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How to Study HOW TO STUDY Knowledge Acquisition Bite Sized Chunks A normal attention span is no more than 20 minutes. It is better to focus for short blocks of time spaced by rest breaks of approximately 5 minutes than to attempt to concentrate for many hours. The pomodoro method serves as a useful illustration of this point. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomodoro_Technique Consistent Application Regular application of effort to bite sized chunks of a task produces better results than attempts to complete a large task in one session, which is akin to cramming. 2 Effective note keeping There are many styles of note-keeping as an aid to studying. The first thing to remember is that note keeping is a means to an end. There is no point in producing beautiful notes if the information is not truly understood ad memorized. The following is a list of some methods that can be used to create effective notes. • The Cornell Method • The Maria Popova Method • The Charting Method https://blog.remarkable.com/3-note-taking-strategies-of-highly-successful-students-entrepreneurs- and-leaders-e86d4eb35917 Study techniques SQ3R technique is a study technique that incorporates the following stages • Survey • Question • Read • Recite • Review https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ3R 3 Using the spaces in between tasks Use your time more effectively be accessing a task list that utilizes the gaps of time that occur throughout the day, for instance when waiting for a bus or a tram, or during a lunch hour or between meetings. The parable of the rocks, stones, and sand in the bucket illustrates this point. https://www.developgoodhabits.com/rock-pebbles-sand/ Expanding the knowledge envelope - Regular review When studying and attempting to simultaneously acquire new knowledge and retain old knowledge respect the 50% rule. Spend half your time revising previous material and half your time exploring new information relevant to your field of study. 4 The Art Of Memory And Why Is Memory So Important Zeus slept with the goddess of memory, Mnemosyne (whence we get the word mnemonic) every day for 9 days. Afterwards she gave birth to the nine muses. The ancient Greeks regarded the nine muses as the goddesses of inspiration relevant to all fields of human endeavor at that time. They therefore elevated memory, as the mother of all human creative inspiration, to a position of utmost importance. Without memory, without context we cannot progress our knowledge, our understanding and our wisdom. https://www.greekmyths-greekmythology.com/nine-muses-in-greek-mythology/ The Forgetting Curve In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus extrapolated the hypothesis of the exponential nature of forgetting. After one week we have forgotten 80-90% of what we learned a week ago. where R is memory retention, S is the relative strength of memory, and t is time. One practical implication of this curve is the following . If you spend four hours on a Friday night studying something then fail to revise it again till the next Friday, you will have forgotten about 80% of the information you initially acquired. In fact, you may as well have spent only one hour studying then gone to the pub for drinks with friends for the other three hours. The second implication of this curve is that frequent but spaced revision can flatten out the curve and effectively transfer information into one’s long term memory. This is called spaced repetition (see below). https://www.psychestudy.com/cognitive/memory/ebbinghaus-forgetting-curve 5 Overlearning Ebbinghaus came up with the effects of "overlearning". Practice something more than is usually necessary to memorize. Overlearning ensures that information is more impervious to being lost or forgotten, and the forgetting curve for this overlearned material is shallower. Spaced Repetition Repetition based on active recall - Each repetition in learning increases the interval before the next repetition is needed (for near- perfect retention, initial repetitions may need to be made within days, but later they can be made after years) Example of a schedule • Day 1 day 7 • Month 1 • month 3 • Month 6 • Month 9 • Annually 6 Putting sequenced repetition into practice There are various apps and computer programs that can help to manage sequenced repetition. These include the following • Anki (https://apps.ankiweb.net) • The Mnemosyne Project (https://mnemosyne-proj.org) Incremental reading One step beyond sequenced repetition is incremental reading. This is the process of reading small chunks from a larger text and gradually converting large texts into single unit question and answer sets. These question and answer sets are then presented to the student using sequenced repetition principles. Currently the only program capable of providing an incremental reading process is “Supermemo”. It is only available on a pc, so Mac users may either need to buy parallels or use some other way of accessing widows. https://www.super-memo.com/supermemo17.html 7 .
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