Exclusivity and the Construction of Intellectual Property Markets
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Tragedy of the Commons : Th
tragedy of the commons : The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000193&pr... tragedy of the commons Elinor Ostrom From The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition, 2008 Edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume Abstract ‘The tragedy of the commons’ arises when it is difficult and costly to exclude potential users from common-pool resources that yield finite flows of benefits, as a result of which those resources will be exhausted by rational, utility-maximizing individuals rather than conserved for the benefit of all. Pessimism about the possibility of users voluntarily cooperating to prevent overuse has led to widespread central control of common-pool resources. But such control has itself frequently resulted in resource overuse. In practice, especially where they can communicate, users often develop rules that limit resource use and conserve resources. Keywords collective action; common-pool resources; common property; free rider problem; Hardin, G.; open-access resources; private property; social dilemmas; state property; tragedy of the commons Article The term ‘the tragedy of the commons’ was first introduced by Garrett Hardin (1968) in an important article in Science. Hardin asked us to envision a pasture ‘open to all’ in which each herder received large benefits from selling his or her own animals while facing only small costs of overgrazing. When the number of animals exceeds the capacity of the pasture, each herder is still motivated to add more animals since the herder receives all of the proceeds from the sale of animals and only a partial share of the cost of overgrazing. -
Lifeboat Ethics: the Case Against Helping the Poor
Lifeboat Ethics: the Case Against Helping the Poor by Garrett Hardin, Psychology Today, September 1974 Environmentalists use the metaphor of the earth as a "spaceship" in trying to persuade countries, industries and people to stop wasting and polluting our natural resources. Since we all share life on this planet, they argue, no single person or institution has the right to destroy, waste, or use more than a fair share of its resources. But does everyone on earth have an equal right to an equal share of its resources? The spaceship metaphor can be dangerous when used by misguided idealists to justify suicidal policies for sharing our resources through uncontrolled immigration and foreign aid. In their enthusiastic but unrealistic generosity, they confuse the ethics of a spaceship with those of a lifeboat. A true spaceship would have to be under the control of a captain, since no ship could possibly survive if its course were determined by committee. Spaceship Earth certainly has no captain; the United Nations is merely a toothless tiger, with little power to enforce any policy upon its bickering members. If we divide the world crudely into rich nations and poor nations, two thirds of them are desperately poor, and only one third comparatively rich, with the United States the wealthiest of all. Metaphorically each rich nation can be seen as a lifeboat full of comparatively rich people. In the ocean outside each lifeboat swim the poor of the world, who would like to get in, or at least to share some of the wealth. What should the lifeboat passengers do? First, we must recognize the limited capacity of any lifeboat. -
Property Crime
Uniform Crime Report Crime in the United States, 2010 Property Crime Definition In the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, property crime includes the offenses of burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. The object of the theft-type offenses is the taking of money or property, but there is no force or threat of force against the victims. The property crime category includes arson because the offense involves the destruction of property; however, arson victims may be subjected to force. Because of limited participation and varying collection procedures by local law enforcement agencies, only limited data are available for arson. Arson statistics are included in trend, clearance, and arrest tables throughout Crime in the United States, but they are not included in any estimated volume data. The arson section in this report provides more information on that offense. Data collection The data presented in Crime in the United States reflect the Hierarchy Rule, which requires that only the most serious offense in a multiple-offense criminal incident be counted. In descending order of severity, the violent crimes are murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, followed by the property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. Although arson is also a property crime, the Hierarchy Rule does not apply to the offense of arson. In cases in which an arson occurs in conjunction with another violent or property crime, both crimes are reported, the arson and the additional crime. Overview • In 2010, there were an estimated 9,082,887 property crime offenses in the Nation. -
The Tragedy of the Government Created Commons
The Tragedy of the Government Created Commons by Robert B. Kauffman, Ph.D. In terms of the tragedy of the commons, the government and those advocating for larger government have an incentive to purposely create commons and collective harm. It furthers their agenda. [Keywords: tragedy of the commons, Garrett Hardin, tragedy of government created commons] In his classic article published in the December 1968 issue of Science, Garrett Hardin linked the lesson of the commons to the need for government management and the supervision of individuals in order to prevent the tragedy that harm comes to all in the tragedy of the commons. Collectively, individual self- interest leads to collective harm. As part of the lesson of the commons, he demonstrated that moral restraint does not work in the commons and that this justified the need for government intervention in individual's lives to temper the pursuit of self-interest by the individual. The basic paradigm where government is the solution and not the problem needs to be reexamined. In the government created commons, government purposely creates commons to unleash its destructive powers of collective harm. Along with the traditional solutions of rationing, the collective harm justifies the government’s solution to increase the size of the commons and to increase its power and control in an effort to solve the problem. Unfortunately, because the underlying tenets of the commons are not addressed, the problem persists and is exacerbated as is the need for even more governmental involvement to solve the problem it created. The story used to illustrate the tragedy of the commons is sometimes affectionately referred to as the story of Bessy the cow. -
Chapter 1 Sustainability of Our Planet the Environment
Chapter 1 Sustainability of our planet The environment Everything around you; both living and nonliving things Examples: air, water, sunlight, people, plants, animals Environmental Science The study of how humans interact with the environment. Involves many subjects such as: engineering, biology, chemistry, earth science, economics, political science, ethics, moral judgments Goals of Environmental Science There are 3 goals to studying environmental science. 1. Learn how life on Earth has survived and thrived. 2. Understand how humans interact with the environment. 3. Find ways to deal with environmental problems and live more sustainably. What is sustainability? The ability of Earth’s natural systems that support life to adapt to the changing environmental conditions indefinitely. Scientific factors to sustainability Why has life existed on the planet for about 3.8 billion years? 1. Solar energy - photosynthesis 2. Biodiversity – variety of species, genes, ecosystems on the planet to help with adapting to new environmental conditions 3. Nutrient cycling – when an organism dies, it decays, nutrients go back into ground for another organism Social factors to sustainability How have past decisions on environmental problems effected today’s society? 1. Economics –production and consumption of goods and services 2. Political science – government/politics and how it relates to the environment 3. Ethics – study of right and wrong Natural Capital Natural resources and ecosystem services that keep humans and other species alive and -
Joseph Henry Vogel* of the “Study on Domestic Measures” by Margo A
Peer Review by Joseph Henry Vogel* of the “Study on Domestic Measures” by Margo A. Bagley et al with reference to “Combined Study on Traceability and Databases” by Fabian Rohden et al and “Study on Concept and Scope” by Wael Houssen et al (cc) 2019. Joseph Henry Vogel 29 November 2019, Department of Economics, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras [email protected] Key messages: • Can one analyze domestic measures on a term which is (1) undefined, (2) deemed not appropriate, (3) unused in science and (4) universally absent in national legislation? The cart is out of sight of the horse. The inclusive approach--examining whatever DSI could possibly mean---has rendered the study leaden. Frank discussion is needed regarding the cart and the horse. Non-rational behavior is germane to frankness. • Enclose quotations around the first usage of any big idea, thereby signaling that a literature exists. “Bounded openness” and “natural information” are not enclosed or duly attributed in the narrative. The etymology of “digital sequence information” is also absent. Its genesis in “digital biopiracy” sheds light on a modality of ABS that is fair, equitable and efficient. • Whenever possible, difficult-to-locate references should be complemented by similar open- access references. The publications cited on the economics of information and bounded openness are not the most accessible that exist. Preamble: Non-conducive to peer review is the template format. Copyediting may require numbered lines to locate errors in punctuation, spelling and grammar; peer reviews do not. Critique requires narrative. This review is the second in a trilogy that addresses foundational flaws in Decision 14/20. -
Privatization and Property in Biology Joan E
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Washington University St. Louis: Open Scholarship Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Biology Faculty Publications & Presentations Biology 6-2014 Privatization and Property in Biology Joan E. Strassmann Washington University in St Louis, [email protected] David C. Queller Washington University in St Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/bio_facpubs Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Strassmann, Joan E. and Queller, David C., "Privatization and Property in Biology" (2014). Biology Faculty Publications & Presentations. 49. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/bio_facpubs/49 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications & Presentations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Privatization and property in biology 2 3 Joan E. Strassmann & David C. Queller 4 5 Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137 6 WasHington University in St. Louis 7 One Brookings Drive 8 St. Louis MO 63130 9 10 Corresponding autHor: Joan E. Strassmann 11 phone: 01-832-978-5961 12 email: [email protected] 13 14 6191 words 1 15 ABSTRACT 16 17 Organisms evolve to control, preserve, protect and invest in their own bodies. When 18 they do likewise with external resources they privatize those resources and convert 19 tHem into tHeir own property. Property is a neglected topic in biology, though 20 examples include territories, domiciles and nest structures, food cacHing, mate 21 guarding, and the resources and partners in mutualisms. -
41.01.01 Real Property
41.01.01 Real Property Revised September 21, 2021 Next Scheduled Review: September 21, 2026 Click to view Revision History. Regulation Summary This regulation provides uniform guidance for the acquisition, disposition, lease and license of real property and delegates authority to the chief executive officers (CEO) or designees of The Texas A&M University System (system). Definitions Click to view Definitions. Regulation 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.1 System Real Estate Office. Except as otherwise provided in this regulation, all activities involving the acquisition, disposition, lease and license of a surface estate, except those activities and operations commonly associated with easements and right-of-ways, will be consolidated in the System Real Estate Office (SREO) and coordinated with the appropriate member or members. 1.2 System Energy Resource Office. Except as otherwise provided in this regulation, all activities involving the acquisition, disposition and lease of a mineral estate, and those activities commonly associated with easements and right-of-ways of a surface estate, will be consolidated in the System Energy Resource Office (SERO) and coordinated with the appropriate member or members. 1.3 Intrasystem Assignment of Real Property. Subject to any legal requirements or donor restrictions, real property used primarily for member purposes will be assigned to the using member for maintenance, operation and management purposes. Real property may be reassigned by the chancellor based on the primary use or proposed use of the property. The reassignment will be evidenced by a form prepared by SREO, signed by the chancellor and maintained by SREO. 1.4 Maintenance of Inventory and Records. -
Epistemological Implications of the Tragedy of the Commons
BUSSECON REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 1(1) (2019) 01-05 BUSSECON REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENCES BRSS VOL 1 NO 1 ISSN: 2687-2285 Available online at www.bussecon.com Journal homepage: https://www.bussecon.com/ojs/index.php/brss Epistemological implications of the tragedy of the commons Doaa M. Salmana*, Nadine Kamelb a Professor of Economics and Finance, Head of economics department, Associate Dean , October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Egypt bOctober University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Egypt A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: This paper defines and examines the Garett Hardin’s concept of the Tragedy of the Commons. First, an Received 15 March 19 introductory to the concept is presented along with an extensive critique on Hardin’s 1968 impactful Received in revised form 17 June 19 publication. Second, although the tragedy of the commons belies in the field of environmental economics, Accepted 27 June 19 an extensive research is conducted on how the concept has naturally extended to other cornerstones such as Philosophy, Ethics & Morality, and human behaviour. The objective of this paper is to not see whether the concept is dubbed correct or erroneous, but rather urge readers to take a collective stand regardless of the Keywords: universal validity of the concept and shed some serious insight on the hazards of climate change and pursuit Tragedy of the commons of self-interest. Environmental degradation JEL Classification: O13 O140 © 2019 Bussecon International Academy. Hosting by Bussecon International. All rights reserved. -
Intellectual Property, Privatization and Democracy: a Response to Professor Rose Mark P
Notre Dame Law School NDLScholarship Journal Articles Publications 2006 Intellectual Property, Privatization and Democracy: A Response to Professor Rose Mark P. McKenna Notre Dame Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Mark P. McKenna, Intellectual Property, Privatization and Democracy: A Response to Professor Rose, 50 St. Louis U. L.J. 829 (2005-2006). Available at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/266 This Response or Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Publications at NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, PRIVATIZATION AND DEMOCRACY: A RESPONSE TO PROFESSOR ROSE MARK P. McKENNA* The broad thesis of Professor Rose's article Privatization: The Road to Democracy? is an important reminder that no institution deserves all the credit for democratization, and that the success of any particular institution in promoting democracy depends to a greater or lesser extent on the existence and functioning of other political institutions.' While protection of private property has proven quite important to successful democratic reform, we should not be lulled into thinking private property can carry the whole weight of reform. That lesson has particular significance in the context of intellectual property, given proponents' general tendency to overstate the significance of intellectual 2 property rights (IPRs) in encouraging innovation. But even if they play a small role in promoting democracy, this Paper argues that IPRs can and do play a role that should not be overlooked. -
The Privatization of Public Lands
THE PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC LANDS Thomas A. More plans, all of which have been discussed under the general USDA Forest Service term “marketization” (Lehmann 1995). PO Box 968 Burlington, VT 05402 Today there are strong pressures toward privatization 1.0 INTRODUCTION and a more market-driven approach to the management of public goods. Groups like the Cato Institute, Reason In February, 2006, President Bush’s proposed budget Foundation, and Property Environment Research included a plan to raise money by auctioning 300,000 Center have argued that public lands are ineffi cient acres of national forests in 41 states for an estimated and that the country as a whole would be better off if $800 million. A half million acres of Department of they were transferred to the private sector. Such claims Interior land also would be auctioned to reduce the remain controversial, and understanding them requires national defi cit (New York Times, March 25, 2006, p. examining their theoretical basis. In this paper I present A22). In the past year, various members of Congress a brief history of the changing attitudes that led to the have proposed that public lands, and national parks that current interest in privatization, describe the theoretical attract fewer than 10,000 visitors annually, be sold to pay case for the private and public sectors, and discuss for damages from Hurricane Katrina. marketization--the middle position between these two extremes. At present, these sales appear unlikely as the American public seems deeply committed to its public lands. 2.0 HISTORICAL TRENDS IN This attachment may well increase as the population PUBLIC LANDS grows. -
Commons Common Pool Resource
Commons From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Commons refers to the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately. The resources held in common can include everything from natural resources and common land to software. The commons contains public property and private property, over which people have certain traditional rights. When commonly held property is transformed into private property this process alternatively is termed "enclosure" or more commonly, "privatization." Common Pool Resource ‐ CPR DEFINITION A resource that benefits a group of people, but which provides diminished benefits to everyone if each individual pursues his or her own self interest. The value of a common‐pool resource can be reduced through overuse [or abuse] because the supply of the resource is not unlimited, and using more than can be replenished can result in scarcity. Overuse of a common pool resource can lead to the tragedy of the commons problem. From: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/common‐pool‐resource.asp From Ostrom, “Revisiting the Commons” We use the term common‐pool resources (CPRs) to refer to resource systems regardless of the property rights involved. CPRs include natural and human‐ constructed resources in which (i) exclusion of beneficiaries through physical and institutional means is especially costly, and (ii) exploitation by one user reduces resource availability for others. These two characteristics‐difficulty of exclusion and subtractability‐create potential CPR dilemmas in which people following their own short‐term interests produce outcomes that are not in anyone’s long‐term interest.