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FIELD ACTIONS SCIENCE REPORTS FACTS REPORTS Second semester 2017 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS IN THE CITY Coordinated by Nicolas MIAILHE FIELD ACTIONS FACTS SCIENCE REPORTS REPORTS Second semester 2017 is published by VEOLIA INSTITUTE 30, rue Madeleine Vionnet 93300 Aubervilliers - France www.institut.veolia.org/en ABOUT FACTS REPORTS AIM AND SCOPE FACTS Reports is an international, peer-reviewed journal, devoted to promoting fi eld-based activities in developing and developed countries and is open access for both readers and authors. Created in 2007, FACTS provides a unique forum for the expression and exchange of ideas in various fi elds, including economy and development, cities and urban services, health, education, environment, and agriculture. Articles are subjected to peer review by fi eld practitioners or academics. The main criteria for publication are that the articles describe actions that are both useful and reproducible. Editorials and Commentaries are also published, allowing experts from diverse fields to contribute critical analysis, and encouraging cooperation among authors. OBJECTIVES The principal objective of FACTS Reports is to help field practitioners, international organisations, national agencies and policy-makers communicate best practices and lessons learned through the implementation of their programmes. Many field practitioners implement projects to address issues related to economics, health, the environment, agriculture, education and development in general. There are many opportunities to learn from the outcomes of these projects. The journal is a unique international initiative and, moreover, the fi rst of its type in the world. It provides an independent platform for key players in development to share best practices, to express their views and opinions, to share their experiences and to cooperate with other international development actors from around the world. http://factsreports.revues.org/ Editor-in-Chief: Nicolas RENARD Issuing Body Graphic Design Director of Foresight, Veolia Institute Field Actions Science Reports (FACTS) INCREA is published by the Veolia Institute. Deputy Editor-in-Chief: EISSN: 1867-8561 Printed in France Dr. David OJCIUS with vegetable-based inks by an environmental Professor, University of the Pacifi c, USA Contact: printer (a member of Imprim’vert) on chlorine- [email protected] free paper from well-managed forests and other Publication Director: controlled sources, certifi ed in accordance with © AUTHOR(S) 2016 the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council. Dinah LOUDA All articles are distributed under the Creative Excecutive Director, Veolia Institute Commons Attribution License. Authors keep Photo credits Editorial Assistant: their copyright but allow people to copy, Margarita Boenig-Liptsin, Veolia Picture Library: distribute, transmit and adapt their work Christophe Majani d’Inguimbert and Antonio Monique FOURDRIGNIER provided they are properly cited. Veolia Institute Liébana, Shutterstock, Getty Images/Flickr RF, http://creativecommons.org/license CNIL – Five by Five CC BY, CNIL – Five BY Five – ©Léa Chassagne, DR. P. 50 Understanding the Rise CONTENTS 1. of Artifi cial Intelligence Economic, Social and Public Policy Opportunities enabled by Automation Article by Nicolas Miailhe P. 06 P. 54 P.02 The Third Age of Artifi cial Intelligence Article by Nicolas Miailhe, Cyrus Hodes Digital Tools for Low-Income Housing in Indian Cities INTRODUCTION Article by Marco Ferrario, Rakhi Mehra, P. 12 Swati Janu Sam Pitroda, Nicolas Miailhe The Relevance of Informational Infrastructures in Future Cities P. 60 Article by Ricardo Alvarez Blockchains and the Civic Nervous System P. 16 Article by Alessandro Voto AI and Robotics for the City: Imagining and Transforming Social Infrastructure Will we Succeed in in San Francisco, Yokohama, and Lviv Article by Margarita Boenig-Liptsin 3. Making the AI Revolution Work for Everyone? P. 22 Accelerating Sustainable Mobility with P. 66 Autonomous Vehicles Article by Mathieu Saujot, Oliver Sartor, The Policy Challenges of Automation Laura Brimont Article by Nicolas Miailhe P. 26 P. 72 AI, Robotics and Mobility as a Service: Marianne Reloaded: a Design-fi ction the Case of Singapore Scenario that Speculates on the Roll-out Article by Eng Huiling, Benjamin Goh of a New Generation of Civic Bots Article by Geoffrey Delcroix P. 75 AI in the City, the Age Smart Cities and Innovative Uses for 2. of Prediction and Personal Data: Scenarios for Using Anticipation Data to Restore the Balance between Public and Private Spheres Article by Geoffrey Delcroix P. 32 Hubgrade Smart Monitoring Centers: P. 80 Measuring Resource Consumption and Solving Artifi cial Intelligence’s Privacy Moving towards a Circular Economy Problem Article by Antonio Neves Da Silva, Article by Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye, Patrice Novo Ali Farzanehfar, Julien Hendrickx, Luc Rocher P. 38 P. 84 Urban Tech on the Rise: Machine The Geopolitics of AI and Robotics Learning Disrupts the Real Estate Interview of Laurent Alexandre, Industry by Nicolas Miailhe Featuring interviews of Marc Rutzen and Jasjeet Thind by Stanislas Chaillou, P. 88 Daniel Fink and Pamella Gonçalves The Expansion of Algorithmic P. 44 Governance: From Code is Law to Law is Code Dubai’s Artifi cial Intelligence Roadmap Article by Samer Hassan, - The Journey so Far Primavera De Filippi Interview of Wesam Lootah, by Nicolas Miailhe P. 91 P. 47 The Challenges of the March towards Autonomous Vehicles The Role of (augmented) Interview of Andy Palanisamy, Collective Intelligence by Nicolas Miailhe for Municipal Governance Interview of Frank Escoubes P. 95 by Nicolas Miailhe & Arohi Jain Uberization of the City Interview of Roland Ries, by Nicolas Miailhe 01 www.factsreports.org INTRODUCTION The rise of AI & Robotics in the City Sam Pitroda, Internationally respected telecom inventor, entrepreneur, development thinker Nicolas Miailhe, Co-Founder and President The Future Society Dr. Sam Pitroda is an Nicolas co-founded “The Future internationally respected Society” at Harvard Kennedy telecom inventor, School in 2014 which entrepreneur, development specializes on questions thinker, and policy maker of impact and governance who has spent 50 years of emerging technologies. in information and Under it, he co-founded in 2015 communications technology the “AI Initiative” dedicated to (ICT) and related global the rise of Artifi cial Intelligence and national developments. which is now leading a global Credited with having participatory debate on laid the foundation for India’s telecommunications and the governance of AI (http://www.aicivicdebate.org) technology revolution of the 1980s, Mr. Pitroda has been a among several activities. Nicolas has over fi fteen years of leading campaigner to help bridge the global digital divide. professional experience working at the nexus of innovation, Dr. Pitroda served as Advisor to the Prime Minister of India high technology, government, industry and civil society across on Public Information Infrastructure and Innovation, with Europe, America and Asia. He teaches at the Paris School of the rank of a Cabinet Minister. He served as the Chairman International Affairs, is a Senior Visiting Research Fellow with of the Smart Grid Task Force, as well as the committees to the Program on Science, Technology and Society at Harvard, reform public broadcasting, modernize railways, deliver and a Fellow with the Institute for Data Driven Design affi liated egovernance, and other developmental activities. with the MIT Media Lab. The world is experiencing a wave of extreme Cities are the main source of global economic growth and urbanization focusing some of the world’s productivity, and they account for most resource consumption greatest challenges and opportunities onto cities. and greenhouse gas emissions. The ways in which developed, For millennia, humans have migrated to cities emerging and developing cities and countries collectively react to to connect because it promised creativity and the combined tectonic shifts of urban explosion and the automation mobility. In 1900, when the second industrial revolution will determine how well cities are prepared for sustained revolution of electricity and oil started to unfold, growth after the expansive urbanization wave passes. Managing just 200 million people lived in cities, about one urbanization on the one hand, and socio-technical change on the eight of the word population at the time1. Today, other, is thus central to usher the word onto a more sustainable a century later, while we are entering what many development path. experts call a “fourth industrial revolution” led In 2008, the number of mobile Internet users surpassed the by artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, gene- number of fixed users, driven by the rapid spread of inexpensive editing and neuro-technologies, more than mobile devices in the developing world. According to HIS Markit 3.5 billion people live in cities. And the United – a market research firm – there were over 4 billion smartphones Nations projections indicate the urban population in use worldwide in 2017, with 6 billion projected in 20203. This will reach 5 billion by 2030 - 60 percent of the is profoundly reorganizing our societies around mass mobile population- and 6.5 billion by 20502. communication and distributed intelligence combining the power of machines and beings to the point of merger. 1 Urban population in 1900: “Human Population: Urbanization” (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2007)
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