Journal of Information and Computational Science ISSN: 1548-7741

USER INTERFACE DESIGN

Suman Rani Professor- Guru Nanak College of Management and technology, killianwalli, PUNJAB Mail id- Katariasuman48@.com

1. Summary

User Interface play a vital role in software. Every minor decision taken for the designing the User Interface can contribute the software both positively and negatively. In terms of visibility its design holds the primary importance for displaying the exact amount of information for the users. Therefore, our study is intended to highlight the strategies that are currently being used for successful designing of User Interfaces and right suggestions for betterment of User Interface designs based on case study and research findings.

2. User Interface Design

The design of computer interfaces that are usable and easily learned by human is a non-trivial problem for software developers. As information technologies mediate many of the activities we now perform routinely, the of human computer interaction is of fundamental importance.

3. Introduction

User Interface design is the process designers uses to build interfaces in software or computerized devices, focusing on looks or style. Designers aim to create interfaces which users find easy to use and pleasurable. UI design refers to graphical user interfaces and other forms. E.g.-controlled interfaces.

User Interface is the representation of the software or business to the user. It is displayed in terms of pictures, colours, text, sounds. The communication with end user by using software is performed by using User Interface. So User Interface plays vital role for creating an impact of entire system to the user. A good User Interface design always expected to have a good error handing. It is also important that a good User Interface is capable of removing all the errors that occur during doing a task.

The main purpose of user Interface design is that they should match and satisfy the skills and the expectations of its users. A system will always be judged by its users and its functionality and also its interface design. Many software systems are not used because of poor interface design that confuse the users and lead to many catastrophic errors. So The user interface is the front end application view to which user interacts in order to use the software. User can control and manipulate the software as well as hardware by means of user interface. Today,

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user interface is found at almost every place where digital technologies exists, right from computers, mobile phones, cars, music players, airplanes, ships. User Interface can be graphical, text based, audio-video based, depending upon the underlying hardware and software combination. User Interface can be hardware or software or a combination of both. The software become more popular if its User Interface is Attractive, Simple to use, Responsive in short time, Clear to Understand, Consist ant on all interfacing screens.

since much human computer interaction is cognitive in nature, involving perception, representation, problem-solving, navigation, query formulation and language processing, the theories and methods of cognitive science and directly relevant to it.

A fundamental reality of application development is that the user interface is the system to the users. What user want is for developers to build applications that meet their needs and that are easy to use. To many developers think that they are geniuses- they do not bother to follow user interface design standards or invest the efforts to make their applications usable, instead they mistakenly believe that the important thing is to make the code clever or to use a really intersting colour scheme. A good user interface allows people who understand the problem domaim to work with the application without having to read the manuals or receive training.

User interface design is impotant for several reasons. First of all the more intuitive the user interface the easier it is to use, and less expensive to use it. The better the user interface the easier is to train the people to use it, reducing your training costs. The better your user interface the less help people will need to use it, reducing your support costs. The better your user interface the more your users will like to use it, increasing their satisfaction with the work that you have done.

4. Interface in Android Mobile Phones: Android is an that is based on Linux kernal. It is developed by . Linux is open source and free operating system. After various modifications are done on linux and designed android operating system. Android is designed for touch screen mobiles and tablets. In 2003, by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick sears, Chris white describe a project of Android as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of locations and preference and after this Steve Pertman brought it. In 2005, it was purchased by google and Andy Rabin becomes the memeber of google.

Android is a huge platform where we can customize anything accroging to our comfort while others phones like apple ios can still give us very smooth experience. It is also provide features of Mp3 file, sharing of bluetooth, and strong battery power. In Android we can do customizations according to your needs, you cannot do that on iphone because ios is closed source and android is open source. Android is more user friendly every once easily access to it. It contains many features like more customizatins, fits and budgets, more free apps, and expandable storage. Even Android app store is highly secure. We cannot get any virus if we download app over store. Moreover let me take a case when I was trying to run KingRoot after download it but google play protect didnot let me do it. It can be easily said

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that even android phones security is good and encryption of data would lead to you to the level of security that even government cannot read your data as password is only with you but there was some little problems of scam apps. According to the IBM the best user interface are the one that do not really notice like android. is the major release of the android. It has many more features like chat bubbles, conversations, send image on notification, one time permission, mute notification in camera app, digital driver lincense etc. There is a list of major android phones and interface of these android phones.

Vivo- Funtouch OS

SONY- xperia UI

Oppo- color OS

SAMSUNG- Touchwiz

MI- MIUI

Pixel- UI

ASUS- ZenUI

Coolpad- Journey UI

GIONEE- Indus UI

htc- HTC Sense

LG- optimus UI

MICROMAX- cyanogen OS

Nokia- cyanogen OS

5. Android UI Components

5.1. Main Action Bar- Usually at the top of each screen in an application that provide consistant familar look between android apps. It contains meaus in it.

5.2. Content Area- It contains columns, gutters, margins, customizations, breakpoints etc for better presentations of particular app.

5.3. View Control- Vies is considered as a basic building block for proper user interface that is created from view class. Layout that define strcuture of all UI of our application. All element in the layout are build using the hierarchy of view and view group objects. These are created by using any language or by using xml based layout.

6. Android layout types

6.1. Linear Layout- It used to place one element on each line. All element are placed in particular order like horizontal, vertical, at the top or bottom.

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6.2. Absolute Layout- By using this we can create tables with rows and colums and also place element with it and a row contain more then one element.

6.3. Relative Layout- It is a view group that display child views in relative positions. we also specify position of elements in relation to other elements or parent element.

6.4. Frame Layout- It is used to show one item on each screen. The frame layout is the place holder on the screen that you can use to display a single view.

7. Layer wise view of the Android cell Phones

7.1 Application Layer- It is the top most layer of the whole framework. It contains many more options like home, contents, gallary etc. We will write our own application to be installed on this layer.

Home- It provide close look to the user. It is the visible area of the mobile phone.

Contents- It display all the incoming, outgoing, missed calls of a mobile user. In its contents area recent contents and contents list also visible. If we want to find the content number of specific person then use search option. We also send and share data by using import/export option.

7.2 Application Framework Layer

Activity Manager- It control and manage application life cycle and also stack of activities.

Window Manager- A Software that can control the placement of window. In window the system is .

Content Provider- It is the central repository of the data. It provide interface to user that working with the data so content provider is used by other applications that provide client object.

View System- It handle view position and layout of application. It create an image when we drag and drop of any Icons or any option from the window.

Package Manager- It automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, removing of data in consistant way.

Telephony Manager- It provide information such as sim serial number, subscriber id, phone network, software version, roaming, voice mail number, IMEI number etc.

Resource Manager- It is used in window for create, import, manage and for use resource in application. Resouce manager means clean master or clean cleaner. It clear the waste momery . It also monitor the memory of the RAM

Location Manager- By using location manager an application can access location service. It periodically update graphical lacation of any device.

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Notification Manager- It provide short term information about an event of particular application. It put notification on title window of the phone or home screen.

XMPP Service- Entensible messaging and presence protocol is a communication protocol that based on XML language . It exchange data between two and more network.

7.3 Libraries

Surface Manager- To develop android application it use \ c++ libraries. It manage display area and composites 2D and 3D graphics layer from application. It control activity life cycle.

Media framework- It interact with multimedia hardware. It support for playing of media and manage audio, video and images in a application. It seperates the media conroller from actual media.

SQLite- It is relationl management system and c language library that provide or implement self-contained, high reliability, full featured, small, fast, and efficient SQL database engine.

Open GL/ES- Open graphics library is 3G,2G image engine. A device running 4.3 or lower may not support upon GL ES 3.0 Application. It has many version like open GL ES 1.0, open GL ES 1.1, open GL ES 2.0, or open GL SL 3.1 etc.

Free-Type- It is high quality portable font engine. It is written in particular language and provide output. It has many versions like 2.10.2, 2.10.0, 2.10.1, 2.9.1, or 2.9 and many more. It also use GNU/LINUX , ios , android for rendering font on the screen or on the paper.

Webkit- It is a browser engine that is developed by apple and used in safari browser, ios BlackBerry, tizen operating system. It provide classes to display content on screen. It use mac operating system, linux, kernal of web browser.

SGL- It is 2G picture engine where SGL is scalable graphics library.

Secure Socket Layer- It is for security reasons. It provide protection over transport layer. Those protection include integrity, authentication, confidentially. In handshaking when it fails then communication is terminate.

libc- It is standary c++ library. It has been used by android operating system since Lollipop.

7.4

Core Libraries- It is Application runtime environment that used by android operating system. Its main task is to translate byte code in to native instructions that executed by the device's runtime environment. It is written in particular language like java also. Android Runtime is difficult platform of android application to run.

Dalvik Virtual Machine- It is virtual machine of android optimized for mobile. This machine is optimized for batter life performance, memory-space. Its main function is to

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conversion . It convert class file into dex file by using dx compiler. It is written by Dan Bornstein. Dalnik is a town in Iceland.

7.5 Linux kernel

Display Driver- Its need to compile with the kernel for editing Rom file, compile, flash Rom, extract contents of mobile, editing a firmware.

Camera Driver- To connect camera driver and hardware , layer is used.

Bluetooth Driver- The main task of bluetooth driver is transfer the files between devices. It used brute force method and unistate erroneous driver and replace with good one.

Inter Process communication-The Inter process communication provider in android is Binder that implement as a driver in the kernal. It was developed by Dianne Hack born at Be Inc. It provide many file operation like open, map, release, pull and system call.

Flash Memory Driver- It acts as a interface between and raw files. It used to store personal data provide configutation of network and for sharing of information.

USB Driver- It is a chinese web browser that later owned by alibaba group. It is available on numbers of plateforms like android, BlackBarry operating system , ios, javame, window phone etc. It use cloud accelatation and data compression technique. Its server acts as a proxy when compresses the page before sending to user.

Keyboard Driver- Android use variety of keyboard drivers like QWERTY. It indicate hardware usage or low level scan code by sending EV-MSC with MSC-SCANCODE and value indicate scancode when key is pressed.

WiFi Driver- It indicate wifi module that is connected to the device, so the device access wifi to connect wirelessly with any other device.

Audio Driver- It is a software that make eligible our phones operating system to communicate with the audio device like speaker, sound card, etc.

Power Management- It is a special feature in Android mobile that turns off the power and switches the system to low power state when inactive. App Standby bucket limits the access to device resource like battery based on users pattern. Battery saver improvement is place restrictions on all apps.

Practical techniques for good interface design include followings:

Use white space to build relationship

Direct attention and Colors

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Darkened background and Shadows for focus

Efficiency block links

Use verbs as labels, auto fucus, or re-focus on Input

hover controls and de-clutter

Use Forms, Labels, Icons, Buttons

Use Advertise features

Use Undo, Restore options

Rounded corners define boundries

8. Interfaces for Users

8.1) Graphical User Interfaces(GUIs)- In this users interact with visual representations on digital control panels. A computer's desktop is a GUI. e.g. window

8.2) Gesture based interfaces- It contaisn 3D design spaces through badily motions. e.g. games.

8.3) Voice -controlled interfaces(VUIs)-Users interact with these through their voices. Most smart assistants like Siri on iPhone and Alexa on Amazon devices are examples of it.

8.4) Command line Interface-It requires a user to type in commands from a list of allowable commands. The commands manipulates the hardware and the sofrware components in the computer system in the way that simply cannot be done using a GUI. and DOS are good examples of command line Interface.

8.5) Forms based Interface- A form based software interface in a computer is similar to paper based interface. The input into the computer is predictable. It contains field names, checkboxes, radio buttons, drop down selectors etc. A widget order form is the example of forms based interface.

8.6) Menus based interface- Menus based interfaces are ideal for where user's IT skills cannot be guranteed or which requires selections to be made from a very wide range of options and require fast selection. A tourist information form is a examples of menus base interface.

8.7) Natural language interface-This requires the user to responses to questions by the computer. Questions are displayed on the VDU and the answers are entered via the keyboard. When we save a file we make this type of interface.

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9. The UI design Activities

User interface design interface is an iterative process involving close liaisons between users and the designers. There are number of activities performed for designing user interface. The process of User Interface design and implementation is alike SDLC. Any model can be used for User Interface implementation among waterfall, Iterative or Spiral Model.

A model used for User interface design and Development should fulfil these specific steps.

9.1) UI Requirement Gathering- The designers may like to have a list of all functional and non-functional requirements. This can be taken from user and their existing software solution.

9.2) User Analysis- The designer studies who is going to use the software User Interface. The target audience matters as the design details chance according to the knowledge and competency level of the user.

9.3) Task Analysis- Designers have to analysis what task to be done by the software solution. It does not be matter how it will be done. Tasks can be represented in hierarchical manner taking one major task and dividing if further into smaller into smaller sub-tasks. Tasks provide goal to User Interface presentation. Flow of information among sub-tasks determines the flow of User Interface contents in the software.

9.4) Implementation- After having information about requirements tasks and user requirements, design of user interface are implements the code and embed the user interface with working or dummy software in the background. It is them self tested by the developers.

9.5) Testing-Testing can be done in various ways. Organization can have in house inspection, direct involvement of users and release of beta version are few of them. Testing may include usability, compatibility, user acceptance etc.

10. Handbook For UID

The following tips and techniques that I have learned over the yaers should prove valuable:

10.1) Consistancy- I believe that the most important thing that you can possibly do is ensure your interface works consistently. If you can double- click on items in one list and have something happen, then you should be able to double-click on items in any other list and have the same sort of thing happen. Put your buttens in consistent places on all your windows, use the same wording in labels and , and use a consistent color scheme throughout. Consistency in your user interface enables your users to build an accurate mental models of the way it works, and accurate mental models lead to lower training and support costs.

10.2) Be prpared to hold the line. When you are developing the user interface for your system you will discover that your stakeholders often have some unusual ideas as to how the user interface should be developed. You should listen to these ideas but you alse need to make your stakeholders aware of your corporate user interface standards and the need to conform to them.

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10.3) Set standard and stick to them. The only way you can ensure consistancy with in your application is to set user interface design standard, and then stick to them. You should follow Agile Modeling's Apply Modeling Standards practice in all aspects of software development, including user interface design.

10.4) Explain the rules. Your users need to know how to work with the application you built for them. when an application works consistantly,it means you only have to explain the rules once. This is a lot easier then explaining in detail exactly how to use each feature in an application step- by-step.

10.5) Navigation within the screen is important. In Western societies, people read left to right and top to bottom. Because people are use to this, should you design screens that are also organized left to right and top to bottom when designing a user interface for people from this culture. You want to navigation between widgets on your screen in a manner users will find familiar to them.

10.6) Navigation between major user interface items is important. If it is difficult to get from one screen to another, then your users will quickly become frustrated and give up. When the flow between screen matches the flow of the work of the user is trying to accomplish, then your application will make sence to your users. Because different users work in different ways, your system needs to be flexible enough to support their various approaches.

10.7) Word your messages and labels effectively. The text you display on your screen is a primary source of information for your users. If your text is worded poorly, then your interface will be perceived poorly by your users. Using full words and sentences, as opposed to abbreviations and codes, makes your text easier to understand.

10.8) Take an evolutionay approach. Techniques such as user interface prototyping and Agile Model Driven Developing are critical to your success as a developer.

10.9) Group things effectively. Items that are logically conntected should be grouped together on the screen to communicate they are connected, wheras items that have nothing to do with each other should be separated. You can use white space between collections of items to group them and you can put boxes around them to accomplish the same thing.

10.10) Understand the UI widgets. You should use the right widget for the right task, helping to increase the consistancy in your application and probably making it easier to built the application in the first place. The only way you can learn how to use widgets properly is to read and understand the user interface standards and guidelines your ouganization has adopted.

10.11) Use color appropriately. Color should be used sparingly in your applications and , if you use it, you must also use a secondary indicator. The problem is that some of the users may be color blind and if you are using color to highlight something on a screen, then you need to do something else to make it stand out if you want these people to notice it.

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10.12) Follow the contrast line. If you are going to use color in your application,you need to ensure that your screen are still readable. The best way to do this is to follow the contrast rule. Use dark text on light background and light text on dark backgrounds.Reading blue text on white background is easy, but reading blue text on red background is difficult. The problem is not enough contrast exists between blue and red to make it easy to read, whereas there is a lot of contrast between blue and while.

11. Design principles of User Interface Design

The Structure principle is concerned with us in overall user interface architecture. Design should organized the user interface purposefully, in meaningful and useful way based on clear, consistant models that are apparent and recognizable to users putting things together and separating unrelated things.

The simplicity principle should make the design simple, common tasks simple to do, communicating clearly and simply in the user's own language and providing good shortcuts.

In feedback principle design should keep all needed options and materials for a given task visible without distracting the user with redundant information.

By using reuse principle design should reuse internal and external components and behaviors, maintaing consistancy with purpose rather then merely arbitrary consistancy thus reducing the need for users to rethink and remember.

In tolerance principle our design should be flexible and tolerant, reducing the cost of the mistakes and misuse by allowing undoing and redoing and preventing errors.

12. Goal of User Interface Design

The User Interface Design is directly related to user experience. Online business with a good user interface ensures a competitive advantage in increasingly competitive and evolving environment. User interface design makes digital interaction as simple, fluid, intuitive and efficient as possible. It must anticipate needs and ensure ease of access, comprehensive and use, maximising the user experience. The more in depth knowledge about the target audience and more efficient the interface will be as it will be designed considering the profile and needs of its users. Interface must always have a user- centred design, whether it is a website, an app or software.

12.1) Attracts New Customers

A good UI design makes positive user experience which is a competitive advantage. It provide consumer tailored interface may be a brand factor differentiator. In this way, it attractd new customers and increases sales. so user interface design able to enhance business, maximing revenue.

12.2) Customer engagement

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The development of an interface is to better navigate and simplify research that attracts not only new users but also makes them to continue their digital experience. In this way, there is lower probability of bounce and higher conversion rate. A well designed user interface encourages customers engagement, which leads to becoming more loyal to the brand.

12.3) Reduce cost

At stating a well planned design avoid future problems. This includes any training needs and interface support, such as correcting navigation errors, eliminating non-relevant functions and features, adjusting the design to be accessible and functional. It involves high costs. An intuitive and user-friendly interface benefits not only the users but also the business as it causes fewer problems and frustrations to designers and avoids additional costs and feature.Thus the projection of the user interface design when done well, reduces costs, time and effort throughout the later stages.

12.4) Increased Productivity

The productivity is reflected in both the user and the brand. With the user friendly interface and easy navigation, the user decreases search time and increase satisfaction, by fulfilling the needs of the users in the fast and efficient way. It increases sales volume, improves customers loyalty and minimises costs and resource

13. Evaluation of User Interfaces

13.1) Electronic Mail- Electonic Mail system are the most widely used interfaces of our time. It is free as well as economically priced solutions to effective online communication are available.

13.2) Amazon Interface-There are different catagories of items available at Amazon for purchase. It also provide searching, selecting, sorting and place order options. The websites is easy to load and fast in the processing that is required.

13.3) Hotmail Interface-There were many graphics features added to the User Interface of hotmail, with large advertisements being the most prominent. The new version of hotmail called Live presented many changes in the old hotmail design.

13.4) ebay Interface-It offers wide varity of goods for purchase. In This all data is sorted and arranged. It also provide searching option so the user is able to select the good easily.

13.5) Rally-Rally is a small digital product studio, the interaction and animation are super cool with a clean interface and dedicate color match.

13.6) Globekit-Globekit is a visualization platform that can turn geographic data into stunning interactive experiences. The giant moving globe is stunning and gaining a lot of attention through the use of animation.

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13.7) Apple Music- This is an official redesign of the Apple Music. With Liqued interactions making the interface so awesome. By drawing features cards with the beautiful color gradients and artist cards in dark mode, seen more interesting when we play music.

13.8) Yahoo! Mail Interface-The next ESP recognized of being one of the most widely used among people of varied backgrounds. It presents attractive outlook for the email servises. This includes the placement of the text and graphics in such a manner that they are not irritating to the eyes of the users.

14. Conclusion

If a software system is able to design a good set of User Interface that are created under the golden principles, then the software will be widely appreciated and used by intended audience There is never ending of principles that can generate an even betten set of User Interfaces. User Interface should be designed under the close and calculated supervision of the stake holders and end users should be involved in the process of construction and design.Tips and techniques although plays a vital role in designing the User Interface. User Interface designers knows what the user is expecting from them. This is all possible , only if the quality standards are kept under consideration and the constant feedback is taken from the user.

15. References

www.mindseo.com

www.interaction_design.org

www.theteacher.info

https:www.smashingmagazine.com

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/software_engineering/software_user_interface_design.htm

Ravi_chandra, good interface design-methods and qualities of good Interface design,publisher-University west, department of technology, Mathematics and computer science, sweden. web-www.hv.se.

https://medium.com

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