DOCSLIB.ORG

<I>Trichomonas Gallinae</I> in Wild Birds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
<I>Trichomonas Gallinae</I> in Wild Birds University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2018 Investigation of the potential role of bird baths in the transmission of Trichomonas gallinae in wild birds Kathryn Erin Purple University of Tennessee Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Purple, Kathryn Erin, "Investigation of the potential role of bird baths in the transmission of Trichomonas gallinae in wild birds. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5085 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kathryn Erin Purple entitled "Investigation of the potential role of bird baths in the transmission of Trichomonas gallinae in wild birds." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Comparative and Experimental Medicine. Richard W. Gerhold Jr., Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Debra L. Miller, Marcy J. Souza, Mary Katherine Tolbert Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Investigation of the potential role of bird baths in the transmission Trichomonas gallinae in wild birds A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Kathryn Erin Purple August 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge and emphasize the unwavering support and guidance I have received from my advisor, Dr. Richard Gerhold, without whom none of this would be possible. I have grown as researcher with the direction and challenges from my entire committee: Drs. Marcy Souza, Deb Miller and Katie Tolbert. For her indispensable input and moral support, I want to thank my dear friend Dr. Sawsan Ammar. My personal support network has gone above and beyond to elevate my spirits and keep me focused. I am eternally grateful to my family, especially my mother, Debbie Purple, who has supported me through all of my toughest personal and academic challenges. To my husband, Matt Murphy, there is no one I would rather have by my side. Thank you for always knowing how to make me laugh and always knowing just what to say to lift my spirits. I also want to thank my son, Jonathan “Jack” George Murphy, whom we welcomed in the middle of my PhD for reminding me that there are more important things in life than doctorate degrees. And last, but not least, thank you to my canine babies, Hallie and Parker, who have loved me unconditionally through thick and thin. ii ABSTRACT Understanding the role of bird baths and shared water sources in the ecology and epidemiology of the deadly protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae is crucial to identify mitigation strategies for population-limiting epidemics. We evaluated multiple factors that influence the transmission of this pathogen including characterizing persistence in simulated bird baths, evaluating potential effects persistence may have on virulence, and investigating the molecular epidemiology of a concurrent outbreak. Trichomonads were thought to be extremely labile in the environment since their discovery over 200 years ago to 5 years ago when maximum recorded persistence in water was 20 min. We show that trichomonads persist up to 48 hr in simulated bird baths at 37°C with organic material (OM). We also measured persistence in a variety of conditions including, with and without organic material (4 and 16 hr, respectively), with artificially decreased dissolved oxygen (30 hr), and with exposure to UV light (4hr). Moreover, when cytopathic effect (CPE) of post-persistence trichomonads on cultured avian cells was compared to non-persistence control isolates, virulence changed significantly by treatment or persistence time. Post-UV treated persistence broad-winged hawk isolate destroyed significantly more of the cell monolayer than those from the OM treatment illustrating that persistence type can alter virulence. Currently, live animal or cell culture infection trials are the only tool to define virulence of an isolate; however, the more we understand the phylogenetics and epidemiology of Trichomonas spp, the better we can contribute phenotypic differences to genetic data. Using molecular techniques, we showed that circulating genotypes in subclinical hunter-killed doves differ from birds with lesions consistent with trichomonosis. Therefore, hunter-killed doves may not be the source of deadly strains circulating in other sympatric species. Combining laboratory work with the parasite, assessment of virulence on cell culture, and molecular techniques we have shown that the role of bird baths and water sources in transmission cannot be underestimated when addressing outbreaks and that molecular information will continue to improve our effects to mitigate the disease in wild birds. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER II TRICHOMONAS GALLINAE PERSISTENCE IN FOUR WATER TREATMENTS .......... 12 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 13 SHORT COMMUNICATION ...................................................................................................................... 14 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER III PERSISTENCE OF TWO ISOLATES OF TRICHOMONAS GALLINAE IN SIMULATED BIRD BATHS WITH AND WITHOUT ORGANIC MATERIAL .............................................................. 20 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 21 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 22 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................................... 23 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................................................... 24 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................ 24 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................ 27 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER IV ARTIFICIALLY DECREASED DISSOLVED OXYGEN INCREASES THE PERSISTENCE OF TRICHOMONAS GALLINAE IN WATER ............................................................ 29 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 30 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 31 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................ 32 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................ 35 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................................... 38 Measuring DO levels with added OM ............................................................................................. 38 Measuring DO with added Oxyrase® ............................................................................................. 39 Measuring persistence of trichomonads in water with decreased DO ............................................. 39 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER V EVALUATION OF THE CYTOPATHIC EFFECT OF TRICHOMONAS GALLINAE BEFORE AND AFTER PERSISTENCE IN SIMULATED BIRD BATHS USING AVIAN FIBROBLASTS IN CELL CULTURE ........................................................................................................................... 41 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 42 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Trichomonosis in Garden Birds
    Trichomonosis in Garden Birds Agent Trichomonas gallinae is a single-celled protozoan parasite that can cause a disease known as trichomonosis in garden birds. Species affected Trichomonosis is known to affect pigeons and doves in the UK, including woodpigeons (Columba palumbus), feral pigeons (Columbia livia)and collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) that routinely visit garden feeders, and the endangered turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), which sometimes feed on food spills from bird tables in rural areas. It can also affect birds of prey that feed on other birds that are infected with the parasite. The common name for the disease in pigeons and doves is “canker” and in birds of prey the disease is also known as “frounce”. Trichomonosis was first seen in British finch species in summer 2005 with subsequent epidemic spread throughout Great Britain and across Europe. Whilst greenfinch (Chloris chloris) and chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) are the species that have been most frequently affected by this emerging infectious disease, many other garden bird species which are gregarious and feed on seed, including the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), siskin (Carduelis spinus), goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) and bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula), are susceptible to the condition. Other garden bird species that typically feed on invertebrates, such as blackbird (Turdus merula) and dunnock (Prunella modularis) are also susceptible: investigations indicate they are not commonly affected but that this tends to be observed in gardens where outbreaks of disease involving large numbers of finches occur. Pathology Trichomonas gallinae typically causes disease at the back of the throat and in the gullet. Signs of disease In addition to showing signs of general illness, for example lethargy and fluffed-up plumage, affected birds may drool saliva, regurgitate food, have difficulty in swallowing or show laboured breathing.
    [Show full text]
  • Tetratrichomonas and Trichomonas Spp
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Veterinary Medicine -- Faculty Publications and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences Other Works Spring 3-2018 Tetratrichomonas and Trichomonas spp.-Associated Disease in Free-Ranging Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) from Wellfleet Bay, MA and Description of ITS1 Region Genotypes Caroline M. Grunenwald University of Tennessee, Knoxville Inga Sidor [email protected] Randal Mickley [email protected] Chris Dwyer [email protected] Richard W. Gerhold Jr. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_compmedpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Recommended Citation C. Grunenwald, I. Sidor, R. Mickley, C. Dwyer and R. Gerhold. "Tetratrichomonas and Trichomonas spp.- Associated Disease in Free-Ranging Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) from Wellfleet Bay, MA and Description of ITS1 Region Genotypes." Avian Diseases March 2018: Vol 62 no 1. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Veterinary Medicine -- Faculty Publications and Other Works at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tetratrichomonas and Trichomonas spp.-Associated Disease in Free-Ranging Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) from Wellfleet Bay, MA and Description of ITS1 Region Genotypes Author(s): C. Grunenwald, I. Sidor, R. Mickley, C. Dwyer, and R. Gerhold, Source: Avian Diseases, 62(1):117-123. Published By: American Association of Avian Pathologists https://doi.org/10.1637/11742-080817-Reg.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1637/11742-080817-Reg.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichomoniasis in Birds
    Revised April 2001 Agdex 663-34 Trichomoniasis in Birds he protozoan Trichomonas gallinae is a cosmopolitan How are birds harmed by T parasite of pigeons and doves. Other birds such as domestic and wild turkeys, chickens, raptors (hawks, T. gallinae? golden eagle, etc.) may also become infected. Avian trichomoniasis is principally a disease of young The disease in pigeons is commonly called “canker”. A birds. The severity of the disease depends on the similar condition in falcons is called “frounce.” susceptibility of the bird and on the pathogenic potential of the strain of the parasite. Adult birds that recover from the infection may still carry the parasite, but are resistant Life cycle and transmission of to reinfection. These birds do not show obvious signs of infection. T. gallinae In young birds, the early lesions appear as small white to T. gallinae is generally found in the oral-nasal cavity or yellowish areas in the mouth cavity, especially the soft anterior end of the digestive and respiratory tracts. The palate (Figure 1). The lesions consist of inflammation and trichomonads multiply rapidly by simple division (binary ulceration of the mucosal surface. The lesions increase in fission), but do not form a resistant cyst. They therefore size and number and extend to the esophagus, crop and die quickly when passed out of the host. proventriculus (Figure 2). The lesions may develop into large, firm necrotic masses that may block the lumen. Because of the nature of the life cycle, transmission of the Occasionally, the disease may spread by penetrating the parasite from one bird to another occurs in one of three underlying tissues to involve the liver and other organs.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichomonas Stableri N. Sp., an Agent of Trichomonosis in Pacific Coast Band-Tailed Pigeons (Patagioenas Fasciata Monilis)
    University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons College of the Pacific acultyF Articles All Faculty Scholarship 4-1-2014 Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis) Yvette A. Girard University of California, Davis, [email protected] Krysta H. Rogers California Department of Fish and Wildlife, [email protected] Richard Gerhold University of Tennessee, [email protected] Kirkwood M. Land University of the Pacific, [email protected] Scott C. Lenaghan University of Tennessee, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cop-facarticles Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Girard, Y. A., Rogers, K. H., Gerhold, R., Land, K. M., Lenaghan, S. C., Woods, L. W., Haberkern, N., Hopper, M., Cann, J. D., & Johnson, C. K. (2014). Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis). International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 3(1), 32–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.12.002 https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cop-facarticles/789 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of the Pacific acultyF Articles by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Yvette A. Girard, Krysta H. Rogers, Richard Gerhold, Kirkwood M. Land, Scott C. Lenaghan, Leslie W. Woods, Nathan Haberkern, Melissa Hopper, Jeff D. Cann, and Christine K. Johnson This article is available at Scholarly Commons: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cop-facarticles/789 International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3 (2014) 32–40 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijppaw Trichomonas stableri n.
    [Show full text]
  • Strix Varia) from the Eastern United States T ⁎ Kevin D
    Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 16 (2019) 100281 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vprsr Original Article Trichomonosis due to Trichomonas gallinae infection in barn owls (Tyto alba) and barred owls (Strix varia) from the eastern United States T ⁎ Kevin D. Niedringhausa, ,1, Holly J. Burchfielda,2, Elizabeth J. Elsmoa,3, Christopher A. Clevelanda,b, Heather Fentona,4, Barbara C. Shocka,5, Charlie Muisec, Justin D. Browna,6, Brandon Munka,7, Angela Ellisd, Richard J. Halle, Michael J. Yabsleya,b a Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA b Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E Green Street, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA c Georgia Bird Study Group, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA d Antech Diagnostics, 1111 Marcus Ave., Suite M28, Bldg 5B, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA e Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Trichomonosis is an important cause of mortality in multiple avian species; however, there have been relatively Owl few reports of this disease in owls. Two barn owls (Tyto alba) and four barred owls (Strix varia) submitted for Strix varia diagnostic examination had lesions consistent with trichomonosis including caseous necrosis and inflammation Tyto alba in the oropharynx. Microscopically, these lesions were often associated with trichomonads and molecular Trichomonosis testing, if obtainable, confirmed the presence of Trichomonas gallinae, the species most commonly associated Trichomonas gallinae with trichomonosis in birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Oropharyngeal Trichomonads in Wild Birds
    Oropharyngeal trichomonads in wild birds BOOK: Wild Birds: Behavior, Classification and Diseases REVIEW CHAPTER. Tentative Title: Oropharyngeal trichomonads in wild birds. AUTHORS: María Teresa Gómez-Muñoz, DVM, PhD, María del Carmen Martínez-Herrero, DVM, PhD, José Sansano-Maestre, DVM, PhD, María Magdalena Garijo-Toledo, DVM, PhD María Teresa Gómez Muñoz. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Veterinaria. Departamento de Sanidad Animal. Madrid, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] María del Carmen Martínez-Herrero. Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera. Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Facultad de Veterinaria. Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Valencia, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] José Sansano-Maestre. Universidad Católica de Valencia. Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales. Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud Pública. Valencia, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] María Magdalena Garijo Toledo. Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera. Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Facultad de Veterinaria. Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Valencia, Spain. e-mail: [email protected] María Teresa Gómez Muñoz et al. Oropharyngeal trichomonads in wild birds María Teresa Gómez Muñoz Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain María del Carmen Martínez-Herrero Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera Valencia, Spain. José Sansano-Maestre Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud Pública. Universidad Católica de Valencia. Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales. Valencia, Spain María Magdalena Garijo Toledo Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitic Infection Status of Different Native Species of Columbidae Family in Southwest of Iran
    Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research Research Article Open Access Parasitic infection status of different native species of Columbidae family in southwest of Iran Abstract Volume 9 Issue 2 - 2020 In current investigation, for the first time, prevalence of parasites in different native Azam Dehghani-Samani,1 Yaser Pirali,2 Samin members of columbidae family were studied carefully in Shahrekord, located in southwest Madreseh-Ghahfarokhi,3 Amir Dehghani- of Iran. Totally 220 birds from 4 different species were examined for presence of every 4 ectoparasites and endoparasites by use of identification keys for parasites. After preparation Samani 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Iran of blood smears, oral cavity and crop wet smears, feces samples and their direct smears, 2 flotation of feces and evisceration of examined birds, isolation and identification of parasites Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Iran were done via laboratory methods and identification keys. Results of current study show the 3Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, occurrence and prevalence of different parasites in examined groups. The common blood Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran parasite with highest prevalence is Haemoproteous columbae in Rock pigeons (27.27%). 4Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The highest prevalence of Leukocytozoon marchouxi is for Rock Pigeons (5.54%). Shahrekord University, Iran Columbicola columbae is the common ectoparsite with highest prevalence in Rock pigeons (56.36%), the highest prevalence of Menopon gallinae is for Rock Pigeons (21.81%), Correspondence: Amir Dehghani-Samani, Faculty of Medicine, also the highest prevalence of Pseudolynchia canariensis and Lipeurus caponis are for Birjand University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Rock pigeons (36.36% and 16.36% respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Arizona Game and Fish Department
    ARIZONA GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT The Prevalence of Pigeon Paramyxovirus 1 and Trichomonas gallinae in Band-tailed Pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata), Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), and White-winged Doves (Zenaida asiatica) By: Dr. Anne Justice-Allen, Wildlife Health Specialist Carrington Knox, Wildlife Disease Biologist Submitted to: United States Fish and Wildlife Service 18 April 2014 The Prevalence of Pigeon Paramyxovirus 1 and Trichomonas gallinae in Band-tailed Pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata), Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), and White-winged Doves (Zenaida asiatica) SUMMARY Pigeon Paramyxovirus 1 (PPMV1) is an emerging disease of concern to native wild bird species in Arizona. This disease is often associated with the Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto, ECDO), an invasive species with a high level of human commensalism. First identified in the state in the 2001 Christmas bird count, ECDO range has extended to include most of the state and now overlaps with that of the band-tailed pigeon (BTPI). This study set forth to determine the prevalence of PPMV1 in band-tailed pigeons, mourning doves (MODO), white-winged doves (WWDO), and Eurasian collared doves across Arizona using serologic and molecular methods. Trichomonas gallinae has caused several epizootics in dove and raptor populations in Arizona. Co-infection with T. gallinae and PPMV1 could increase the severity of a mortality event. A second objective was to determine if co-infection with PPMV 1 and T. gallinae occurred and if infection with PPMV 1 increased the likelihood of co-infection. We evaluated birds for T. gallinae infection by culture and microscopic examination of liquid media. Band-tailed pigeons (n = 25), MODO (n = 143), WWDO (n = 45), ECDO (n = 59), and rock doves (Columbia livia, RODO, n = 1) were sampled in 2012 and 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characterization of the Trichomonas Gallinae Morphologic Complex in the United States Author(S): Richard W
    Molecular Characterization of the Trichomonas gallinae Morphologic Complex in the United States Author(s): Richard W. Gerhold, Michael J. Yabsley, Autumn J. Smith, Elissa Ostergaardi, William Mannan, Jeff D. Cann and John R. Fischer Source: The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 94, No. 6 (Dec., 2008), pp. 1335-1341 Published by: The American Society of Parasitologists Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40059205 . Accessed: 01/08/2014 15:39 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The American Society of Parasitologists is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Parasitology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 158.135.136.72 on Fri, 1 Aug 2014 15:39:33 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions J. Parasitol., 94(6), 2008, pp. 1335-1341 © American Society of Parasitologists 2008 MOLECULARCHARACTERIZATION OF THE TRICHOMONAS GALLINAE MORPHOLOGIC COMPLEX IN THE UNITED STATES Richard W. Gerhold, Michael J. Yabsley*, Autumn J. Smithf, Elissa Ostergaardi, William Mannan§, Jeff D. Cann||, and John R. Fischer Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602. e-mail: [email protected] abstract: Forty-two Trichomonas gallinae isolates were molecularly characterized to determine whether isolates differed in genetic sequence of multiple gene targets depending on host species or geographical location.
    [Show full text]
  • TRICHOMONOSIS Other Names: Trichomoniasis, Canker, Frounce
    TRICHOMONOSIS Other names: Trichomoniasis, Canker, Frounce CAUSE Trichomonosis (also known as trichomoniasis) is an infectious disease caused by the microscopic parasite Trichomonas gallinae. It is a well documented illness in many bird species, primarily pigeons and doves (commonly known as canker) and raptors (commonly known as frounce), but also in various species of passerine birds, particularly finches. The parasite inhabits the upper digestive tract, mainly the crop and esophagus, but it may also infect the liver, lungs, air sacs, internal lining of the body, pancreas and bones and sinuses of the skull. SIGNIFICANCE Since 2005, increased mortality due to trichomonosis has been observed in the United Kingdom in greenfinches and chaffinches, which has caused significant declines in the populations of these bird species. Trichomonosis was first documented in wild birds in Atlantic Canada in 2007, and it has been encountered regularly in the purple finch and American goldfinch populations in the region since that time. The reason for the emergence of trichomonosis in finches is uncertain, although there is some evidence that backyard bird feeding and watering might be involved in the transmission of the disease. RISK TO HUMAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMAL HEALTH Trichomonas gallinae is a parasite of birds and does not pose a health threat to humans or other mammals such as dogs and cats. Captive poultry and pet birds could be infected with the parasite. TRANSMISSION Food or water contaminated with recently regurgitated saliva or droppings from an individual infected with Trichomonas gallinae can expose uninfected birds to the parasite and lead to potential transmission of the disease.
    [Show full text]
  • An Outbreak of Trichomonosis in European Greenfinches Chloris Chloris and European Goldfinches Carduelis Carduelis Wintering in Northern France
    Parasite 26, 21 (2019) Ó J.-M. Chavatte et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019022 Available online at: www.parasite-journal.org RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS An outbreak of trichomonosis in European greenfinches Chloris chloris and European goldfinches Carduelis carduelis wintering in Northern France Jean-Marc Chavatte1,2,a,*, Philippe Giraud3, Delphine Esperet4, Grégory Place2, François Cavalier2, and Irène Landau1 1 UMR 7245 MCAM MNHN CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 61 rue Buffon, CP52, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France 2 Cap-Ornis Baguage, 10 Rue de la Maladrerie, 59181 Steenwerck, France 3 Laboratoire Départemental d’Analyse du Pas-de-Calais (LDA 62), 2 Rue du Genévrier, SP18, 62022 Arras Cedex, France 4 Laboratoire Labéo Manche, 1352 Avenue de Paris, CS 33608, 50008 Saint-Lô Cedex, France Received 26 November 2018, Accepted 26 March 2019, Published online 8 April 2019 Abstract – Avian trichomonosis is a common and widespread disease, traditionally affecting columbids and raptors, and recently emerging among finch populations mainly in Europe. Across Europe, finch trichomonosis is caused by a single clonal strain of Trichomonas gallinae and negatively impacts finch populations. Here, we report an outbreak of finch trichomonosis in the wintering populations of Chloris chloris (European greenfinch) and Carduelis carduelis (European goldfinch) from the Boulonnais, in northern France. The outbreak was detected and monitored by bird ring- ers during their wintering bird ringing protocols. A total of 105 records from 12 sites were collected during the first quarter of 2017, with 46 and 59 concerning dead and diseased birds, respectively. Fourteen carcasses from two loca- tions were necropsied and screened for multiple pathogens; the only causative agent identified was T.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichomonas Stableri N. Sp., an Agent of Trichomonosis in Pacific Coast Band-Tailed Pigeons (Patagioenas Fasciata Monilis)
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis). Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qq9329j Journal International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife, 3(1) ISSN 2213-2244 Authors Girard, Yvette A Rogers, Krysta H Gerhold, Richard et al. Publication Date 2014-04-01 DOI 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.12.002 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3 (2014) 32–40 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijppaw Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis) q ⇑ Yvette A. Girard a, , Krysta H. Rogers b, Richard Gerhold c, Kirkwood M. Land d, Scott C. Lenaghan e, Leslie W. Woods f, Nathan Haberkern d, Melissa Hopper d, Jeff D. Cann g, Christine K. Johnson a a Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States b Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, United States c Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States d Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States e Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States f California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States g California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Monterey, CA 93940, United States article info abstract Article history: Trichomonas gallinae is a ubiquitous flagellated protozoan parasite, and the most common etiologic agent Received 8 October 2013 of epidemic trichomonosis in columbid and passerine species.
    [Show full text]