Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie, Geologie And

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Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie, Geologie And Diverse Berichte Referate. A. Mineralogie. E. Blasius: Das Gesetz von Christiansen und die opti- schen Beobachtungen am Tabaschir. (Zeitschr. f. Kryst. etc. 14. p. 258—259. 1888.) Nach den Untersuchungen von C. Christiansen (Ann. d. Phys. N. F. 23. 298. 1884 ; 24. 439. 1885) über die optischen Eigenschaften von Pul- vern, die in Flüssigkeiten fein vertheilt sind, berechnet man das Brechungs- verhältniss N einer Mischung in folgender Weise aus den Brechungsver- hältnissen n n der Bestandteile, deren Volumen mit v, (Pulver) v 2 und v2 (Flüssigkeit) bezeichnet seien: v N — \ n, -j- v n . (\\ -f- 2 ) 1 2 2 Die theoretische Bedeutung dieser Pvelation besteht darin, dass die Zeit, in welcher das Licht durch die Mischung geht, gleich der Summe der Zeiten ist, in welcher es die Bestandtheile durchdringen kann. Der Verf. wendet jene Relation auf eine Beobachtung von C. Hintze (in F. Cohn: Beitr. z. Biologie d. Pflanzen. 4. 365) über das Brechungs- verhältniss des porösen, durch Aufnahme von Terpentinöl durchsichtig ge- wordenen Tabaschir an. Nach L. Weber ist hier v : v = 0.257 : 0.743. x 2 Nimmt man nun für Tabaschir nach Brewster iij == 1.5 und für Terpen- tinöl nach Fraunhofer n = 1.474 (Na-Licht), so ergibt sich N = 1.481. 2 Der von Hintze beobachtete Werth beträgt N = 1.4698 (Na-Licht). Th. Liebisch. 1. Lord Rayleigh : On the reflexion oflightatatwin plane ofacrystal. (Phil. Mag. 1888. 26. p. 241—255.) 2. — , On the remarkable phenomenon of crystallina reflexion described by Prof. Stokes. (Ib. 1888. 26. p. 256—265.) 1. Der Verf. behandelt das obige Problem auf Grund der elektro- magnetischen Lichttheorie. Als Vorbereitung zeigt er, wie sich aus deren Grundgleichungen die Gesetze der Keflexion an der Grenzfläche isotroper Medien (d. h. die Intensitätsformeln), sowie die Gleichung der Fresnel'- schen Wellenfläche ableiten lassen. Dann wendet er sich zur Untersuchung N. Jahrbuch f. Mineralogie etc. 1891. Bd. II. a — 2 — der Reflexion (in Bezug* auf Eichtling und Intensität) an einer Zwillings- fläehe, in welcher zwei Individuen eines optisch zweiaxigen Krystalls an- einandergrenzen . und welche zu einer heiden Individuen gemeinsamen optischen Symmetrieebene senkrecht steht. Er behandelt nur die beiden speciellen Fälle — welche übrigens auch das meiste Interesse bieten — dass die Einfallsebene parallel oder senkrecht zur Symmetrieebene ist. Im ersten Falle ergibt sich das merkwürdige Eesultat, dass nicht nur die zur Symmetrieebene senkrechten, sondern auch die in der Symmetrieebene stattfindenden Schwingungen keine Eeflexion erleiden, woraus folgt, dass weder irgendwie polarisirtes , noch natürliches Licht au einer Zwil- lingsfläche reflectirt wird, wenn es in der Symmetrieebene einfällt. Im zweiten Falle ist die Rechnung complicirter , weil hier im all- gemeinen zwei reflectirte und zwei gebrochene Wellen aus einer ein- fallenden hervorgehen. Die Formeln für die Intensitäten der reflectirten Wellen vereinfachen sich jedoch durch Einführung der in Wirklichkeit meist zutreffenden Annahme, dass die Doppelbrechung schwach ist. Der Verf. wendet sie dann auf die Erscheinungen an, welche eine Krystall- platte, deren Begrenzungsflächen der Zwillingsfläche parallel sind, und welche sich in einem isotropen Medium von nahe gleichem Brechungsver- mögen befindet, im reflectirten Lichte darbietet (die Eeflexion an der oberen und unteren Begrenzung der Zwillingsplatte wird nicht in Betracht ge- zogen). In diesem Falle gehen aus der im isotropen Medium einfallenden Welle im allgemeinen zwei Wellen im Krystall hervor, die aber bei der Eeflexion an der Zwillingsfläche beide dieselben zwei reflectirten Wellen, nur mit verschiedenen Amplituden und Phasen, liefern. Der Verf. setzt zunächst eine so schwache Doppelbrechung oder so geringe Dicke der oberen Zwillingslamelle voraus, dass man die Phasendifferenz jener beiden Wellen vernachlässigen kann. Es ergibt sich dann Folgendes. Die Intensität des reflectirten Lichtes ist unabhängig von der Polarisation des ein- •"' • 2 tg& w • •- •• fallenden und proportional , wenn q den Einfallswinkel bezeichnet: 2 7 COS (/ ist das einfallende Licht im polarisirt, so gilt dies auch vom reflectirten (und zwar auch noch bei grösserer Dicke der Zwillings- lamelle); ist das einfallende unter dem Azimuth « und linear polarisirt, so ist das Polarisationsazimuth des reflectirten 90°— «, insbesondere wird also für parallel oder senkrecht zur Einfallsebene polarisir- tes Licht der Polarisationssinn bei der Eeflexion gerade um- gekehrt, d. h. das Azimuth um 90° geändert. Letzteres Eesultat bleibt für kleine Einfallswinkel auch bei grösserer Plattendicke noch gültig. Da- gegen ist in letzterem Falle bei. beliebiger Polarisation des -einfallenden Lichtes die Polarisation des reflecirten von der Plattendicke und Wellen- länge abhängig ; ist das .einfallende Licht linear polarisirt , so ist es das reflectirte im allgemeinen nicht, auch nicht bei kleinem Einfallswinkel. 2. Von der im vorstehenden besprochenen Theorie der Eeflexion an Zwillingsflächen, macht der Verf. eine Anwendung auf die Erklärung der eigenthümliehen farbigen B,eflexion im Innern mancher Krystalle von Ka- liunichlorat, die von Madan und Stokes beschrieben und von letzterem eingehend (auch spectroskopisch) untersucht worden ist (cf. G. G. Stokes : Proc. Roy. Soc. 1885. 38. 174 ; Nature 1885. 31. 565—568). Die charak- teristischen Erscheinungen nach Stokes sind kurz zusammengefasst . fol- gende : ihrer (1) Wird die Krystallplatte in Ebene gedreht , ohne dass sich der Einfallswinkel ändert, so verschwindet die innere Eeflexion bei einer vollen Umdrehung zweimal, nämlich wenn die Einfallsebene mit der Symmetrieebene des Krystalls zusammenfällt (die Krystalle sind monoklin und dünn tafelförmig nach der Basis 001). (2) Bei Zunahme des Einfallswinkels wächst die Intensität des re- flectirten Lichtes und seine Farbe ändert sich im Sinne steigender Brechbarkeit. (3) Die Farbe des durchgegangenen Lichtes ist genau complemen- tär zu der des reflectirten, die Färbung kann also nicht durch Absorption entstehen. (4) Das reflectirte Licht ist unpolaris irt, einerlei, ob das einfallende natürliches oder unter einem beliebigen Azimuth polarisirt ist. (5) Das Spectrum des reflectirten Lichtes besteht häufig fast ganz aus einem verhältnissmässig schmalen Bande, welches sich bei wach- sendem Einfallswinkel gegen das violette Ende des Spectrums hin verschiebt und dabei an Breite schnell zunimmt. (6) Die Eeflexion scheint in vielen Fällen fast total zu sein. (7) Die Reflexion findet in einer Schicht von ungefähr ^Vo Zoll Dicke im Innern des Krystalls statt, welche wahrscheinlich eine Zwillings- 1 a m e 1 1 e nach 001 ist. Die unter (1) und (4) angeführten Thatsachen stimmen vollständig mit der Theorie Lord Rayleigh's überein, so dass die Annahme, die frag- liche Reflexion finde thatsächlich an einer Zwillingslamelle statt, dadurch sehr wahrscheinlich gemacht wird. Eine weitere Bestätigung ergab eine Beobachtung des Verf. bei kleinem Einfallswinkel, welche zeigte, dass die im vorhergehenden Referat erwähnte Umkehrung der Polarisationsebene dann wirklich auftrat. Es bleiben indessen noch die grosse Intensität des reflectirten Lichtes und die Farbenerscheinungen zu erklären. Zu diesem Zweck hat der Verf. die Fortpflanzung von Lichtwellen in einem Medium , welches aus sehr zahlreichen gleich dicken Schichten , von periodisch wiederkehrenden optischen Eigenschaften besteht, theoretisch untersucht (Phil. Mag. 1887. Augustheft). Dabei ergab sich, dass selbst bei geringen Differenzen des optischen Verhaltens der Schichten schliesslich totale Reflexion eintritt, und zwar für. Wellenlängen , die • hinreichend genau mit der Periode der StructUr übereinstimmen ; das Spectrum des reflectirten Lichtes besteht daher aus einem schmalen Bande. Das letztere wird breiter, wenn die optischen Änderungen stärker sind, weil dann ge- ringere Übereinstimmung der Perioden für die Reflexion erforderlich ist. Unregelmässigkeiten in der Structurperiode haben das Auftreten secundärer a* — 4 — Banden zur Folge, welches auch im Spectrum der Kaliumchloratkrystalle bisweilen beobachtet wird. Diese theoretischen Folgerungen reichen also zur Erklärung der frag- lichen Erscheinungen, wie man sieht, vollständig aus, wenn man annimmt, dass die reflectirende Lamelle in den Krystallen aus einer grösseren Anzahl sehr feiner Zwillingslamellen von nahe gleicher Dicke zusammengesetzt ist. Die unter (2) erwähnte Zunahme der Brechbarkeit der reflectirten Strahlen mit wachsendem Einfallswinkel hat denselben Grund , wie die analoge Änderung der Farben dünner Blättchen ; die Zunahme der Intensität folgt aus der Theorie der Beflexion an Zwillingsflächen und hat ihrerseits die Verbreiterung des Spectralbandes zur Folge. Ein Einwand gegen die Erklärung des Verf. könnte , wie er selbst bemerkt, nur darin erblickt werden, dass die zu beiden Seiten der reflecti- renden Schicht liegenden Theile des Kry Stalls stets gleich orientirt sind, so dass die Zahl der Zwillingslamellen stets ungerade sein muss, wofür doch kein Grund einzusehen sei. — Der Verf. hat übrigens selbst zahlreiche Beobachtungen an den irisirenden Krystallen angestellt, welche alle mit seiner Theorie im Einklang waren. Die Bedingungen, von denen die Bil- dung farbiger Individuen bei der Krystallisation aus Lösungen abhängt, konnte er nicht ergründen. Dagegen hat er durch Wiederholung der Ver- suche von Madan (Nature 1886. May) constatirt, dass in ursprünglich ein- fachen Krystallen, die man bis nahe zum Schmelzpunkt erhitzt hat, bei der Abkühlung (und zwar bei schon
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