Hamline University DigitalCommons@Hamline School of Education Student Capstone Theses and School of Education Dissertations Summer 8-14-2015 Variables in the Introduction of the Species, Streptocephalus sealii, Spinytail Fairy Shrimp into a Local Seasonal Wetland Jane Anne Porterfield Hamline University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.hamline.edu/hse_all Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Porterfield, Jane Anne, "Variables in the Introduction of the Species, Streptocephalus sealii, Spinytail Fairy Shrimp into a Local Seasonal Wetland" (2015). School of Education Student Capstone Theses and Dissertations. 221. https://digitalcommons.hamline.edu/hse_all/221 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Education at DigitalCommons@Hamline. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Education Student Capstone Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Hamline. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. ABSTRACT Porterfield, J. Variables in the Introduction of the Species, Streptocephalus sealii, Spinytail Fairy Shrimp into a Local Seasonal Wetland (2015) The research question addressed in this capstone is what factors play a role in the introduction of a wingless aquatic invertebrate to a recently restored mitigation wetland. The motivation for this capstone was the discovery of a fairy shrimp, Streptocephalus sealii in a Rosemount, Minnesota wetland in 2012. This organism was previously recorded from two other sites in Minnesota at least 35 miles from this location. Its appearance in a mitigation wetland generated questions as to whether restoration materials brought in the species or the mitigation created the environment in which the organism could thrive. This study investigates both of these ideas as well as a documentation of the mitigation wetlands history. Key Words: mitigation, vernal pool, fairy shrimp, introduced species, hydric soil VARIABLES IN THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SPECIES, Streptocephalus sealii, SPINYTAIL FAIRY SHRIMP INTO A LOCAL SEASONAL WETLAND By Jane A. Porterfield A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education, Natural Sciences and Environmental Education Hamline University Saint Paul, Minnesota August 2015 Committee: Primary Advisor: Renee Wonser Secondary Advisor: Dan Stinnett Peer Review: Elizabeth Schweich Copyright by JANE PORTERFIELD, 2015 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my family for allowing me the time to work on this capstone and for their help along the way. I also appreciate the help I received from current and former, City of Rosemount and Dakota County staff granting me access to available records. To my advisors, thank you for all your help, direction and encouragement making this a better product and an engaging learning experience. A special thanks to Louie for making me get out and walk everyday through this process. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents . .ii List of Figures . v List of Tables . .vii Chapter One – Introduction . 1 The Topic . 3 Summary . 10 Chapter Two – Literature Review . .11 Fairy Shrimp Natural History . 11 Streptocephalus sealii . .20 Vernal Pools and Other Temporary Waters. .25 Methods of Dispersal in Crustaceans Cysts . .29 Wetland Regulations and Mitigation . .32 Summary . 52 Chapter Three – Research Methods . .53 Preliminary data collection . .54 Phase One: The Site and Surrounding Area . 55 Phase Two: Hydrology, Soils and Land Use History . 58 Phase Three: Mitigation Information. 60 iii Data Analysis . 60 Summary . 61 Chapter Four – Results . 62 Preliminary data . 62 Phase One: The Site and Surrounding Area . 63 Phase Two: Hydrology, Soils and Land Use History . 76 Phase Three: Mitigation Data . .81 Summary . 86 Chapter Five – Discussion . 87 Future Research . .91 Personal Reflections on the Process . 94 Appendices Appendix A - Map of Rosemount WHEP Wetland Monitored . .97 Appendix B - Postembryonic development of Rehbachiella kinneullensis. 101 Appendix C - Vernal Pool Food Web. .103 Appendix D - Typical Sizes of Upper Midwest Fairy Shrimp. .105 Appendix E - Minnesota’s Vernal Pool Organisms . 107 Appendix F - Wind Tunnel Data and Locations . .109 Appendix G – Personal Photographs of R23 through the iv Growing Season . .111 Appendix H – Taxonomic Names of Typical Wetland Invertebrate Groups . 116 Appendix I – Ariel Photographs of R22 through the Years . 118 Appendix J – Map from Mitigation Plan showing Hydric Soils . 122 Appendix K- Aerial Photograph of R22 during Construction . .124 Appendix L – Seeding Plan and Lists of Native Seed Mixes . .126 References . 131 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Map of Mitigation Site R23 . 5 Figure 2.1 – 2.3 Fossil Branchiopods – Rehbachiella sp. .12 Figure 2.4 Fairy Shrimp Characteristics. .13 Figure 2.5 Nauplius – About 7 Hours Old. 17 Figure 2.6 Fairy Shrimp Life Cycle . 18 Figure 2.7 Lateral View of Male and Female Streptocephalus sealii . 21 Figure 2.8 Heads of Several Species of Fairy Shrimp Showing Claspers . 22 Figure 2.9 Map of the Distribution of S. sealii in the United States . .23 Figure 2.10 Minnesota and Wisconsin County Records of Fairy Shrimp . 25 Figure 2.11 States with Notable Wetland Loss, 1780’s to mid1980’s. 33 Figure 2.12 Wetland Types. 37 Figure 2.13 Wetland Areas under the Wetland Conservation Act. .45 Figure 3.1 Equipment Used for Phase One . 56 Figure 3.2 Wetland Core Sample Location . .59 Figure 3.3 Upland Core Sample Location - Looking due North toward R23 . 59 Figure 3.4 Upland Core Sample Location - Looking due East toward R23 . .59 Figure 3.5 Equipment Used for Soil Cores . .59 Figure 4.1 Metropolitan Mosquito Control District Map 1 of Wetland Sites Surveyed . 71 vi Figure 4.2 Metropolitan Mosquito Control District Map 2 of Wetland Sites Surveyed . .71 Figure 4.3 Aerial Photograph of R22 from 1997 . 78 Figure 4.4 Aerial Photograph of R22 from 2009 . 78 Figure 4.5 Soil Cores . 79 Figure 4.6 Soil Core in Wetland Location . .79 Figure 4.7 Soil Core in Upland Location . .79 Figure 4.8 Wetland Core . 79 Figure 4.9 Topsoil in Upland Core . .79 Figure 4.10 Transition Zone of Silt Loam in Upland Core . .79 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 WHEP Data from Wetlands Near R23 . 5 Table 2.1 Individuals Collected for each Taxon from Wind Socks . .31 Table 2.2 Acreage Granted to the States under the Authority of the Swamp Lands Acts of 1849, 1859 and.