Muzio Clementi Und John Field Ein Bloßer Mechanikus (2)

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Muzio Clementi Und John Field Ein Bloßer Mechanikus (2) __________________________________________________________________________ Unter Klavier-Rivalen – Muzio Clementi und John Field Ein bloßer Mechanikus (2) 2 SWR2 Musikstunde, Dienstag, 22. Nov. 2011, 09.05 – 10.00 Unter Klavier-Rivalen – Muzio Clementi und John Field Teil 2: Ein bloßer Mechanikus“ „Mich überläuft´s schon bei der bloßen Nennung dieses fürchterlichen Namens: Clementi – brrrr! – Davor habe ich mich immer bekreuzigt!“ – so spottet Hugo Wolf und wird darin nur noch von einem ziemlich bekannten Wiener Kollegen übertroffen, der schon gut einhundert Jahre zuvor den armen Clementi als Scharlatan abgekanzelt hat. Und damit Willkommen zur Musikstunde! Wer von Ihnen Klavierspielen gelernt hat, der ist unweigerlich auf seinen Namen gestoßen und Hugo Wolf wird beileibe nicht der einzige gewesen sein, den es dabei geschüttelt hat. Der Siegeszug des Klaviers zum universalen Hausmusik-Instrument ist Clementi tatsächlich zuletzt zum Verhängnis geworden. Die musikalische Massendressur der höheren Töchter, das ständige Klaviergetrommel in den Mietwohnungen, die Klavierseuche als moderne Stadtplage des 19. Jahrhunderts, wie sie von Heinrich Heine in Paris oder von dem Musikkritiker Eduard Hanslick in Wien diagnostiziert wurde, sie war von Anfang an mit dem Namen Clementis verknüpft. Ein Erfolg seiner leichten Klavierstücke, die ihm die Musikgeschichtsschreibung nicht verziehen hat. Über Clementi hat sie den Stab gebrochen. Für diesen tatsächlich zweifelhaften Erfolg steht sein berühmtestes und zugleich anspruchslosestes Klavierstück. Die C- Dur-Sonatine aus op. 36. Bis heute ein Pflichtstück für jeden Anfänger. Tja, so nervig kann Klavierüben sein: Muzio Clementi Sonatine für Klavier C-Dur op. 36 Hubert Giesen (Klavier) Das muss man sich dann mal unter den Fingern eines tüchtigen Klavieranfängers vorstellen... Aber, bleiben wir auf dem Teppich: was kann der gute Clementi dafür, dass noch kein Meister vom Himmel gefallen ist? Jedenfalls war Clementis brave Fingerübung ein gefundenes Fressen für Erik Satie alias Erik Satierik. Anders als Hugo Wolf spottet der gut musikalisch. Hier ist seine Sonatine bureaucratique, seine „bürokratische Sonatine“. Es spielt: Jean-Yves Thibaudet 3 Erik Satie Sonatine bureaucratique Jean-Yves Thibaudet (Klavier) So witzelt Erik Satie mit seiner Sonatine bureaucratique über das vielleicht berühmteste Anfängerstück Muzio Clementis. Da mag sich auch Saties berühmter Freund nicht zurückhalten. In Anspielung auf Clementis Etüden-Sammlung Gradus ad Parnassum mit ihren einhundert Übungsstücken schreibt Claude Debussy für seine damals dreijährige Tochter Chou-Chou „Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum“, das erste Stück seiner Sammlung Children´s Corner. Und man hört, wie hier fleißig Tonleitern geübt und geübt werden, bis ... tja bis alles Üben für kurze Zeit in Tagträumen übergeht, bevor es wieder zur Ordnung gerufen wird. Jean-Efflam Bavouzet: Claude Debussy 1. Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum aus: Children´s Corner Jean-Efflam Bavouzet (Klavier) Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum – eine Anspielung von Claude Debussy auf Clementis große Schule des Klavierspiels mit ihren einhundert Übungen – ein Werk an dem sich bis heute fleißige Klavier-Eleven abarbeiten. Eigentlich eine enorme Erfolgsgeschichte, andererseits fatal für Renommee und Reputation Muzio Clementis. Von dieser Zwiespältigkeit seines späteren Erfolgs ahnte freilich der junge Mann noch nichts, der Ende 1773 vom Landsitz seines Mäzens Sir Peter Beckford in der Grafschaft Dorset im Südwesten Englands Abschied nahm. Die sieben Jahre, für die ihn Beckford seinem Vater damals in Rom abgekauft hatte, waren nun vorbei. Jetzt brannte er darauf, sich in die turbulente Musikszene Londons zu stürzen, von der er schon so viel gehört hatte. Allerdings: außer seiner stupenden Virtuosität hatte er nicht viel vorzuweisen. An Kompositionen waren von ihm bisher nur die sechs Beckford gewidmeten Sonaten für Cembalo oder Fortepiano op. 1 im Druck erschienen. Und in der englischen Musikmetropole war er damals nur einer von vielen italienischen und deutschen Musikern, die dort um die Gunst des Publikums wetteiferten. Die Konkurrenz war enorm. Kein Wunder also, dass ihn die Londoner Zeitungen zunächst gar nicht wahrnahmen und die Konzertveranstalter ihn kaum beachteten. Und der junge Mann tat aus kaum nachvollziehbaren Gründen zunächst ein Übriges, um nicht aufzufallen. Die Black-Joke-Variationen, die erste Publikation 4 seiner Londoner Anfangszeit, erschienen nämlich nicht unter seinem vollen Namen. Sondern: Composed by „Signore M.C.“ konnte man da lesen. Warum Clementi halb anonym bleiben wollte, obwohl diese Variationen über eine irische Volksmelodie zum besten gehören, was er bis dahin geschrieben hatte, das ist bis heute ein Geheimnis. Howard Shelley hat sie auf einem modernen Klavier eingespielt. Muzio Clementi The Black Joke mit 21 Variationen W02 Howard Shelley (Klavier) 21 Variationen über die irische Volksweise „The Black Joke“ von Muzio Clementi waren das, mit Howard Shelley, Klavier -, die erste Publikation von Clementi, seit der Zweiundzwanzigjährige seinen Abschied bei Sir Beckford genommen hatte und nach London gekommen war, um dort wie so viele andere Musiker sein Glück zu machen. Bahnbrechendes Vorbild für ganz Europa war damals die Entwicklung des Konzertlebens in der englischen Millionenstadt. Es gab zahlreiche Konzertsäle – beliebt waren etwa die „Tottenham Street Rooms“, das „Pantheon“ in der Oxford Street, die „Devils Tavern“, oder die „Anchor Tavern“ –: hier traten einheimische Amateur-Ensembles oder professionelle Musiker ebenso auf wie durchreisende Virtuosen. Von den Musikszenen in anderen reichen europäischen Hauptstädten unterschied sich das Londoner Musikleben damals vor allem dadurch, dass es hier nicht mehr vom königlichen Hof oder vom Adel, sondern von bürgerlichen Abonnenten getragen wurde. Über Erfolg oder Misserfolg von Musikern und Komponisten entschied hier nicht mehr hochherrschaftliches Wohlwollen, verbunden mit massiver finanzieller Unterstützung, sondern der bürgerliche Publikumsgeschmack. Niemand zahlte die umgerechnet bis zu 200 Euro teuren Eintrittspreise für einige Stunden Musik, wenn davon nur die Hälfte gefiel. Clementi, ein musikalischer Nobody in der Miollionenstadt, bekam das zu spüren. Hin und wieder trat er nun bei Wohltätigkeitskonzerten auf, aber es wollte ihm zunächst nicht gelingen, im Londoner Musikleben Fuß zu fassen. Das wurde von anderen dominiert. Etwa von Johann Christian Bach und dem Gambisten Carl Friedrich Abel. Beide waren seit Anfang der 1760er Jahre in London, wohnten zusammen in einer Art Junggesellen-WG, konzertierten gemeinsam und gründeten bald eine eigene Konzertreihe, die Bach-Abel-Konzerte, in denen sie auch zusammen auftraten. Obwohl es in der Stadt damals etliche andere Konzertreihen auf Subskriptionsbasis gab, waren die Bach-Abel-Konzerte ein voller Erfolg. Zu dem Zeitpunkt, als Clementi 5 nach London kam, waren die beiden geschäftstüchtigen Musik-Kollegen gerade dabei, einen eigenen Konzertsaal am eleganten und exklusiven Hanover Square zu eröffnen. Von solchen Erfolgen konnte Muzio Clementi bis dahin nur träumen. Hier ein Rondo das die beiden Konzertveranstalter Bach und Abel gemeinsam herausgegeben haben. Johann Christian Bach 2. Satz „Rondo grazioso“ aus: Quartett für Oboe, Violine, Viola und Violoncello B-Dur Nr. 1 Il Gardellino Musik aus den Londoner Bach-Abel-Konzerten: das Rondo aus dem Quartett B-Dur Nr. 1 von Johann Christian Bach und Carl Friedrich Abel mit Il Gardellino. Erst als Clementi mehr Klavierstücke drucken ließ, wurde er öfter für Konzerte verpflichtet. Sein Landsmann Gasparo Pacchierotti, damals der bedeutendste Sopranist der italienischen Oper in London, setzte sich für Clementi ein und ließ seine Kontakte nach Paris spielen. Ende Mai 1780 überquerte Clementi den Ärmelkanal und erreichte die französische Hauptstadt. Ganz anders als beim eher reservierten englischen Publikum, fand er dort derart begeisterte Aufnahme, dass er selbst davon überrascht war. Und: er erfuhr die Gunst, vor der jungen Marie- Antoinette und ihrem Hofstaat konzertieren zu dürfen. Sein Konzert am Hofe wurde zu einem grandiosen Erfolg. Endlich ging es voran. Fieberhaft arbeitete er an weiteren Klaviersammlungen, die er sofort noch in Paris in den Druck gab. Dann reiste er ab. In seiner Tasche ein Empfehlungsschreiben von Marie-Antoinette an ihren Bruder in Wien: Kaiser Joseph den Zweiten. Straßburg, München, Salzburg – wo immer er konzertierte, erntete er frenetischen Applaus. In Wien, wo der vier Jahre jüngere Mozart gerade dabei war, sich nach seiner Kündigung in Salzburg als Klavier-Star einen Namen zu machen, kommt es am Weihnachtsabend 1781 in der Hofburg unter den Augen von Kaiser Joseph dem Zweiten und seiner russischen Gäste, dem späteren Zaren Paul dem Ersten und seiner Gemahlin, zu jenem legendären Klavier-Duell, aus dem der Wiener Shooting-Star nur als „gefühlter Sieger“ hervorgehen wird. Dennoch wird sein Urteil Wertschätzung und Reputation Clementis bis heute schwer und negativ beeinflussen. Als Clementi an diesem Abend auf Wink des Kaisers als erster an der Klaviatur des Hofklaviers Platz nahm, kam er sich vor wie sein großes Vorbild Scarlatti bei seinem römischen Klavier-Duell mit Händel. Derlei Tasten-Duelle hatten Tradition. Die Klaviatur schien der ideale 6 Turnierplatz. Die Anzahl von Tasten und Fingern war überschaubar. Und die Mechanik der Tonerzeugung war normalerweise für alle gleich. Aber das Klavier, an das man ihn gebeten hatte, war nicht in Ordnung. Es war grässlich verstimmt. Und drei Tasten
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