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California State University, Northridge Movement and Reproduction in the Chiton Nuttallina Californica

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California State University, Northridge Movement and Reproduction in the Chiton Nuttallina Californica CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE MOVEMENT AND REPRODUCTION IN THE CHITON NUTTALLINA CALIFORNICA A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology Joel Tiefel August, 1987 approved: Dr. Ross Pohlo Dr. Earl Segal <Ch~L > California State University, Northridge 1 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would 1 iKe to formally thanK the members of my committee: Dr. Ross Pohlo, Dr. Larry Allen and Dr. Earl Segal, for their valuable comments and help on my manuscript. I especially want to thanK Dr. Segal for bearing with me the past several years and encouraging me to finish the thesis. His demand of excellence and concern with details have been outstanding examples I hope to pass on to my students. I am extremely grateful to my wife, Jody, whose love and support have been a great encouragement throughout this project. 1 1 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• LIST OF FIGURES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• v LIST OF TABLES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• v ABSTRACT •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• v INTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 t1ATER I ALS AND METHODS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Reproduction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 Homing •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 RESULTS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 3 Reproduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 Gross Horphology ••.••••••••.••••••.•.•••.••••..• 20 Homing •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 0 J SCUSS I ON a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a • a 11 • a a a 11 a a 35 Reproduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 Homing •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 S UI"11'1A RY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 2 LITERATURE CITED ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 43 APPEND I X ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 lV LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 • Loc at i on of Nut t a 1 1 i n a c a 1 i for· n i c a study at Marina del Rey, California •••••••••••• 6 2. Dorsal view of gonads and associated organs of Nuttall ina cal ifornica •••••••••••••• 10 3. Micrographs (100 x) of cross section through ovaries and associated organs of female Nuttall ina cal ifornica from March 1986 and December 1985 .••.••••••••••••.• 15 4. Monthly average of stage III oocytes per gram of wet body weight ••••••••••••••••••••••• 17 5. Micrographs <100 x) of cross section through testes and associated organs of ma 1 e Nut t a 1 1 i n a c a 1 i for· n i c a from May 1986 and September 1985 •••••••••••••••••••••• 19 6. The percentage and number of Nuttall ina cal ifornica homing from each home spot type • .•••.••••••••.••.••.••..•....•.••.•••.•.• 26 7. The percentage and number of Nuttallina cal ifornica homing based on size •••••••••••••• 28 8. The percentage of Nuttall ina cal ifornica observed active during substudy B <Apr i 1 19 and June 19, 1984) ••••••• 32 9. The percentage of Nuttall ina cal ifornica observed active during substudies A and C (July 2, August 29, and Nov ember 1 0 to Nov ember 11 , 1 984) ••••••••••••• 34 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Ratio of male to female Nuttall ina cal ifornica collected monthly .••••••••••••••.• 21 2. Number and percentage of Nuttall ina cal ifornica showing fidelity to a spot based on homespot type and size of chitons •••.•••••••••••••••••••••••..••.•••••.• 24 3. Number and percentage of Nuttall ina cal ifornica in original spot after stated number of days based on home spot type and animal size ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 vi {l ' ABSTRACT MOVEMENT AND REPRODUCTION IN THE CHITON NUTTALLINA CALIFORNICA by Joel Tiefel Master of Science in Biology The reproductive cycle of Nuttall ina cal ifornica was studied from September 1985 until August 1986 and its movements from December 1982 until January 1985 at Marina del Rey, California. A method of analyzing histological sections of ovaries for mature oocytes, previously used on Bivalvia and Asteroidea for determining a reproductive cycle, was used on~ cal ifornica. The results indicate a probable breeding period between March and July. Movements of this species occurred when it was awash or submerged and the time of day appar·en t 1 y made no difference. Nuttall ina cal ifornica~s movements indicate it is a homing species si nee 85/~ of marl<ed animals either left and returned to the same spot or remained at a spot for at least 24 hours. The chitons showed fidelity to all three major types of home spots: depressions, along side other animals and in the open, vii with the greatest fidelity being to spots alongside other animals and in depressions. viii INTRODUCTION Nuttall ina cal ifornica is one of the most abundant species of chi tons in southern California and possibly all of California. It is found from the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Washington, to the Gulf of California <Burghardt and Burghardt, 1969>. This species occurs from the upper to lower intertidal areas and is the most common chiton in the rocKy, upper intertidal where it appears none of the southern California chi tons occupy a higher, more exposed station <Kues, 1969). Prior studies on Nuttall ina cal ifornica from HopKins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California, have involved the impact of Larus occidental is, the Western Gull, foraging on~ cal ifornica <Moore, 1975>; an association between~ cal ifornica and Cyanoplax dentiens <Gomez, 1975>; the resistance of~ cal ifornica and four other chi tons to removal from natural and artificial surfaces (Linsenmeyer, 1975>; its response to osmotic stress <Simonsen, 1975>; the effect of air exposure and external salinity change on its blood ionic compositon <Piper, 1975>; its aerial and aquatic respiration <Robbins, 1975>; its diet and feeding habits <Nishi, 1975>; and a description of several habitats in which it can be found (Andrus and Legard, 1975>. 2 More extensively Kues (1969) examined several aspects of the ecology of Nuttall ina cal ifornica including movements in two locations in La Jolla, California. Vesco <1980) examined the relationship between~ cal ifornica and organisms in a coralline algal community at Whites Point, Los Angeles, California, including movement studies. Louda (1972> looKed at the effect different densities of~ cal ifornica have on its associated intertidal community in Santa Barbara, California. While a number of studies on reproduction in various species of chitons have been carried out, a study on Nuttall ina cal ifornica has not been among them. The reproductive cycle has been determined for many chitons including: Cryptoconchus porosus from New Zealand (Brewin, 1942>; Katharina tunicata, Mopal ia hindsi i <Giese, TucKer and Boolootian, 1959), and Cryptochiton stelleri from the west coast of the United States <Heath, 1905>; Chaetopleura apiculata from the east coast of the United States <Grave, 1922>; Acanthopleua granulata <Glynn, 1970> and Chiton tuberculatus from Bermuda <Arey and Crozier, 1919>; and Lepidopleurus asellus from Norway <Christiansen, 1954). The development of oocytes and associated cells has been studied in the chi tons Mopal ia mucosa and Chaetopleura apiculata (Anderson, 196?) from the United States, in Sypharochiton septentriones <Selwood, 1968) 3 from Australia, in Chiton tuberculatum (Cowden, 1961) from Bermuda, and in Acanthopleura spiniger <Soliman and IsKander, 1982) from Egypt in the northwestern Red Sea. The lacK of reproductive information on Nuttall ina cal ifornica, incomplete observations on its movements, the ease of access to it at low tide, and its relative abundance prompted this present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nuttall ina cal ifornica <Reeve, 1847) has a . somewhat complicated taxonomic history <Smith, 1977). Some refer to it as Nuttall ina fluxa when it is located south of Point Conception and Nuttall ina cal ifornica when it is found north of the Point <MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1968; McLean, 1969). However, several investigators question this distinction believing them to be the same species <Kues, 1969; Louda, 1972; Vesco, 1980). It will be referred to in this paper as Nut t a 1 1 i n a cal i for· n i ca. The location for this study was Marina del Rey, California <33°58'10"N, 118°26'40"W). The area used was along the south side of the marina along the levee/jetty separating the marina from La Ballona CreeK. The area extended from BOO meters east of the west end of the jetty, where the Pacific Avenue bridge crosses over the creeK to the jetty, to about 670 meters east <Fig. 1). Boulders of various sizes and of primarily hard granitic and conglomerate composition maKe up this jetty. Nuttall ina cal ifornica is found on the sides and tops of these boulders in natural depressions, alongside other animals, and in the open from the upper intertidal area to the middle intertidal area <about +0.1 to 2m above 0.0 datum>. Microalgae sparsely to densely cover the rocKs with macroalgae 4 5 Fig. 1. Location of Nuttall ina cal ifornica study at Marina del Rey, California. Study area marked. •D 41 A.'- I ~ I~ <,' ~-~~;,','• /h(,_AlTL 'lllarina de/ f:?e'J .:, ·£..:.,_...~'- ·--~ • . ..(" :·/;J~··.··--.. o.,,R•£ ./_.,/• ...-\,,.- · . ---.l..., trp"~lr( \ ~/ ,. /''- 125 . _ Vrq,., t. \;;;;J 9}-' ·: --~~~~~v.. '"'• '· ,.. <· Ll ~-~-'~v..._~~ ~,\~g~ 103 0 ~·- ..... #. '\\ ~(;+'"" """ -t '. ' \ 102 1C • 18 \ <' I ,. t \, ~~ --~_.!-__.!_ ---- t: .. ~' G .-:/\ ....... c ,.. _,.."--;::' .. \: ~\ . t> . ·l·~O J ~~0 -- '' ' ' '' ' ,.,. ••
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