Review Article Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: a Review of Recent Advances
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Hindawi Journal of Pharmaceutics Volume 2018, Article ID 3420204, 19 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3420204 Review Article Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: A Review of Recent Advances Shreya Kaul, Neha Gulati, Deepali Verma, Siddhartha Mukherjee, and Upendra Nagaich Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India Correspondence should be addressed to Upendra Nagaich; upendra [email protected] Received 29 December 2017; Accepted 21 February 2018; Published 27 March 2018 Academic Editor: Xiqun Jiang Copyright © 2018 Shreya Kaul et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Nanotechnology manifests the progression in the arena of research and development, by increasing the efcacy of the product through delivery of innovative solutions. To overcome certain drawbacks associated with the traditional products, application of nanotechnology is escalating in the area of cosmeceuticals. Cosmeceuticals are regarded as the fastest growing segment of the personal care industry and the use has risen drastically over the years. Nanocosmeceuticals used for skin, hair, nail, and lip care, for conditions like wrinkles, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, dandruf, and hair damage, have come into widespread use. Novel nanocarriers like liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, microemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carrier, and nanospheres have replaced the usage of conventional delivery system. Tese novel nanocarriers have advantages of enhanced skin penetration, controlled and sustained drug release, higher stability, site specifc targeting, and high entrapment efciency. However, nanotoxicological researches have indicated concern regarding the impact of increased use of nanoparticles in cosmeceuticals as there are possibilities of nanoparticles to penetrate through skin and cause health hazards. Tis review on nanotechnology used in cosmeceuticals highlights the various novel carriers used for the delivery of cosmeceuticals, their positive and negative aspects, marketed formulations, toxicity, and regulations of nanocosmeceuticals. 1. Introduction appearance of the skin, intensify the cleansing, and promote the beauty of the skin [4]. As reported, the use of cosmetics Nanotechnology is regarded as the most imminent tech- was attributed to Egyptians around 4000BC and later Greeks, nology of 21st century and is contemplated as a big boon Romans, Chinese, Japanese, and Americans started using in the cosmetic industry. Te term nanotechnology is the cosmetics. In the late 19th century, the use of cosmetics was combination of two words: namely, technology and the Greek secretly done by the women with household items in western numerical “nano” which means dwarf. Tus, nanotechnology countries and by 20th century the cosmetics were being done is considered as the science and technology used to develop or without concealment. By the 21th century, the cosmetics are manipulate the particles in the size range of 1 to 100 nm [1, 2]. being enormously used and with the development in technol- Since 1959, nanotechnology has emerged in diferent felds ogy, innovative cosmetic formulations are being developed by like engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and science the incorporation of the latest technologies [5, 6]. and it has been virtually 40 years since nanotechnology has Cosmeceuticals are the cosmetic products which incor- intruded into the feld of cosmetics, health products, and porate biologically active ingredient having therapeutic ben- dermal preparations. During the era of 4000BC, the use of efts on the surface applied. Tese are utilized as cosmetics nanotechnology has been recorded by the Egyptians, Greek, as they claim to enhance appearance [7]. Cosmeceuticals are and Romans, with concept of hair dye preparation utilizing chasm between pharmaceuticals and personal care products. nanotechnology [3]. Cosmeceutical products have measurable therapeutic efcacy Founding member of US society of Cosmetic Chemists, on the skin, as drugs and formulations have diversifed from Raymond Reed, coined the term “cosmetics” in the year 1961. skin to body to hair and they are used for the treatment of var- Cosmetics can be defned as the products which amplify the ious conditions like hair damage, wrinkles, photoaging, skin 2 Journal of Pharmaceutics Controlled relsese Site specific Increased efficacy targeting Active transport of Occulsive active ingredient properties High entrapment efficency Physical stability Figure 1: Pictorial presentation of positive aspects of nanocosmeceuticals. dryness, dark spots, uneven complexion, hyperpigmentation, Astheruleofthenature,eachandeverythinginthis andsoon[8]. universe has some positive as well as negative aspects. Some Cosmeceuticals are contemplated as the fastest growing of the drawbacks associated with nanocosmeceuticals are as fragment of personal care industry and the market for follows. Due to production of large number of oxygen species, personal care is increasing enormously [9]. Despite enormous oxidation stress, infammation, damage to DNA, proteins, benefts of nanoparticles, little is known about the short- and membranes may be caused by nanoparticles. Few ultra- term and long-term health efects in the environment and fne nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, carbon based organisms. Safety concerns have been raised due to the fullerenes, TiO2, copper nanoparticles, and silver nanoparti- reported toxicity and possible dangers of the nanomaterials. cles may be toxic to human tissues and cells. Titanium dioxide Te present article reviews the diverse classes of nanocarriers found in sunscreens has been demonstrated to cause damage like liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanos- to DNA, RNA, and fats within cells. No stringent scrutiny tructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsion, and so on which are wasimposedbytheregulatoryagenciesfortheapprovaland being used for delivery of nanocosmeceuticals, marketed regulation of nanocosmeceuticals. Nanocosmeceuticals may products,andpositiveandnegativeaspects. be harmful to environment as well. No clinical trials are required for the approval of nanocosmeceuticals, thus raising Tere are a number of advantages of nanocosmeceuti- a concern of toxicity afer use [15, 16]. Negative aspects of cals. Namely, they provide the controlled release of active nanocosmeceuticals are discussed in Figure 2 [17]. substances by controlling the drug release from carriers by several factors including physical or chemical interaction among the components, composition of drug, polymer and 2. Novel Nanocarriers for Cosmeceuticals additives, ratio, and preparation method. Tey are used in hair care preparations, such as in treatment of hair loss and For the delivery of nanocosmeceuticals, carrier technology is to prevent hair from turning grey such as Identik Masque employed which ofers an intelligent approach for the delivery Floral Repair, Origem hair recycling shampoo, and Nirvel of active ingredients. Various novel nanocarriers for delivery hair-loss control shampoo. Nanocosmeceuticals make the of cosmeceuticals are depicted in Figure 3 [18, 19]. fragrances last longer, for example, Allure Parfum and Allure Eau Parfum spray by Chanel. Tese make the skin care 2.1. Liposomes. Liposomes are most widely used for the formulations more efective and increase the efcacy of cosmeceutical preparations. Tey are the vesicular structures sunscreens by improving UV protection in them. By having having an aqueous core which are enclosed by a hydrophobic very small size of the particles, the surface area is increased lipid bilayer [20]. Te main component of liposome lipid which allows the active transport of the active ingredients bilayer is phospholipids; these are GRAS (generally recog- into the skin. Occlusion provides the enhancement in the nized as safe) ingredients, therefore minimizing the risk for penetration and skin hydration is increased. Cosmeceuticals adverse efects [21]. To protect the drug from metabolic have high entrapment efciency and good sensorial prop- degradation, liposome encapsulates the drug and releases erties and are more stable than the conventional cosmetics. active ingredients in a controlled manner [22]. Liposomes Most of the nanoparticles are suitable for both lipophilic aresuitablefordeliveryofbothhydrophobicaswellas and hydrophilic drug delivery. Nanomaterials are widely hydrophilic compounds. Teir size varies from 20 nm to used in the preparation of antiwrinkle creams, moisturizing several micrometers and can have either multilamellar or creams, skin whitening creams, hair repairing shampoos, unilamellar structure [23]. conditioners, and hair serums [11, 12]. Several positive aspects Antioxidants such as carotenoids, CoQ10, and lycopene of nanocosmeceuticals are discussed in Figure 1 [13]. andactivecomponentslikevitaminsA,E,andKhavebeen Journal of Pharmaceutics 3 Smaller particles may be reactive No regulations for clinical Toxicity safety Clinical trials May be harmful to not required environment and humans Figure 2: Pictorial presentation of negative aspects of nanocosmeceuticals. Nanoemulsion Nanostructured Gold nanoparticles lipid carriers Solid lipid Nanospheres nanoparticles Novel nanocarriers Niosomes Dendrimers Cubosomes Liposomes Polymersomes Carbon nanotubes Figure 3: Pictorial presentation of various