Morphology and Function in the Cambrian Burgess Shale
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Contributions to Zoology, 67 (4) 223-235 (1998) SPB Academic Publishing bv, Amsterdam Optics and phylogeny: is there an insight? The evolution of superposition eyes in the Decapoda (Crustacea) Edward Gaten Department of Biology, University’ ofLeicester, Leicester LEI 7RH, U.K. E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Compound eyes, superposition optics, adaptation, evolution, decapod crustaceans, phylogeny Abstract cannot normally be predicted by external exami- nation alone, and usually microscopic investiga- This addresses the of structure and in paper use eye optics the tion of properly fixed optical elements is required construction of and crustacean phylogenies presents an hypoth- for a complete diagnosis. This largely rules out esis for the evolution of in the superposition eyes Decapoda, the use of fossil material in the based the of in comparatively on distribution eye types extant decapod fami- few lies. It that arthropodan specimens where the are is suggested reflecting superposition optics are eyes symplesiomorphic for the Decapoda, having evolved only preserved (Glaessner, 1969), although the optics once, probably in the Devonian. loss of Subsequent reflecting of some species of trilobite have been described has superposition optics occurred following the adoption of a (Clarkson & Levi-Setti, 1975). Also the require- new habitat (e.g. Aristeidae,Aeglidae) or by progenetic paedo- ment for good fixation and the fact that complete morphosis (Paguroidea, Eubrachyura). examination invariably involves the destruction of the specimen means that museum collections Introduction rarely reveal enough information to define the optics unequivocally. Where the optics of the The is one of the compound eye most complex component parts of the eye are under investiga- and remarkable not on of its fixation organs, only account tion, specialised to preserve the refrac- but also for the optical precision, diversity of tive properties must be used (Oaten, 1994). -
An Exceptionally Preserved Arthropod Cardiovascular System from the Early Cambrian
ARTICLE Received 20 Dec 2013 | Accepted 4 Mar 2014 | Published 7 Apr 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4560 An exceptionally preserved arthropod cardiovascular system from the early Cambrian Xiaoya Ma1,2, Peiyun Cong1, Xianguang Hou1, Gregory D. Edgecombe2 & Nicholas J. Strausfeld3 The assumption that amongst internal organs of early arthropods only the digestive system withstands fossilization is challenged by the identification of brain and ganglia in early Cambrian fuxianhuiids and megacheirans from southwest China. Here we document in the 520-million-year-old Chengjiang arthropod Fuxianhuia protensa an exceptionally preserved bilaterally symmetrical organ system corresponding to the vascular system of extant arthropods. Preserved primarily as carbon, this system includes a broad dorsal vessel extending through the thorax to the brain where anastomosing branches overlap brain seg- ments and supply the eyes and antennae. The dorsal vessel provides segmentally paired branches to lateral vessels, an arthropod ground pattern character, and extends into the anterior part of the abdomen. The addition of its vascular system to documented digestive and nervous systems resolves the internal organization of F. protensa as the most completely understood of any Cambrian arthropod, emphasizing complexity that had evolved by the early Cambrian. 1 Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China. 2 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. 3 Department of Neuroscience and Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to X.H. (email: [email protected]) or to N.J.S. (email: fl[email protected]). -
The Origin and Evolution of Arthropods Graham E
INSIGHT REVIEW NATURE|Vol 457|12 February 2009|doi:10.1038/nature07890 The origin and evolution of arthropods Graham E. Budd1 & Maximilian J. Telford2 The past two decades have witnessed profound changes in our understanding of the evolution of arthropods. Many of these insights derive from the adoption of molecular methods by systematists and developmental biologists, prompting a radical reordering of the relationships among extant arthropod classes and their closest non-arthropod relatives, and shedding light on the developmental basis for the origins of key characteristics. A complementary source of data is the discovery of fossils from several spectacular Cambrian faunas. These fossils form well-characterized groupings, making the broad pattern of Cambrian arthropod systematics increasingly consensual. The arthropods are one of the most familiar and ubiquitous of all ani- Arthropods are monophyletic mal groups. They have far more species than any other phylum, yet Arthropods encompass a great diversity of animal taxa known from the living species are merely the surviving branches of a much greater the Cambrian to the present day. The four living groups — myriapods, diversity of extinct forms. One group of crustacean arthropods, the chelicerates, insects and crustaceans — are known collectively as the barnacles, was studied extensively by Charles Darwin. But the origins Euarthropoda. They are united by a set of distinctive features, most and the evolution of arthropods in general, embedded in what is now notably the clear segmentation of their bodies, a sclerotized cuticle and known as the Cambrian explosion, were a source of considerable con- jointed appendages. Even so, their great diversity has led to consider- cern to him, and he devoted a substantial and anxious section of On able debate over whether they had single (monophyletic) or multiple the Origin of Species1 to discussing this subject: “For instance, I cannot (polyphyletic) origins from a soft-bodied, legless ancestor. -
Fossils from South China Redefine the Ancestral Euarthropod Body Plan Cédric Aria1 , Fangchen Zhao1, Han Zeng1, Jin Guo2 and Maoyan Zhu1,3*
Aria et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2020) 20:4 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1560-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan Cédric Aria1 , Fangchen Zhao1, Han Zeng1, Jin Guo2 and Maoyan Zhu1,3* Abstract Background: Early Cambrian Lagerstätten from China have greatly enriched our perspective on the early evolution of animals, particularly arthropods. However, recent studies have shown that many of these early fossil arthropods were more derived than previously thought, casting uncertainty on the ancestral euarthropod body plan. In addition, evidence from fossilized neural tissues conflicts with external morphology, in particular regarding the homology of the frontalmost appendage. Results: Here we redescribe the multisegmented megacheirans Fortiforceps and Jianfengia and describe Sklerolibyon maomima gen. et sp. nov., which we place in Jianfengiidae, fam. nov. (in Megacheira, emended). We find that jianfengiids show high morphological diversity among megacheirans, both in trunk ornamentation and head anatomy, which encompasses from 2 to 4 post-frontal appendage pairs. These taxa are also characterized by elongate podomeres likely forming seven-segmented endopods, which were misinterpreted in their original descriptions. Plesiomorphic traits also clarify their connection with more ancestral taxa. The structure and position of the “great appendages” relative to likely sensory antero-medial protrusions, as well as the presence of optic peduncles and sclerites, point to an overall -
The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China the Flowering of Early Animal Life Houxian-Guang, Richard J
THE CAMBRIAN FOSSILS OF CHENGJIANG, CHINA THE FLOWERING OF EARLY ANIMAL LIFE HOUXIAN-GUANG, RICHARD J. ALDRIDGE, JAN BERG STROM, DAVID J. SIVETER, DEREKJ. SIVETER AND FENG XIANG-HONG ts- und Landesbibliothek Bibliothek Biologte Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt Blackwell Publishing CONTENTS Foreword ix Preface xi Part One Geological and Evolutionary Setting of the Biota 1 1 Geological time and the evolution of early life on Earth 3 2 The evolutionary significance of the Chengjiang biota 8 3 The discovery and initial study of the Chengjiang Lagerstatte 10 4 The distribution and geological setting of the Chengjiang Lagerstatte 16 5 The taphonomy and preservation of the Chengjiang fossils 23 6 The paleoecology of the Chengjiang biota 25 Part Two Chengjiang Fossils 29 7 Algae 30 Fuxianospira gyrata Chen & Zhou, 1997 30 Sinocylindra yunnanensis Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 32 8 Phylum Porifera 34 Triticispongia diagonata Mehl & Reitner, 1993 34 Saetaspongia densa Mehl & Reitner, 1993 36 Choiaellaradiata'Rigby&Hou,1995 38 Choia xiaolantianensis Hou et al., 1999 40 Allantospongia mica Rigby & Hou, 1995 T 42 Leptomitus teretiusculus Chen etal., 1989 ^ 44 Leptomitella conica Chen et al, 1989 46 Paraleptomitella dictyodroma Chen et al, 1989 48 ParaleptomitellaglobulaChenetal.,1989 50 Quadrolaminiella diagonalis Chen et al, 1990 52 9 Phylum Cnidaria 54 Xianguangia sinica Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 54 10 Phylum Ctenophora 56 Maotianoascus octonarius Chen & Zhou, 1997 56 11 Phylum Nematomorpha x 58 Cricocosmiajinningensis Hou & Sun, 1988 58 Palaeoscolex sinensis -
New Cheloniellid Arthropod with Large Raptorial Appendages from the Silurian of Wisconsin, USA
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/407379; this version posted September 7, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. New cheloniellid arthropod with large raptorial appendages from the Silurian of Wisconsin, USA Andrew J. Wendruff1*, Loren E. Babcock2, Donald G. Mikulic3, Joanne Kluessendorf4 1 Department of Biology and Earth Science, Otterbein University, Westerville, Ohio, United States of America, 2 Department of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America, 3 Illinois Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America, 4 Weis Earth Science Museum, University of Wisconsin-Fox Valley, Menasha, Wisconsin, United States of America *[email protected] Abstract Cheloniellids comprise a small, distinctive group of Paleozoic arthropods of whose phylogenetic relationships within the Arthropoda remain unresolved. A new form, Xus yus, n. gen, n. sp. is reported from the Waukesha Lagerstatte in the Brandon Bridge Formation (Silurian: Telychian), near Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA. Exceptionally preserved specimens show previously poorly known features including biramous appendages; this is the first cheloniellid to show large, anterior raptorial appendages. We emend the diagnosis of Cheloniellida; cephalic appendages are uniramous and may include raptorial appendages; trunk appendages are biramous. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/407379; this version posted September 7, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. -
The Morphology and Evolutionary Significance of the Anomalocaridids
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o my family List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I Daley, A.C., Budd, G.E., Caron, J.-B., Edgecombe, G.D. & Collins, D. 2009. The Burgess Shale anomalocaridid Hurdia and its significance for early euarthropod evolution. Science, 323:1597-1600. II Daley, A.C. & Budd, G.E. New anomalocaridid appendages from the Burgess Shale, Canada. In press. Palaeontology. III Daley, A.C., Budd, -
Soft Anatomy of the Early Cambrian Arthropod Isoxys Curvirostratus from the Chengjiang Biota of South China with a Discussion on the Origination of Great Appendages
Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages DONG−JING FU, XING−LIANG ZHANG, and DE−GAN SHU Fu, D.−J., Zhang, X.−L., and Shu, D.−G. 2011. Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (4): 843–852. An updated reconstruction of the body plan, functional morphology and lifestyle of the arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus is proposed, based on new fossil specimens with preserved soft anatomy found in several localities of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte. The animal was 2–4 cm long and mostly encased in a single carapace which is folded dorsally without an articulated hinge. The attachment of the body to the exoskeleton was probably cephalic and apparently lacked any well−developed adductor muscle system. Large stalked eyes with the eye sphere consisting of two layers (as corneal and rhabdomeric structures) protrude beyond the anterior margin of the carapace. This feature, together with a pair of frontal appendages with five podomeres that each bear a stout spiny outgrowth, suggests it was raptorial. The following 14 pairs of limbs are biramous and uniform in shape. The slim endopod is composed of more than 7 podomeres without terminal claw and the paddle shaped exopod is fringed with at least 17 imbricated gill lamellae along its posterior margin. The design of exopod in association with the inner vascular (respiratory) surface of the carapace indicates I. -
SA Spider Checklist
REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 22(2): 2551-2597 CHECKLIST OF SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF SOUTH ASIA INCLUDING THE 2006 UPDATE OF INDIAN SPIDER CHECKLIST Manju Siliwal 1 and Sanjay Molur 2,3 1,2 Wildlife Information & Liaison Development (WILD) Society, 3 Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) 29-1, Bharathi Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India Email: 1 [email protected]; 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT Thesaurus, (Vol. 1) in 1734 (Smith, 2001). Most of the spiders After one year since publication of the Indian Checklist, this is described during the British period from South Asia were by an attempt to provide a comprehensive checklist of spiders of foreigners based on the specimens deposited in different South Asia with eight countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The European Museums. Indian checklist is also updated for 2006. The South Asian While the Indian checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005) is more spider list is also compiled following The World Spider Catalog accurate, the South Asian spider checklist is not critically by Platnick and other peer-reviewed publications since the last scrutinized due to lack of complete literature, but it gives an update. In total, 2299 species of spiders in 67 families have overview of species found in various South Asian countries, been reported from South Asia. There are 39 species included in this regions checklist that are not listed in the World Catalog gives the endemism of species and forms a basis for careful of Spiders. Taxonomic verification is recommended for 51 species. and participatory work by arachnologists in the region. -
Segmentation and Tagmosis in Chelicerata
Arthropod Structure & Development 46 (2017) 395e418 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata * Jason A. Dunlop a, , James C. Lamsdell b a Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany b American Museum of Natural History, Division of Paleontology, Central Park West at 79th St, New York, NY 10024, USA article info abstract Article history: Patterns of segmentation and tagmosis are reviewed for Chelicerata. Depending on the outgroup, che- Received 4 April 2016 licerate origins are either among taxa with an anterior tagma of six somites, or taxa in which the ap- Accepted 18 May 2016 pendages of somite I became increasingly raptorial. All Chelicerata have appendage I as a chelate or Available online 21 June 2016 clasp-knife chelicera. The basic trend has obviously been to consolidate food-gathering and walking limbs as a prosoma and respiratory appendages on the opisthosoma. However, the boundary of the Keywords: prosoma is debatable in that some taxa have functionally incorporated somite VII and/or its appendages Arthropoda into the prosoma. Euchelicerata can be defined on having plate-like opisthosomal appendages, further Chelicerata fi Tagmosis modi ed within Arachnida. Total somite counts for Chelicerata range from a maximum of nineteen in Prosoma groups like Scorpiones and the extinct Eurypterida down to seven in modern Pycnogonida. Mites may Opisthosoma also show reduced somite counts, but reconstructing segmentation in these animals remains chal- lenging. Several innovations relating to tagmosis or the appendages borne on particular somites are summarised here as putative apomorphies of individual higher taxa. -
Th TRILO the Back to the Past Museum Guide to TRILO BITES
With regard to human interest in fossils, trilobites may rank second only to dinosaurs. Having studied trilobites most of my life, the English version of The Back to the Past Museum Guide to TRILOBITES by Enrico Bonino and Carlo Kier is a pleasant treat. I am captivated by the abundant color images of more than 600 diverse species of trilobites, mostly from the authors’ own collections. Carlo Kier The Back to the Past Museum Guide to Specimens amply represent famous trilobite localities around the world and typify forms from most of the Enrico Bonino Enrico 250-million-year history of trilobites. Numerous specimens are masterpieces of modern professional preparation. Richard A. Robison Professor Emeritus University of Kansas TRILOBITES Enrico Bonino was born in the Province of Bergamo in 1966 and received his degree in Geology from the Depart- ment of Earth Sciences at the University of Genoa. He currently lives in Belgium where he works as a cartographer specialized in the use of satellite imaging and geographic information systems (GIS). His proficiency in the use of digital-image processing, a healthy dose of artistic talent, and a good knowledge of desktop publishing software have provided him with the skills he needed to create graphics, including dozens of posters and illustrations, for all of the displays at the Back to the Past Museum in Cancún. In addition to his passion for trilobites, Enrico is particularly inter- TRILOBITES ested in the life forms that developed during the Precambrian. Carlo Kier was born in Milan in 1961. He holds a degree in law and is currently the director of the Azul Hotel chain. -
Fossils of Chengjiang, China the Flowering of Early Animal Life Hou Xian-Guang, Richard J
CFCPR 11/3/03 3:08 PM Page iii THE CAMBRIAN FOSSILS OF CHENGJIANG, CHINA THE FLOWERING OF EARLY ANIMAL LIFE HOU XIAN-GUANG, RICHARD J. ALDRIDGE, JAN BERGSTRÖM, DAVID J. SIVETER, DEREK J. SIVETER AND FENG XIANG-HONG CFCPR 11/3/03 3:07 PM Page i THE CAMBRIAN FOSSILS OF CHENGJIANG, CHINA The Flowering of Early Animal Life CFCPR 11/3/03 3:08 PM Page ii Cricocosmia jinningensis, complete specimen (RCCBYU 10218), ¥ 8.0; Mafang. CFCPR 11/3/03 3:08 PM Page iii THE CAMBRIAN FOSSILS OF CHENGJIANG, CHINA THE FLOWERING OF EARLY ANIMAL LIFE HOU XIAN-GUANG, RICHARD J. ALDRIDGE, JAN BERGSTRÖM, DAVID J. SIVETER, DEREK J. SIVETER AND FENG XIANG-HONG © 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd, a Blackwell Publishing company BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Hou Xian-quang, Richard J. Aldridge, Jan Bergström, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter, and Feng Xian-hong to be identified as the Authors of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd Reprinted 2004 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Cambrian fossils of Chengjiang, China: the flowering of early animal life / Hou Xian-guang ..