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Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV TEORETICKÉ FYZIKY A ASTROFYZIKY Bakalářská práce BRNO 2021 KATEŘINA NEUMANNOVÁ MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Ústav teoretické fyziky a astrofyziky Hvězdná proměnnost v kulových hvězdokupách Bakalářská práce Kateřina Neumannová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Marek Skarka, Ph.D. Brno 2021 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Kateřina Neumannová Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav teoretické fyziky a astrofyziky Název práce: Hvězdná proměnnost v kulových hvězdokupách Studijní program: Fyzika Studijní obor: Astrofyzika Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Marek Skarka, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2020/2021 Počet stran: viii + 40 Klíčová slova: Kulová hvězdokupa; Proměnná hvězda; Metalicita Bibliographic Entry Author: Kateřina Neumannová Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophy Title of Thesis: Stellar variability in globular clusters Degree Programme: Physics Field of Study: Astrophysics Supervisor: Mgr. Marek Skarka, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2020/2021 Number of Pages: viii + 40 Keywords: Globular cluster; Variable star; Metallicity Abstrakt Tato bakalářská práce se věnuje základním vlastnostem kulových hvězdokup a promě­ nných hvězd, které se v nich nacházejí. Z dat jsme zjistili, že kulové hvězdokupy mají bimodální rozdělení s ohledem na metalicitu. Středy dvou populací odpovídají hodnotám metalicit —1,48 a —0,49. Závislost věku na metalicitě nám ukázala lineární závislost pro hvězdokupy v galaktickém halo, a také v galaktické výduti. Metalicita hala a výdutě se liší o 0,86 dex, při stejném stáří, s tím, že kulové hvězdokupy v halo mají nižší met­ alicitu. U proměnných hvězd jsme se zaměřili na jejich typy, počty hvězd jednotlivých typů ve hvězdokupách, na metalicitu a věk kulových hvězdokup jež obsahují dané typy. Proměnné hvězdy v kulových hvězdokupách se nachází u všech hodnot metalicit. Nejvíce RRLyrae se nachází poblíž metalicity —1,4. U SX Phe je náznak, že jejich množství stoupá k nižším metalicitám, zatímco u pomalých nepravidelných proměnných hvězd (L typ) tomu je naopak. U hvězd typu RR Lyrae a SX Phoenicis se ukázaly lineární závislostí průměrné periody na metalicitě, a také věku na metalicitě. U ostatních typů nebyly závislosti vždy patrné. Abstract In this thesis, we study the basic properties of globular clusters and variable stars inside them. We noticed, that the metallicity of clusters have bimodal distribution. The centers of the two populations correspond to metallicity value of — 1.48 a —0.49. The age-metallicity relation shows linear dependencies for the globular clusters located in galactic halo and for the galactic bulge. The globular clusters located in halo are more metal deficient of 0.86 dex than in the bulge at the same age. For variable stars, we focused on the occurence rate of the variable types, the metallicity and age of the globular clusters. It was found out that the variable stars in globular clusters are located in a whole range of metallicities. The most variable stars of RR Lyrae type are located close to metallicity — 1.4. There is an indication for SX Phe (SXPHE) variables that their number increases to metal-deficient clusters, while for slow irregular variable stars (L type) it is the other way around. RR Lyrae and SX Phoenicis variables show linear dependencies for period-metallicity relation and age-metallicity relation. The dependencies were not always apparent for the other types of variable stars. MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA hílUlU KOTLÁŘSKÁ 2 , 611 37 BRNO IČ : 00216224 SCI DIČ : CZ 0 0 2 1 6 2 2 4 ZADANÍ BAKALÁŘSKÉ PRÁCE Akademický rok: 2020/2021 Ústav: Přírodovědecká fakulta Studentka: Kateřina Neumannová Program: Fyzika Obor: Astrofyzika Ředitel ústavu PřF MU Vám ve smyslu Studijního a zkušebního řádu MU určuje bakalářskou práci s názvem: Název práce: Hvězdná proměnnost v kulových hvězdokupách Název práce anglicky: Stellar variability in globular clusters Jazyk závěrečné práce: angličtina Oficiální zadání: Proměnné hvězdy tvoří základní zdroj informací o procesech, které se odehrávají ve hvězdách, na jejich povrchu, a v jejich okolí. Cílem práce je získat přehled o výskytu různých typů proměnnosti v kulových hvězdokupách a odhalit tak jeho případnou závislost na metalicitě a věku. Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Marek Skarka, Ph.D. Datum zadání práce: 30. 11. 2020 V Brně dne: 7. 6. 2021 Zadání bylo schváleno prostřednictvím IS MU. Kateřina Neumannová, 21.1. 2021 Mgr. Marek Skarka, Ph.D., 26. 1. 2021 Mgr. Michael Krbek, Ph.D., 1.2. 2021 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat mému vedoucímu Mgr. Marek Skarka,PhD. za cenné rady a vedení mé práce, také za jeho vstřícný přístup po dobu psaní mé práce. Zároveň bych chtěla poděkovat všem, kteří mě v průběhu mého studia a psaní práce podpořili, a to především mé rodině. V neposlední řadě bych ráda poděkovala Ing. Miroslav Šmíd, Ph.D. a Mgr. Iva Holasová za věcné rady a případné poznámky k mé práci. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně pod vedením ve­ doucího práce s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 16. června 2021 Kateřina Neumannová Contents Introduction 1 Variable stars 2 1.2 Definition 2 1.3 Brief history of the search for variable stars 2 1.4 Methods for variable stars research 3 1.5 Basic classification 4 1.5.1 Extrinsic variable stars 5 1.5.2 Intrinsic variable stars Globular clusters 10 2.1 Definition 10 2.1.1 Comparison with open clusters 12 2.1.2 Brief history of globular cluster observation 12 2.2 Variable stars in globular clusters 13 2.2.1 RRLyrae 13 2.2.2 Long-periodic variable stars 14 2.2.3 WVirginis 15 2.2.4 SXPhoenicis 15 2.2.5 Eclipsing binaries 16 Data processing 17 3.1 Data sources 17 3.1.1 Age of globular clusters 18 3.1.2 Variable stars in globular clusters 19 3.2 Methodology 19 3.3 Reliability of the data 19 Analysis 22 4.1 Bimodality of the metallicity distribution of the globular clusters 22 4.2 Ages and metallicities of globular clusters 23 4.3 Occurence rate of the variable types with respect to metallicity 24 4.4 Metallicity dependence of the mean periods 28 4.5 Age dependence of the mean periods 33 - vii - Discussion References Introduction The first observed variable star was captured during the explosion of supernovae in the constellation of Taurus. It was thought that this explosion was an atmospheric phenomenon but Tycho Brahe (the 16th century) had a different opinion. Tycho Brahe recorded the light curve of supernovae in the constellation of Cassiopeia and he thought that it was astronomical phenomena occuring far in the sphere of stars. It was the first step to the search for variable stars and it was found that there are more types of variable stars (e.g., pulsating, rotating, etc). Variable stars are a rich source of information, such as information about radius, inner composition, mass, luminosity, and distances in the universe (Cepheids). Some types of variable stars are also located in globular clusters. The term "globular cluster" first appeared in the 18th century. Charles Messier and Herschel were the first to mark an object as a globular cluster and thus, the research of globular clusters began. Currently, 157 globular clusters are known in the Galaxy. Globular clusters are often studied in astronomy because the stars inside them are of the same age (they are very old), have the same chemical composition and are gravitationally bound. Consequently, we can estimate the minimum age of the universe (from the oldest clusters), the evolution of stars, and what the universe looked like at the time of its formation. This thesis aims to compare and show correlations and dependences of variable stars inside globular clusters but it does not replace detailed articles focused exclusively on a few types of variable stars or several globular clusters. Rather, it opens the possibility for further and deeper analysis of both globular clusters and variable stars. The chapter Variable stars deals with variable stars in terms of methods of their research or their classification and types. The second chapter focuses on globular cluster (Globular clusters) and the variable stars inside them. The chapter Methodology and data processing deals with sources of data and data processing, and the process of database creation. Analysis was the next part of the thesis, where the correlations were investigated. The last part sums up the thesis in Discussion and summary part. -1- Variable stars 1.2 Definition Variable stars are stars that change their brightness in time. Their brightness variations range from micromagnitude to more than 10 magnitudes (Harrison & Campbell, 2018). We can also observe a wide range of time variability, whose values are in the range from 10 4 seconds (Hessels et al., 2006) to millions or billions of years (the nuclear evolution of stars). Each star can be variable and depends only on the accuracy of the measurements, technique, and the time scale, which we measured it with. As technology improves, we can measure more accurately and discover more variable stars. The slowest changes in variability are caused by nuclear evolution at the center of star and take about 106—109 years. Astronomers who are interested in variable stars usually work with star variability, which changes faster. It is not usual to deal with changes in the order of millions or billions of years. 1.3 Brief history of the search for variable stars One of the first observed variable stars was k Cas by Tycho Brahe (1572). He constructed the first light curve of a variable star ever. David Fabricius observed Omicron Ceti in 1596. Fabricius noticed that the brightness of the observed star is changing and named it Mira (strange). His discovery was followed by Ismael Boulliau who found out the periodicity of Mira. He measured a period of 333 days. Now we know that he was very close to our accepted value which corresponds to 332 days.
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