DOCSLIB.ORG

Timeline, Breaking the Chains

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Timeline, Breaking the Chains TIMeLIne 1441 The European slave trade begins in Africa. 3–1 b.c. Portuguese captains capture twelve Africans The slave and peasant revolt led by the gladiator in Cabo Branco (modern-day Mauritania) and Spartacus engulfs all of southern Italy and leads take them to Portugal as slaves. to the defeat of five Roman armies and the sacrifice of over five thousand slaves/gladiators. 1452 African slaves are put to work on the sugar a.d. 1–25 plantations in Portuguese colonial territories, Grave Relief of Publius Curtilius Agatus, starting the “sugar-slave complex.” Silversmith is carved by a Roman artist in Italy. 146 About 39 Carlos de Valera of Castile in Spain enslaves Seneca the Elder (also known as Seneca the four hundred people from Africa. Rhetorician), who argued that slaves should at least be treated fairly, dies. 1482 Portugal sets up trading settlements in Ghana. 80 The Colosseum is completed. The opening is 1519 marked with one hundred days of games that Ferdinand Magellan leaves on his journey to sail feature hundreds of gladiator fights (usually around the world from Spain. between slaves) and the slaughter of over nine thousand animals. 1522 The first slave revolt occurs on the Caribbean About 250 Island of Hispaniola. The kingdom of Axum (Ethiopia) gains controls of Red Sea trade. 1564–69 Sir John Hawkins travels from England to 641 the Sierra Leone River. He transports twelve Muslims conquer Egypt. hundred Africans across the Atlantic ocean to sell to Spanish settlers on Hispaniola. 1215 In England, the Magna Carta is written, a 160 document that continues to influence common England establishes its first permanent colony laws today. in Jamestown, Virginia. 1240 1619 The kingdom of Ghana declines, and dozens of Virginia becomes a destination for the arrival slave trading posts are established on the Gold of enslaved Africans. Coast of Ghana. 1624 134–50 The dutch invade and establish a North The Black death occurs in Europe, killing American community in New Amsterdam. about one million people. 1636 158 America’s first slave carrier, Desire, is built and Bust of a Man is produced by Francis Harwood launched in Massachusetts. in Florence, Italy. 1641 162 Massachusetts becomes the first of many The Social Contract is published by Jean-Jacques colonies to legalize slavery. Rousseau, the French philosopher, natural rights theorist, and literary figure. 1652 The dutch establish a colony at the Cape of 15 Good Hope, South Africa. The American Revolution begins. 1655 16 England seizes Jamaica from Spain. The declaration of Independence declares that “all men are created equal.” 1660 Virginia legalizes slavery. 183 The American Revolution ends; the British About 1680–1820 recognize the united States as an independent The Enlightenment, a rational approach to country. economic, religious, social, and political issues, promotes a nonreligious worldview. 18 “Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery“ 105 by Quobna ottobah Cugoano is published. The Virginia General Assembly declares: “All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves...shall be held 189 to be real estate. If any slave resist his master... The French Revolution begins with the storming correcting such slave, and shall happen to be of the Bastille. Church property is nationalized. killed in such correction...the master shall be The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah free of all punishment.” Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African is pub- lished in England and distributed in America. 120–30 Equiano becomes a central figure in the aboli- Almost two hundred thousand enslaved Africans tionist movement in England. are transported across the Atlantic ocean in British ships. 190s British Caribbean colonies are populated by 140 almost half a million enslaved people. South Carolina passes the Negro Act, prohibiting slaves from assembling in groups, wearing clothes 191 made from certain high-quality fabrics, and learn- A slave uprising in Haiti (Saint-domingue) is led ing to read or write. owners are permitted to by Toussaint L’ouverture. execute slaves who attempt to run away. BREAkING THE CHAINS, RISING ouT oF CIRCumstances 180 1852 Slavery is abolished in the British Empire, due, Harriett Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s in part, because of the antislavery activism of Cabin, an antislavery novel. the abolitionist William Wilberforce. 1860 1808 Abraham Lincoln is elected as the sixteenth The u.S. Congress bans the importation of slaves. president of the united States. The u.S. slave population is close to four million. 1814 The ratio of free to enslaved Americans is about The dutch outlaw the slave trade. seven to one. 1829 1861 Mexico abolishes slavery and becomes a haven The American Civil War begins. for fugitive slaves from the united States. Tsar Alexander II issues a proclamation 1830 emancipating Russia’s serfs. Congress passes the Removal Act, forcing Native Americans to settle in territory west of 1862 the Mississippi River. Slavery is prohibited in Washington, d.C., and the territories. 1831 Slaves of General Thomas F. Drayton is produced by William Lloyd Garrison founds The Liberator, an Henry P. Moore in Hilton Head, South Carolina. abolitionist newspaper, in New England. 1863 1833 under the Emancipation Proclamation, President A new British law declares the ownership of Lincoln declares free only those slaves living in slaves illegal. states not under union control. 1839 1865 Africans aboard the Cuban slave ship Amistad The American Civil War ends. revolt while being transported to a Caribbean plantation. The Thirteenth Amendment to the u.S. Constitution abolishes slavery in the united States. 1845 Frederick douglass publishes his Narrative of the 1866 Life of Frederick Douglass. Race riots erupt in Memphis, Tennessee, and New orleans, Louisiana. 1848 The ku klux klan is founded in Tennessee by France abolishes slavery. Confederate Civil War veterans. 1850 1886 Harriet Tubman is made an official “conductor” Slavery is abolished in Cuba. of the underground Railroad, a network of routes to lead former slaves to free territory. TIMELINE 1888 1964 Slavery is abolished in Brazil. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed, banning discrimination in public places and enforcing 1896 equal opportunity in the workplace. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson allows Louisiana’s “separate but equal“ facilities 2008 for whites and blacks on and near railroads. The u.S. prison population is 2.3 million, making the ratio of free to incarcerated Americans ten 1936 to one. one in fifteen black adults and one in Slavery is made illegal in Northern Nigeria. nine black men between the ages of twenty and thirty-four are incarcerated. BREAkING THE CHAINS, RISING ouT oF CIRCumstances.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Outlaw: Wilderness and Exile in Old and Middle
    THE ‘BESTLI’ OUTLAW: WILDERNESS AND EXILE IN OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH LITERATURE A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Sarah Michelle Haughey August 2011 © 2011 Sarah Michelle Haughey THE ‘BESTLI’ OUTLAW: WILDERNESS AND EXILE IN OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH LITERATURE Sarah Michelle Haughey, Ph. D. Cornell University 2011 This dissertation, The ‘Bestli’ Outlaw: Wilderness and Exile in Old and Middle English Literature explores the reasons for the survival of the beast-like outlaw, a transgressive figure who highlights tensions in normative definitions of human and natural, which came to represent both the fears and the desires of a people in a state of constant negotiation with the land they inhabited. Although the outlaw’s shelter in the wilderness changed dramatically from the dense and menacing forests of Anglo-Saxon England to the bright, known, and mapped greenwood of the late outlaw romances and ballads, the outlaw remained strongly animalistic, other, and liminal, in strong contrast to premodern notions of what it meant to be human and civilized. I argue that outlaw narratives become particularly popular and poignant at moments of national political and ecological crisis—as they did during the Viking attacks of the Anglo-Saxon period, the epoch of intense natural change following the Norman Conquest, and the beginning of the market revolution at the end of the Middle Ages. Figures like the Anglo-Saxon resistance fighter Hereward, the exiled Marcher lord Fulk Fitz Waryn, and the brutal yet courtly Gamelyn and Robin Hood, represent a lost England imagined as pristine and forested.
    [Show full text]
  • Caste & Untouchability
    Paggi fr. Luigi s.x. * * * * * * * * Caste & untouchability Pro Manuscripto Title: Caste & untouchability. A study-research paper in the Indian Subcontinent Authored by: Paggi fr. Luigi sx Edited by: Jo Ellen Fuller- 2002 Photographs by: Angelo fr. Costalonga sx Printed by: “Museo d’Arte Cinese ed Etnografico di Parma” - 2005 © 2005 Museo d’Arte Cinese ed Etnografico © Paggi fr. Luigi sx A few years ago, my confreres (Xaverian Missionaries working in Bangladesh) requested that I conduct a four-day course on caste and untouchability. Probably, I benefited as much from teaching the course as my student-confreres did since the process helped me crystallize my ideas about Hinduism and the ramifications of certain aspects of this religion upon the cultures of the subcontinent. From time to time, I am invited to different places to deliver lectures on these two topics. I usually accept these invitations because I am convinced that those who would like to do something to change the miserable lot of so many poor people living in the Indian Subcontinent must be knowledgeable about the caste system and untouchability. People need to be aware of the negative effect and the impact of these two social evils regarding the abject misery and poverty of those who are at the bot- tom of the greater society. It seems that people living in the Indian Subcontinent , no matter which reli- gion they belong to, are still affected (consciously or unconsciously) by these as- pects of Hinduism that have seeped into other religions as well. In order to prepare myself for the task of lecturing (on caste and untoucha- bility), I read and studied many books, magazines and articles on these two evil institutions of Hinduism, which have affected the social life of most of the people living in the Indian Subcontinent.
    [Show full text]
  • International Law and Abolition of the Death Penalty William A
    Washington and Lee Law Review Volume 55 | Issue 3 Article 10 Summer 6-1-1998 International Law and Abolition of the Death Penalty William A. Schabas Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation William A. Schabas, International Law and Abolition of the Death Penalty, 55 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 797 (1998), https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol55/iss3/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington and Lee Law Review at Washington & Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington and Lee Law Review by an authorized editor of Washington & Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. International Law and Abolition of the Death Penalty William A. Schabas* I Introduction The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Universal Declaration), adopted December 10, 1948, proclaimed that "[e]veryone has the right to life" and "[n]o one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment."' The same approach was taken in the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, adopted May 4, 1948.2 At the time, the vast majority of United Nations Member States still employed capital punishment. Moreover, the death penalty was also recognized as an appropriate penalty for major war criminals and was imposed by the postwar tribunals at Nuremberg and Tokyo.' When the Universal Declaration's pro- visions were transformed into treaty law in universal and regional instruments, the death penalty was specifically mentioned as a form of exception to the right to life.4 Fifty years later, as we commemorate the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the compatibility of the death * M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unauthorized Hagiography of Edward W. Hawkins
    GOOD NIGHT, LADIES: THE UNAUTHORIZED HAGIOGRAPHY OF EDWARD W. HAWKINS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of English Morehead State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in English by William Randolph Dozier 3 May 1997 Accepted by the faculty of the Caudill College of Humanities, Mo r ehead State University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in English Degr ee . Master' s Committee : Date GOOD NIGHT , LADIES: THE UNAUTHORIZED HAGIOGRAPHY OF EDWARD W. HAWKINS William Randolph Dozier, M. A. Morehead State University , 1997 Director of Thesis: 100% appr opriated texts have been aligned to form an author -free narrative-whole of rising and falling action which details the hanging of the outlaw Edward W. Hawkins in Estill County, Kentucky, on 29 May 1857 . Spanning 140 year s, the various documents, news accounts , ballads, and excerpts reconstitute Hawkins, a creature of dream, myth, and histor y . Hawkins is a type of Byronic hero, and the narrative traces his evolution from wanted fugitive to condemned prisoner to redeemed sinner . The competing texts of this assemblage differ in tone and particulars, thus creating a dynamic tension that pushes the narrative forward. The "hagiography" is an assault on the authority of the text, sacred and profane , and its message is simple : words arise from words. Accepted by: 1 invocation Oh, young reader, suffer me to exhort you to read the following pages with care and attention; they may serve you as a beacon by which you may escape the wretched condition which I am now in--incarcerated in the walls of a dungeon, loaded with chains and fetters, with the grim images of my murdered fellow-men haunting me day and night; and soon, oh! very soon, to be taken to the gallows, and there, in the spring season of my life, to be hurled into the presence of an offended God, who cannot look upon sin with the least allowance.
    [Show full text]
  • Decapitation and Disgorgement: the Female Body's Text in Early Modern English Literature
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2003 Decapitation and disgorgement: The female body's text in early modern English literature Melanie Ann Hanson University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Hanson, Melanie Ann, "Decapitation and disgorgement: The female body's text in early modern English literature" (2003). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/cnaf-fj97 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ]3]3%:/lF'riVlTriC)a[y\]qi) r)DS(3()FlCH33W[EnNnr:TrBIEin3!üLAJLIi]3()I)Tf'S TTEOCr by Melanie Ann Hanson Bachelor of Arts San Diego State University 1975 Master o f Arts University of Nevada, Las Vegas 1998 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor oflMWloiM)pl&y *m ISmyBUwdh (]oUegp:()f]LjlNarmll Art» Grmdmmte CoOege Umivcrgi^ of Nevmdo, Lw Vcgmm Mmy2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitudes Toward Execution: the Tragic and Grotesque Framing of Capital Punishment in the News
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2016 Attitudes Toward Execution: The Tragic and Grotesque Framing of Capital Punishment in the News Katherine Shuy Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Part of the Rhetoric Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Shuy, Katherine, "Attitudes Toward Execution: The Tragic and Grotesque Framing of Capital Punishment in the News" (2016). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 10666. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/10666 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running Head: ATTITUDES TOWARD EXECUTION i ATTITUDES TOWARD EXECUTION: THE TRAGIC AND GROTESQUE FRAMING OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN THE NEWS By KATHERINE SARAH SHUY Bachelor of Arts, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, 2010 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication Studies The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2016 Approved by: Scott Whittenburg, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Sara Hayden, Co-Chair Communication Studies Steve Schwarze, Co-Chair Communication Studies Lee Banville Journalism ATTITUDES TOWARD EXECUTION ii Shuy, Katherine, M.A., Spring 2016 Communication Studies The Tragic and Grotesque Framing of Capital Punishment in the News Co-Chairperson: Sara Hayden Co-Chairperson: Steve Schwarze This essay undertakes a detailed frame analysis of print and electronic media coverage of three nationally publicized death penalty cases between the years of 2014 and 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Reviews Springsteen on Springsteen: Interviews, Speeches, and Encounters, Edited by Jeff Burger (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2014
    91 Reviews Springsteen on Springsteen: Interviews, Speeches, and Encounters, edited by Jeff Burger (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2014. 432 pages). The published interview was not invented by music journalists—it was a staple of Paris Review and Playboy, to cite two antecedents before Rolling Stone came along in 1967—but this somewhat peculiar literary subgenre has always had a special significance in rock & roll. It emerged as a culturally distinctive magazine feature in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which is to say the moment when rock & roll became rock, when it shifted from a largely unselfconscious form of musical expression to a more cerebral, avowedly artistic, one. As in so many other ways, we mark our years AD: After Dylan. In its inaugural issue, Rolling Stone’s first interview subject was Donovan. But the patron saint (or, perhaps more accurately, sinner) of the form was Dylan: charismatic, elliptical, endlessly quotable. For musicians, journalists, and readers, the interview became an arena wherein the intellectual seriousness and philosophical ramifications of rock could be staked out and elaborated—generally free from the scrutiny of those (academics and other old people) who might regard the enterprise with amusement or ridicule. By the time Bruce Springsteen came along in the mid-seventies, the rock interview had already become a fixture not only of Rolling Stone, but also sister publications Creem and Circus, which were eagerly received by adolescents like myself as bulletins from faraway worlds that were simultaneously the locus of our inner lives. A not-quite-modest pronouncement from a reigning superstar would become a proposition we would ponder, test, and adopt as our own.
    [Show full text]
  • SC01-837 Miller Vs. State of Florida
    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA WILLIE MILLER, Appellant, v. Case No. SC01-837 STATE OF FLORIDA, Appellee. _____________________/ INITIAL BRIEF OF APPELLANT NANCY A. DANIELS PUBLIC DEFENDER NADA M. CAREY ASSISTANT PUBLIC DEFENDER FLORIDA BAR NUMBER 0648825 LEON COUNTY COURTHOUSE SUITE 401 301 SOUTH MONROE STREET TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 32301 (850) 488-2458 ATTORNEY FOR PETITIONER TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................... i TABLE OF CITATIONS .................... iv STATEMENT OF THE CASE AND FACTS .............. 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .................... 20 ARGUMENT POINT I ....................... 23 THE IMPOSITION OF THE DEATH PENALTY ON WILLIE MILLER, WHO IS MENTALLY RETARDED, WOULD CONSTITUTE CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT UNDER THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTION 17, OF THE FLORIDA CONSTITUTION A. Mental Retardation and Willie Miller ...... 23 B. Execution of Mentally Retarded Persons Violates the Eighth Amendment Because the Actions of Numerous State Legislature Demonstrate a National Consensus Against Such Executions and Because It is Disproportionate. ........ 28 1. A Majority of Jurisdictions Now Prohibit the Execution of Mentally Retarded Persons, Reflecting a National Consensus Against Such Executions. ................ 33 2. Imposing the Death Penalty on the Mentally Retarded is Unconstitutional Because It is Disproportionate to Their Personal Culpability, Juries Cannot Adequately Perform the Narrowing Role on a Case-by-Case Basis, and It Serves No Legitimate Penological Goal. ................... 40 i TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) PAGE ARGUMENT C. Execution of Mentally Retarded Persons Violates Article I, Section 17, of the Florida Constitution, Because a Statewide Consensus Exists Against Such Executions; Because the Death Penalty is Disproportionate Given their Lessened Culpability; and Because the Death Penalty is so Rarely Imposed on Retarded Persons that It is "Unusual" Punishment.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Death Is Different: an Examination of a Post- Graham Challenge to Felon Disenfranchisement Under the Eighth Amendment Sarah C
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 102 | Issue 2 Article 4 Spring 2012 Civil Death Is Different: An Examination of a Post- Graham Challenge to Felon Disenfranchisement Under the Eighth Amendment Sarah C. Grady Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons Recommended Citation Sarah C. Grady, Civil Death Is Different: An Examination of a Post-Graham Challenge to Felon Disenfranchisement Under the Eighth Amendment, 102 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 441 (2013). https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol102/iss2/4 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169/12/10202-0441 THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 102, No. 2 Copyright © 2012 by Northwestern University School of Law Printed in U.S.A. COMMENTS CIVIL DEATH IS DIFFERENT: AN EXAMINATION OF A POST-GRAHAM CHALLENGE TO FELON DISENFRANCHISEMENT UNDER THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT Sarah C. Grady* “A man without a vote is a man without protection. He is virtually helpless.” Out of such feelings of helplessness were revolutions born.1 Since the founding, the United States has struggled with the question of who should be permitted to vote. In their first days as political communities, some states required prospective voters to adhere to specified religions in order to qualify.2 As conceptions of citizenship changed throughout history, various groups began to lobby for inclusion into the * J.D., Northwestern University School of Law, 2012; B.A., University of Iowa, 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DEATH PENALTY by Michael Vassallo
    THE DEATH PENALTY By Michael Vassallo INTRODUCTION In early 1992, months after a fire burst out in his home in Corsicana, Texas, just 50 miles south of Dallas, Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested for murder and arson. What first appeared a mere tragedy, a family house burning in a fire and three infants perishing from smoke inhalation, soon appeared much more suspicious once investigators deemed arson as the source of the fire. Soon after, the press reported Willingham out drinking and laughing only days after his children’s funeral, while eyewitnesses from the night of the fire reported Willingham escaping from the house and not even attempting to rescue his children. At his trial, Cameron Todd jailhouse informant Johnny Webb testified that Willingham had Willingham and his confessed his guilt to him in prison. With Webb’s testimony and an three infant children, abundance of circumstantial evidence, Willingham was convicted who died in a fire in and sentenced to die by lethal injection. December 1991. After his 2004 execution, doubts began to emerge. Despite Willingham’s profile as an abusive father, the lack of physical The New Yorker evidence and Willingham’s continued pleas of innocence raised questions. These doubts were only exacerbated when Johnny Webb recanted his testimony and claimed he had lied on the stand to implicate Willingham. Though Willingham has not and likely will never be exonerated, the questions of his guilt raised newfound doubts not only about the American criminal justice system, but also about the death penalty as a whole. If he was still alive, was there a chance he could have been eventually exonerated? Should there be a higher barrier of proof for executions? Is it even ethical for the state to execute any criminal at all, whether or not they are guilty? HARVARD MODEL CONGRESS EXPLANATION OF THE ISSUE Historical Development Furman v.
    [Show full text]
  • Unusual Punishments” in Anglo- American Law: the Ed Ath Penalty As Arbitrary, Discriminatory, and Cruel and Unusual John D
    Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy Volume 13 | Issue 4 Article 2 Spring 2018 The onceptC of “Unusual Punishments” in Anglo- American Law: The eD ath Penalty as Arbitrary, Discriminatory, and Cruel and Unusual John D. Bessler Recommended Citation John D. Bessler, The Concept of “Unusual Punishments” in Anglo-American Law: The Death Penalty as Arbitrary, Discriminatory, and Cruel and Unusual, 13 Nw. J. L. & Soc. Pol'y. 307 (2018). https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njlsp/vol13/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern Pritzker School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy by an authorized editor of Northwestern Pritzker School of Law Scholarly Commons. Copyright 2018 by Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law `Vol. 13, Issue 4 (2018) Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy The Concept of “Unusual Punishments” in Anglo-American Law: The Death Penalty as Arbitrary, Discriminatory, and Cruel and Unusual John D. Bessler* ABSTRACT The Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, like the English Bill of Rights before it, safeguards against the infliction of “cruel and unusual punishments.” To better understand the meaning of that provision, this Article explores the concept of “unusual punishments” and its opposite, “usual punishments.” In particular, this Article traces the use of the “usual” and “unusual” punishments terminology in Anglo-American sources to shed new light on the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause. The Article surveys historical references to “usual” and “unusual” punishments in early English and American texts, then analyzes the development of American constitutional law as it relates to the dividing line between “usual” and “unusual” punishments.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeting the Twenty-First Century Outlaw
    JANE Y. CHONG Targeting the Twenty-First Century Outlaw ABSTRACT. This Note proposes using outlawry proceedings to bring legitimacy to the government's targeted killing regime. Far from clearly contrary to the letter and spirit of American due process, outlawry endured for centuries at English common law and was used to sanction lethal force against fugitive felons in the United States until as recently as 1975. Because it was the outlaw's refusal to submit to the legal process that warranted the use of lethal force against him, the choice of process was necessarily preserved through basic protections such as charges and notice. This Note argues that these principles can be updated for the twenty-first century and used to subject the government's targeted killing of U.S. citizens to limited judicial review. AUTHOR. Yale Law School, J.D. 2014; Duke University, B.A. 2009. I am indebted to Professor Owen Fiss for the seminar that inspired this Note and his insightful feedback on earlier drafts; to Professor Steven Duke for his thoughtful comments; to my exceptional lead editor Amanda Lee and The Yale Law Journal for invaluable editorial assistance; and to Adam Hockensmith for encouraging the ideas from their inception. 724 NOTE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 727 1. WHEREFORE OUTLAWRY? 731 A. Due Process Requires Judicial Process 731 B. Proposed Models of Judicial Review 736 1. Civil Action 737 2. Trial in Absentia 737 3. A Targeted Killing Court 739 II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF OUTLAWRY 743 A. Theory and Procedure at English Common Law 743 B. Judicial Outlawry in the American Colonies and the Individual States 748 C.
    [Show full text]