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Legal Aspects of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sports Law

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Legal Aspects of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sports Law Marina Kameņecka-Usova ORCID 0000-0001-6040-8874 Legal Aspects of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sports Law Doctoral Thesis for obtaining a doctoral degree (Ph.D.) Sector – Law Sub-Sector – Civil Law Supervisor of the Doctoral Thesis: Dr. iur., Assistant Professor Ivans Jānis Mihailovs, Rīga Stradiņš University Riga, 2021 Abstract Doctoral Thesis “Legal Aspects of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sports Law” is a scientific research where issues that arise from the legal relations of subjects of sports law, specifically the disputes between such subjects and their resolution with the help of alternative dispute resolution methods, are examined. In the course of the Doctoral Thesis the following concepts have been analysed: the institute of alternative dispute resolution in modern law, the concept of the modern sports law, mediation for resolving sports-related disputes, alternative dispute resolution and mediation by national and international sports institutions, as well as a case study of two high-profile sports cases. As a result, three thematic groups of conclusions arose followed by suggestions regarding the introduction of the concept “sport dispute resolution” in the Latvian law and amending Latvian sport policy. Given the specific nature of legal relationships in sport, sports disputes should be resolved amicably, promptly, confidentially and, most importantly, should lead to a harmonious and, if possible, non-aggressive relationship between the parties to the dispute, fair outcome, including knowing the possibility of causing harm to other parties not directly involved in the dispute; in other words, conflicts should be resolved within the “family of sport”. For these reasons, the traditional means of dispute resolution, i.e. court, cannot be considered as the optimal and best option, while alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods can help achieve the desired result, i.e. peaceful, fast, confidential and non- aggressive dispute resolution in sport. Therefore, following the best practices of other countries, a specialised sports disputes resolution body independent of sports federations should be available for Latvian athletes. The aim of the Doctoral Thesis is to study the possibilities of sports dispute resolution by applying ADR methods, define their topicality and problems, as well as ascertain the practice of other countries and international organisations in this matter and make recommendations for the improvement of the Latvian sports regulation in order to comply with international developments in the resolution of sports disputes. The Doctoral Thesis consists of the introduction, four chapters divided into sub- chapters, the conclusion containing conclusions and suggestions as well as the list of references and annexes. The structure of the Doctoral Thesis is designed according to the aim it proclaims, with a view to answer the research questions and meet the objectives set. It logically unfolds the core of the researched problem. 2 The practical significance of the Doctoral Thesis is expressed as a set of practical insights which formulates proposals for the use of ADR methods in Latvian sports disputes proposing specific amendments to the Sports Law. The developed research is the only study on ADR in sport of this scale in Latvia. Neither sports law as a branch of law, nor disputes between parties thereto and types of such disputes have been studied, hence this research may also be used as a basis for further development of the sports law at national level and may lead interested parties to better understanding of the nature of sports disputes, their types and suitable extra-judicial ways to resolve them. Keywords: sports law, alternative dispute resolution, mediation, sports dispute. 3 Anotācija Promocijas darbs “Alternatīva strīdu izšķiršana sporta tiesībās” ir zinātnisks pētījums, kurā tiek aplūkoti jautājumi, kas izriet no sporta tiesību subjektu tiesiskajām attiecībām, jo īpaši pētīti strīdi starp šādiem subjektiem un to risināšana, izmantojot alternatīvas strīdu izšķiršanas metodes. Promocijas darba gaitā tika analizēti šādi jautājumi: alternatīvas strīdu izšķiršanas institūts mūsdienu tiesībās, mūsdienu sporta tiesību būtība, mediācija ar sportu saistītu strīdu izšķiršanā, alternatīva strīdu izšķiršana un mediācija, ko praktizē nacionālās un starptautiskās sporta institūcijas, kā arī aplūkoti divi augsta līmeņa sporta strīdi. Rezultātā izveidojās trīs tematiskās secinājumu grupas, kurām sekoja priekšlikumi par termina “sporta strīdu izšķiršana” ieviešanu Latvijas likumos un Latvijas sporta politikas pilnveidi. Apsverot sporta tiesisko attiecību specifisko raksturu, sporta strīdi būtu jāizšķir miermīlīgi, ātri, konfidenciāli un, pats galvenais, tiem vajadzētu radīt harmoniskas un, ja iespējams, neagresīvas attiecības starp strīdā iesaistītajām pusēm, nodrošinot taisnīgu iznākumu, un ņemot vērā iespēju nodarīt kaitējumu citām pusēm, kas nav tieši iesaistītas strīdā, citiem vārdiem sakot, konflikti būtu jāizšķir “sporta ģimenes” ietvaros. Respektīvi, tradicionālos strīdu izšķiršanas līdzekļus, t.i., tiesu nevar uzskatīt par optimālu un labāko variantu, savukārt alternatīvās strīdu izšķiršanas (ADR) metodes var palīdzēt sasniegt vēlamo rezultātu, t.i., mierīgu, ātru, konfidenciālu un harmonisku sporta strīdu izšķiršanu. Tādējādi, sekojot citu valstu labākajai praksei, Latvijas sportistiem būtu jābūt pieejamai specializētai, no sporta federācijām neatkarīgai, sporta strīdu izšķiršanas institūcijai. Promocijas darba mērķis ir izpētīt sporta strīdu izšķiršanas iespējas, izmantojot ADR metodes, to aktualitāti un problēmas, kā arī noskaidrot citu valstu un starptautisko organizāciju praksi šajā jautājumā un sniegt ieteikumus Latvijas sporta regulējuma pilnveidei, lai tas atbilstu sporta strīdu izšķiršanas starptautiskajām tendencēm. Promocijas darbu veido ievads, četras nodaļas, kas sadalītas apakšnodaļās, nobeigums, kurā ietverti secinājumi un ieteikumi, kā arī izmantoto avotu un pielikumu saraksts. Promocijas darba struktūra ir veidota atbilstoši izvirzītajiem uzdevumiem, lai atbildētu uz pētījuma jautājumiem un sasniegtu izvirzīto mērķi. Tas loģiski atklāj pētāmās problēmas būtību. Promocijas darba praktiskā nozīme ir izteikta kā praktisku atziņu kopums, kurā formulēti priekšlikumi par ADR metožu izmantošanu Latvijas sporta strīdos, piedāvājot konkrētus grozījumus Sporta likumā. Izstrādātais pētījums ir vienīgais šāda veida pētījums Latvijā par alternatīvu sporta strīdu izšķiršanu. Līdz šīm Latvijā netika pētītas ne sporta 4 tiesības kā atsevišķa tiesību nozare, ne strīdi starp sporta tiesību subjektiem, nedz arī šādu strīdu veidi un to izšķiršanas iespējas, tāpēc šo pētījumu var izmantot kā pamatu turpmākai sporta tiesību attīstībai un sporta regulējuma izstrādei valsts līmenī, un tas var sniegt ieinteresētajām pusēm labāku izpratni par sporta strīdu raksturu, dažadību un piemērotiem ārpustiesas risināšanas veidiem. Atslēgvārdi: sporta tiesības, alternatīva strīdu izšķiršana, mediācija, sporta strīds 5 Content Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Anotācija .................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 1 The Concept of Modern Sports Law ..................................................................................... 14 1.1 The notion and development of sports law ................................................................. 14 1.1.1 EU sports law: White Paper on Sport, European Sports Charter ........................ 20 1.1.2 EU case law on sports: the effect of the “Bosman case” ..................................... 34 1.2 Latvian sports law: policy, problematic issues ........................................................... 37 1.2.1 Sports-related legislation ........................................................................................ 39 1.2.2 Policy planning documents on sports in Latvia ...................................................... 43 2 Institute of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Modern Law ........................................... 49 2.1 The definition of alternative dispute resolution methods ........................................... 49 2.2 Institute of Mediation ................................................................................................. 55 2.2.1 The essence of mediation ..................................................................................... 55 2.2.2 Mediation types ................................................................................................... 59 2.2.3 Identifying mediation stages ................................................................................ 61 2.2.4 Confidentiality in mediation ................................................................................ 62 2.2.5 Building bridges between arbitration and mediation ........................................... 67 2.3 Mediation in Latvia ..................................................................................................... 68 3 Mediating Sports-Related Disputes: Defining Sports Disputes, Mediators Personality in Sports Disputes ........................................................................................................................ 75 3.1 Sports dispute definition
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