conference on Security and secured peace in Europe through stability requires governments with Cooperation in Europe] process­ both deterrence and dialogue with legitimacy, governments that are that can overcome the division of the East. Today, NATO is working based on the consent of the Europe and bridge the Atlantic in Vienna to build a new security governed. Ocean. structure for Europe, one in which The peoples of Eastern Europe This new structure must also the military component is reduced are trying to build such govern­ accomplish two special purposes. and the political is enhanced. This ments. Our view, as President is NATO's first new mission. First, as a part of overcoming Bush has told President Gorbachev, A conventional forces agreement the division of Europe, there must is that the political and economic is the keystone of this new security be an opportunity to overcome, reforms in the East can enhance structure. In May, NATO adopted through peace and freedom, the both long-term stability in Europe President Bush's suggestion to seek division of Berlin and of Germany. and the prospects for perestroika. A such an agreement on an The United States and NATO have legitimate and stable European accelerated timetable. President stood for unification for 40 years, order will help, not threaten, Gorbachev has responded to this and we will not waver from that legitimate Soviet interests. An opportunity positively. And we goal. illegitimate order will provide no have moved significantly closer to Second, the architecture should order at all. concluding an agreement limiting reflect that America's security­ Free men and free governments conventional armaments from the politically, militarily, and econo­ are the building blocks of a Europe Atlantic to the Urals. In Malta, mically-remains linked to Europe's whole and free. But hopes for a President Bush proposed a summit security. The United States and Europe whole and free are tinged meeting to sign such an agreement Canada share Europe's neighbor­ with concern by some that a Europe in 1990. hood. undivided may not necessarily be a Today, I further propose that the Europe peaceful and prosperous. As President Bush stated in ministers of the 23 NATO and Many of the guideposts that May: "The United States is and will Warsaw Pact nations take advan­ brought us securely through four remain a European power." And as tage of our February meeting in sometimes tense and threatening he added. last week: "The U.S. will Ottawa, where we will launch the decades are now coming down. "open skies" negotiations, to review Some of the divisive issues that the status and give a further push once brought conflict to Europe are to the Vienna talks on conventional reemerging. Forces. As we construct a new security architecture that maintains the common defense, the nonmilitary

2 component of European security considering further initiatives the dramatic effect on Eastern attitudes will grow. Arms control agree­ West might take, through the CSCE toward economic liberty. The ments, confidence-building process in particular, to build success of this great European measures, and other political economic and political ties with the experiment, perhaps more than any consultative arrangements will East, to promote respect for human other factor, has caused Eastern become more important. In such a rights, to help build democratic Europeans to recognize that people world, the role of NATO will evolve. institutions, and to fashion, consist­ as well as nations cooperate more NATO will become the forum where ent with Western security interests, productively when they are free to Western nations cooperate to a more open environment for East­ choose. The ballot box and the free negotiate, implement, verify, and West trade and investment. market are the fundamental extend agreements between East Finally, NATO may have its instruments of choice. and West. greatest and most lasting effect on But the European experiment In this context, the implemen­ the pattern of change by demon­ has succeeded not just because it tation and verification monitoring strating to the nations of the East a has appealed to the enlightened of a conventional forces agreement fundamentally different approach to self-interest of European producers will present a major challenge for security. NATO's four decades offer and consumers. This experiment enduring security. NATO must a vision of cooperation, not coercion; has succeeded because the vision of make an important contribution. of open borders, not iron curtains. its founders encompassed and yet I, therefore, invite allied govern­ The reconciliation of ancient transcended the material. This ments to consider establishing a enemies, which has taken place experiment has succeeded because NATO arms control verification under the umbrella of NATO's it also held out the higher goal of staff. Verification will remain a collective security, offers the political as well as economic national responsibility. But such a nations of Eastern Europe an barriers overcome, of a Europe new staff would be able to assist appealing model of international united. member governments in monitoring relations. This was the goal of Monnet and compliance with arms control and Whatever security relationships Schumann. This was the goal confidence building measures in the governments of Eastern Europe supported by the United States of Europe. A NATO organization of choose, NATO will continue to Marshall and Acheson. This was this sort could be valuable in provide Western governments the the goal contained in the Treaty of assisting all allies and coordinating optimal instrument to coordinate Rome and more recently in the the implementation of inspections. their efforts at defense and arms European Single Act. The United It could provide a clearinghouse for control and to build a durable States supports this goal today with information contributed by national European order of peace. The the same energy it did 40 years ago. governments, perhaps joining with interests of Eastern Europe and, Naturally the United States collective European efforts through indeed, the interests of the Soviet seeks a European Community open the Western . Union will be served by the to cooperation with others. We As the East-West confrontation maintenance of a vigorous North believe Americans will profit from recedes, and as the prospects for Atlantic Treaty Organization. access to a single European market, East-West cooperation advance, just as Europeans have long other challenges for European and The Role of the profited from their access to a single Atlantic security will arise. They European Community American market. However, it is point to NATO's second new vital to us all that both these mission. Regional conflicts-along The future development of the markets remain open-indeed, that with the proliferation of missiles European Community will play a both become even more open. and nuclear, chemical, and biolog­ central role in shaping the new As Europe moves toward its goal ical weapons-present growing Europe. of a common internal market, and dangers. Intensified NATO consul­ The example of Western as its institutions for political and tations on these issues can play an cooperation through the European security cooperation evolve, the link important role in forming common Community has already had a between the United States and the Western approaches to these European Community will become various threats. even more important. We want our Third, NATO should also begin transatlantic cooperation to keep pace with European integration and institutional reform.

3 To this end, we propose that the major move toward currency an expansion of cooperation United States and the European convertibility and macroeconomic between the European Community Community work together to reform. and its neighbors to the East and achieve, whether in treaty or some That should be just the start of West. Indeed, we believe that the other form, a significantly our common labor. Poland and attraction of the European strengthened set of institutional Hungary have 40 years of economic Community for the countries of the and consultative links. Working stagnation to overcome, and this East depends most on its continued from shared ideals and common will take time and our steady vitality. And the vitality of the values, we face a set of mutual support. As Czechoslovakia, economic community depends in challenges--in economics, foreign Bulgaria, and the German tum on its continued commitment policy, the environment, science, Democratic Republic undertake to the goal of a united Europe and a host of other fields. So it political and economic reforms envisaged by its founders-free, makes sense for us to seek to comparable to those already under democratic, and closely linked to its fashion our responses together as a way in Poland and Hungary, we North American partners. matter of common course. believe the activities of the Group of We suggest that our discussions 24, centered around the EC, should The Helsinki Process about this idea proceed in parallel be expanded to support peaceful -The New Role of CSCE with Europe's efforts to achieve by change in these countries as well. 1992 a common internal market so As the nations of Eastern The institution that brings all the that plans for U.S.-EC interaction Europe achieve more open political nations of the East and West would evolve with changes in the and economic systems, they may together in Europe, the Conference Community. seek new relationships with the on Security and Cooperation in The United States also en­ European Community, with the Europe, is in fact an ongoing courages the European Community , and with other process launched over 14 years ago to continue and expand cooperation institutions serving both Europe in Helsinki. There have been with the nations of the East. The and the broader international different perceptions as to the promotion of political and economic community. In fact, such ties could functions of this CSCE process. reforms in the East is a natural be fundamental to our strategy of Some saw the Helsinki Final Act of vocation for the European rebuilding the economies of Eastern 1975 as a ratification of the status Community. That is why we were Europe through private capital and quo, the equivalent of a peace treaty exceptionally pleased with the initiative: Private investors in concluding World War II, and thus agreement at the Paris economic Eastern Europe will want to know the legitimization of Europe's summit that the European that they can sell their products in permanent division. Others, Commission should assume a Western markets. however, saw this process as a special role in the Group of 24 effort I am confident that creative new device by which these divisions to promote reform in Poland and arrangements can be devised to could be overcome. Hungary. encourage and sustain the process The dynamic concept of the The United States has worked of political and economic reforms in CSCE process has prevailed. In closely with the European the countries of Eastern Europe, 1975, the governments of Eastern Community in mobilizing economic while at the same time preserving Europe may not have taken and financial support for Hungary the integrity and the vitality of seriously their commitments to and Poland. Indeed, the United existing institutions. We need to respect a wide range of funda­ States has authorized almost $1 offer the nations of the East hope, mental human rights. Their billion of assistance to these two opportunities that can be seized as populations did. The standards of nations. This week, we look to the they take steps toward democracy conduct set by the Helsinki Final Group of 24 meeting to move as and economic liberty. Perhaps the Act are increasingly being met close as possible toward achieving recent work on an agreement through international pressure and the $1 billion stabilization fund between the EC and the six nations Poland requested to support its of the European Free Trade Association will set a pattern for improved ties with others. We see no conflict between the process of European integration and

4 domestic ferment. Last month, This is the ultimate human ments, I suggest we consider here in Berlin, we witnessed one of right, the right that secures all another step: We could involve the proudest achievements of the others. Without free elections, no parliamentarians more directly in CSCE process as the G.D.R. [East rights can be long guaranteed. CSCE processes, not only as Germany] fulfilled its commitment With free elections, no rights can be observers as at present but perhaps to allow its people to travel freely. long denied. through their own meetings. To Now it's time for the CSCE On May 31, in Mainz, President sustain the movement toward process to advance further. We can Bush announced a major new democracy, we need to reinforce the look toward filling each of its three Helsinki initiative to help end the institutions of democracy. baskets with new substance. division of Europe. He called for First, we can give the security free elections and political Germany and Berlin basket further content through the pluralism in all the countries of In a New Europe 35-nation negotiations on Europe. Now this is coming to A new Europe, whole and free, must confidence-building measures pass. include arrangements that satisfy currently underway in Vienna. The In June, the United States and the aspirations of the German agreements under consideration the United Kingdom cosponsored a people and meet the legitimate there should help prevent force, or free elections initiative at the CSCE concerns of Germany's neighbors. the threat of force, from being used human rights meeting in Paris. Before the Bundestag on November again in an effort to intimidate any This proposal called on all 35 CSCE 28, Chancellor Kohl laid out an European nation. Apart from participating states to allow approach designed to achieve reducing further the risk of war, periodic, genuine, and contested German aspirations in peace and new confidence-building measures elections based on universal and freedom. At last week's NATO can create greater openness. They equal suffrage, by secret ballot, and Summit, President Bush reaffirmed can institutionalize a predictable with international observers. America's longstanding support for pattern of military interaction, a Individuals would be allowed to the goal of German unification. He pattern that is difficult to reverse establish and maintain their own enunciated four principles that and that builds a new basis for political parties in order to ensure guide our policy, and I am pleased trust. fully democratic procedures. to note these ideas were Second, the relatively under­ Free elections should now incorporated into the statement developed economic basket can become the highest priority in the issued last week by the leaders of assume new responsibilities. CSCE process. In 1945, Joseph the European Community nations President Bush suggested to Stalin promised free elections and at Strasbourg. self-determination for the peoples of President Gorbachev at Malta that Eastern Europe. The fact that • One, self-determination must we could breathe new life into this those elections were not free, and be pursued without prejudice to its CSCE forum by focusing it on the outcome. We should not at this conceptual and practical questions that those peoples were not allowed to determine their destiny, was a time endorse nor exclude any involved in the transition from particular vision of unity. stalled, planned economies to free, fundamental cause of the . Now this Stalinist legacy is • Two, unification should occur competitive markets. When our being removed by people in the context of Germany's nations meet in Bonn in May of continued commitment to NATO next year to discuss economic determined to reclaim their birthright to freedom. They should and an increasingly integrated cooperation, I suggest we not be denied. They will not be European Community and with due concentrate on this issue. regard for the legal role and Third, the CSCE process has denied. As all or nearly all the CSCE responsibilities of the Allied powers. made its most distinctive mark in • Three, in the interests of the field of human rights. One states move toward fully func­ tioning representative govern- general European stability, moves fundamental right, however, has toward unification must be not yet been fully institutionalized. peaceful, gradual, and part of a This is the right for people to step-by-step process. choose, through regular, free, open, • Four, on the question of multiparty elections, those who will borders, we should reiterate our govern them. support for the principles of the Helsinki Final Act.

5 President Bush concluded that the people power that is shaping The CSCE process could become "an end to the unnatural division of history's new course. the most important forum of East­ Europe, and of Germany, must Moreimportant,these West cooperation. Its mandate will proceed in accordance with and be institutions are also flexible and grow as this cooperation takes root. based upon the values that are capable of adapting to rapidly As these changes proceed, as becoming universal ideals, as all the changing circumstances. As we they overcome the division of countries of Europe become part of adapt, as we update and expand our Europe, so too will the divisions of a commonwealth of free nations." cooperation with each other and Germany and Berlin be overcome in As an American, I am proud of with the nations of the East, we will peace and freedom. the role my nation has played and create a New Europe on the basis of This fall, a powerful cry went up will continue to play standing with a new Atlanticism. from the huge demonstrations in you. Yet this very positive course NATO will remain North Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin: "We will not be easy, nor can it be America's primary link with are the people!" the crowds chanted rushed. It must be peaceful. It Europe. As arms control and at the party that ruled in their must be democratic. It must political arrangements increasingly name. On the other side of the respect the legitimate concerns of supplement the still vital military globe, Lech Walesa was addressing all the participants in the new component of European security, the U.S. Congress, thanking Europe. NATO will take on new roles. America for supporting Polish As Berlin has stood at the center The European Community is liberty. He began with words of a divided Europe, so it may stand already an economic pillar of the written 200 years ago, the words at the center of a Europe whole and transatlantic relationship. It will that open the U.S. Constitution: free-no longer the embattled also take on, perhaps in concert ''We the people." bastion of freedom but instead a with other European institutions, Between 1789 and 1989, beacon of hope for a better life. increasingly important political between the expressions "We the roles. Indeed, it has already done people" and "We are the people," A New Europe, so, as evidenced by the runs one of history's deepest A New Atlanticism Community's coordination of a currents. What the American Western effort to support reform in Founding Fathers knew, the people My friends, the changes we see Eastern Europe. And as it of East Germany and Eastern underway today in the East are a continues to do so, the link between Europe now also know-that source of great hope. But a new era the United States and the European freedom is a blessing but not a gift; brings different concerns for all of Community should become that the work of freedom is never us. Some are as old as Europe stronger, the issues we discuss done, and it is never done alone. itself. Others are themselves the more diversified, and our common Between the America of"We the new products of change. endeavors more important. people" and the Europe of''We are Were the West to abandon the At the same time, the the people," there can be no patterns of cooperation that we substantive overlap between NATO division. On this basis, a new have built up over four decades, and European institutions will Atlanticism will flourish, and a new these concerns could grow into grow. This overlap must lead to Europe will be born. • problems. But the institutions we synergy, not friction. Better have created-NATO, the European communication among European Published by the United States Department Community, and the CSCE and transatlantic institutions will of State • Bureau of Public Affairs • Office of Public Communication • Editorial Division process-are alive. Rooted in become more urgent. democratic values, they fit well with Washington, D.C. • December 1989 Editor: Jim Pinkelman • This material is in the public domain and may be reprinted without permission; citation of this source is appreciated.

6

PA/OAP, Rm. 581 SA United States Department of State BULK RATE Washington, D.C. 2052o-6810 POSTAGE & FEES PAID U.S. Department of State Permit No. G-130 OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE $300

Address Correction Requested