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Poneromorfas Do Brasil Miolo.Indd 7 - Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e filogenia de Proceratiinae Rodrigo M. Feitosa SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros FEITOSA, RM. Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e filogenia de Proceratiinae. In: DELABIE, JHC., et al., orgs. As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil [online]. Ilhéus, BA: Editus, 2015, pp. 75-84. ISBN 978-85-7455-441-9. Available from SciELO Books <http://books.scielo.org>. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0. 7 Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e fi logenia de Proceratiinae Rodrigo M. Feitosa Resumo Proceratiinae atualmente engloba três gê- recentes que incluíram membros de Proceratiinae neros de formigas em duas tribos: Discothyrea e entre seus terminais parecem apontar para uma po- Proceratium na tribo Proceratiini e Probolomyrmex sição basal de Discothyrea que aparece como grupo como único membro da tribo Probolomyrmecini. -irmão de um clado formado por Probolomyrmex + A subfamília está presente em todo o mundo, es- Proceratium. Ainda assim, um estudo mais abran- pecialmente nas regiões tropicais, onde a maior gente e que inclua um número maior de espécies se parte de suas cerca de 140 espécies ocorre. Nas faz necessário para o estabelecimento das relações Américas, Proceratiinae apresenta cerca de 40 fi logenéticas em Proceratiinae. espécies distribuídas desde o sul do Canadá até Esta subfamília é relativamente pouco repre- a Argentina. No Brasil, os três gêneros da subfa- sentada em coleções mirmecológicas. Isso ocorre mília estão representados por apenas seis espécies porque os indivíduos são raramente capturados formalmente descritas, sendo que Probolomyrmex com as técnicas mais tradicionais de coleta. O extra- apresenta três espécies, Discothyrea possui duas tor de Winkler tem se mostrado o método mais efi - espécies e Proceratium está representado no país ciente para amostrar exemplares de Proceratiinae, por uma única espécie. embora estes sejam coletados sempre em número Proceratiinae pode ser morfologicamente bastante reduzido. Esta aparente raridade se deve reconhecida pela seguinte combinação de carac- em grande parte ao hábito críptico das espécies e às teres: tamanho relativamente pequeno; inserções baixas densidades populacionais das colônias, que antenais total ou parcialmente expostas; olhos re- raramente alcançam 100 indivíduos. Os ninhos são duzidos a ausentes; sutura promesonotal fundida normalmente encontrados em cavidades no solo de ou ausente; garras tarsais anteriores simples, nun- fl orestas, entre as folhas da serapilheira, troncos em ca pectinadas ou com dentes pré-apicais; pecíolo decomposição e sob rochas. Com relação ao hábito sem tergitos laterais; e lobo jugal ausente nas asas alimentar, as observações feitas até então sugerem anteriores das formas sexuadas. Embora diferen- uma preferência destas formigas por ovos de pe- tes estudos indiquem que Proceratiinae seja um quenos artrópodes de solo, em especial aracnídeos. membro do complexo poneroide de subfamílias, Virtualmente nada é conhecido sobre o sistema de nenhum estudo fi logenético foi proposto para forrageamento das espécies proceratiíneas e suas testar suas relações internas. Estudos moleculares estratégias reprodutivas. FEITOSA, Rodrigo M. Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e fi logenia de Proceratiinae. In: DELABIE, Jacques H. C. et al. As formigas poneromorfas do Brasil. Ilhéus: Editus, 2015. p. 75-84. Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e fi logenia de Proceratiinae | 75 PPoneromorfasoneromorfas ddoo BBrasil_miolo.inddrasil_miolo.indd 75 113/01/20163/01/2016 111:48:561:48:56 Abstract State of the art of the taxonomy and proposed. Molecular studies that have included phylogeny of the subfamily Proceratiinae - proceratiine species as terminals seem to indicate Th e subfamily Proceratiinae comprises three ant a basal position for the genus Discothyrea, which genera in two tribes: Discothyrea and Proceratium represents the sister group of a clade formed by in the Proceratiini, and Probolomyrmex as the only Probolomyrmex + Proceratium. However, a broader member of the Probolomyrmecini. Th e subfamily study including a high number of species is needed is present in all regions of the world, especially in to improve the knowledge on the phylogenetic the tropics, where most of its 140 species occur. relationships in Proceratiinae. In the New World, Proceratiinae contains around Th e subfamily is relatively poorly represented 40 species distributed from southern Canada in myrmecological collections. Th is is due the fact to Argentina. In Brazil, the three genera of the that individuals are rarely captured by traditional subfamily are represented by only six species; three collecting techniques. Th e Winkler apparatus has species of Probolomyrmex, two of Discothyrea and proved to be the most effi cient method to collect a single species of Proceratium. specimens of Proceratiinae, although the number of Proceratiinae can be morphologically individuals in the samples is always very low. Th is recognized by the following combination of apparent rarity is mostly due the cryptic habits of characters: size relatively small; antennal insertions the species and the relatively low size of colonies, totally or partially exposed; eyes strongly reduced which rarely reach 100 individuals. Nests are oft en to absent; promesonotal suture fused or absent; found in cavities in the forest fl oor, in the interstices tarsal claws of forelegs simple, never pectinate of the leaf litter, decaying logs, and under stones. nor possessing preapical projections; petiole Regarding the diet, the few observations made without laterotergites; and jugal lobe absent in the thus far suggest a preference of these ants to prey forewings. Although the position of Proceratiinae upon eggs of small soil arthropods, particularly within the poneroid subfamilies is relatively well arachnids. Virtually nothing is known about the established, a phylogenetic study to investigate the foraging systems and the reproductive strategies of internal relations of the subfamily has never been most proceratiine species. Sistemática de Proceratiinae sinonímias genéricas reduziu um imenso arranjo de nomes a apenas nove gêneros (Acanthoponera, Diferentes estudos recentes têm adiciona- Aulacopone, Discothyrea, Ectatomma, do importantes informações sobre a taxonomia e Gnamptogenys, Heteroponera, Paraponera, fi logenia das linhagens de formigas em um nível Proceratium e Rhytidoponera). Neste período, o gê- abrangente (ver Capítulo 8 deste livro por FER nero Probolomyrmex era considerado membro da NÁNDEZ; LATTKE); no entanto, há ainda um tribo Platythyreini. défi cit considerável acerca da fi logenia interna de Apesar de não ter realizado uma análise boa parte das subfamílias, tribos ou mesmo gê- cladística, Brown (1958) comparou a morfologia neros, o que é verdade também para a subfamília de Ectatommini a de diversos outros grupos de Proceratiinae. Até 2003, a maioria das formigas Ponerinae, concluindo que Ectatommini apresen- desta subfamília era considerada como pertencen- tava os gêneros mais basais, sendo Acanthoponera te à tribo Ectatommini que, juntamente com ou- o gênero que reunia o maior número de caracte- tras tribos, formavam um táxon muito abrangente rísticas ancestrais e do qual se derivava diretamen- e heterogêneo, a subfamília Ponerinae (BOLTON, te Heteroponera que, por sua vez, seria mais inti- 1994; BOLTON, 1995). mamente relacionado à Aulacopone, Discothyrea, Brown (1958) apresentou a primeira pro- Gnamptogenys, Proceratium e Rhytidoponera, en- posta de classifi cação para Ectatommini. Neste quanto Ectatomma e Paraponera formariam uma trabalho, uma série extensiva e bem justifi cada de linhagem distinta. 76 | Rodrigo M. Feitosa PPoneromorfasoneromorfas ddoo BBrasil_miolo.inddrasil_miolo.indd 76 113/01/20163/01/2016 111:48:561:48:56 Em 1975, Brown publica a última parte de sua de caracteres de morfologia externa. Neste estu- série de trabalhos sobre a sistemática de Ponerinae. do, Lattke demonstrou que Ectatommini era um Neste artigo, Brown revisa a tribo Platythyrei- grupo polifi lético e propôs uma nova classifi cação ni e comenta as relações entre Probolomyrmex e para os gêneros que o compõem, revalidando as Platythyrea. Embora tenha incluído ambos na mes- tribos Paraponerini, com Paraponera como único ma tribo, Brown reconhece as diferenças marcantes membro e Proceratiini, englobando Discothyrea e entre estes gêneros, especialmente no que se refere Proceratium. Os demais gêneros foram mantidos à morfologia das larvas. Ainda assim, nos trabalhos em Ectatommini (Figura 7.1A). subsequentes, a classifi cação de Brown para as tri- Os resultados de Lattke foram contestados bos poneríneas foi mantida por diferentes autores. por Keller (2000) que afi rmou que a classifi cação Em 1994, Lattke propôs uma análise cladística proposta era fi logeneticamente inconsistente, já para Ectatommini utilizando um grande conjunto que Ectatommini era polifi lética e as análises de Figura 7.1 – Relações entre os gêneros de Ectatommini sensu Brown (1958), com as propostas para a reclassifi cação da tribo segundo (A) Lattke (1994) e (B) Keller (2000). (Modifi cado de Feitosa, 2011) A B Estado da arte sobre a taxonomia e fi logenia de Proceratiinae | 77 PPoneromorfasoneromorfas
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