T&F Proofs: Not for distribution Human Security and Japan’s Running head 1 Triple Disaster Japan has been one of the most important international sponsors of human security, yet the concept has hitherto not been considered relevant to the Japanese domestic context. This book applies the human security approach to the specific case of the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident that struck Japan on 11 March 2011, which has come to be known as Japan’s ‘triple disaster’. This left more than 15,000 people dead and was the most expensive natural disaster in recorded history. The book identifies the many different forms of human insecurity that were produced or exacerbated within Japan by the triple disaster. Each chapter adds to the contemporary literature by identifying the vulnerability of Japanese social groups and communities, and examining how they collectively seek to prevent, respond to and recover from disaster. Emphasis is given to analysis of the more encouraging signs of human empowerment that have occurred. Contributors draw on a wide range of perspectives, from disciplines such as: disaster studies, environmental studies, gender studies, international relations, Japanese studies, philosophy and sociology. In considering this Japanese case study in detail, the book demonstrates to researchers, postgraduate students, policy-makers and practitioners how the concept of human security can be practically applied at a policy level to the domestic affairs of developed countries, countering the tendency to regard human security as exclusively for developing states. Paul Bacon is Associate Professor, School of International Liberal Studies, and Deputy Director of the European Union Institute, Waseda University, Japan. Christopher Hobson is Assistant Professor, School of Political Science and Economics Waseda University, Japan, and Visiting Research Fellow, United Nations University, Japan. T&F Proofs: Not for distribution Routledge Humanitarian Studies Series Series editors: Alex de Waal and Dorothea Hilhorst Running head 1 Editorial Board: Mihir Bhatt, Dennis Dijkzeul, Wendy Fenton, Kirsten Johnson, Julia Streets, Peter Walker The Routledge Humanitarian Studies series in collaboration with the International Humanitarian Studies Association (IHSA) takes a comprehensive approach to the growing field of expertise that is humanitarian studies. This field is concerned with humanitarian crises caused by natural disaster, conflict or political instability and deals with the study of how humanitarian crises evolve, how they affect people and their institutions and societies, and the responses they trigger. We invite book proposals that address, amongst other topics, questions of aid delivery, institutional aspects of service provision, the dynamics of rebel wars, state building after war, the international architecture of peacekeeping, the ways in which ordinary people continue to make a living throughout crises, and the effect of crises on gender relations. This interdisciplinary series draws on and is relevant to a range of disciplines, including development studies, international relations, international law, anthropology, peace and conflict studies, public health and migration studies. Disaster, Conflict and Society Human Security and Japan’s Triple in Crises Disaster Everyday politics of crisis response Responding to the 2011 earthquake, Edited by Dorothea Hilhorst tsunami and Fukushima nuclear crisis Edited by Paul Bacon and Christopher Hobson Human Security and Natural Disasters Edited by Christopher Hobson, Paul Bacon and Robin Cameron T&F Proofs: Not for distribution Human Security and Japan’sRunning head 1 Triple Disaster Responding to the 2011 earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima nuclear crisis Edited by Paul Bacon and Christopher Hobson T&F Proofs: Not for distribution First published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Running head 1 and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Paul Bacon and Christopher Hobson The right of Paul Bacon and Christopher Hobson to be identified as authors of the editorial material, and of the individual authors as authors of their contributions, has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN13: 978-1-138-01313-1 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-1-315-79541-6 (ebk) Typeset in Baskerville by HWA Text and Data Management, London T&F Proofs: Not for distribution Contents Running head 1 List of contributors vii Acknowledgements viii 1 Human security comes home: responding to Japan’s triple disaster 1 PUL A BACON AND Christopher HOBSON 2 The politics of human security in Japan 22 PUL A BACON 3 Mismanaging risk and the Fukushima nuclear crisis 39 JEFF KINGston 4 Hidden insecurities: the workers of Fukushima Dai-ichi 59 Christopher HOBSON 5 Human security as a military security leftover, or as part of the human condition? 72 PULA JAMES 6 Human security and life recovery: lessons from the 1995 Kobe Earthquake and the 2011 triple disaster 89 Mayumi Sakamoto 7 Towards a people-centered housing recovery after the triple disaster 108 ELIZABETH Maly 8 An ageing society and post-disaster community security 127 Junko OTANI T&F Proofs: Not for distribution vi Contents 9 Post-disaster recovery and the cultural dimension of human security Running141 head 1 Akiko FUKUSHIMA 10 What role for nuclear power in Japan after Fukushima? A human security perspective 160 PUL A BACON AND MAI Sato 11 Towards human security: climate change and the military role in humanitarian assistance and disaster response 180 ANDREW DEWIT 12 Life after the triple disaster: human security and the future 199 Christopher HOBSON Index 209 T&F Proofs: Not for distribution Contributors Running head 1 Paul Bacon is an Associate Professor of International Relations in the School of International Liberal Studies, Waseda University. Andrew DeWit is a Professor in the School of Policy Studies, Rikkyo University. Akiko Fukushima is a Senior Fellow at the Tokyo Foundation. Christopher Hobson is an Assistant Professor in the School of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University. Paul James is Director of the UN Global Compact Cities Programme and Professor of Globalization and Cultural Diversity at the University of Western Sydney. Jeff Kingston is Director of Asian Studies, Temple University Japan. Elizabeth Maly is a Senior Researcher, Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution, Kobe. Junko Otani is an Associate Professor, Department of Global Human Sciences, Osaka University. Mayumi Sakamoto is a Senior Researcher, Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution, Kobe. Mai Sato is an Oxford-Howard League Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Centre for Criminology, University of Oxford. T&F Proofs: Not for distribution Acknowledgements Running head 1 The origins of this book lay in a workshop held in Tokyo in February 2012. This event was organized and hosted by the School of International Liberal Studies, Waseda University and the Institute for Sustainability and Peace, United Nations University (UNU-ISP), with the support of the Global Cities Research Institute, RMIT University. The workshop was funded by an ‘Intellectual Exchange Conferences’ Grant from The Japan Foundation. We would like to express our appreciation to these institutions, and especially The Japan Foundation, for making this project possible. At RMIT University, we would like to thank Paul James; at Waseda University we would like to thank Norimasa Morita and Naoko Sekimukai; and at UNU-ISP we would like to thank Yoshie Sawada, Mari Yamamoto and the interns who have assisted us at various points in this project. The vast majority of this book was completed while Christopher Hobson was working at UNU-ISP and he is appreciative of the institutional support that was provided to him. We are especially grateful to Nicholas Turner from UNU-ISP, who has played a central role in shaping and assisting this project since the initial grant application. Nicholas might not be listed as a co-editor, but this book would not have been possible without his contribution. We would also like to express our gratitude to Khanam Virjee, Helen Bell, and their colleagues at Routledge. They have been helpful, professional, and a pleasure to deal with. Both the editors are based in Japan, and were in Tokyo on 11 March 2011 when the earthquake and tsunami struck. The project was started by a desire to apply our knowledge to help understand what had happened, and this book represents a very small contribution towards Japan’s efforts to recover from these terrible events. It builds on the work undertaken in the accompanying volume, Human Security and Natural Disasters (Routledge 2014), which provides the conceptual foundations