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Universidad Nacional Intercultural De La Amazonía UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL INTERCULTURAL DE LA AMAZONÍA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA Y CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA AGROFORESTAL ACUÍCOLA Efecto de dosis del extracto de cola de caballo (Equisetum bogotense Kunth.) en la prevención de moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri) en frutos de cacao orgánico (Theobroma cacao L.) Amazonas-2019. Presentado por: GLEEN PASESKU PETSAYIT Asesor: Ing. Mg. Manuel Mario Chuyma Tomaylla YARINACOCHA - UCAYALI PERÚ - 2020 1 Dedicatoria Esta investigación le dedico con todo mi cariño y amor a mi querida familia por su sacrificio y esfuerzo incondicional, por apoyarme en la carrera y poder lograr unas de mis metas. A mis padres, quienes con sus palabras de aliento no me dejaban decaer para que siguiera adelante y siempre sea perseverante y cumpla con mis metas. A los docentes que me inculcaron en la búsqueda del saber científico con carácter humanista, forjando en nosotros ese deseo de superación, instrumentos que nos permiten afrontar este mundo competitivo. Gleen Pasesku. 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS A DIOS todo poderoso y a la Virgen María por brindarme la oportunidad de obtener otro triunfo personal, y darme salud, sabiduría y entendimiento para lograr esta meta. A la Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Amazonia, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales, Carrera Profesional de Ingeniería Agroforestal acuícola, por brindarme lo mejor para mi formación como profesional. A todos mis amigos y compañeros de la UNIA, gracias a todas las personas que fueron participes de este proceso, ya sea de manera directa o indirecta por su apoyo y valiosa colaboración. A mis padres, familiares y amigos especiales que siempre estuvieron apoyándome de manera incondicional, muchas gracias por todo. A mis docentes que me brindaron sus diversos conocimientos, especialmente del campo y temas a mi profesión. A mi Asesor de tesis Ing. Mg. Manuel Mario Chuyma Tomaylla, por su apoyo y sus consejos en las coordinaciones durante la elaboración y ejecución de la tesis. Gleen Pasesku. 3 Índice General RESUMEN ..................................................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 9 I. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................... 10 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ................................................................................................. 12 2.1. Antecedentes de la investigación ................................................................................... 12 2.1.1. Internacional. ....................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2. Nacional ............................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Bases teóricas ................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.1. Generalidades del cacao ..................................................................................... 14 a. Origen del cacao .......................................................................................... 14 b. Clasificación taxonómica .............................................................................. 14 c. Condiciones agroclimáticas del cultivo ......................................................... 15 d. Importancia del cultivo del cacao ................................................................. 15 2.2.2. La moniliasis ........................................................................................................ 16 2.2.2.1. Clasificación taxonómica ................................................................. 16 2.2.2.2. Síntomas y modo de acción ............................................................ 17 2.2.2.3. Manejo de la enfermedad ................................................................ 17 a) Control cultural ................................................................................. 17 b) Control biológico .............................................................................. 18 c) Nivel de acción del extracto de cola de caballo............................... 18 d) Compuestos antiesporulantes ......................................................... 20 e) Inductores de resistencia (IR) .......................................................... 21 2.2.3. Cola de caballo (Equisetum bogotense Kunth.) .................................................. 21 a. Taxonomía .................................................................................................... 22 b. Descripción de la especie ............................................................................. 22 c. Composición química del Equisetum arvense L. ......................................... 23 2.3. Definición de términos .................................................................................................... 24 III. MÉTODOS ............................................................................................................................. 26 3.1. Ubicación y descripción del área de estudio .................................................................. 26 3.2. Identificación y descripción del material experimental ................................................... 26 3.2.1. Equipos y Materiales ........................................................................................... 26 3.2.2. Reactivos ............................................................................................................. 26 3.3. Variables ......................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.1. Variables independientes .................................................................................... 26 3.3.2. Variables dependientes ....................................................................................... 27 3.4. Población y muestra ....................................................................................................... 27 3.4.1. Población ............................................................................................................. 27 3.4.2. Muestra ................................................................................................................ 27 4 3.5. Tratamientos ................................................................................................................... 27 3.6. Recolección de datos ..................................................................................................... 28 3.6.1. Fuentes de información ....................................................................................... 28 3.6.2. Unidad experimental y unidad de medición ........................................................ 28 3.6.3. Tipo de muestreo ................................................................................................. 28 3.6.4. Técnicas para la recolección de los datos .......................................................... 28 a. Metodología de elaboración del extracto acuoso de la cola de caballo ....... 28 b. Aplicación del macerado del extracto de cola de caballo ............................ 29 c. Dosificación de la solución acuosa .............................................................. 30 d. Aplicación de la solución acuosa al cultivo .................................................. 30 e. Monitoreo ...................................................................................................... 30 3.7. Procesamiento de datos ................................................................................................. 30 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .............................................................................................. 31 4.1. Número de mazorcas infectadas (fase inicial) ............................................................... 31 4.2. Número de mazorcas dañadas ...................................................................................... 33 4.3. Número de mazorcas caídas .......................................................................................... 35 V. CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................................... 37 VI. RECOMENDACIONES .......................................................................................................... 38 VII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................................... 39 VIII. ANEXOS .............................................................................................................................. 46 5 Índice de cuadros Cuadro 1. Tratamiento de estudio ....................................................................................................... 27 Cuadro 2. Comparación múltiple de medias para el número de mazorcas infectadas. ...................... 31 Cuadro 3. Comparación múltiple de medias para el número de mazorcas dañadas. ........................ 33 Cuadro 4. Comparación múltiple de medias para el número de mazorcas caídas. ............................ 35 Cuadro 5. Análisis estadístico para el número de mazorcas infectadas. ............................................ 46 Cuadro 6. Análisis de varianza para el número de mazorcas infectadas. .........................................
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