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Evaluation and Comparison of the Agronomic Traits of 100 Wheat Cultivars Grown in Western Canada

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Evaluation and Comparison of the Agronomic Traits of 100 Wheat Cultivars Grown in Western Canada Evaluation and Comparison of the Agronomic Traits of 100 Wheat Cultivars Grown in Western Canada By Neshat Pazooki Moakhar A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Science Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta © Neshat Pazooki Moakhar, 2014 Abstract Breeding efforts have been crucial in solving the challenges of wheat production in western Canada. This study evaluates and compares the agronomic traits of plant height, days to heading, lodging, days to maturity, grain yield, disease resistance, test weight, thousand kernel weight, and protein content of 100 cultivars grown in western Canada in order to monitor the effectiveness of breeding programs. The results indicate the positive selection of breeding programs for most of the traits. Modern wheat cultivars have higher grain yield, protein content, earlier days to maturity and improved disease resistance. II Preface This thesis is an original work by Neshat Pazooki Moakhar. The research project, of which this thesis is a part, received research ethics approval from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board, Project Name “Evaluation and Comparison of the Agronomic Traits of 100 Wheat Cultivars Grown in Western Canada”, No. 12345, 24/03/2014. The agronomic traits data from the Kernen, St. Albert and Edmonton fields used in this research were collected by the University of Saskatchewan, the University of Alberta and by Neshat Pazooki Moakhar respectively. The nursery data from Lethbridge and Creston fields were collected by Agriculture Canada in Lethbridge. The nursery data from Edmonton was collected by Neshat Pazooki Moakhar. Statistical data analysis of this work was performed by Dr. Muhammad Iqbal from cereal research group supervised by Prof. Dean Spaner. The literature Review (chapter 1), Materials and Methods, data collection (Chapter 2), data presentation in Results section (Chapter 3) as well as data interpretation and conclusions presented in Discussion section (Chapter 4) are my original work. No part of this thesis has been previously published. III Acknowledgment This M. Sc. thesis has been carried out since I joined the cereal research group at the University of Alberta. I have worked with a great number of people who have contributed in various ways to the research in this thesis and deserve special mention. It is a pleasure to convey my gratitude to them with my humble acknowledgment. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dean Spaner for his supervision and advice from the early stages of this research. I obtained valuable experience throughout the work as well as adding significantly to my knowledge about wheat. Above all, he provided me with constant encouragement and support and helped me to understand the different scientific aspects of this research and to develop new ideas which have enriched my growth as a researcher. I would like to thank my thesis committee member, Dr. Stephen Strelkov for his valuable teachings during the course “Principles of Plant Pathology”. My special thanks to my colleague, Mr. Klaus Strenzke, who never hesitated to help me whenever I called on him. I would like also to acknowledge the “University of Saskatchewan” and “Agriculture Canada” for their data collections and submission to me which enabled drawing a more clear picture of wheat properties in this research. I gratefully acknowledge, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, my colleague who helped me to understand different aspects of this research as well as due to his efforts in statistical analysis of the data. Special thanks to my nice colleagues, Ms Hua Chen, Dr. Atif Kamran, Mr. Muhammad Asif, Ms Fabiana Dias, Mr. Ivan Adamyk, Mr. Graham Collier and Mr. Hirushi Kubota for their supports throughout this research. Last of all but not least, I would like to thank my family especially my mother Nahid and my husband Amir for their support and encouragement which helped me carry out this research. IV Table of Contents Title Page 1. An introduction to wheat ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Wheat in Canada .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1.1. Wheat classifications in western Canada and grading system .................................. 3 1.1.2. Canadian spring wheat classes .................................................................................. 4 1.2. Wheat breeding ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.1. Wheat breeding in Canada ........................................................................................ 4 1.2.2. Breeding of the Hard Red Spring Wheat in western Canada .................................... 5 1.2.3. Canada Western Red Spring Wheat (CWRS) ........................................................... 6 1.2.4. Breeding of Amber Durum wheat in western Canada ............................................ 11 1.2.5. Canada Prairie Spring Wheat Red (CPSR) ............................................................. 13 1.2.6. Canada Western Extra Strong (CWES) .................................................................. 14 1.2.7. Canada Prairie Spring Wheat White (CPSW) ........................................................ 15 1.2.8. Canada Western Soft White Spring (CWSWS) ...................................................... 16 1.2.9. Canada Western Hard White Spring (CWHWS) .................................................... 17 1.3. Agronomic traits in western Canadian wheat cultivars .................................................. 17 1.3.1. Yield increase.......................................................................................................... 18 1.3.2. Protein concentration .............................................................................................. 18 1.3.3. Early maturity ......................................................................................................... 19 1.3.4. Disease resistance ................................................................................................... 19 1.4. Wheat diseases in western Canada ................................................................................. 20 1.4.1. Stem rust ................................................................................................................. 20 1.4.2. Leaf rust .................................................................................................................. 23 1.4.3. Stripe rust ................................................................................................................ 26 1.5. Summary ............................................................................................................................ 28 1.6. Research objectives ............................................................................................................ 28 2. Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 30 2.1. Data Collection ................................................................................................................... 31 2.2. Data analysis ...................................................................................................................... 32 V 3. Results ................................................................................................................................... 34 3.1. Contribution of various effects to phenotypic variation ..................................................... 34 3.1.1. Days to heading....................................................................................................... 34 3.1.2. Plant height ............................................................................................................. 35 3.1.3. Days to maturity ...................................................................................................... 35 3.1.4. Lodging ................................................................................................................... 35 3.1.5. Grain yield .............................................................................................................. 36 3.1.6. Test weight (TWT) ................................................................................................. 36 3.1.7. Thousand kernel weight (TKW) ............................................................................. 36 3.1.8. Protein content ........................................................................................................ 37 3.2. Least squares means of the traits .................................................................................... 37 3.2.1. Days to heading....................................................................................................... 37 3.2.2. Plant height ............................................................................................................. 38 3.2.3. Days to maturity ...................................................................................................... 38 3.2.4. Lodging ................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.5. Grain yield .............................................................................................................
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