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CENSUS OF INDIA 1981 SERIES-l 0 KERALA PAPER 5 OF 1981 FINAL TOTALS OF WORKERS AND NON.WORKERS M. VIJAYANUNNI OF THE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS KERALA l06/57-i PREFACE This is the fifth and final publication in the Census Papers series brought out by Kerala based on the 1981 Census results. While Papers 1 and 2 were based on the provisional totals, Papers 3 and 4 as well as this publication Paper 5 are based on the final totals. The provisional totals of workers and non-workers were published in Paper 2 of 1981 whereas this volume presents the corresponding final totals of workers and non-workers. The data contained in this volume supplement the final data presented in Paper 3 of 1981 (Final Population Totals) and these two volumes together will provide the final figures for all important basic data thereby obviating the need for data-users to wait for the publication of the District Census Handbooks. This volume presents data down to the village and panchayat levels. The Background Note given at the beginning gives an introduction on the evolution of the economic questions over the different censuses, the concepts and definitions of various terms used in this volume and a comparative picture of the figures of workers and non-workers for Kerala and India during the last two decades. I am happy to place on record the contribution made by the different officials of my office in the preparation of the 1981 Census Papers 1 to 5 and to make a special mention of the dedicated and valuable services rendered by Mr. S. Jayashanker, Assistant Director, in the writing up and production of all these five volumes. M. VIJAYANUNNI, Trivandrum, Director of Census Operations, January, 1983 Kerala CONTENTS Page MAP OF KERALA SHOWING ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS BACKGROUND. NOTE Introduction (Page 3)-Economic questions III the 1872 3 Census (3)-1881 Census (3)-1891 Census (3)-1901 Censu!'l (3)-1911 Census (3)-1921 Census (4)-1931 Census (4)- 1941 Census (4)-1951- Census (4)~1961 Census (5)-' 1971 Census (6)-1981 Census (7)-Main definitions m 1981 (8)-Presentation of economic data in 1981 (8) ANALYSIS OF THE 1981 DATA Comparative figures of workers 1961, 1971 and 1981 11 (Page 1 I)-All India figures of workers 1931 (15)-Distribution of workers in Kerala 1981 (15)-Workers (19)-Main workers (20)-Marginal workers (21)-Non-workers (21)-Main workers by agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (22)­ Categories of main workers (28)-Cultivators (28)-Agricultural labourers (34)-Household Industry workers (39)-Other workers (40) APPENDIX EXTRACT FROM THE INSTRUCTIONS TO ENUMERATORS FOR FILLING UP INDIVIDUAL SLIPS 52 ALL INDIA TABLES Table 1 Worker<; and non-workers, India 1981 ·69 2 Workers and non-workers, States and Union " Territories 1981 70 3 Distribution of main workers by broad industrial " categories, States and Union Territories, 1981 71 4 Work participation rates for main workers by age and sex 1971 and 1981 5 Distribution of main workers by broad industrial categories, marginal workers and non-workers 1981 73 STATE TABLES Table 1 District-wise totals of workers and non-workers 1981 77 ., :2 Taluk-wise totals of workers and non ... workers 1981 79 3 Village-wise totals of workers and non-workers 1981 " 89 4 Town-wise totals of workers and non-workers 1981 147 Panchayat-wise totals of workers and non-workers 1981 " 5 153 l06/57-H ii MAPS AND CHARTS CHARTS Chart 1 Work participation rates, India and Kerala 1961-81 13, 2 Kerala: Total work participation rates by Districts, 1981 17 3 Kerala: ;Agricultural and non.agricultural sectors, 1971-81 23 4 Kerala: Main workers III agricultural and non- agricultural sectors, 1981 25 5 Kerala: Workers by broad categories 1971-81 29 " 6 Kerala: Main workers by broad categories, 1981 31 " 7 Kerala: Male work participation rates 1971-81 45 " 8 Kerala: Female work participation rates 1971-81 47 MAPS Map 1 Kerala: Cultivaters 35 2 Kerala: Agricultural Labourers 37 " 3 Kerala: Household Industry Workers 41 " H 4 Kerala: Other workers 43 • o KERALA 1- -1 ADMINISTRATIVE )' DIVISIONS "'f 1981 0 -t- 12 0 .., 1:1 K .. 20 10 0 20 40 60 Kfl p.........j= I I I I BOUNDARIES: . STATE/UT .__ __ ('" , DISTRICT __ o_._ TAl-UI[ ..... ... ........ .,. CAPlTALOF STA'TE/UT DISTRICT HE,,"OQUAATERS@* TALUK HEADQUARTERS "F- .., • ROADS RAILWAYS : 0 U' BRO"D GAUGE 0 II II ~ t.AETRE G"UGE :s- RIVER ~ Y ,.. 0 A ("" ~ t'\ -z_ 0 10 ~ -0 U' 0 '".,. KARUN.cc=.", c: 0 9 WHERIEV[~ THE N~"'E OF A TAL-Uk AND THE NA~E OF ITS HEADQUARTERI ARE: NO", THE SA~EJ TH~ NA"-tEO' THE H£ADQUART£P.5 IS SHOWN SEP(RATEI...Y IN ,TAL.ICS o o EAST OF GREENWICH 77 7& laaed upon Survf:Y of India me, wit'" the ,",million of th The terrltorl.1 wilen. of India txt.nd Into th..... CO • 41aaac. o( @ Govlrnmer" of IndIa Copyrlcnt. 1961 SWl"Vtlyor General of India. tw.I". nluCiul rnJl .. mtuund 'rom the approprlat.. blM Jlnt. BACKGROUND NOTE 106/57-1 BACKGROUND NOTE IntrodUction In some provinces tabulation procedure was slightly This volume deals with the data on the economic different. The occupational classification of 1812 was activities of the people of Kerala as revealed by the followed in this cemus. 1981 census. The economi.cally active population, as IB9l Census defilled by the United Nations, 'include those persons who supply the labour for the production of economic 4. In the 1891 census, there was only one question goods and services, including employers, workers on i.e. occupation or means of subsistence. Women and OWJI account, employees and unpaid family workers, children doing no work were classified as dependent in and unemployed workers as well as those who are that census. One table was prepared which gave data . employed'. But no uniform definition is followed for individual occupations classified by 3 broad age throughout the world and even within this country the groups viz. 0-4, 5-14 and 15 and over. The occupa­ concept of economic activity has differed much from tions were classified under 7 classes, 24 orders, 77 one census to another. A brief review of the economic sub-orders and 478 groups. However, the methods of questions asked and economic data presented in the tabulation differed in each province. previous censuses is given in the succeeding paragraphs 1901 Census Economic questieDs iu the 1872 Ceusus 5. In the 1901 census, the question was modified as 2. The colleetron of information on the economic 'occupation or means of subsistence of actual workers' activity of individuals has been done right from the and information was collected on (i) principal first census in 1872. In this census, only one question occupation, (ii) subsidiary or secondary occupation of relating to 'occupation' was asked. The census sche­ actual workers and (iii) means of subsi~ence of the dule provided for occupation only in respect of males. dependent. Three tables were prepared in this census. Based on this question, one table was prepared. The One general table which gave data an (i) total workers scheme of classification of occupation was based on and dependents, (ii) actual workers classified under that adopted by Dr. Fan of London for use in the total by sex and partially agriculturist by sex and countries of Europe, though the classi.iication was not (iii) dependents. The age group given in the earlier strictly suitable for Indian conditions. The occupa­ census was dispensed with~ Another table was als() tions were divided into seven classes, eighteen orders, prepared for subsidiary occupations of agriculturist eighty-one sub-orders and 485 groups. workers only. The third table gave data on certain mixed occupations i.e. number of persons who returned The seven classes were: (a) principal and (b) subsidiary means of livelihood. 1. Persons employed under government, munici­ In some states, inclusive of Madras province, the pal or local authorities population figures under occupational categories were II. Professional persons given up to villflge level also. The categories adopted In. Persons in. service or performing personal were landowners, agricultural subtenants, agri. offices cultural labourers, weavers, money-lenders and IV. Persons engaged in agriculture and with middle men and others. In the 1901 census the animals scheme followed for the classification of occupation V. Persons engaged in commerce and trade was continued with slight changes in the number of VI. Persons employed in mechanical arts, manu­ sub-orders and groups, the sub-orders being increased facture and engineering operations and from 77 to 79 and the groups from 478 to 520. engaged in the sale (5f articles, manufacture or otherwise prepared for consumption . 1911 Census VII. Miscellaneous persons not classified othe~ise. 6. ,In the 1911 censtfS, the economic qnestions which were asked in 1901 were continued. A special 1881 Census schedule on industrial census was also filled up by 3. In the 1881 census, the question was 'occupation owners or managers ()f factOTies, mills, mines etc. in of men; also of boys and females who may do work'. which 20 persons were employed on the CeftSUS date. Boys at school, girls, small children and women who In this census a few additions wer~ made to throw performed no regular work were omitted. The tabula­ light on the extent to which the castes still practised tion of results was restricted to males. A detailed their traditional occupations. It was also designed table of occupations classifying the males as officers of to make it possible to di5coont the tendency of the the national government, officers of the municipal runctional groups to return the traditional occupations and local and village government, the officers of as their means of livelihood.

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