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Arash Azadeh Heat Influence on Physical and Mechanical Properties

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Arash Azadeh Heat Influence on Physical and Mechanical Properties Arash Azadeh Heat influence on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dendrocalamus Giganteus Bamboo Tese de Doutorado Thesis presented to the Programa de Pós- graduação em Engenharia Civil of PUC-Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doutor em Engenharia Civil. Advisor: Prof. Khosrow Ghavami Rio de Janeiro April 2018 2 Arash Azadeh Heat influence on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dendrocalamus Giganteus Bamboo Thesis presented to the Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil of PUC-Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doutor em Engenharia Civil. Approved by the undersigned Examination Committee. Prof. Khosrow Ghavami Advisor Departamento da Engenharia Civil – PUC- Rio Prof. Normando Perazzo Barbosa UFPB Prof. Holmer Savastano Junior FZEA-USP Prof. Romildo Dias Toledo Filho COPPE-UFRJ Prof. Conrado de Souza Rodrigues CEFET-MG Prof. Daniel Cardoso PUC-Rio Prof. Márcio da Silveira Carvalho Coordinator of the Centro Técnico Científico da PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, April 27th, 2018 3 All rights reserved Arash Azadeh Graduated in Civil Engineering at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) in 1994 and obtained his M.Sc. Degree in structural Engineering at the same university in 1999. Bibliographic data Azadeh, Arash Heat influence on physical and mechanical properties of Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo / Arash Azadeh ; advisor: Khosrow Ghavami. – 2018. 224 f. : il. color. ; 30 cm Tese (Doutorado)–Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, 2018. Inclui bibliografia 1. Engenharia Civil – Teses. 2. Bambu Dendrocalamus giganteus. 3. Efeito de calor. 4. Propriedades mecânicas. 5. Absorção de água. 6. Processamento de imagem. I. Ghavami, K. II. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Departamento de Engenharia Civil. III. Título. CDD: 624 4 Dedicated to: My dear daughter Khorshid And also my parents, The brilliant stars of my life 5 Acknowledgment Special thanks to my dedicated advisor, Professor Khosrow Ghavami for competent supervision in all steps including editing patiently my research program. The first investigation about bamboo in Brazil and in the world started in 1979 by Prof. Ghavami at PUC-Rio. After that many well-known research centers and universities around the world started their investigation about this magic plant. Thanks to Prof. Holmer Savastano Jr. from FZEA-USP for the preparation and sending the bamboo culms from Pirassununga campus. Most of the experiments were carried out at the ITUC laboratory of PUC-Rio. My thanks are to Ms. Lucia Queiroz, Adrian Giassone, Roberta Madeira, Ubiratan Moreira and Luiz Paulo Jr. for their collaboration and patience to help in realizing the tests. Thanks also to the technicians of the structure and material laboratory (LEM-DEC) José Nilson de Melo, Euclides Moura Neto, Rogério Ross Daniel, Carlos Alexandre for their assistance in workshop operations and mechanical tests. Thanks to Prof. Sidnei Paciornik, Dr. Marcos Henrique and Asafe Bittencourt from the department of the materials, for their cooperation to prepare the meso scale and the X-ray microtomography images. Thanks to Prof. Maria Isabel, Henrique Meira and Gisele Barbosa made available the heat treatment equipments, also to Elaine Cabral for the TGA tests, from the department of chemistry. Special thanks to Tehran University which contributed through Prof. Kambiz Pourtahmasi, Prof. Ghanbar Ebrahimi and their students from the wood and paper department for the execution of the chemical analysis of bamboo and to Mr. Hashemi from engineering workshop for helping to fabricate the set up used in compression and transversal tensile tests of. Thanks to Rita de Cássia do Nascimento Leite, the secretary of the post-graduate course. I would like to thank to my good friends Dr. Henrique Alves, Dr. Alexandr Zhemchuzhnikov, Dr. João Queiroz Krause, Dr. Wellington Tatagiba de Carvalho and Monique Nascimento dos Santos for their assisting in one way or another in the development of my research work. Also, the financial support given by Brazilian financing agency of CNPq is well appreciated. 6 Abstract Azadeh, Arash; Ghavami, Khosrow (Advisor). Heat influence on physical and mechanical properties of Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo. Rio de Janeiro, 2018. 224p. Tese de Doutorado. Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. The principal objective of the present thesis is to investigate the effect of heat on physical and mechanical properties of Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo. The chemical analysis carried out to study and compare chemical components among different species and the internal and external parts of Dendrocalamus giganteus bamboo. To establish the heating range and its intervals the thermogravimetric analysis test (TGA) carried out to study the degradation of different bamboo genera and species at macro, meso, and micro and nano level. Based on preliminary heat exposure tests and the results of TGA, the tests executed at initial temperatures 25°C considered as ambient temperature, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C and 225°C for 3 hours duration as short term, and 24 hours duration as long term heat exposure. Image processing carried out to investigate the meso structure of bamboo as a functionally graded material (FGM) and the fiber distribution alongside the radial direction from internal to external bamboo wall thickness. The volume fraction of fibers, matrix and voids for internal and external part of bamboo section established and used in the investigation of water absorption of each component of the bamboo. The scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and X-ray microtomography used to study the effects of different heat exposures on micro structure of fiber and matrix. The micro cracks initiate and propagate after 175°C. The influence of heat on hygroscopicity, water absorption, shrinkage and swelling of bamboo specimens in longitudinal, radial and tangential directions at different temperatures and time exposures investigated. The non-uniform shrinkage and water absorption of bamboo test specimens, measured in tangential direction at internal and external sides which permitted to establish the hygroscopic property of each component. The results show by heat exposure higher than 175°C the water absorption capacity reduces significantly. The tensile, compression, and shear resistance established along the fibers and only tensile experiments realized transversal to the fibers. In addition, the dynamic bending modulus of elasticity using impulse excitation technique applied to considered specimens. The result of mechanical 7 tests shows a close relation between transversal tensile and shear strength with matrix strength. The tangible variation in mechanical properties occurred after heat exposure-time at 175°C-3h or 150°C-24h. The modulus of elasticity and compression strength are not reduced significantly and nearly remain the same for samples treated at 225°C-3h or 200°C-24h while for the tensile, shear and transversal tensile samples, the mechanical strength decreases about 70% to 90% at these temperature-time. Keywords Bamboo Dendrocalamus giganteus; Heat effect; Mechanical properties; Water absorption; Image processing. 8 Resumo Azadeh, Arash; Ghavami, Khosrow (Orientador). Influencia do calor nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas do Dendrocalamus giganteus bambu. Rio de Janeiro, 2018. 224p. Tese de Doutorado. Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. O principal objetivo da presente tese é investigar o efeito do calor nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas do bambu Dendrocalamus giganteus. A análise química foi realizada para estudar e comparar componentes químicos de diferentes espécies e partes internas e externas do bambu Dendrocalamus giganteus. Para estabelecer a faixa de aquecimento e seus intervalos, foi realizado o teste de análise termogravimétrica (TGA) para estudar a degradação de diferentes gêneros e espécies de bambu nos níveis macro, meso, micro e nano. Baseado em ensaios preliminares de exposição ao calor e nos resultados da TGA, ensaios executados a temperaturas iniciais de 25°C (considerado como temperatura ambiente), 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C e 225°C foram expostos por um período de 3 horas, considerado como curto prazo, e 24 horas, considerado como um longo prazo de exposição ao calor. Processamento de imagem foi realizado para investigar a meso estrutura do bambu, como functionally graded material (FGM), e a distribuição das fibras da parte interna à parte externa da parede de espessura do bambu, ao longo da direção radial. A fração volumétrica das fibras e da matriz para a parte interna e externa da seção do bambu foi estabelecida e utilizada na investigação da absorção de água por cada componente do bambu. O microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) e a microtomografia de raios X foram usados para estudar os efeitos de diferentes exposições ao calor na microestrutura da fibra e da matriz. As microfissuras iniciam e propagam após 175°C. Também foram investigados a influência do calor na higroscopicidade, a absorção de água, o encolhimento e o inchamento das amostras do bambu nas direções longitudinal, radial e tangencial sob diferentes temperaturas e exposições de tempo. O encolhimento não uniforme e a absorção da água de amostras do teste com o bambu, medido na direcção tangencial nos lados internos e externos, permitiram estabelecer a propriedade higroscópica de cada componente. Os resultados
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