DOCSLIB.ORG

USGS Fact Sheet 075-98

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
USGS Fact Sheet 075-98 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—REDUCING THE RISK FROM VOLCANO HAZARDS Can Another Great Volcanic Eruption Happen in Alaska? he largest eruption on Earth Tthis century occurred at Novarupta Volcano, Alaska, in June 1912, creating Katmai Caldera and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. Volcanic ash (more than from all other historical eruptions in Alaska combined) devastated areas hundreds of miles away. Such massive eruptions will occur again in southern Alaska, threatening its rapidly grow- ing population. To protect the public, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other scientists with the Alaska Volcano Observatory closely monitor the State’s many active volcanoes. On the afternoon of June 6, 1912, an Today, the blocky lava dome of Novarupta sits in the ash-and-debris-fi lled volcanic crater, more than a mile wide, created by a cataclysmic 1912 ominous cloud rose into the sky above Mount volcanic eruption that rained ash over southern Alaska, western Canada, Katmai on the Alaska Peninsula. The cloud and the Pacifi c Northwest. Snow-capped Mount Mageik, another potentially explosive volcano in Katmai National quickly reached an altitude of 20 miles, and Park, can be seen in the background. Inset shows a resident of the devastated village of Kodiak, 100 miles southeast of within 4 hours, ash from a huge volcanic erup- Novarupta, standing in deep drifts of ash shortly after the June 1912 eruption (courtesy National Geographic Society). tion began to fall on the village of Kodiak, 100 miles to the southeast. By the end of the erup- numbers of the plants and small animals they was devastated, especially from 1915 to 1919, tion on June 9th, the ash cloud, now thousands lived on were wiped out. Millions of dead birds because of the starvation and failure of many of miles across, shrouded southern Alaska and that had been blinded and coated by volcanic ash adult fi sh to spawn in ash-choked streams. western Canada, and sulfurous ash was falling littered the ground. Aquatic organisms, such as In 1916, a National Geographic Society on Vancouver, British Columbia, and Seattle, mussels, insect larvae, and kelp, as well as the expedition led by Robert Griggs visited Mount Washington. The next day the cloud passed fi sh that fed upon them, perished in ash-choked Katmai and found a 2-mile-wide crater where over Virginia, and by June 17th it reached shallow water. Alaska’s salmon-fi shing industry its summit had been before 1912. Nearby, the Algeria in Africa. The ash fall from the cataclysmic 1912 erup- During the 3 days of the eruption, dark- . "EAUFORT3EA tion of Novarupta dwarfs that produced by ness and suffocating conditions caused by recent eruptions of Augustine, Redoubt, and falling ash and sulfur dioxide gas immobi- Spurr Volcanoes. Old-timers in Alaska can lized the population of Kodiak. Sore eyes !,!3+! recall dozens of eruptions from these and and respiratory distress were rampant, and other Alaskan volcanoes. Within 500 miles of Anchorage, several volcanoes (brown water became undrinkable. Radio com- 04!!3( /6!25 munications were totally disrupted, and &AIRBANKS . triangles) have exploded in Novarupta-scale eruptions in the past 4,000 years. Beyond the with visibility near zero, ships couldn’t $AWSON "ERING3EA *AN areas shown here, ash fall from these recent dock. Roofs in Kodiak collapsed under the (AYES eruptions of Augustine, Redoubt, and Spurr weight of more than a foot of ash, build- T 3PURR 3EP #HURCHILL Volcanoes was negligible, but ultrafi ne dust ings were wrecked by ash avalanches that 2EDOUBT2EDOUBT !NCHORAGE and sulfurous aerosols were held aloft and rushed down from nearby hillslopes, and !UGUSTINE #!.!$! transported farther by high-altitude winds. *A other structures burned after being struck +AGUYAK N *UNEAU Even though relatively small, the volcanic .OVARUPTA ash clouds from these eruptions still resulted by lightning from the ash cloud. +ODIAK Similar conditions prevailed elsewhere in !NIAKCHAK in airport closures and damage to many jet 6ENIAMINOF "LACK ./6!2504!!3(+ETCHIKAN southern Alaska, and several villages were 0EAK aircraft. Because of the size and frequency abandoned forever. Animal and plant life of eruptions and prevailing winds, Alaskan was decimated by ash and acid rain from 0ACIFIC/CEAN volcanoes present a greater threat to avia- tion on the west coast of the United States the eruption. Bears and other large animals 6ANCOUVER than do the volcanoes of the Cascade Range were blinded by ash and starved when large ./6!2504!!3(&!,, in the Pacifi c Northwest. #/-0!2%$4/4(!4&2/- -),%3 3EATTLE 2%#%.4!,!3+!.%2504)/.3 U.S. Department of the Interior +),/-%4%23 7!3( USGS Fact Sheet 075–98 U.S. Geological Survey 1998 -),%3 !NCHORAGE T +),/-%4%23 LE N In the 1950’s, volcanologists discovered that the 3PURR ) would be overwhelmed by great Alaskan eruption of 1912 was not from Mount K RM 2EDOUBT O people with eye, throat, and IUK ! E O Katmai, as previously thought, but from a new vent )L K ,AK X # KNE 3AVONOSKIVILLAGE lung damage. Building ventila- .A at Novarupta. The eruption removed so much molten ABANDONEDIN !,!3+! tion systems would have to rock (magma) from beneath Mount Katmai, however, ERUPTION be closed to outside air. Ash that a cubic mile of Katmai’s summit collapsed to form SKA !2%! !UGUSTINE LA entering computers, bankcard a 2-mile-wide volcanic depression, called a caldera, /&-!0 ! F O machines, and other electronic which now holds a lake 800 feet deep. Nearby Trident +!4-!) LF Volcano issued several lava fl ows (red) and small ash .!4g, U . equipment would cause them 6 ' A 0!2+ clouds during the decade beginning in 1953. There is LLE to break down. Automobile, Y O F no historical record of eruptions at Mageik, Martin, 4 +/$)!+ snowmobile, and boat engines EN +ODIAK 4 )3,!.$ and Griggs Volcanoes, but their vigorous sulfur-rich HO -T'RIGGS US would also be damaged. Air- AN fumaroles (volcanic gas vents) suggest that they might D 3 ports, including Anchorage, which handles the M O erupt in the near future. K E #RATER .OVARUPTA S ,AKE largest amount of air cargo of any airport in the 4RIDENT United States and is a refueling stop for many expedition discovered a newly formed lava 6OLCANO -T+ATMAI trans-Pacifi c fl ights, would be closed until -T -T-AGEIK dome they called “Novarupta” and huge fl ows -ARTIN runways could be cleared of ash. To avoid the of volcanic ash fi lling what they named the . ash cloud, aircraft would have to be diverted “Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes” for the around most of Alaska, Canada, and the North- numerous plumes of steam rising from the ern United States, seriously disrupting national still-hot ground. Griggs’ descriptions of these -),%3 and international commerce. spectacular features helped persuade President +),/-%4%23 Even years later, volcanic ash deposited Woodrow Wilson to create Katmai National 6OLCANICVENTS EACHASITEOFPAST +ATMAIVILLAGE within 200 miles of the site of the eruption ERUPTIONS ABANDONEDIN Monument (now National Park) in 1918. ERUPTION would be remobilized by windstorms and 6OLCANICASHANDPUMICEFROM X In the 1950’s, volcanologists discovered that .OVARUPTAERUPTIONREMOBLIZEDBY blown high into the atmosphere, renewing the STREAMSARROWSSHOWDIRECTIONOFFLOW the 1912 eruption was actually from Novar- ,ANDSLIDESDEBRISAVALANCHES OF hazards for people and machinery. Fish and +ATMAI"AY upta, not Mount Katmai. Novarupta’s eruption VOLCANICMATERIAL wildlife would be devastated as they were after had removed so much molten rock (magma) the 1912 eruption, wreaking prolonged havoc from beneath Mount Katmai that it caused a nearby coastal communities. Explosive erup- on Alaska’s now large and economically impor- cubic mile of Katmai’s summit to collapse. tions can also produce large earthquakes. In tant fi shing and tourism industries. The chance of another Novarupta-scale 1912, when Novarupta exploded and Mount Promptly restoring normal life would de- eruption occurring in any given year is small, Katmai collapsed, 14 quakes of magnitude 6 pend heavily on community spirit, civic organi- but such cataclysmic volcanic events are certain to 7 rocked the region, and countless smaller zation, and pre-eruption planning. By working to happen again in Alaska. Within 500 miles shocks occurred. As with Novarupta, however, closely with local authorities, air carriers, and of Anchorage, volcanologists have identifi ed the greatest hazard posed by eruptions of most the public, the Alaska Volcano Observatory at least seven deposits of volcanic ash younger Alaskan volcanoes is airborne ash—even (AVO), a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geo- than 4,000 years that approach or exceed the minor amounts of ash can cause the engines logical Survey (USGS), the University of volume of ash ejected by Novarupta in 1912, of jet aircraft to suddenly fail in fl ight, create Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the including a thick layer of ash erupted from health problems, close roads and airports, dis- Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Hayes Volcano, only 90 miles northwest of An- rupt utilities, and contaminate water supplies Surveys, is helping to minimize the effects of chorage. Of the numerous volcanoes scattered for hundreds of miles downwind. volcanic eruptions on Alaskan communities. across southern Alaska, at least 10 are capable In 1912, Alaska was very sparsely populat- AVO provides volcano hazards assessments of exploding in a 1912-scale eruption. ed, and there were few airplanes. Now, nearly and closely monitors the State’s volcanoes for When volcanoes erupt explosively, high- three-quarters of a million people live in the any signs of unrest, so that it can issue timely speed fl ows of hot ash (pyroclastic fl ows) State, and aircraft carrying more than 15,000 warnings of impending eruptions. and landslides can devastate areas 10 or more passengers and millions of dollars in cargo pass In addition to active participation in AVO, miles away, and huge mudfl ows of volcanic near Alaska’s more than 40 historically active the ongoing work of the USGS Volcano Haz- ash and debris (lahars) can inundate valleys volcanoes each day.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska)
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resources Program Center Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska) Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR—2007/372 Cover photo: Glacier emerging from the slopes of Mt Douglas toward the Katmai coastline. August 2005. Photo: S.Nagorski 2 Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska) Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2007/372 Sonia Nagorski Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Ginny Eckert Biology Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Eran Hood Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Sanjay Pyare Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 This report was prepared under Task Order J9W88050014 of the Pacific Northwest Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit (agreement CA90880008) Water Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 250 Fort Collins, CO 80525 June 2007 U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 3 The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resource Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 January Scree
    the SCREE Mountaineering Club of Alaska January 2020 Volume 63, Number 1 Contents Mount Anno Domini Peak 2330 and Far Out Peak Devils Paw North Taku Tower Randoism via Rosie’s Roost "The greatest danger for Berlin Wall most of us is not that our aim is too high and we Katmai and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes miss it, but that it is too Peak of the Month: Old Snowy low and we reach it." – Michelangelo JANUARY MEETING: Wednesday, January 8, at 6:30 p.m. Luc Mehl will give the presentation. The Mountaineering Club of Alaska www.mtnclubak.org "To maintain, promote, and perpetuate the association of persons who are interested in promoting, sponsoring, im- proving, stimulating, and contributing to the exercise of skill and safety in the Art and Science of Mountaineering." This issue brought to you by: Editor—Steve Gruhn assisted by Dawn Munroe Hut Needs and Notes Cover Photo If you are headed to one of the MCA huts, please consult the Hut Gabe Hayden high on Devils Paw. Inventory and Needs on the website (http://www.mtnclubak.org/ Photo by Brette Harrington index.cfm/Huts/Hut-Inventory-and-Needs) or Greg Bragiel, MCA Huts Committee Chairman, at either [email protected] or (907) 350-5146 to see what needs to be taken to the huts or repaired. All JANUARY MEETING huts have tools and materials so that anyone can make basic re- Wednesday, January 8, at 6:30 p.m. at the BP Energy Center at pairs. Hutmeisters are needed for each hut: If you have a favorite 1014 Energy Court in Anchorage.
    [Show full text]
  • COV4 Meeting Schedule Monday, 23 January, 2006
    COV4 Meeting Schedule Monday, 23 January, 2006 Sala 1 (large)† 8H15 Welcoming Statements 8H30 Invited Speaker M. Hall: LIVING WITH VOLCANOES 9H00 - 9H30 Invited Speaker A. Lavell: SOCIETY AND RISK: RISK MANAGEMENT AND VOLCANIC HAZARDS 9H30 - 10H00 Plenary Symposium IV-B: Monitoring Volcanoes J. EWERT: ASSESSING VOLCANIC THREAT AND PRIORITIZING VOLCANO MONITORING IN THE UNITED STATES 10H00 - Plenary Symposium II: Ash Falls and Aerosols 10H30 W. Rose: ASH-FALL AND AEROSOLS, AN OVERVIEW 10H30 - 11H00 Coffee Break Sala 1 (large) Sala 2 (medium) IV-B: Monitoring Volcanoes II: Ash Falls and Aerosols Chairs: J. Ewert, A. García, H. Kumagai & J. Chairs: J.-L. Le Pennec, C. Connor, T. Johnson Casadevall, D. Johnston & D. Schneider 11H00 - S. Carn: MONITORING GLOBAL VOLCANIC A. Neri: ASSESSING ASH FALL HAZARD 11H20 DEGASSING WITH OMI FROM WEAK EXPLOSIVE PLUMES 11H20 - C. Oppenheimer: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN C. Bonadonna: PROBABILISTIC MODELLING 11H40 VOLCANIC GAS SURVEILLANCE OF TEPHRA DISPERSON 11H40 - B. Galle: DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL B. Houghton: PROXIMAL TEPHRA HAZARDS: 12H00 REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS FOR RECENT ERUPTION STUDIES APPLIED TO VOLCANOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS VOLCANIC RISK IN THE AUCKLAND VOLCANIC FIELD, NEW ZEALAND 12H00-12H20 F. Donnadieu: ERUPTION DYNAMICS OF P. Baxter: GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS OF ARENAL VOLCANO, COSTA RICA: INSIGHTS VOLCANIC ASH FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF FROM DOPPLER RADAR AND SEISMIC HEALTH HAZARD MEASUREMENTS 12H20 - 14H00 Lunch in the Centro Cultural Metropolitano- Plaza Grande IV-B: Monitoring-Cont. II: Ash- Cont. 14H00- A. Gerst: REAL-TIME 4D MONITORING OF D. Andronico: ASH EMISSIONS AT THE 14H20 ERUPTIVE PROCESSES WITH DOPPLER SUMMIT OF ETNA DURING THE 2004-05 RADARS- A NEW TOOL FOR HAZARDS FLANK ERUPTION MITIGATION AND VOLCANO SCIENCE 14H20-14H40 M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Novarupta Alagnak Aniakchak Katmai Wild River National Monument and Preserve National Park and Preserve
    National Park Service Park News U.S. Department of the Interior The offcial newspaper of Alagnak Wild River Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve Te Novarupta Katmai National Park and Preserve A trip planning and information guide to Issue Number 2019 Katmai National Park and Preserve NPS/ROY WOOD ANELA RAMOS What’s Inside: Brooks Camp ..............6 Bearcam .....................12 Katmai Origins ...........14 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY NATIONAL ROY WOOD Three National Parks, Many Amazing Experiences National Park Service Welcome to Katmai Country U.S. Department of the Interior Welcome to the land of Katmai! through periods of difculty. Today Alaska Native peoples maintain their traditional The Alaska Peninsula is a vast and beautiful lifeways as they join in the momentum of Alagnak Wild River landscape where the National Park Service an ever-changing world. Their connection Aniakchak National Monument and has the privilege of managing Katmai to these lands is profound and worthy of Preserve National Park and Preserve, Aniakchak our unwavering respect. Katmai National Park and Preserve National Monument and Preserve, and the Alagnak Wild River. Regardless of your The eforts of many dedicated individuals Katmai was declared a national monument interests, these areas ofer a diversity of from diverse walks of life and over many in 1918; Aniakchak in 1978. The Alaska outstanding Alaskan experiences. years which has ensured wildlife remains National Interest Lands Conservation Act of abundant and diverse across the region. All 1980 established Alagnak Wild River, while The geology of these places is both ancient three National Park Service units support Katmai and Aniakchak were expanded to and new.
    [Show full text]
  • Combined Magnetotelluric and Petrologic Constrains for the Nature
    Our reference: VOLGEO 5460 P-authorquery-v11 AUTHOR QUERY FORM Journal: VOLGEO Please e-mail or fax your responses and any corrections to: Sundarababu, Anitha E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +1 619 699 6721 Article Number: 5460 Dear Author, Please check your proof carefully and mark all corrections at the appropriate place in the proof (e.g., by using on-screen annotation in the PDF file) or compile them in a separate list. Note: if you opt to annotate the file with software other than Adobe Reader then please also highlight the appropriate place in the PDF file. To ensure fast publication of your paper please return your corrections within 48 hours. For correction or revision of any artwork, please consult http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. We were unable to process your file(s) fully electronically and have proceeded by Scanning (parts of) your Rekeying (parts of) your article Scanning the article artwork Any queries or remarks that have arisen during the processing of your manuscript are listed below and highlighted by flags in the proof. Click on the ‘Q’ link to go to the location in the proof. Location in article Query / Remark: click on the Q link to go Please insert your reply or correction at the corresponding line in the proof Q1 The citation “Blundy and Cashmann (2001)” has been changed to match the author name/date in the reference list. Please check here and in subsequent occurrences, and correct if necessary. Q2 Please check the layout and table header in Table 1 and amend if necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Alaska's Volcanic Landforms and Features
    Chapter 4 Alaska's Volcanic Landforms and Features Resources • Alaska Volcano Observatory website. (Available at http://www.avo.alaska.edu.) • Brantley, S.R., 1999, Volcanoes of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication. (Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volcus/index.html.) • Miller, T.P., McGimsey, R.G., Richter, D.H., Riehle, J.R., Nye, C.J., Yount, M.E., and Dumoulin, J.A., 1998, Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-0582, 104 p. (Also available at http://www.avo.alaska.edu/downloads/classresults.php?citid=645.) • Nye, C.J., and others, 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, accessed June 1, 2010, at . PDF Front (6.4 MB) http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/webpubs/dggs/ic/oversized/ic038_sh001.PDF and . PDF Back (6.6 MB) http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/webpubs/dggs/ic/oversized/ic038_sh002.PDF. • Smithsonian Institution, [n.d.], Global volcanism program—Augustine: Smithsonian Institution web page, accessed June 1, 2010, at http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1103-01- &volpage=photos&phoyo=026071. • Tilling, R.I., 1997, Volcanoes—On-line edition: U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Product. (Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/.) • U.S. Geological Survey, 1997 [2007], Volcanoes teacher’s guide: U.S. Geological Survey website. (Available at http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/teachers- packets/volcanoes/. • U.S. Geological Survey, 2010, Volcano Hazards Program—USGS photo glossary of volcanic terms: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Conduit and Eruption Dynamics of the 1912 Vulcanian Explosions at Novarupta, Alaska
    CONDUIT AND ERUPTION DYNAMICS OF THE 1912 VULCANIAN EXPLOSIONS AT NOVARUPTA, ALASKA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS December 2017 By Samantha Jo Isgett Dissertation Committee: Bruce F. Houghton, Chairperson Helge M. Gonnermann Christina Neal Thomas Shea John Allen © 2017, Samantha Jo Isgett ii Acknowledgements I probably would not be “standing here today” if my advisor Bruce Houghton had not introduced me to the wonderful world of volcanology. I entered his 300 level volcanology class as a naïve sophomore who had no ambitions of going to graduate school and left knowing that I wanted to be volcanologist and the steps that I needed to take to get there. Bruce has a passion not only for solving the big science question, but also in passing on his knowledge and skill-sets to his students. I cannot thank Bruce enough for seeing in me the potential makings of a scientist and guiding me there. It was, and always will be, a privilege to work with you. I would like to thank my committee — Helge Gonnermann, Thomas Shea, Christina Neal, and John Allen — for pushing me to take every problem and interpretation just a little (or a lot) further. I am especially grateful to Tom and John for stepping in at the last hour. Thank you all for your time and patience. Alain Burgisser, Laurent Arbaret, and Sarah Fagents also brought outside perspectives and skill-sets that were crucial for this project.
    [Show full text]
  • PROPERN of Fairbanks, AK 99709 DGGS LIBRARY Open File Repod 98-582 Icpbs
    EUSGS science tor a changing- - world DEPARTMENT OF THE iMTEIWlOR U.S. GEBLOGIICAL SURVEY I I CATALOG OF THE HISTORICALLY ACTIVE VOLCANOES OF ALASKA T.P. Miller I, R.G. McGirnsey l, D.W.Richter I, J.R. Riehle $ CC.J.Nye 2, M.E. \daunt l, and J.A. Durnoufin lU.S, Wlogieal Suwey Anehwage, AK 99508 2AlaskoDivisWl of Gedoglcaland Geophysicol Surveys PROPERN OF Fairbanks, AK 99709 DGGS LIBRARY Open File Repod 98-582 IcPBS Done in cooperation with the lnternaticnai Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) and the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the W~rld(CAVW) Project This repart is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stsatigraphlc Code). Any use of trade. product or firm names is for I I descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Wew 10 t/7c west across the s~lrnrnircaldera of Mr. U+angell. The Eusf Crarer (foreground),North Crater (steaming)atld Ukst Crater (le~?)arc on the rim of rhe 4x6 krn cllldem. Mr. Dnrm is in the right background. Phoro by R.J. Motyka. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................................i Previous work .......................................................................................................................................................................ii Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska Reference Deck Activity Icons a Note on Assigning Volcanoes to Cards References
    HISTORICALLY ACTIVE VOLCANOES OF ALASKA REFERENCE DECK Cameron, C.E., Hendricks, K.A., and Nye, C.J. IC 59 v.2 is an unusual publication; it is in the format of playing cards! Each full-color card provides the location and photo of a historically active volcano and up to four icons describing its historical activity. The icons represent characteristics of the volcano, such as a documented eruption, fumaroles, deformation, or earthquake swarms; a legend card is provided. The IC 59 playing card deck was originally released in 2009 when AVO staff noticed the amusing coincidence of exactly 52 historically active volcanoes in Alaska. Since 2009, we’ve observed previously undocumented persistent, hot fumaroles at Tana and Herbert volcanoes. Luckily, with a little help from the jokers, we can still fit all of the historically active volcanoes in Alaska on a single card deck. We hope our users have fun while learning about Alaska’s active volcanoes. To purchase: http://doi.org/10.14509/29738 The 54* volcanoes displayed on these playing cards meet at least one of the criteria since 1700 CE (Cameron and Schaefer, 2016). These are illustrated by the icons below. *Gilbert’s fumaroles have not been observed in recent years and Gilbert may be removed from future versions of this list. In 2014 and 2015, fieldwork at Tana and Herbert revealed the presence of high-temperature fumaroles (C. Neal and K. Nicolaysen, personal commu- nication, 2016). Although we do not have decades of observation at Tana or Herbert, they have been added to the historically active list.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Peninsula Bibliography of Geological Research Ric Wilson, USGS Anchorage, AK from Open File Report 1986 Updated, but Not Necessarily Complete for 1986-1990
    Alaska Peninsula Bibliography of Geological Research Ric Wilson, USGS Anchorage, AK From Open File Report 1986 Updated, but not necessarily complete for 1986-1990 "Abbot, C.G., and Fowle, F.E., 1913, Volcanoes and climate: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 60, no. 29, 24 p." "Abrahamson, S.R., 1949, Geography of the Naknek region, Alaska: Worcester, Mass., Clark University, Ph.D. dissertation, 148 p." "Addicott, W.O., 1971, Tertiary marine mollusks of Alaska: An annotated bibliography: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1343, 30 p. "Addicott, W.O., 1973, Neogene marine mollusks of the Pacific coast of North America: An annotated bibliography, 1797-1969: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1362, 210 p." "Addicott, W.O., 1977, Significance of pectinids in Tertiary biochronology of the Pacific Northwest states [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 9, no. 7, p. 874." "Alaska Construction and Oil, 1984, Petroleum update: Alaska Construction and Oil, v. 25, no. 8, p. 164." "Alaska Construction and Oil, 1984, Unga Island mining data announced: Alaska Construction and Oil, v. 25, no. 3, p. 31." "Alaska Department of Mines, 1949, Report of the Commissioner of Mines for the Biennium ended December 31, 1948: Alaska Department of Mines, 50 p." "Alaska Department of Mines, 1951, Report of the Commissioner of Mines for the Biennium ended December 31, 1950: Alaska Department of Mines, 57 p." "Alaska Department of Mines, 1953, Report of the Commissioner of Mines for the Biennium ended December 31, 1952: Alaska Department
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanoes and Deep Carbon Global CO2 Emissions from Subaerial Volcanism— Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Is the Second Most Abundant Volcanic Gas After Water (W.F
    COMMISSIONED AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Volcanoes and Deep MANUSCRIPT Carbon Global CO2 Emissions From Subaerial 10.1029/2019GC008690 Volcanism—Recent Progress and Future Challenges Tobias P. Fischer1 and Alessandro Aiuppa2 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 2Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Key Points: Abstract Quantifying the global volcanic CO2 output from subaerial volcanism is key for a better • Progress in determining subaerial understanding of rates and mechanisms of carbon cycling in and out of our planet and their volcanic CO2 flux has been significant consequences for the long‐term evolution of Earth's climate over geological timescales. Although having • Challenges remain with regard to been the focus of intense research since the early 1990s, and in spite of recent progress, the global volcanic extrapolations through time and global coverage of measurements CO2 output remains inaccurately known. Here we review past developments and recent progress and and with regard to diffuse tectonic examine limits and caveats of our current understanding and challenges for future research. We show that degassing and dynamic nature of CO2 flux measurements are today only available for ~100 volcanoes (cumulative measured flux, 44 Tg CO2/ volcanic degassing • Volcanic and tectonic contributions year), implying that extrapolation is required to account for the emissions of the several hundred degassing are <2% of current anthropogenic volcanoes worldwide. Recent extrapolation attempts converge to indicate that persistent degassing through contributions active crater fumaroles and plumes releases ~53–88 Tg CO2/year, about half of which is released from the 125 most actively degassing subaerial volcanoes (36.4 ± 2.4 Tg CO2/year from strong volcanic gas emitters, Svge).
    [Show full text]
  • Automated Sulfur Dioxide Flux Monitoring at Asama Volcano, Japan
    IAVCEI 2013 Scientific Assembly - July 20 - 24, Kagoshima, Japan Forecasting Volcanic Activity - Reading and translating the messages of nature for society 3P2_2E-O1 Room A3 Date/Time: July 23 17:00-17:15 Automated sulfur dioxide flux monitoring at Asama volcano, Japan Toshiya Mori1, Masaaki Morita1, Minoru Takeo2, Taku Urabe2, Jun Oikawa2 1Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan, 2Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Asama volcano located in central part of Japan is one of the active volcanoes continuously emitting volcanic plume. Sulfur dioxide flux of the volcano has been measured using COSPEC (Correlation Spectrometer) since 1970s, and recently using COMPUSS (Compact UV spectrometer system). The volcano emit a few hundred ton/day of SO2 during the quiescent period and several thousand ton/day during active period (e.g., JMA web * page ).Because, the past SO2 flux measurements were carried out intermittently on an irregular base, it is not well constrained when and how the flux increased at the beginning of the active periods. We need to have more frequent measurements to relate the SO2 flux with other geophysical observation data and to understand the degassing activities during the changes of the activity of the volcano. We installed automated scanning system with a USB2000+ spectrometer (Ocean Optics Inc.) for SO2 flux measurement in the end of July 2011 at Asama volcano observatory (Earthquake Research Institute, the Univ. of Tokyo) located about 4 km east of the summit crater. The scanning system used at the volcano is 45 degrees forward looking system which intended to cover relatively wide wind direction range with one instrument.
    [Show full text]