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Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection

Summer 1979 Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 28, No. 4 C. Lee Hopple

Albert T. Gamon

William U. Helfferich Ursinus College

Ludwig Schandein

Willoughby W. Moyer

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Recommended Citation Hopple, C. Lee; Gamon, Albert T.; Helfferich, William U.; Schandein, Ludwig; Moyer, Willoughby W.; and Barrick, Mac E., "Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 28, No. 4" (1979). Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine. 84. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/84

This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors C. Lee Hopple, Albert T. Gamon, William U. Helfferich, Ludwig Schandein, Willoughby W. Moyer, and Mac E. Barrick

This book is available at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/84 ~uro..,etln Origin~ of tlJe ~enn~\Jl\Jtlnitl ~utc~ The Reverend WILLIAM U. HELFFERICH, D.D., LUDWIG SCHANDEIN (1813-1893) was a poet and (1873-1933), was great-grandson of Johann Heinrich provincial patriot in the Western Palatinate of South­ Helfferich and fourth generation of pastors in America western Germany. His major work, Gedichte in West­ in that direct line. Educated in basics at home, he richer Mundart (Poems in the Western Palatinate Dialect) took his A.B. at Ursinus College in 1893 and B.D. from appeared in 1854; his Haus und Wohnung (House and Ursinus Theological Seminary in 1896. He served Dwelling) was one of the first published Folk Cultural Christ Reformed Church, Bath, PA, from 1898 until appraisals of the Rhenish Palatinate in 1867. At age his death on 13 October, 1933 . During his lifetime he eighty he died, just after the final revision of his was banker, storekeeper, newspaper editor, artist, musi­ Poems appeared. cian, carpenter, clerk and minister and for a decade, Borough Clerk in Bath.

DR. LEE C. HOPPLE is Professor of Geography and Director of Institutional Planning at Bloomsburg State College. He received the B.S. degree from Kutztown State College, M.S. and Ph.D. from the Pennsylvania State University with added postgraduate work at the University of Washington. He has published several articles in geographical journals and two items on spatial development and organization in Pennsylvania Folklife.

DR. MAC E. BARRICK is a lifelong resident of Cum­ berland County who teaches Spanish and folklore at Shippensburg State College. He is currently serving as Chairman for Pennsylvania for Wayland Hand's Dic­ tionary of American Folk Beliefs and Superstitions. He is a frequent contributor to Pennsylvania Folklife.

WILLOUGHBY W. MOYER, whose maternal grand­ father was Warren G. Bean, lives in Bean's old home­ stead in Creamery, PA. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in Electrical Engineering, he finds BARRICK photography useful both in his work and in his historical and genealogical avocations. He reissued an 1861 issue of Der Neutralist of Skippack as an anni­ versary piece and published an illustrated booklet, Ancestors and Descendants of Warren G. Bean several years ago.

ALBERT T. GAMON, former Marine Corps officer, has his degree in History from Tulane University and took specialized study in Economics at Temple Uni­ versity. He is currently Director-Administrator of the Peter Wentz Farmstead, a historical property of Mont­ gomery County, PA. Gamon holds membership in many organizations, including American Association of Museums, Early American Industries Association and the American Association of State and Local History as well as the National Trust. GAMON ED ITOR : SUMMER 1979, Vol. XXVIII, No.4 Will ia m T . Parsons ED ITOR IAL A DV ISO RY Co IMITT EE: Mac E. Barrick Monroe H . Fabian CONTENTS John B. Fra ntz Thomas E. Ga ll agher, Jr. Albert T . Gamon 2 European Religious and Spatial Origins of Mari e Graeff the Pennsylvania Plain Dutch Howell J . Hea ney LEE C. HOPPLE Heinrich Kelz Earl F. Robac ker Amje ommer 12 Story of a Stove FOL K FEST IVAL DIR ECTOR: ALBERT T . GAMON Mark R. Eaby, Jr. FOL K FE TIVAL P UBU RELAT IO Peg Zec her 17 Journal of Rev. Johann Heinrich Helfferich S B CRI PT IO S: WILLIAM U. HELFFERI CH Dori s E. Sti ef PENNSYLVANI A FOLKLl FE, Summer 1979, Vo l. 28 , No. 4, pub­ 25 Die Auswannerer - The Emigrants lished five time a year by Penn­ LU DWIG SCHANDEIN sy lvania Folklife Society, Inc., 3 Cemral Plaza, Lancaster, Penn sy l­ va nia, 17602 . $1. 50 for single copies ; 32 Abstract of Diary of Warren G. Bean, 1899 Autumn , Wi mer, Spring and Sum­ mer. $1.00 for Folk Fes ti va l Sup­ WILLOUGHBY W. MOYER pl ement. Yearly subsc ripti on $7.00. With Vo l. 29 (/979-80) PENNSYL­ VANIA FOLKLIFE will be redu ced 37 Cumberland County Deathlore to four issues per year. Subscrip­ MAC E. BA RRICK tion price will remain $7. 00. MSS A D PH OTOG RAPH S: The Ed itor will be glad to consider 47 Aides un Neies MSS and photographs ent with a Contributors view to publi cation. When unsuit­ (Inside/ront cover) able, and if accompanied by ret urn postage, care wi II be exercised to­ ward their return, although no re­ COVER: NEW DIRECTIONS sponsibi lity fo r their safety is as­ The Cathedral at Speyer on the Rhine. In 1529 sumed . Edi torial correspo ndence: the Protestant Estates spoke out at the Imperial Diet Dr. Willia m T . Pa rsons meeting there and many of the movements of Plain Box 92, Folk up and down the broad Rhine Valley passed Coll egevill e, Pa . 19426 close by . A gainst that background, the ultimate in Fo lk Festival correspo ndence: possibilities: Pennsylvania in A merica came to the College Bl vd . and Vine, attention of physically and spiritually exhausted Kutztown, Pennsylvani a 19530 religious refugees. The book is by Francis Daniel Folk Fes ti va l public relation : Pastorius, Plain leader who pioneered the German­ Peg Zecher, 26 E . Kn o wlton Rd ., town experiment in 1683. Me,di a, Pennsylvani a 19063 Subsc riptio n, busin ess correspondence : Box 1053 , La ncaster, Pennsylva ni a Layout: W ILLIAM MUNRO Contents copyri ghted .

Entered as second c1as\ matter al Lancaste r. Pa . ,2\ )o( + ~~ ~ J # 'tg~ l~ ,tS ~} ' °i! 23" o'fS ~ ' .{~ ~ t> --IT ~ II bell Gfllciotett refer. C §I) ftelfe bir aH9icr \lor , : .' ... . I • bie in Wmertca I burd) g i· .~, Iebc~ ctnglifd)Cl1 .\l6nig~ §arcli @5tuClrb!l bee cr< ften all~gerallbte @5d)iff'Clrten fefJt~ 1l1C1!ti erflln bCllc IProllinfJ IPcnn)!~ \laniam/tll1bberen ,3111l,lof)nerf r fo tIlO!)! an § !)riftcn / afe'naflldid)cn tlli!bcn 2cute l) / fCllllt occberfdt£lQ)e. fe~ 'en / mr g ill1f1lt~, ~ot'lli r @5ittm unbQ)ebt:alld)cll aud) o[[berfit(l all' "Kind Reader" Author Francis Daniel ge(egfen \5tabtClIlInb St'auffmoll:, Pastorius' invitation to learn about fd)0 iffen. Q)(Clubtllllrbigrt befd)ric, Pennsylvania, its inhabitants and its ben / fo Illo !)l \.)on beti 2anbe£l 001l' ." tleWflirti m3iUialll ~clln fdbrten/ English and German Societies under (\lti Cllld) burd) bie borinll ue\'loU, G6>-vernor William Penn. Illad)tigte 0e\llalttil)obere berm Bookstamp of the University Library at "1" ~ ,11n;;:.J~ t -1 1In(tt~ l ~ ftn glifd), IIno J)ocl)'\!:flltfq,enE:o, f~ t :1, ty" :".! ···. f~ti', ... ·iY ...' ' ierOten. Heidelberg on theflylea/. ,_I:'"..l:~:'.j' ~:I: 'l '1;~ )( 2

European Religious and Spatial Origins of the Pennsylvania Dutch

By Lee C. Hopple SIXTEENTH CENTURY GERMANIC EUROPE

The ancestors of the original Penn ylvania Plain Dutch sects (Amish, Mennonites, Dunkards, and Schwenk­ fe lders) were Protestants who migrated to Pennsyl­ vania from Europe. Protestantism, a religious move­ ment which began in the sixteenth century as an attempt ' to reform Roman Catholici m, was founded and de­ veloped by Germans in the Germanic regions of Europe. [ll]] GERMAN IC STATES (Figures I and 2 compare the German states and the non-German provinces which contained large German ~ NON - GERMANIC STATE·S CONTAINING populations in the sixteenth century with the political l:::::::j LARGE GERMAN POPULATIONS territories of modern Europe.)

2 Prc:;URE 1 SIXTEENTH CENTURY GERMANIC EUROPE IN RELATION TO THE MODERN EUROPEAN NATIONS

From it inception, Prote tanti m wa almost immediately divided by three s harply contrasting , si­ multaneo u Iy occurring, theological y tems: Lutheran­

ism, I Calvinism, 2 and Anabaptism . j A minor Pro­ testa nt reli gio u m oveme nt,' Militant piritualis m, had a n important, but undesirable innuence upo n the three major m ovement , e pecially Anabaptism . Some Pro te tant religious enthu iasts' a nd spiritual­ i ~ t s · orga ni zed the theology of Militant Spiritua li s m ' (Table I) in Germanic Europe (Figure I) during the ~ ixteenth century. A lm ost imultaneou Iy a nd in the same region, other Pro te ta nt spiritualists a nd enthusiasts, proclaiming the Inne r Li ght Doctrine,' formulated a no n-militant theology o f M ysti cal Pieti sm" call ed a na­ bapti m 'o (Table I)...... "\.-- The Pennsylvania Plain Dutch sects trace their reli gious \YUG OS LAVIA affi li ations to the beginning of Anabaptism , but they IT AL Y / deny having any connections with Militant Spiritualism. - H owever, the early European pha e of Ana ba ptism [ill SIXTEENTH CENTURY GERMANIC EUROPE was 0 adversely affected by religious militancy, that the sixteenth-century theological development s and sub­ ___ .... TWENTIETH CENTURY NATIONAL sequent spatial experiences of the Anabaptist ancestors BO UNDA RIES, (1 9 !10) of the Pennsylvania Plain Dutch sects cannot by ac­ o 100 200 I I I curately evaluated, or fully appreciated, without an MILES examination of the Militant Spiritualistic movements .

FIGURE 2 NOTE: The date 1950 is used in this map because present­ day boundaries were estab1i3hed by that time .

Da t es of Origin, and Termination, of the Various Protestant Theological Systems in Germanic Europe, 1517 to 1725

Year -.1525 -,-1550 -,--1575 --.1600 -.-1625 -,-1650 -,-1675 .-1700 -.1725 MILITANT SPIRITUALISTIC MOVEMENTS c:J152l, Wittenberg Puritan Reformation begins, and ends

c::J 1528, Nicolsburg Community-of-Goods Movement begins, and disperses c:J 1530, Melchiorite Millenarianism begins, and ends

SCHWENKFELDER MOVEMENT 11523, Schwenkfelderism begins, and continues to the present 1 P"'"""t 11519, Zwinglianism begins, and is ultimately absorbed by Calvinism PEACEFUL ANABAPTIST MOVEMENTS

1525. Zwinglian-Swiss Brethren Anabaptist Schism 1696. Amish-Mennonite begins, and ultimately becomes part of the Mennonites ( SChi: begins, and contin ues 1537, Netherlands Menist Anabaptism begins, and to the present -. ultimately becomes part of the Mennonites I Amish • ? 1550' s. Brethren and Menists merge forming the Mennonites; the Mennonites continue to the oresent I 1708. Dunkard-Mennonite Schism begins. and continues to the present ~ LDunkards j

LUTHERAN AND CALVINIST MOVEMENTS

L1517 Lutheranism begins and continues to the oresent I

.536 Calvinism begins absorbs Zwinglianism and continues to the oresent J

Sources: Franklin Hamlin Littell, The Anabaptist View of the Church. ~ . Cit. 3 George Huntston Williams, The Radical Reformation . ~. Cit. TABLE I C. Henry Smith, The Story of the Mennonites. ~. Cit. THE M ILITANT SPIRITUALI T IC MOV - M ENT 1\1111 0\t from their bc g innin g~, the three mi litant IN S IXTEENTH -CENTURY GERM A IC EU ROPE 111 0\ ement " a ppealed to the pea ~a nt cia.,." not par­ ti cu la rl y because the movements' cleri cal d octrine,> Three Milita nt piritualisti c ' I m oveme~ t developcd promi c,e d re li giou5 change, but because their secul a r in sixteenth century G ermanic Eu rope: the Witten­ id eals .,ee med to provide opportuniti es for improvi ng berg Purita n Reforma ti o n in Saxony,' 1 the Nicolsburg t he economi c a nd 50cial conditio ns of the masse,> . Community-of-Goods movement in M oravia, J3 a nd Mel­ Sin ce the militant movement s were ve ry popular chiorite Millenaria ni sm in the Nethe rl a nd a nd West­ a mo ng the pea antry, they rapidl y obta ined ma ny con­ phali a " (Fi gure 1,3, a nd Table I). ve rt s and diffused wi th con iderable velocity. SPATIAL HISTORY OF MILITANT SPIRITUALISTIC Despite the rapid s uccess, the app li cation of force MOVEMENTS IN GERMANIC EUROPE (1520-1536) by th e milita nt s proved their undo ing . For, in order to termina te the \ iolence, Milita nt Spiritua li sm was quickly a nd completely suppressed by Ro man Catholics a nd Luthera n. Hence, the spatial hi sto ry of Mi litant Spiritua li sm was brief, being limited to the period 1520- 1536 (Table I), but it s impact upo n Anabaptism was nearly catastrophic .

The lI'illenberg Puritan Reforll/ation Movement in Saxony

A Militant Spiritua li ti c movement known as the vVitt cnberg Puritan Reforma ti on ' 6 wa organi zed in the cit )' of Z \\ ickau, Saxony, during the early 1520's " (Figure '> 1, 3, and Table I). This movement was founded by a gro up of Protestant preachers call ed the Z \\ ick a u Prophets . One of them, Thomas Muntzer ( 1488- 1525), ' 8 possessing a dominating personai:ty, be­ came the unopposed lead er of these self-appointed Pro phets. The Zwickau Prophets emphasized, theologicall y, a WITTENBERG PURITAN REFORMATION return to the ancient religiou practices of Apostoli c MOVEMENT CONGREGATIONS • C hri ti a nity; while a t the arne time, they objected NICOLSBURG COMMUNITY- OF - GOODS • MOVEMENT CONGREGATIONS to the concept o f absolute criptural a uthorit y'· which MELCHIORITE MILLENARIAN MOVEMENT CONGREGATIONS is a basic a pect of ancient C hristian theology. Muntzer

PLACE OF ORIGIN AND/OR and hi s as ocia tes a lso believed in the community-of­ CITY PRINCIPAL CONGREGATIONS goods economic principle a nd opposed the existing o CITIES INFLUENCED BY MILITANT SPIRITUALISM social order which was domina ted , of course , by the ~ DIRECTION OF DIFFUSION OF MILITANT SPIRITUALISM FROM ZWICKAU no bility. Apparently the Zwickau Prophets viewed their socio-econo mic goals as being a important as their FIGURE 3 reli gious tenet . Muntzer and hi coll aborators hoped Although simila r in their basic principle, each of to obtain numerous convert a nd organi ze many Spirit­ the various militant movements exempli fie a di tinctly ualistic congregati o ns. Thus, if pi ritua li sm became separate attempt to reform contemporary sixteenth­ the predominant reli gious fa ith in Saxony, the Zwickau century Germanic E uropeam ecula r a nd clerical li fe. Pro phets would be in a commanding political po ition. Militant Spiritua lists concurred with the non-militant Contro lling the religio us and political destiny of the Anabaptists in the belief that C hri tianity needed reform. majority would make po ible the establi hing of a The Militant Spiritualists a nd the no n-milita nt Ana­ community-of-goods econom y a nd the reorgani zation baptists publicly proclaimed that true reli gious reform o f the social order in Saxony, a nd ultimately, through­ required a n immediate reinstitutio n of a ncient Apostolic o ut Germanic Europe. C hurch practices, I 5 particularly a d ult fa ith baptism . Orienting their preaching toward the impoverished, Unlike the Anabaptists the Milita nt Spiritua li sts eldo m , the Zwickau Prophets contrasted the poverty of the if ever, practiced their beliefs since they were pre­ peasa nts with the affluence of the nobility. By opposing occupied with the idea of organizing a community-of­ the nobilit y, the Willenberg Puritan Reformation move­ goods economy in Germanic E uro pe. In o rder to ment wa acclaimed by the masses, lO and it diffused achieve their econo mic goals, the Spirituali sts justified rapidly among the peasantry in Saxony, He e, Bra nden­ the use of physical force. burg, Westphalia, and Ha nover (Figure 1) . In addition

4 10 Ih o~e al L. \\icka u a nd W ittenberg , large piritua lis li c \\ ere forced to di per e thro ugho ut Euro pe" (Table I). congregalio n ~ \\ ere o rgani zed at Erfurt, Fulda , Frank en­ ,\fla ny of the H utterite ultima tely regro uped a nd mi ­ huu,en, .\I Lilha u'>e n, a nd Alistedt during the period grated to various pa rts of Ameri ca. But the gro wth 1- 21 - 1525 (J-i gu rc3 ). and developmelll of the fo rceful icol burg Community­ 13 ) 1 -25, it \\ a'> a ppa rent to Muntler th a t the o nl y o f-Good mo \. ement had been 0 suppre ed that there­ \\ a) 10 de\ elo p a community-o f-goods econo m) \\ as a fter it was an in ig nificant innue nce upo n na baptism . 10 O\crt hro\\ Ih e nobilit y by fo rce. " The b\icka u Prophet '> incit ed th e pea'>a nt '> ," a liena tin g them again st The Melchiorite Millenarian Movement in the etherlands Ih e no bilil ) a nd crealing a \ irtua l conditio n o f a na rchy. and Westphalia \l o b \ io lence occurred , a nd the Peasants War erupted bel\\ ee n Ih e 1\l ilitanl Spiri tua li,> ts a nd the Lutheran .'" Melchi or Ho fmann ( 1495- 1543), 33 began preaching the \I unt/er \\a ~ ki ll ed a nd the \iolent W ittenberg P uritan tenets of reli gio u pi ritualism in the etherla nd 3" Re fo rmation mo \ emen t \\ a s destroyed at the Battle o f in 1530 (Table I). Wi thin evera l year , H o fma nn :VlUlh ausen in 1525" ( Fi gure 3 a nd T able I) . mi grated so uthward to Alsace , but the focu of hi Melchi o ri te Millerna ri a n mo emen t3' shi fted ea tward to Wes tpha li a , centering in the town of Munster(Figures Th e icolsburg Community -oj-Goods M ovem ent in 1 a nd 3). MorGl'ia Ho fma nn' s reli gio us concepts were influenced b y his Ba ll haser H LI b ma ier (1500- 1528),'· who was cl osely Spiritua li sti c contempo ra ri es, Tho m a Muntzer a nd associa ted with Tho mas Muntzer and the milita nt Ba lt haser Hubmaier. Like them , he beli eved tha t o nl y Wittenberg Purita n Reformation, foll owing the Battle o f ancien t Apostoli c C hurch practi ce ho uld be permitted Mulha usen, migra ted fro m Zwick au in Saxony to Wa ld­ in reli gio us worship a nd tha t the community-of-good shut in Baden (Figures I and 3) . While in W a ldshut, econo mic system hould be develo ped . He wa a l 0 Hubma ier conso lidated his cleri cal a nd secul a r views, o bsessed with the millenarian concept,3. a d octrine both o f which were stro ngly innuenced by Tho mas \\ hi ch he considered funda mental to his fa ith. As a Muntzer. 1- Hubma ier beli eved in ancient chu rc h prac­ de o ut Spiritualist, H o fmann did not hesitate to use ti ces , and he accepted adult faith ba ptism as a sign phys ical force if it would benefit his Millenarian move­ o f the restored a ncient Apostolic C hurch . M o reover, ment. 37 he ta ught the community-of-good concept. And , Since Hofmann opposed the nobility, hi s Spiritualistic having been in vo lved in the acti viti es of the W itt en berg mo vement received immediate a ccepta nce by the movement, Hubmaier believed that phys ical vio lence peasa ntry, a nd Millenarian Spiritualistic comm unal-type was justifiable in the pursuit o f o ne 's objecti ves . H co ngregati o ns d evelo ped in Emden, Kampen, Leiden, Because of hi s be li e fs, particularly that o f the justi­ Amsterda m, a nd the Hague between 1530 a nd 1533 38 fication of violence, Hubmaier was expelled fro m W a ld­ (Figure 3). Suddenl y, in 1533, prophesying that the shut. He migrated to the Tyrol where he was im­ \Iillenium was a bo ut to occur at Strass burg in Alsace, prisoned. Escaping from there, he ned to Nicolsburg in H ofma nn migra ted to that city 39 (Figure 3). After Moravia (Figures I and 3). Many Moravians accepted H ofma nn 's d epa rture from the Netherlands:o his Hubmaier's beliefs and he succeeded in organizing a Spirit­ fo ll o wers , now called Melchiorites , began to extend ualistic congregation whjch functioned economically a a the Millena ri a n movement by force. [n [534, the small community-of-goods society. Impressed with his m ili lant Melchi o rit es were banished from Holland." success, Hubmaier attempted to extend this ic o lsburg The 1\ [elchiori tes mi grated to Westphalia , reassembling Spiritualistic movement (Table [) to o ther M ora\ ia n a t Munster"' (Figures 1 and 3). Meanwhile, several towns by force. But the use of force caused him to o lher very , ma ll Spiritualistic groups had developed in be imprisoned again, and this time he was m a rt yred . ,,' nO r! h\\ estern Germanic Europe. Harassed because of The Nicolsburg Commuruty-of-Goods Militant Spiritual­ thei r uno rthodox reli gio u , economic, social, and political istic movement did not disappear with the death o f be li e fs, these mall groups also took refuge at Munster. Hubmaier. 30 To the contrary, under the vigoro us a nd This admixture o f Spiritualistic groups caused each of sometimes even violent leadership of it s new cha mpio n, them to be diluted . The Melchiorite movement was Jacob Hutter {I 500-1536),31 the movement was extended furt her modified by po lygamy and communal living. 43 to Rossitz, Austerlitz, Znaim, and Eiben chitz between The Bi shop of Munster, considering these practices to be 1530 and 1535 (Figures 3). Members of these extremely obnoxious, had the town besieged by his co mmunities were soon known as Hutterites in honor of army in 1535; the Munster congregation was destroyed their dynamic new leader. and the Melchiorite Millenarian movement collapsed44 These Hutterites experienced an exceptionally severe (Table J). Melchior Hofmann died in a Strassburg persecution in 1536. Their communities were destroyed prison in 1543 , where he had been confined since by the Roman Catho·lic Church and the Hutterites his arrival there in 1533.

5 SPATIAL HISTORY OF THE MENNONITE MOVEMENT IN GERMANIC EUROPE (1525 - 1700)

LEEUARDEN .....0 WISMAR CITY PLACE OF ORIGIN OF THE '10 4G~O~~~~~~;WUSTENFELDE

• BRETHREN WITMARSUN / o MENISTS /

® MENNONI.TES /

• BRETHREN CONGREGAT~NS ./ o COLOGNE o MENIST CONGREGATIONS

DIRECTION OF DIFFUSION OF THE BRETHREN ------MENISTS -----.. ROTTENBURG . t,,",J DIRECTIONAL ARROW ~ f" STRASSBURG (@i"" $' REGENSBURG .ULM • SCHAFFHAUSEN .'",if~ • AUGSBURG 200 WALDSHUT.~. RATTENSBURG I BASEL ~.g e. " , • MILES / ~>.' --- eERN~.CHUR v-- .. '5;- GALL APPENZEL

FIGURE 4

THE PEACEFUL ANABAPTIST MOVEMENT IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY GERMANIC EU ROPE A Zwinglian oppositi on movement convened at Zurich in 1525 . Dominated by the influence of Conrad Grebel Anabaptism represented an attempt to reform clerical (1495-1526), the anti-Zwingli delegation promulgated the life in sixteenth-century Germanic Europe. It did not basic tenets of Anabaptism (Table I) . As developed comprise a deliberate effort to reshape the then ex isti ng at Zurich, Anabaptist doctrine is an implicit expres­ secular system, as did the contemporaneous militant sion of the Inner Light concept. The emphasis upon movement . a ncient C hristian practices in worship services makes The Pennsylva nia Plain Dutch are comprised of Anabaptist theology expli cit. 4 9 Unlike the Militants several sects which were founded either by the fu sio n who proclaimed a belief in Apostolic Church practices of Anabaptist bodies, or by their splintering as a result only to achieve economic and political goals, the peace­ of doctrinal controversies occurring within the move­ ful Anabaptists sincerely believed that their faith was ment in Germanic Europe between 1525 a nd 1708 a representation of pure Apostolic Christianity and (Table I). The Zurich and Groningen branches of Ana­ worked zealou Iy to obtain converts. Succeeding in baptism united, forming the Mennonite sect. In con­ this work, Anabaptism spread rapidly through south trast, the Amish and Dunkards are Anabaptist sects Germany and became entrenched in the Netherlands. which seceded from the Mennonites. The Schwenk­ Under Conrad Grebel's supervision, the Swiss Ana­ felders, who were classified as Plain Dutch until the baptists founded their first congregation in 1525 at end of the nineteenth century, evolved independently Zollikon, a suburb of Zurichso (Figure 4). Addressing as an Inner Light sect contemporaneous with, but en­ each other as brethren, the Zollikon Anabaptists were tirely separate from, the mainstream of Anabaptism soon named Swiss Brethren (Table I). During 1525, (Table I). the Brethren developed flourishing congregations at Appenzel, St. Gall, Berne, Basel, and Chur in Switzer­ The Brethren Movement land (Figures 1 and 4). Ulrich Zwingli (1483-1531) resided in the city of Between 1525 and 1530, Brethren Anabaptism diffused Zurich, in the German-s peaking canton of Zurich , in northward from the German Cantons of Switzerland the Swiss Confederation4 S (Figure 1 and 4). Zwingli, into Alsace, Baden, Wurtemburg, the Palatinate, the strongly influenced by Militant Spiritualism, was never Rhineland, Bavaria, and the Netherlands, and eastward able to embrace all its tenets. Furthermore he quickly to the TyroJl I (Figure I). Major congregations were became dissati sfied with the earlier established Lutheran organized at Waldshut, Shaffhausen, and Schleitheim Reformation (Table I). Zwingli disagreed with Luther's in Baden; at Augsburg and Regensburg in Bavaria; interpretation of the sacraments and in general he at Rottenburg and Ulm in Wurtemburg; at Landau in considered Lutheranism slow moving and limited in the Palatinate; and at Rattensburg in the Tyrol (Figures scope. 46 1 and 4). Several smaller Swiss Brethren Anabapti t In Zurich, between 1519 and 1521, Zwingli organized congregations were founded in the Netherlands (Figurel). and articulated a theology which was distinctly different The strength of Roman Catholici m prevented the ex­ from Lutheranism and Militant Spiritualism. 4 7 He tension of Anabaptism to Italy and France (Figure 2). believed in the supreme authority of the scripture, Persecution of the Anabaptist commenced in 1525, election to salvation, an organized state church system, and except for brief periods of respite and tran­ and that the Eucharist is only a commemorative act. quility, continued to the end of the eighteenth century. By 1523 Zwingli's movement encountered difficulties, The period of most evere ill treatment occurred be­ as subordinates questioned the validity of his doctrines. 48 tween 1525 and 1536. This period of unrelenting

6 oppres ion coincided with the suppress ion of Militant etherland , 58 fo unding congregation at Emden, Lee­ piritualism. T he Militant movement were scorned uarden, and Witmar un (Figure 4) bet een 1538 and because they condoned phy ical violence which, of 1540.59 course, is why these movements were so quickly de­ Frightened by the growin g number of Menist con­ stroyed. And, as previously implied, since both Ana­ vert in the etherland, an I mperial Edict outlawed baptists and Spiritualist publicly proclaimed a common Anabaptism and caused Simons to leave the country. belief in Apostolic Church practices,S' they were con­ Traveling eastward acro s Hanover and Oldenburg sidered a simi lar if not identical movement by other and then outhward through Westphalia and the Palat­ Protestants and by Roman Catholics. Thus, when inate to Alsace, Simons organized large congregations the Mi litant Spiritualistic movements were being sub­ at WU stenfelde, Wismar, Cologne, and Stra sburg dued, between the time of the Battle of M ulhausen during the 1540's60 (Figures I and 4). and the siege at Munster, no effort was made to Simon came into contact with the remnants of the identify and exempt the Anabaptist from these per e­ Swiss Breth ren movement at Strassburg in the early cutions.53 1550's. Since they regarded each other as members Compl etely adhering to their faith, the Brethren of a common faith, communications developed rapidly refused to defend themselves against their persecutors. and the movements soon merged . Because of the domi­ Members of the faith who did not become incognito nating personality and competent vigoro us leadership were imprisoned or ki ll ed . 54 Brethren congregati o ns of Menno Simons, the members of the two move­ established in the larger ci ties between 1525 and 15 30 ments were collectively cl assified as Mennoni tes by the we re disbanded by 1535, but ma ny sma ll er congre­ end of the 1550's61 (Table I). gati ons were formed in towns a nd vill ages and worship In time, persecution of the Mennonites, especially services were conducted in secret, thus preserving the the Swiss branch, increased in frequency and intensity. peaceful Anaba ptist movement in sixteenth century As Mennonite status in Germanic E urope became in­ Germa ni c Europe (Figure 1). tolerable by the late seventeenth century, Mennonite mi grations to southeastern Pennsylvania commenced . Th e Mennonite Movement Because of the terrible a trocities inflicted upo n them The A mish Movement In Switzerland and A lsace during suppression o f the Militant movements, Ana­ Mennoni tes in the Netherlands practi ced a clerical baptism was bordering on ex tincti on in Germanic (s piritual) and secular (wordly) Bann 62 resulting from Europe by 1536. 55 Fortunately fo r Anabaptism, Menno the influence of Menno Simons. Customarily, the Swiss Simons (1496-1561), a res ident of Wi tmarsun in the Mennoni tes enfo rced the ba nn only in clerical affiars.63 Netherlands (Figures 1 and 4), was able to reorganize Between 1560 and 1690, the Netherlands and Swiss the movement. 56 Simons, deepl y impressed by the Mennoni tes periodicall y reviewed the question of their Anabaptists' willingness to accept death rather than differing interpretations o f the bann, but, during this deny their reli gious convictions, co nverted from Ro man long period, they were unable to arrive at an amicable Catholicism in 1536 and became the dominant per­ compromi se.64 sonality in the Anabaptist movement. 57 In 1693, the Meidung65 controversy climaxed in Swit­ Following the destruction o f Militant Spiritua li sm zerland (Figure 1). Jakob Anunann, Mennonite bishop in 1536, persecution o f the Anabaptists subsided en­ at Berne, insisted that the Swiss Mennonites adopt abling Simons to organize an Ana baptist congrega­ the orthodox Dutch Mennonite enforcement of the of what was soon to be called Menists at Grb ningen in secular bann .66 Hans Reist, another Mennonite bishop, 1537 (Table I and Figure 4). Using Grbningen as a and Ammann's most vehement opponent, supported base, Simons traveled and preached throughout the the relatively lax Swiss position concerning the bann.

SPA TIA L HISTORY OF THE AM ISH MOVEMENT IN GERMANIC EU ROPE ( 1693- 1719)

CITY PLACE OF OR IGIN ANO/O R PR INC IPAL CO NGREGATION • SWISS CONGRE GATIO NS 0 NON - SWISS CONGREGATIONS DIRECTION OF DIFFUSION OF THE MOVEMENT FIGJRE 5 --- -+ LOCAT IONAL ARROW

Ci KAI SERSLAUTERN ..... ~ ESS INGEN o IXHEIM T o OlESEN BIRKENHOF, 1">:\'6 MARKIRCH MUMPELGART,, ' , . 1"'0 BREISGAU 200 LA CH AUX OU FONDS . :O~ '--'---'-__...JI FRIEOERSMATT. " 0 BERNE MILES -~ o :::O~GIW I L 7 NEUENBURG c.•• ••O OO UTTIGEN ,'/ HO BSTETTEN " " REUTIGEN ER IENBACH SPATIAL HISTORY OF THE DUNKARD MOVEMENT IN GERMANIC EUROPE (1708-1729)

A Reist-Amma nn dispute occurred in 1693, thereby causin g factiona li m a mo ng wi ss Menno nites 6 7 Reist a nd Amma nn , o r their ub o rd i n ~ t e , di scu sed the Meid ung controversy o n evera l occa io ns bet ween ~"''''' .. 1693 a nd 1696. Despite ma ny consulta ti o n, di unity o increased tha t Amma nn a nd the trict Meidung e KREFELD group seceded from the main body of Swi ss Mennonites. tJt SCHWARZENAU eUARIENBORN The seces io ni t were na med Amish in ho nor o f their fo remost leader, Ja ko b Amma nn . They, the Amish, e ta bli shed their first congregati o n a t Berne, Switzerl a nd , in 169668 (Figures 1,5, a nd T a bl e I) . Proceeding fro m Berne, the center o f the Amish­

Mennonite schism , Amma nn preached throughout north 200 Switzerl a nd. Under his guida nce, congregati o ns were MILES fo unded a t Uttigen, Ho bstelten, Eggiwil, Reutigen, Eri enbach, Friedersmatt, LaC haux du Fonds, and euen­ burg during 169669 (Figure 5). Although the Amish congregatio ns were mainl y com­ prised o f former Mennonites, they a lso included so me conve rts from Calvinism (Table I) . In reta li a ti on a­ CITY PLACE OF · ORIGIN OF THE DUNKARD MOVEMENT gainst the inroads into their membership, the Cal­ e MAJOR CON GREGATIONS vinists, who were now the reli gious majority in No rth _ DIRECTION OF DIFFUSION OF THE MOVEMENT Switzerland (Table I), severely persecuted the Amish. To escape oppression, the Amish began migra ting to FI GURE 6 Baden, the Palatinate, and the Germanic sections o f Alsace and Lorraine in 169670 (Figure I). Ammann, the newl y o rgani zed ect because its members baptized himself, took refuge a t M a rkirch, Al ace, during the by immersio n." same year. The presence of Amma nn a t Ma rkirch The Dunka rd fa ith a ttracted considerable attention, e ta blished the focus o f the Amish-Menno nite move­ a nd becoming immedia tely po pula r, a large congre­ ment there in place o f Berne" (Figure 5). In addi­ gati on develo ped a t Schwarzena u . Many of the Dunk­ tion to Markirch, Amish congregati o ns were o rgani zed ards were former Cal vinists. Reacting identically as they at Birkenhof and a t Mumpelgart, Alsace; a t Di esen, did to the Amish movement, the Calvinist decided Lorra ine; and at Breisgau, Baden; as well a a t upo n a po li cy o f reli gious persecution in o rder to Kaiserslautern, Ixheim , and Essingen , in the Palatina te suppress the Dunkards, and thus preserve their own (Figures I and 5) between 1696 a nd 17 19 . membership. In 1719, a nother period of severe ill-treatment again st Imperiled by Calvinism a t Schwarzena u, the Dunk­ the Amish began in southern Germa ni c Euro pe. 72 a rds were compelled to relocate and they mo ed to In respo nse, the Amish exodus to outhea tern Penn­ Ma ri enborn . III treatment there caused the Dunkards to mi grate to Krefeld (Figure 6) . Persecution at sylvania commenced about 1720. Krefeld , a nd knowledge of the a vailability of religio us Th e Dunkard Movement in Westphalia freedom in Pennsylvania, resulted in practically the Gottfried Arnold (1665-1714) in the early 1700's, entire Dunkard population migra ting , via Wes ter ian implied that the Mennonite faith was no lo nger ab­ in the Netherland (Figure 6), to sou thea tern Penn­ 78 solutely pure because several ancient C hristian prac­ sylvania between 1719 and 1729. tices were being ignored. 73 According to Arnold, adult baptism by trine (triple) immersion in a flowing stream,7. Th e SchwenkJelder M ovement in Silesia the keeping of the love fea t, 7S and foot washing Caspar Schwenkfeld (1490-1561) 79 occupie a unique ceremonies, all Apostolic Church practices were almost place among the My ti cs a nd Spirituali ts of the Pro­ completely neglected. testant Reformation. 80 While serving as a noble at However, it was Alexander Mack (1679- 1735), of the the court of the Duke of Mun terburg in Silesia Palatinate, who refined and formalized Arnold's re­ in the early 1520's, Schwenkfeld was converted to ligious ideas. In 1708, Mack and seven religious Lutheranism Y Di sillusioned with the modesty of Lu­ sympathizers baptized each other in the Eder River ther's reformation, and believing that Luther's interpre­ near Schwarzenau, Westphalia, thus beginning a second tation of the sacraments8 2 was too conservative, he schism among the Mennonites76 (Figures I, 6, and articulated his Inner Light beliefs at Leignitz, ile ia, Table I) . The word Dunkard was adopted to identi fy in 1523 83 (Figure 7 and Table I).

8 SPATIAL HISTORY OF THE SCHWENK FELDER MOVEMENT IN GERMANIC EUROPE (1523-1734)

wa expanding primarily at their expen e, the pre­ dominant Lutheran de eloped a bitter re entment to­ ward chwenkfeld and hi follower, and threatened to in titute dra ti c mea ure , namely per ecution , to nulli­ ify chwenkfeld eri m. In 1529, ch\ enkfeld accepted an involuntary exi le impo ed upon him by the Lutheran Church in German ile ia, as an a lternati e to the persecuti o n of hi s co-believer .90 The Lutheran be­ li eved that if Schwenk feld were bani hed from Sil­ e ia, the movement would collap e. During hi s long exi le (1529- 1561), chwenkfeld con­ ducted a steady corre pondence with hi Si lesian ym­ pathizers. His letters were in strumental in stimulating the further numerical development a nd areal di per ion of the faith from the fo ur core centers to Harpers­ dorf, Armenruh, Lau tersei fen, Hockenau, and Lang­ neundorf in th e 1530's9 \ (Figure 7) . The exi le imposed upon Schwenkfeld by the Lutherans fai led to curtail the movement, and its membership Qll PLACE OF ORIGIN OF SCHWENKFELDERISM • MAJOR CONGREGATIONS numbered in the thousands by 1540.92 In desperation, I. BRESLAU 5. HARPERSDORF a relentlessly bitter persecution was inaugurated against 2 . GOLDBERG 6. HOCKENAU 3. JAUER 7. LANGNEUNDORF the Schwenk fe ld ers in the late 1530's. Except for 4. ARMENRUH B. LAUTERSEIFEN several brief respites, the period of ill treatment con­ o CITIES INFLUENCED BY SCHWENKFELDERI SM - 9. GORLITZ tinued into the eighteenth century. All but ann­ --+ DIRECTION OF DIFFUSION OF THE MOVEMENT ihilated by 1726, a survivin g nucleus of 519 Schwenk­

FIGURE 7 fe ld ers abandoned Silesia and rel0cated at Garlitz, The basic concepts of the Schwenkfelder faith are Saxony (Figures 1 and 7) . Following a relatively brief predicated upon Mystical Pietism. Schwenkfeld denied residence in Garlitz, the Schwenkfelders began their the validity of the external word, 84 accepting only long and arduous journey to southeastern Pennsyl­ 93 the internal word. 8s He believed that God's Grace vania . Most of these sectarians arri ved in 1734. is obtainable only by Divine Revelation. 86 Therefore, he discarded infant baptism in favor of adult faith SUMMARY baptism. Proclaiming a complete deification of Christ's The Protestant Reformation , conslstlI1g of three human nature caused Schwenkfeld to preach an un­ major movements - Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Ana­ usual mystical interpretation of the Eucharist. 87 He baptism - and one minor movement - Mibtant Spirit­ agreed with most other Mystics that church buildings ualism - focused on Germanic Europe (Figure 1) and clergymen were unimportant, but di sagreed with where it began in the early sixteenth century. Luther­ them in hi s belief that organized congregations were anism, the first successful major Protestant Movement likewise unimportant. (Table I) , from the time of its inception to the pre­ Schwenkfeld did not expect to organize a new re­ sent has been recognized as the most theologically religious movement. Hence, during 1525 he visited conservative branch of Protestantism. Hence, almost Luther on several occasions in order to reconcile from the beginning of the Reformation, many of their differences regarding their interpretations of the Luther's followers and sympathizers became dissatis­ sacraments, especially the Eucharist. 88 The two men fied with the narrow scope of his movement and made were unable to arrive at an amicable compromise many more-or-less successful attempts to secede and and the conferences were finally terminated by Lu­ establish new sects. Among the earliest and historically ther's complete repudiation of Schwenkfeld. most important of these were the Militant Spiritualists, Regardless of Schwenkfeld's reluctance to support who promised not only a return to the ancient rituals the organization of a religious sect bearing his name of Apostolic Christianity but also economic reform and adhering to his theological concepts, a large­ and the organization of community-of-goods societies scale Schwenkfelder movement commenced in Germanic in Germanic Europe (Figure I). To achieve their Silesia. Between 1525 and 1529, large Schwenkfelder economic objectives, these groups resorted to physical populations developed in Leignitz, Jauer, Breslau, and violence. Three temporarily successful Militant Spirit­ Goldberg 89 (Figure 7). ualistic movements developed between 1521 and 1530: Many Lutherans, and a few Roman Catholics, were one at Zwickau, another at Nicolsburg, and a third converting to Schwenkfelderism. Since this movement at Munster (Table 1 and Figure 3). The promise

9 o f econo mi c betterment caused Milita nt piritua li sm to ' Ca lvinism is tha t bra nch o f Pro testa nt ism fo unded by J o hn to enjoy much popul a rity a mo ng the peasa nt cl as , a lvin a nd a bsorbed the parall el movement, Zwinglia ni sm . a lvin - ism a nd a ll the Prote ta l1l deno mina ti o ns a ffili a ted with his theology, but the vio lent character o f th e movement engendered a re coll ecti ve ly referred to as the Refo rmed hurc h. I bid. , pp. ruthles per ecutio n by the esta blished churche a nd , 197-28 2. (The Calvinist Re formed movement represent s a liberal thu , by 1536 a ll three' milita nt movements had been middle-of-the-road depa rture fro m Luthera ni m.) 'Ana ba ptism is tha t bra nch o f Prote ta nti m founded by th eologia ns de troyed . suppo rt in g a return to the religio u practi ces o f th e AnCIent The persecutio ns provoked by the milita nt movements ApOSLO lic hurch . Ibid., pp. 399-426. (Ana bapti sm represent s a conditio ned the adherents o f the do mina nt reli gio ns radica l depa rture from Luthera ni sm .) ' M ilita nt pi ritua lism was fo rmula ted by Pro te ta nt th eologia n to engage in simila r repre sive measure against the who ad vocated th e u e o f phys ica l vio lence to achi eve their religio us vario u peaceful Ana ba ptist sects tha t were a ri ing. a nd sec ula r goals. See Geroge Hunt sto n W ill ia ms, Th e Radical One o f these, Schwenkfeld eri m , fo unded a t Leignitz, Rejol'llwfioll (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1962). ' Enthu iasts be li eved tha t God reveals him el f to ma n di rect ly Sile ia (Ta ble I a nd Figure 7) in 1523, evolved inde­ by a specia l act o utside H is revela ti o n in the scriptu res. See pendently fr om but a kin to the ma in tream o f Ana­ Mayer, op . eif., pp. 573-574 . ba tpi m in we tern Germa ni c Euro pe (Figure I) . The , pirilUa list ho ld beliefs th a t, to th e no nbe li ever at least , a ppear to be id enlical with th ose o f the E nthusiasts. I bid., pp. 573-574. Schwenkfelder Movement pread ra pidly into surround­ , ee footno te 4 . ing towns. A econd gro up calling them elve Swi ' Inner Li ght Doctrine refers to a n a ll eged di vi ne pre ence in the Brethren , o rga ni zed a no nvio lent funda menta li st pirit­ o ul \\ hi ch guides a nd enli ghtens it. Ibid., pp. 9-95 . ' I'vlysti cal P ie ti sm is a belief that ma n can gai n direc t under­ ua li ti c movement termed Ana ba pti m near Zurich in sta nd ing of God a nd d ivine truth th rough in ig ht in a ma nner 1525 (Ta ble I a nd Figure 4) a nd di ffused ra pidly through d iffe rent fr om ense preceptio n . Mysti cal Pi etism is a n e' plic it e' press io n o f the Inner Lig ht Doctrine. See Mayer , op. eif., southwe tern Germanic Euro pe. Almost va nqui hed by pp. 573-574 . persecutio n, the movement tra nsferred to G ro ningen " Difference between the terms Anaba ptist, nthu iast , piritua list, in the Netherl a nds (Ta ble I a nd Fi gure 4) . Thi new Inner Li ght , a nd M y tical Pie tism a rc very subtle. Howe\er, inter­ preta ti o n a nd actu a l practice by va rio us reli gious gro up di ffer Meni st movement, na med for its foremo t leader consid era bl y. Menno imo ns, spread ea twa rd a nd o uthwa rd (Figure " Regard less o f a ny o ther beliefs, the u e of physical fo rce by 4) . At trassburg Meni sts a nd the remna nt o f the the M ilit a nt Spiri tua li st clearly diffe rentiates them fro m the Ana­ Swi Brethren movement united to fo rm the Menno nite ba ptists. Herea ft er, th e wo rds Milita nt , piritua li st , a nd Enthusiast a re used int erchangeably, a nd separately from Ana ba pt ism . sect. Fo llowing o me doctrinal con trover ie a gro up " Fra nklin H a mlin Littell , Th e A l/abapfiSf Vie ll' oj fh e Church o f diss idents under the leadership o f Jacob Amma n (2d ed. ; Bosto n: Sta r King Press. 1958), pp. 2-27. Thi re ference is the so urce o f spe ll ings in the section , " The i\l ilitant Spiritua li stic broke a way fro m the Mennonite fo unding the Amish Mo vement ." ect a t Berne in 1696 (Ta ble I and Fi gure 5) . La ter, " I bid., pp. 4- 11. in 1708 a no ther ma ll ba nd of Menno nite in Schwa rz­ " Ibid. ena u seceded from the C hurch a nd o rgani zed the Dunk­ " Foot wa hing, adul t ba ptism in a stream, a nd keeping o f the Love Fea t a re exa mples o f such early C hri tian practi ce . ard sect (Table I and Fi gure 6) . " Lit te ll , op . eif .. pp. 2-27 . Reli gious intolerance was rife in ixteenth a nd seven­ " I bid., pp. 4- 11. " Ibid. teenth century Germanic Europe, and the Amish, Dunk­ " A beli ef that the scripture uperseded the d icta tes of the church ards, Mennonite and Schwenkfelders were frequently prela tes. and severely oppres ed by the predominant tate churche . " Lit tel, op. cif., pp. 2-27. " Ibid. Toward the end of the eventeenth century it was " H . Da ni el- Ro ps, The Profe fa llf Rejorlllafioll, A udrey Butl er, apparent to the minority groups that secta ri a n sur­ tra n la to r (New York: E . P . Dutton a nd Co., Inc., 1961), p. 3 11 . vival depended upon migration, preferably to Ameri ca. " Littel, op . eif., pp . 8-9. " I bid., pp. 16- 17. At that time the Quakers initiated a program of " Da ni el-Ro p ,op. eir. , pp. 312-3 16. advertising the religiou liberty and economic advantages " Littell, op. eir. , pp. 16- 17. available to all people in Penn ylvania. Thus, many " Willia ms, op . cir. , p. 18. " I bid. members of the Anabapti t ect, as well as other " Han J. Hillenbrand, The Rejormafiol/ (New Yo rk : Ha rper a nd German Protestants, began migrating to Penn ylvania. Row , 1964), pp. 215-21 7. The great exodus of Germanic European Protestants JO e. Henry Smith, The fory oj fh e M el/noniles (Berne, Indiana: to southeastern Pennsylvania spanned the period from Menno nite Boo k C oncern, 1941). This reference is the source of pellings fo r the section on the Mennonite movement. 1683 to the time of the American Revolution, with JI H ill enbrand, op . Cil., p . 234. the greate t numbers arriving during the middle half J1 A . G . Dicken, Rejormafion and Sociefy in Sixfeellfh Cellfllry Europe (New Yo rk: Ha rcourt Brace a nd Wo rld, Inc., 1966), of the eighteenth century. 94 pp.100- 101. " Littell, op . eil ., p. 20. Endnotes " The place na mes etherl a nd and H Olla nd a re used interchange­ ably in this study. ' Luthera nism is tha t bra nch of Prote ta ntism fo unded by Ma rtin " Millenium signifie the econd coming o f Christ. ee mith, Luther. F.E. Mayer , Th e Religious Bodies oj A merica (4th ed .; op . eif., p. 75 . Sa int Lo ui s, Missouri: The Concordia Pres , 1961), pp. 127-196. " Di cken, op . cif., pp. 130-133 . (Luthera ni sm is the most conservative of the major Reforma tion " Smith, op . cil. , pp. 78-79. mo vements.) " Hillenbrand, op. Cil., p. 220.

10 " mith, op. Ci l., pp. 7 -79. " The external \\ord refer to the statement of the saint a " Willi ams, op. ell., pp. 259-264. recorded in the cripture . Ibid., pp. 400-402. • Smith, op. Cil., pp. 7 1-79. "The internal \\ ord refer to the pronouncement of hri t a " Williams, op. Cil., pp. 259-264. recorded in the scripture. Ibid., pp. 400-402 . " Hillenbrand, op. cil., p. 259. " Divine Revelation is a term that indicate an ab olute belief " Ibid., p. 220. in the last book of the ew Testament. Ibid., pp. 400-402. " Litt ell , op. Cil., pp. 1- 14 . "Eucharist IS one of the hristian sacraments called the Lord' "L\\ingll denied Luther's doctrine of Consubstantiation and took Supper. a position approximated by Sch\\ enkfeld who considered the ucharist .. chwenUeld proclaimed the Eucharist to be only a m IIcal a commemorative act of faith. commemorative act. Luther propounded the doctrine of on ub­ "For explanations of Lutherani sm and Zwinglianism, ee Mayer, tantiation, \\ herein the body and blood of Chri t are permanently op. CII.; Williams, OfJ. cil.; Littell, op. CII.; and Thomas I. Lindsa}, united \\ ith the con ecrated bread and \\ ine. ee Mayer, op. Cil., A HiSlory of Ihe Reforlllalion, Vol. I (2d ed.; Ne\\ York: Charl es pp.62-93 . Scribner's ons, 19 10). .. elina Gerhard chultz, Caspar Schwenkfeld I'on OSSlg, A Course " Williams, op. cil., p. 11 8. of Sludy (Pennsburg, Pa.: The Board of Education of the ch\\ en k­ " For a n e\planation of Anabapti st th eology, see Littell , op. CII ., fe lder Church, 1964), p. 10 pp. 1- 14 ; and Smith, OfJ. elf., pp. 9-95. See a lso footnote 15. ,olbid., pp. 108- 109. "' Litt ell , op. CII., p. I. " Ibid., p. 109. , mith , op. cil., pp. 39-5 1. " A Brief Slalelllenl of Ihe Scll\venkfelder Church (Pennsburg, " See footnotes 47 a nd 49. Pa.,: The Board of ducation of General Conference of the " Smith, op. Cil ., pp. 9-95; a nd Littell , op. Cil., pp. 17- 18. Schwenkfeld er Church, 1965), p. 4 . " Ibid., pp. 17- 1 . "Schultz, op. Cil., p. 109. .. mith, op. Cil., pp. 9-95 . " James Tho mas Lemon, " A Ru ral Geography of Southea tem " Ibid.. p. 10 1 Penn ylvania During the Eighteenth entury" (unpublished Ph. D. " Harry mer on Fosdi c k, Greal Voices of Ihe Reformalion, dissertation, Department of Geography, niversity of Michigan, An Anlhology ( ew York: Thc Modern LibrarY, 1952), p. 316. 1964) . " mith, op. Cil. , pp. 95 - 124; a nd Calvin G. Bachman, The Old Order A III ish of LancaSler CounlY, Proceeding of the Pennsylva nia German Society, Vo l. 60 (Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Fra nklin and Marsha ll College, 196 I), pp. 27 -32 . " Williams, op. Cil., p. 392 . " Ibid. MAP 0 RCE " Smith, op. cif., p. 124 ; and George H . Fi sher, Hislory of Ihe Reforlllalioll( ew York: Charles Scribner'S o ns, 1893), p . 31 I. (Many of the sources referred to in this study also have been helpful " Charl es S. Ri ce and Jo hn B. Shenk, Meel Ihe A III ish, A Piclorial in the preparation of ome of the maps.) Sludy of Ih e Amish People ( ew Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers Unive r it y Press, 1947), p. 5. Daniel-Rops, H. Proleslant Reformalion. (Figures I, 3, 4, 5, 6 and7). " Elm er L. Smith , Th e Alllish People (New York: Ex posi ti on Espenshade, Edward W ., ed. Goodes World Alias. 12th ed. Press, 1958), p . 19 . C hi cago: Rand McNall y, 1964 . (Figure 2). " John A . Hostetler, Amish SocielY (Revised ed .; Baltimore: Fis her, Virginia S. The Slory of Ih e Brelhren. Elgin, Ill inios: The John Hopkins Press, 1968), pp. 28 -35 . This reference is Brethren Publishing House, 1957. (Figures I a nd 6). u ed as the source of all spellings fo r the section, " The Amish Fosdic k. Greal Voices of Ihe Reformalion. (Figures 1, 4, 5, 6, Movement in Switzerland a nd Alsace. " and 7). " Meidung is the German word eq ui va lent for Bann . Ibid., Hillenbrand. The Reformalion. (Figures 1,3,4,5,6, and 7). p. 62. Hostetler. A 111 ish Sociely. (Figures 1, 4, a nd 5). " Bachma n, op. Cil., pp. 27 -50. Lindsay. Hislory of Ihe Reformalion. (Figures 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, " Hostetler ,0fJ. cif. , pp. 28 -35 . a nd 7). " Ibid. Littel l. Anabaplisl View of The Church. (Figures 1,3, and 4) . " Ibid. Mallo tt . Sludies in Brelhren Hislory. (Figure I and 6). ,o H. M. J. Klein, Hislory and Cullure of Ihe Amish People Milchell's M odern Alias. Philadelphia: E. H. Butler and Co., (York, Pa.: Marble Press Co., 1946). 1868 . (Figures 1, 3,4,5,6, and 7). " Hostetler, op. ci f., p. 38. Palmer, R. H ., ed . AlIas of World Hislory. C hicago, Ill inois: " Ibid., pp. 38-44. Rand Mc ally, 1957. (Figures 1,3,4,5,6, and 7). " Floyd E. Mallo tt, Sludies in Brelhren Hislory (Elgi n, Illi nois: Schultz, C hristopher. Map prepared from the diary of Christopher Brethren Publishing Co., 1957), This reference is u ed as the source Schultz recording the emmigration o f the Schwenkfelders from of all spellings in the section, " The Dunkard Movement in Sil esia to Philadelphia. Schwenkfelder Library, Pennsburg, Pa. Westphalia. " (Figures I a nd 7) . " Frederic Kl ees, The Pennsylvania DulCh (New York: The Mac­ Schultz, Selina Gerhard. Caspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig. (figures millan Company, 1950), pp. 61 -62. I a nd 7). " Clarence Kulp, " A Dunkard Weekend Love Feast o f 100 Yea r Smith, C. Henry. Slory of Ih e Mennoniles. (Figures I , 3, a nd Ago," Pennsylvania Folklife, Vo l. I I, No. 1 (Spring, 1960). 4). " Kl ees,ofJ. Cil., p. 61 . Williams. Radical Reformalion . (Figures 1,3, a nd 4). " Ibid. " Mallott, op. Cil., pp. 29- I 27. " Samuel K. Brecht, The Genealogical Record of Ih e Schwenk­ felder Families, 1731 -1737 ( ew York: Rand-McNall y, 1923), p. 7. This reference is u ed as the source of all spellings for the ection, " The Schwenkfelder Movement in Silesia." ADDITIOI AL REFERENCES .o Mayer, op. cif. , pp. 424-425. " Brecht , op. Cil., p. 8. Dillenberger, J ohn C. and Claude Welch. Proleslanl ChrislianilY. " Sacrament, in theology, is a rite ordained as an outward and New York: C harles Scribner's Sons, 1964 . vi sible sign of inward and spiritual grace. Roman Catholi c and some Fisher, George H . Hislory of Ihe Reformalion. New York: Pro testant churches regard the acraments as havi ng been instituted Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893. by Christ to provide grace. See Mayer, op. cil., pp. 62-93. Pauck, Wilhelm . The Heritage of Ih e Reforlllalion. Glencoe, Illi­ " Brecht, op . Cil., p. 8-9 . . nois: The Free Press, 1950.

11 Plate 1 A n origi­ nal stove plate SToRY of " Temptation of Joseph. " From the collection of A SToVE the A4ercer A1u­ seum of Bucks County Historical Society. By Albert T. Gamon

The Engli h colonists of the New World relied for This then, is the story of one of those five plate their winter-time comfort on the refl ected hea t of a fire stoves, the discovery, reproduction and in stallation of built in the gable-end fireplace( ) of their homes. Large which was a memorable epi sode in the res to ration of the

fir~ba c k s, (arch topped iron plates, decorated with Peter Wentz Farmstead, I an episode that once again symbolic or heraldic motifs) positioned against the underlines the danger of approaching any hi storical backs of the fireplaces, fulfilled the dual purposes of project with pre-conceived, stereotyped notions about heat reflector and masonry protector. the way our ancestors li ved. It was left to the German settlers of Pennsyl­ While it is true that many Pennsylvania Germans built vania to introduce into America the five pla te heating their homes around a central chimney, the findings at stove, which utilized the heat available in the kitchen Peter Wentz prove that "it ain't necessarily so". Peter, fireplace to raise at least one other room of the hou e wealthy second generation Pennsylvania Dutchman that to a liveable temperature. he was, apparently decided, that with a little ingenuity, Unlike the Engli h of the Middle Colonies, the German he could build a Georgian manor house with a gable settlers usually constructed their dwellings around a chimney and center hall, stylish enough to impress his central chimney, with the fireplace on the inside wall Philadelphia friends,2 but without sacrificing the com­ of the kitchen and a five plate stove, mounted into forts of the traditional, continental central chimney. a jamb in the back of that fireplace, jutting into the He accomplished this architectural feat by simply ro­ "stu be" (living room) beyond (see Figure 1). The tating one gable-end fireplace 90 0 from its normal remaining room on the ground floor of the typical position on the outside wall, jutting it into the middle German hou e, the "kamer" (bedroom) was seldom of the building where it became the divider between heated by anything more than the warm stones of the the winter kitchen and the dining room (see Figure 2). chimney back. Following traditional German building practices, he even Consisting of a top, bottom, front and two side anchored one end of the summer beam into the chimney plates, the five plate heating stove (see Plate 13) pile, but on the cheek, rather than the face! functioned much like a modern radiator, transferring His arrangement of the fireplace and chimney allowed the heat of coals from the fireplace into the room be­ Peter to install a five plate stove in the dining room, hind. clear evidence of the prior existence of which (in the form

Figure J Figure 2 Layout of kitchen fireplace with five plate stove behind it. Floor plan of Peter Wentz house showing position of fireplaces, five plate stove and summer beam. 12 of additional bracin g under the floor) became apparent Just enough detail was i ible through the ashes and during th e res toration. While it was thus known that a corrosion on the Wentz plate (again ee Plate 2) for fi ve plate stove was needed, it was n't known what kind. it to be identifiabl e a a " Temptation of Jo eph" The traditional fi ve plate stove was composed of identical pl ateS which, like the front pl ate fo und acro the road top and bottom plates, two decorated sid e pl ates (o ne was dated 1749 . These identical date ,plus the matching left and one ri ght) and a matching front plate, all held to­ di vision of tex t fro m decoration on both the front and gether by a long bolt with a butterfly nut. The Peter sid e pl ates was proof enough that both plate had, at Wentz Restoration had none of those parts, no clues one tim e, been integral parts of the same five plate stove. at all regarding the decoration or text o f the side Adding to the exci tement of the e di coverie was plates nor where the stove was made - but early in Mercer's comment that (at the time o f hi s writing) no the project pieces began turning up. An almost front plate for a " Temptation of Jo eph" tove had ever complete top (or bottom) plate was di scovered, and turned up . shortly afterward its miss ing section was found. Next While the top/ bottom and front plate were sufficient­ a front plate dated 1749 (a logical date for the stove that ly intact, as found , to be used as patterns for their could have been in Peter's first house built in 1744) reproduction, it was obvious that a better plate was di scovered at the farm across the road from the than ours was needed as a pattern for the side plates. restored Farmstead. 3 It was however, the discovery of The logical place to look for such a plate was the the fragment of a left-hand side plate, found during the Mercer Museum, where, among their collection there removal of a nineteenth century smoke house that proved to be a practicall y perfect "Temptation of tied the whole thing together (see Plate 2.) Joseph", ri ght hand plate. Our request to borrow the plate to use as a pattern met with a very reluctant refusal, since the Museum is bound by Henry Mercer's will, specifically prohibiting any of the objects in their care from ever leaving the Museum. The Museum Staff did however, generously give us permission to make a wax impression of their plate, from which a plaster pattern could subsequently be made. Since neither we nor they had ever before done anything like this, the day the impression was made proved to be memorable for us all. We did, despite predictions to the contrary, eventually come up with a good, clean impression of a "Temptation of Joseph" plate (Plates 3 and 4.) Lynn Poirier and the Staff of the Mercer Museum could not have been more helpful; we will be forever in their debt.

I --'",""",-...;~ Plate 2 Original left-hand side plate of "Temptation of Joseph" stove, found in the smoke house on Peter Wentz Farmstead. It is probably fair to say that the one outstanding trait of the average Pennsylvania Dutchman is his frugality. Fortunately for the material culturist, few (if any) Pennsylvania Dutchmen ever discarded any­ thing usable, certainly never anything as fine as a cast iron stove plate! We have seen stove plates being used as stepping stones, as run-off plates under down­ spouts, as door steps and as hearth pavements to fireplaces. Mercer reports in addition, their use as firebacks, chimney covers and dripstones, and to have found them in old houses, old mills, chicken houses, tobacco sheds, antique shops and junk yards. 4 The Plate 3 Four inches of molten paraffin covering "Temp­ Peter Wentz side plate was found being used as the tation of Joseph" side plate at Mercer Museum. hearth in a smoke house.

13 sand mold, from the mold a master pattern (in this case aluminum, although its 1749 ancestor would have been of carved wood) (see Plate 5), from the master two more and mold s, a nd from those molds two side plates for our stove. The actual casti ng of our plates proved to be duck oup for Confer-Smith, where "chust asid e" of the modern foundry there i a Special Products department wh ere sand cast objects are produced in much the same manner as they were when our plates were first cast in 1749 (Plate 6.)

Plate 4 Completer wax impression of "Temptation of Joseph" side plate. The next problem wa to find a foundry interested in casting the plate for our tove, a problem that dis­ appeared when Don SLOughton, President of Confer­ mith & Compa ny, of Hamburg, Pennsylvania, became intere ted in our project and agreed to take on the job.

Plate 6 "Special Products" department, Confer-Smith - Co. Foundry, Hamburg, PA. Whjle eighteenth century founders would have poured iron for stove plates directly into impress ions in the sand floor of the casting shed, twentieth century safety requirements dictate that our reproduction plates be cast in sand flasks. To begin the process, the pattern had to be attached, face up, to the top of the drag (bottom half of the flask), which was then turned upside down and filled with founder's sand, rammed hard. The bottom of the drag was then covered with a follower board to keep the sand from falling out, and the whole flask turned over. Parting sand (which allowed the im­ pression to remain when the flask was opened) was - then sprinkled over the face of the pattern, and the cope (top half of the flask) filled tightly with rammed Plate 5 Master (aluminum) pattern of "Temptation of and stomped sand and leveled off. Sprue holes (which Joseph " side plate, made from wax impression shown allowed the steam to escape) were tapped in, the cope in Plates 3 and 4. and drag separated, the pattern removed (leaving its impres ion in the parting sand), spacers inserted, the Since we did have the original plate to use as a pattern, flask closed, molten iron poured into the impression and, the top/ bottom plate proved to be no problem to the following sufficient time for cooling, a fini hed plate Foundry, nor did the front plate, which only needed extracted. (See Plates 7 through 13). Finally mounted some chips replaced on the return (which clasps the into a jamb in the back wall of the winter kitchen side plates and holds the whole thing together) to fireplace, jutting into the dining room, with its front convert that original plate into a pattern. The problems end supported on a squared, red sandstone block and came in producing the side plates from the wax with its surface blackened (with a non-traditional shoe impression that we provided. From that impress ion a polish), our reproduction stove ha been taken for the plaster pattern had to be made, from the pattern a origjnal by casual visitor and mu eum professional alike.

14 Plate 7 Ramming the sand. into the drag oj thejlask being used to cast a " Temptation oj Joseph" side plate. Conjer-Smith Company.

Plate 8 Attaching thejol/ower board to the drag.

Plate 9 Stomping the sand ojthecope.

15 Plate 10 Making sprue holes in the sand oj the cope.

Plate 11 The cope and drag are separated prior to removing the pattern (on the bollom side oj the board shown in this Plate.)

Plate 12 Inserting spacers around th e completed impression prior to closing thejlask . ENDNOTES IMid-eighteenth century restoration project of Montgomery County, the Farmstead is located near the intersecti on of Routes 73 and 363. It is open to the public daily (except Monday) from 10:00 a.m. un\il 4:00 p.m. (1:00 to 4:00 p.m. Sunday.) ' It certainl y impressed George Washington, for the General twice chose it for hi s headquarters, stopping there before and after the Battle of Germantown. ' A later house with a hi story of ownership by a member of the Wentz Family. Plate 13 Final result: Reproduced 'Henry C. Mercer, The Bible in Iron; 3d ed., (Doylestown : Bucks "Temptation oj Joseph" stove at the Peter County Hist.Soc., 1961)pp. I,2, 141 - 142 . 'Ibid., pp. 189- 190,255; Plates 8 1, 82 ,83. Wentz House.

16 The Journal of Rev. Johann Heinrich Helfferich A Di ary of His Journey acro s the Atlantic in 177 1. A literal rather than a free tran lation of arne.

Translated by William U. Helfferich

Johann Heinrich H elfferich was the son of Johann Peter Helffrich, who was first identified as Reformed Church member inhabiting the vi ll age of Mittel­ Schefnenz. In 171 8 John Peter Helffrich was accepted as a citizen of the city of Mosbach, within juris­ diction of which Mittel-Schefflenz fe ll. The Trade Guild of Mosbach in 1720 admitted Johann Peter, saddler; he appears on the tax li sts from 1720 to 1741. When he died, he left hi s widow Anna Mar­ garetha (Dietz) and one child, Johann Hei nrich . In the friendly old town of Mosbach, surrounded by vi nyards on the slopes ri sing from the Elz Creek, Johann Heinrich Helfferich was born on 22 OctOber, 1739, and was baptized two days later in the church of Mosbach . The birth certi ficate records the name of the god-father, Johann Elias Helffrich, Innkeeper of the Crown a t Unter-Schefnenz. - Rudolf P . Hommel

As a boy John Henry attended Latin School and then University of Heidelberg, where he matriculated 17 February, 1758. Three years later he passed his fi rst examination, was licensed to preach and was received as candidate of theology. Supervised by his step­ father, Rev. Peter Helffenstein, he preached fo r 3 Y2 years at Sinsheim and Rohrbach and after seven years as vicar in the vicinity, was approved for service in America in 1771. As noted in the accompanying Jour­ nal of the Voyage, Helfferich travelled with his ha lf­ . Cicb~, tl)a\:~~it V brother, Rev. John Conrad Albert Helffenstein and ,J.l1: ji,/JA..ttf: I -->------~-----­ John Gebhart from Amsterdam to New York on the , ~ ; (.~ . . Ship Rising Sun, Arthur Helme, Master. Both young ministers survived the hardships of travel well enough. Soon after arrival, Helfferich participated in the Coetus of Pennsylvania, in which he also served as Helfferich's own copy of Hohjner, On Evangelical Secretary (1776, 1785) and President (1777, 1786.) Unity, with autograph inscribed eight years before In 1785 he wrote the most elaborate statistical letter he brought the book to America in 1771. ever sent to Holland authorities; in it he first suggested the need for a school of higher learning to prepare Helfferich was a leading sponsor of the Widows' young men for the ministry. Church Fathers in HoI­ Fund and served as officer on that board for years. land turned down the idea (it would indeed compete Helfferich was a good preacher and a fine theologian. with the College at New Brunswick) though Franklin He spoke freely and clearly with a ringing voice. College did begin in 1787. - William J. Hinke

17 Soon after his arrival in America, Helfferich went Abraham Blumer preached the funeral sermon at hi s to Philadelphia and from thence to Weissenberg, then house and Frederick Willi am Van der Sioot, Jr. , at in Northampton, but now in Lehi gh CO)Jn ty, Pennsyl­ the graves ide. vania; his charge, the congregations in that area. - Henry Harbaugh & William A. Helfferi ch He married, 3 November 1773, Maria Magdalena, daughter of Andrew and Elizabeth Gertrude Sassaman­ shausen. Soon thereafter hi s father-in-law presented him with land and dwelling. He resided there until the time of his death.

Typical German stone dwelling house with attached summer kitchenjound throughout eastern Pennsylvania On the 6th of September, 1771, at nine o'clock in colonial times. in the morning we set sail from Amsterdam. At twelve His charge comprehended the following congregations: o'clock we stuck fast on a bar, and signaled "Vor­ Maxatawny, 1772; DeLong's, 1772; Longswamp, 1778; spann," that is, a ship of li ghter tonnage, which had Salzburg, 1779; Upper Milford, 1779; Trexlertown, to tow our heavier ship. At four o'clock we ate 1785; Ziegel Church, 1778; Weissenberg, 1786; Low­ dinner; at eight o'clock we drank coffee. By nine mil , 1772; Greenwich, 1783; Heidelberg, 1772 and Lynn, o'clock we were in the middle of the Zuyder Zee. 1804. Occasionally on weekdays he preached supply The anchor was cast, and we slept. at Moselem, Berks County and Towamensing, North­ 7th. - This morning, at five o'clock, the anchor was ampton (later Carbon) County. raised . The wind blew so hard that we could not Mr. Helfferich was a very punctual and prompt stand on our feet. My cousin and Mrs. Baas, and my man, and consequently always reliable. He generally brother were seasick when they attempted to ri se this rode on horseback to hi s appointments and in hi s morning and had to remain in bed. Mr. Gebhard and pastoral visits. No weather held him back. He was I stayed up until two o 'clock; then we, too, got decided yet mild; combining in a remarkably happy sick, but there was no severe sickness. At twelve manner, the authority and dignity of hi s office with o'clock we reached the Texel (Island) and with much gentleness and mercy and openhearted familiarity among difficulty the anchor was cast. This region is very hi s people. dangerous on account of the many sand bars. We In person, Mr. Helfferich was pretty large and rode very near a wrecked ship. The wind blew very firmly built. He had an open, lively and benevolent hard into the night, and the ship rocked constantly. countenance. He had black hair and was nearsighted, At two o'clock we ate chicken but they did not on which account he wore glasses. According to good taste - we had no appetite -. At four o'clock we drank German custom, smoking was his favorite habit. He coffee; at eight o'clock we ate ham and eggs and raised the tobacco himself. When he sat in his study, slept well. comfort-giving blue clouds from his meerschaum pipe, 8th. - Sunday. It was the intention to raise the an­ which he had brought from Germany, surrounded him. chor, but the wind was again strong against us, and When he was riding on his pastoral errands the pouch we rode at anchor. Towards evening it stormed so of tobacco hung on one side of his saddle, the meer­ hard that the top masts had to be taken down. No schaum pipe on the other, unless it was in his mouth. fire was allowed on board ship, and the Captain During his ministry, Mr. Helfferith baptised 5830 cooked soup for the baby on a lighted tallow candle. and confirmed 4000 souls. He may be regarded as At eleven o'clock this night a ship passed ours and the Father of the German Reformed Church in the tore the anchor; another was immediately cast out, fields where he served. 5 December, 1810, he died; and we slept while a severe wind was blowing.

18 9th. - The wind blew very hard. By two o'clock in 3rd to 5th. - Remained in the harbor. During thi the afternoon it blew so hard that three anchor were time Mr. Gebhard had " troblich" fallen in 10 e with ca t out and the masts were taken down. Most of this Madame irtchin, and he with him. day Mr. Gebhard was oblighed to remain in bed; 6th. - unday. At one o'clock in the afternoon, however, it did not come to vomiting. It rained in company with a large number of hip, two of terribly. which collided iolently with our, we ailed, with the 10. - The wind moderated somewhat, but was still tide, out of the harbor into the ea. Toward evening strong agai nst us. This day we had great fun with our all of us, except my brother, had to vomit on account Captain on account of the language. of the terrible rocking of the hip. II. - Wind blew stronger again. Another ship that 7th . - Vomiting continued. The wind wa contrary could not use its anchor drifted around our ship and and the waves, hi gh as a house, beat into the hip. collided with om s, striking us once real hard. OTE: Th e word "Misch en " and "stroblich" mean, 12. - The wind moderated somewhat, however it was I believe, Menschen and sterblich: People, and in the still contrary. Today the cabin boy was to dry a case of love, head-over-heels. WUH pillow for the baby, and threw it into the sea. 8th. - The vomiting ceased somewhat. The wind 13. - At last the wind was from the South; the was still contrary. Waves dashed con tantly on the anchors were raised, the sail s spread and we left the foredeck . Mr. Gebhard ventured once, upon the fore­ dangerous Zuyder Zee and after eight o'clock we sailed deck; a wave struck and wet him through and through. into the Texel (Stroom) and at twelve o'clock we were 9th and 10th . - Still continued the same. on the sea. [n the afternoon there was a calm and 11 tho - Sighted Holland and the Texel; but could not, we made a little progress. At night the wind rose, on account of contrary winds, enter the canal. Up accompanied with constant rain, and continued until to this time we had to stay in bed; had no appetite, the no desire for tobacco, and could not sleep at night 14th. - toward evening; but still continued contrary. time; to-day, however, we went on the fore-deck, and 15th . - The wind remained contrary until evening, I smoked a pipe of tobacco. when we had good wind. All night we could not sleep 12th. - Wind strong against us. All this time we on account of the terrible rocking of the ship. It tacked. This morning a wave dashed through the win­ continued dow into the Cabin, into a passenger's bed; he was 16th - until noon, when we arrived at the harbor almost drowned in bed . Mr. Gebhard sat on the of New Castle, but on account of contrary winds and "Sesret" (sessel) the ship was rocking violently; a wave the tide we could not enter it until evening. came and he fell off. Everyone was afraid to sit at 17th. - We went on shore with the Chalaise (Sloop). (on) that place, for every moment a wave comes and Here we were constantly followed by a crowd of cools one off. Towards evening it stormed furiously. "Mischen." They kissed the baby; we were expected For two days few sails stayed spread for us. to kiss their babies. 13th. - Had a terrible storm. The sails were furled, 18th. - We went to New Castle. The same thing the top masts were taken down, the helm lashed, happened here also. and the ship given over to the mercy of the wind 19th. - Accompanied the Captain on shore. and the waves. The waves came rolling like high moun­ 20th and 21st. - Remain on board. These days two tains; soon we were in the heights, soon in the depths; passengers joined us. soon on this side, soon on that side. We passed 22nd. - Went ashore. a sleepless night and the waves beat into the Cabin. 23rd. - Mr. Gebhard and Mrs. Baas went ashore to 14th. - The storm still continued. In order to make some purchases. The pilot and a sailor had a prevent the waves from breaking the windows, shutters fight. were bound before them. All day a light was kept 24th. - Landed on the southern side of the shore burning in the Cabin. Many chickens and ducks that and visited a glass factory. were on the fore-deck died, on account of the much 25th. - Went on shore. sea water. Were they drowned or did the drinking 26th. - Remained on board ship. of the water kill them? Since we left Amsterdam 27th. - Likewise. we lost, all told, 86 chickens. The storm drove us 28th, 29th, and 30th. - Went ashore. back so far that with good wind we shall have to sail two days until we reach again the place where we were. Two masts on the front part of the ship were OCTOBER damaged. It was fortunate that our ship is a strong 1st. - Went ashore. Another passenger. one and that we were on the "ostene" sea, where 2nd. - Wanted to go to sea, but the wind being there was no occasion to fear cliffs and sand bars. contrar.y, we went ashore. H was terrible to hear the roaring of the wind and

19 NOVEMBER the fury of the wave . When the waves struck the 3,.d. - when it was contrary. But towards evening ship it ounded like the thunder and crack of cannons. we had strong North-West wind, which was very good We committed ourselve altogether into the Divine and continued until the Providence. During the night the torm moderated 41h. - in the ni ght, when it ceased. At this time we somewhat, but the ea was still boi terous. My brother left the Channel. had to vomit. 51h. - wind from South-East, but not strong. 151h. - Toward noon the sails were set. Towards 61h. - Somewhat stronger. evening the wind was good, and we sailed fairly 71h. - Very strong East-North-East wind . In twenty­ quiet; but the ship till rocked a good deal. four hours we sailed 132 English miles. 16th. _ . Our cabin boy had an undesirable break­ 8/h. - We had strong East wind. We laid 130 fa st, the Captain beat him, justly too, because by hi s miles behind us. During this time waves frequently talk he had occasioned a di fference of opinion between swept the fore-deck, and the ship rocked very much. them. The wind remained favorable until night, when 9/h. - We had very strong East wind. In 24 hours it grew contrary. the ship sailed 150 English miles. Last night a rat 17th. - Had another storm. The sails were furled, came and tried to take the baby's Pacifier, but be­ the helm lashed, and the hip given over to the wind. cause it would not let it go, it was bitten into the At night, while we were eating the cold veal left finger, which bled freely. The baby cried lustily, the over from dinner, we were frightened not a little. mother awoke, and the rat, unsuccessful in its at­ The cabin boy, very much alarmed, called the Captain, tempt, made good its flight. In the afternoon the wind who left the table and went on the foredeck. I changed, coming from the South. After one o'clock also left the cabin in order to see what was the matter, we were precipitiously (idiomatic) scared, dark clouds because we could not understand the Welsh. However, arose; it lightened and thundered. On account of a I could see nothing, and therefore went back into severe rain all the sails were furled, the passengers the cabin but was much afraid because of the alarming helped to pull, but because the sails were wet and conversation on the fore-deck. When the Captain heavy, some of the ropes tore. Twice we were struck returned to the cabin we were relieved of our fear. by whirlwinds, but fortunately the sails were furled. I asked him what had happened, whereupon he told us A wave struck the window, broke it and the whole that a large ship under full sails had headed for ours, wave came into the cabin. Mr. Gearhard, who was near and because it had the wind in its favor, might have the window, was so covered with water that he could no wrecked our own. My brother still uffering and vomit­ longer be seen. My brother also got wet, and the rest of ing. us retreated upon chests and trunks. A passenger's 181h. - The storm abated somewhat and the sails bed was filled with water. Our fears were increased were again set, and we tacked, because the wind was when the captain called us to load the guns. (My contrary. The first storm of the 13th drove us back, cousin, Mr. Doll, had a double barrel and a single near to Hamburg; the second storm of the 17th did barrel gun. Mr. Gebhart's was wrapped up and hence not drive us quite so far. could not be used. This is all in the line of weapons 191h. - The wind still contrary. The distance that we have on board ship; not even a cannon.) The we covered in 14 days we should have made in 3 two guns were quickly loaded with a heavy charge, days - with fair winds. and we went on the fore-deck to ascertain the cause. 201h. - Contrary Wind. We saw it with our eyes. Ail the sail were im­ 23rd and 241h. - Wind from the West, which was mediately set again, in order to avoid the danger. contrary. Towards evening it was calm, and this calm This was the danger, the water was drawn up into continued. the sky, now here, now there, in the form of a pillar, 251h. - until towards noon, when it blew steadily which falls at once, and with such force that, were from the West. Towards evening we cast anchor be­ it to strike a ship, would smash it to piece; or were fore Cones (Cannes) [really Cowes-WTP] and entered it to touch but a part thereof, it would crush in 26th. - in the afternoon the harbor. We were im­ the fore-deck. The English call it a water spout. In mediately taken on land and remained here until the Latin it is called ca/arac/a e nube, or rapidus ex aere 30th. - eleven o'clock at night. Here we discovered nimbus. It is said that the water spouts follow ships. that more than 100 ships had been wrecked during The only method of dispersing these waterspouts is by the last storms. Here my cousin was cured of his separating the air by shooting off guns. By evening dangerous sickness. we were out of danger, the clouds having scattered 31st. - [n the morning at 2 o'clock the anchor was somewhat. At eight o'clock - at night - another wave lifted, and we sailed under good, but light winds until struck the window and tore it loose - (But did not

20 break it). My brother and Mr. Gebhard were both longer need to worry about the rat, which before had drenched again. I sat on a trunk and becau e I did incommoded one ery much. The ind \ ere much not rai e my feet quickly enough the water ran into more e ere thi time than during the torm of the my shoe. This day we were not far from the Azores 12th and 13th of Augu t (eptember?) The ea wa Islands, midway between this point and Li bon. At also more boi terous. The wa es were high as mountain . ni ght the shutters were bound - before the wi ndow. The cook wa almost wept away from hi fireplace 10th. - Wind from the orth-Ea t. Thi morning and overboard by a wa e. The tlamic Ocean We t a fight occurred between the pilot and a sai lo r. Sea on account of its great latitude i not 0 bad a The Captain was call ed, who picked a piece (idio­ the North Sea; on the latter the wave fo ll ow rapidly matic) and threw it, hitting the sai lor. Since yester­ one after the other, and often strike, the one o n the day at twelve o'clock until to-day at twelve o'clock other. We ai led 86 mile toward We t- orth-We t. we covered 98 English miles. Toward evening we had 19th. - The storm abated, bUllhe wind wa Soulh­ strong South wind. Scarcely had a passenger dried We t, a nd we ai led We t- orth-We t. We made 37 hi s bedding with a great deal of pains, when this English miles. evening a wave again came in through the window 20th. - South by West toward West by South. Cov­ and everything was wet again. ered 55 Engli sh mile. 11th. - We had little East wind. We were - to-day - 21st. - South-West toward West and orth-We t. on the same path as yesterday. We sail ed 65 English miles. 12th. - North wind. Sailed 42 English miles. Last 22nd. - We had hardly any wind, made only 19 night we lay at one place for six hours, because miles. there was no wind. Evening, North-East. 23rd. - Little wind, we made only 4 mile toward 13th. - We had a little North wind. We sailed 68 South-West by West. Thi afternoon the Captain English mile. This afternoon the Captain, pilot, cabin­ jumped into the sea, and actually three stories high - boy and three sailors dived head-first into the ocean, (from the highest part of the ship or did he dive 0 and swam for a time on the stomach, then on the deep?) side and on the back; they stood upright in the water, 24th. - Little Ea t wind. We sailed 5 Engli h one of them even turned a summersault. miles toward South-West by West. 14th. - The wind was contrary, South-West, and we 25. - The wind was contrary, South-West and had to sail North-West. We sailed only 37 English West. Since yesterday afternoon at twelve o 'clock miles. The night before we lay becalmed for eight until this morning at four o'clock, 30 miles toward hours, there being no wind. South-West, and until to-day at twelve o 'clock, 32 miles 15. - Wind still strong South-West. We headed toward West-North-West and North-West-North. West-North-We t. We covered 84 English miles. At 26th. - The wind was contrary, South-West. We night, however, we sailed 14 miles South-East-South; sailed most of the time South, and covered 39 miles. i.e., we covered our course, deducting them from the 27th. - Still South-West. We sailed 104 mile, 84 miles left 70. To-night a rat bit holes in the partly South by West; partly South. This morning a child's fingers, which bled profusely. My brother pig weighing 23 pounds was killed. Now one more had to vomit - wa he seasick or did the sight of weighing about 35 pounds remains. For eight days blood cause the retching? already we have had no veal; nothing but some specks 16th. - North-East. We sailed South-West by We t. of ham and pea. All the flour that we had tried Covered 50 miles. to save was spoiled by the rats. What shall become of 17th. - South towards West-South-West. Sailed 115 us? But God will help. English miles. At night the wind came from South­ 2S. - Mostly . North-East. Covered 96 miles; 72 West. toward South by West and toward West-South-West. ISth. - Strong wind from South-West. We still 29th. - East-North-East. We sailed 80 miles toward sailed North-West. It stormed so terribly that only two West-South-West. sails could be kept up. One sail was torn by the wind; 30th. - East-North-East. We sailed 66 miles toward also some of the ropes. The helm was lashed fast. West-South-West. In the afternoon and at night we had Toward evening and during the night the storm reached no wind at all. The Captain, Pilot and everal its height. Though the shutters were tied to the sailors took a bath (in the sea). A passenger and a windows, a wave dashed in through a window; we re­ sailor were tied to a rope in order that they might treated to trunks and chests. A passenger who was in take a bath. It was funny to see this, as they bed jumped up quickly, but was already wet through swallowed a lot of sea water. They did not venture far and through. The water had destroyed the fire place from the hip on account of the large fish that and the water-closet - two very necessary things. The abound at this place. For several days an Abnus (?) latter was rebuilt on the following day. One did not came quite near to the ship. It was wonderful to see

21 it throw the water into the air. He was, according the Captain, the pilot and a German sailor, heard on the to the opinion of the pi lot from 10 to 14 feet long. middle mast, under which they stood , a mo urnful voice, This kind of fi h have the mouth underneath, toward as though of a dying person, repeat the word , "0, yes," the belly, have long teeth and are able not o nl y to three times, the last time very weakly. Towards eveni ng bite off a man's arm or leg, but to swall ow him at the lightning was sharp, but in the distance. once. (Shark?) 10th. - South-South-West. We sail ed 65 miles toward West by North. In the afternoon we had, o nce thi s, then that kind of wind, soon none at all. Then DECEMBER again terrible rain. lsI. - North-East-North. We sailed 33 miles toward I ]th. - Wind mostly from the South. We sailed South-West. Toward evening the wind was strong. 60 miles towards West by South. At twelve o'clock 2nd - North-Ea t. We sailed 108 miles toward noon we had a storm with terrible rain, and at two We t-South-West. o'clock a severe storm. The middle part of the fo re­ 3rd. - North-East. We sai led 104 miles toward rna t broke and much cordage was torn. It was a sad West-South-West. sight to look upon, and we heard the sti ll worse 41h. - North-North-East. Sailed 109 miles toward news that things would grow worse. ° God, be our South-West. This afternoon we came near having a help! It would appear that on the coast of America a sea fight. Already since yesterday morning we aw a terrible storm must have been ragi ng, for the waves ship in the distance that was sailing toward the We t. corne from North-West like mountains. But the storm This morning we saw it ahead of us (because it was ceased again as quickly as it had arisen. The wind not carryi ng a heavy cargo, it sailed fast) It furled from the North and the sea boisterous. For two days all its sail s except one and thus gave u to understand already we have been dissatisfied with our Captain. that it wished to speak with us. The Captain changed We are disgusted with the abominable food and can our course towards the West, a nd in the afternoon at hardly endure it any longer. For thi reason the Captain three o'clock we came near the ship. It carried a no longer speaks with us, but we don't care, the sailors white flag and proved to be a French hip on its way to are with us. They also complain much, and often Martinique. The Captains a ked through the mega­ beat the cook, wishing he were the Captain. phone, whence they came and whither they were going. 12th. - North-East. Sailed 87 miles towards the The French Captain a ked the latitude and lo ngitude, West. To-day the broken piece of the mast was set and our Captain told him. Because we carried no flag, up. Often a storm comes and the top sails must be the French Captain grew angry and demanded that furled. The middle part of the middle mast is also cracked we raise one, and as it was not done immediately, he and the ship's cut-water is broken. Things look pitiful. threatened to open fire on us with hi s cannon. If we Last night the baby was bitten twice on the forehead had only had six cannon, he would, perhaps, not have and in the hand by rats; also this night. threatened us, or our Captain would have made things 13lh. - East. We sailed 100 miles towards the interesting for him. He accordingly ordered the flag West, by South. brought and unfurled. But hardly had it been displayed 14th. - East. We sailed 100 miles towards the when he ordered it drawn down again, and this so West. Yesterday the Captain gave us good words angered the Frenchman, that he wheeled back several again (idiomatic). He is afraid that we might report cannons in order to load them, and with this he him to the "Kaufleuden" in New York and in Amster­ stopped (idiomatic) But, had he fired, our Captain dam, to whom the ship belongs. (so he said) would have taken the wind from him and 15th. - South. We sailed 105 miles towards West. grappled with his ship when the matter would have been At noon there were various thunder shower clouds, settled in a hand to hand fight. But the Frenchman and at night we had rough weather. went on his way without shooting. 16th. - North. Sailed 83 miles, West. In the after­ 5th. - East-North-East. We sailed 126 miles toward noon and at night we had hardly any wind . the West. 17th. - West- NorthWest. Sailed 30 miles towards 6th. - East-South-East. Sailed 109 miles toward the South-West by South. This continued until the West. 18th. - In the morning at six o'clock, when the 7th. - East-South-East. Sailed 130 miles towards wind carne from the North. We sailed 86 miles, the West. partly toward South-West by South; partly towards the 8th. - South. Sailed 120 miles toward the West by West. This afternoon we caught the first fish on a West. hook, it was a dolphin, weighing between 40 and 50 9th - We sailed 69 miles toward West by North, pounds, and tasted very good. In his stomach he had wind most of the time from the South. This evening a flying fish that was quite white, and full of at about five o'clock, while the sails were being turned, pricklers like a file. We had already had three flying 22 fi sh that had leaped on the ship's deck. They cannot orth-We t by orth. For orne time it had been 0 fly far. warm that we did not know what to do. At night 19th. - orth-East. We sailed 90 mile toward we slept between heet. ow It lOme hat cooler West by orth, and towards West-North-West. At and the farther orth we come the colder it i . noon we saw a young whale; fOJ more than an hour 29th. - Very little Ea t Wind . We ailed only 38 he sported about the hip, and often came so near miles, orth-We t by orth. Thi day wa unu ually that we were not more than three steps di stant from him. hol. In the evening the captain LOok a bath-(in the He was over forty feet long; grey above, and under­ ea?) neath, green. Old (w hales) are over 120 feet long. 29th. - Very little Ea t Wind. We ailed only 38 20th. - East. We sailed 76 miles toward West-North­ miles, North-We t by orth. Thi day wa unu ually West. For over an hour, this afternoon, we saw, as hot. In the evening the captain took a bath-(in the far as the eye could see, everything full of fi h; they ea?) tuck out, once their heads, then their backs above 30th. - Very little Ea t wind, we ailed onl y 23 miles th e water. They belong to the kind that eat men (?). towards orth-Ea t by orth. Yesterday and to-day The English call them porpoise. In Latin they a re we saw two ships; but because there was no wind we called Phocacnae. At night the wind veered to orth­ did not come close together. Today we ate our If! t West by West. oatmeal porridge. 21st. - North-West. We sailed 69 miles; partly 31st. - Very little and variable wind, South-West towards West- North-West; partly toward West-South­ and West. We sailed only 25 miles towards North-West West. This morning we caught another dolphin, a by North, and North-North-West, and North. This small one. afternoon we saw in the distance another waterspout. 22nd. - Little wind. North-North-West and North. May God keep it away from us! In the afternoon We sailed 53 miles toward the West by South and the wind was contrary, North-West and North-North­ toward West. West. At twelve o'clock, this ni ght it came from 23rd. - Very little wind; soon North-North-West. North-East by North. Tonight at seven o'clock-twelve We sailed 46 mile West-North-West and North-West o'clock at home, we wished the friends a happy New by West. Year. 25th. - Very little wind, North-East. Sailed 59 miles North-West. This morning they began to di vide (portion out) the water. Everybody-passengers as well as sailors-received about two and one half cups, and of this be had to give some for tea and soup. In the morning the passengers received a small glass of wine. The thirst due to the salted and stinking meat, 1772 of which we receive barely enough to keep body and January the 1st. - North-East by East. Sailed 22 soul together, is almost unendurable. Some peas are miles North-East and North-East by East; and 77 miles left, which are served twice a week with bacon and some toward North-West by North. At night the wind salted veal. Frequently finely chopped cold veal, veered toward the South. biscuit and water are cooked as a soup, which of 2nd. - South-West by West. Sailed 94 miles to­ course reduces our allowance of water. We are al­ wards North-West by North. To-day we sighted two ready suffering from hunger and thirst. With good ships in the di stance. In the afternoon the wind was winds we ought to reach New York in ten days; but West-South-West. During the night the wind veered it is also possible, even if we were in sight of New from West to North-North-East. York harbor, to have seven or more weeks of North 3rd. - North-North-East. Sailed 40 miles toward wind, which would necessitate our seeking a Southern North-West by North, 18 miles towards North-East by harbor (port). To-day we again saw a ship in the East, and 13 miles North-West; in all 76 miles. During distance. By noon it was alongside. It came from the night the wind veered from South to South-West, Boston and was sailing South on a whaling expedition. and there was little of it. Our Captain asked for latitude and longitude, and he 4th. - West-South-West. Sailed 30 miles North­ found that all during the voyage he had missed his West by North. Last night a sailor saw a woman clad bearing by only a few miles. in white on the fore-deck. Toward evening the wind 26th. - We sailed only 28 miles toward North-West, was fresh, and lightning was seen in the distance. wind from North-East. During the night the wind became contrary; strong 27th. - North-East and East. Sailed 71 miles North-North-West. North-West. 5th. - Very strong North-North-West wind. We 28th. - North-East and East. Sailed 80 miles sailed 43 miles towards North-West by North; and 49

23 towards North-East. There was a fierce storm and the lath. - North by West. Sailed 23 miles towards waves frequently swept the fore-deck. North-East by East, 41 towards West, 17 towards From this point on the handwriting and. the ink show West by North. Yesterday and to-day it was too that another hand wrote the journal. (Whose?) cold to be on the fore-deck. 6th. - North-North-West. We sailed 40 miles 11th. - Wind contrary. Sailed 16 miles towards North-Ea t and 31 towards the West. This day at North-East; 16 West. Several times we took soundings, noon we saw a sloop, and turned in its direction; but found no bottom at 720 feet. The ocean is so could not reach it, however, as it sailed past too deep that the soundings made by a royal ship did quickly. At evening no wind whatever. At ten not find the bottom at 1,200 feet. In the afternoon o'clock at night a terrible storm from South-West. wind North-East and during the night very strong East­ 7th. - South-We t. Sailed even miles towards South-East. the West; 74 miles Northwest by East. The waves 12. - East-South-East. Sailed 104 miles North-North­ struck the fore-deck frequently. Thi morning our last West. To-day we found bottom at a depth of pig, that we have kept against exigency (idiomatic), was 210 feet. swept overboard by a wave. Gebhard was thoroughly 13th. - Wind West. Sailed 100 miles towards orth wetted by a wave; had to vomit and went to bed where by East. This morning we saw the shores of New he stayed most of the day. The storm tore our top- Jersey. At eight o'clock this evening we saw the light ail, but drove us toward land, and in four days, under on a tower on the shore, that is lighted every evening to this wind, we should reach New York. This afternoon my guide the ships. We ran hard by a sand bank and at brother, Mr. Gebhard and two passengers were covered twelve o'clock this night, to our great joy, cast our an­ by a wave that wept the hip; I was below filling m y chor in the harbor. pipe. During the night the storm ceased and the wind 14th. - In the morning at eight o'clock we entered veered from North to Ea t. the harbor and at two o'clock we were on the land in 8th. - Little East wind. We sailed 75 miles towards America. North-West by North. Thou God, has helped us through storm and tempest, 9th. - Strong North wind. We sailed 72 miles help us also in that which we here wi sh to do! towards North-North-West. Bath, Pa. W . U. HELFFRICH March 13, 1912.

For the inJormation oj the reader, a Jree translation oj the Journal oj Johann Heinrich HeljJerich was done by William 1. Hinke and appears in The Pennsyl­ vania Magazine oj History and Biography v. 38 (1914), pp. 65-83, where it may be consulted Jor a comparison with this Jamily translation. They are not contradictory in spirit.

24 By Ludwig Schandein

J}ohsri)li llrln im

One of the facet of shared valu es in the German­ dences of CUlli ng and patching till remain, but he American experience is the exchange of dialect poetry has created a moving tale which carried out the poet' in European and American newspapers and journal. responsibi lities a he aw them. We print it a it i Henry Harbaugh, Charl es Calvin Ziegler, Arthur Graeff found in the 1892 edition of his Gedichfe. and John Birmelin come to mind as Pennsylvanians In a publication of the era in which first form who sometimes paraphrased in Pennsyljaanisch Deitsch of this poem took shape, Augu t Becker' Die Pfatz item they had read in Pfiitzisch, Sch wiibisch or und die Pj'atzer (Leipzig: J. J. Weber, 1858), delimited others of the numerou Mundartengedichten (dialect the area they both understood to be the We trich: poems) published in Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Strasbourg, "Now the name ' Westrich' particularly appli e to the Leipzig, Berlin or Kaiserslautern . Conversely, many of territory on the west slope of the Vosges." (p . 5.) the works of such American writers were o ri gin a ll y He further described the rough , mountainous terrain issued or had highl y succe sful editio ns in the Germa n cut across by numerous wi de-meadowed stream valleys, mark et, for they had a sy mpathetic appeal to the small vi ll ages, with a raw climate a nd sil ent inhabi­ reader. tants. Westrichers were border people who benefitted In point of fact, Die Auswannerer of Ludwig Schan­ from the exchange of goods and who appropriated dein (1813-1893), was actuall y written in the Wesfricher foreign words into the dialect. "On the green valley sub-dialect of Pj'atzisch (Pala tinate dia lect.) That floors of the Blies, the Glan and the Lauter, a quiet language form ex isted in the rolling farm country people work hard fo r their potatoes and their hay, and harp valleys of the mountainous Western Palatinate, pasture their beauti ful flocks, their li ves based upon in that " up-country" set back from the Rhine Ri ver. a n ages-old but still changing culture, a mixture of Westrich speech peculiarities sounded from the vi llages German, Celtic and Roman." (Becker, Die Pfatz, around Kaiserslautern to the very western settlements p. 21 .) bordering on France. In ex planatory statements, Lud­ Die A uswannerer, brief narrative poem by Herr wig Schandein pointed out to the readers of hi s small Schandein, offers much to American readers and stud­ book, Gedichte in Wesfricher Mundart (Stuttgart & dents of comparative culture today. He wrote with Tiibingen: J. G. Cotta, 1854), that proper Pj'atzer enthusia m of the ambitions of youth, regretting they Mundarf (Palatinate dialect itself), which was to be were frustrated by the demands of a conservative found along the Rhine, had submitted to a far greater ~ociety. Schandein was a provincial in an ever more infusion of High German than had the speech forms nationalist Germany. Not surprising at all is his strong of the Westrich . The poet saw both that language protest against the military service of his day and the and the people of the Westrich as remnants of the similarly not unexpected Southwest German complaints old Kingdom of Austrasia, which had pre-dated Char­ against the Prussification of the system. Modest are lemagne by centuries. those complaints and subsumed under other matters, This poem appears to have been written between yet he makes his regional appeal most appropriately 1848 and 1852, perhaps going through several pre­ in the dialect. liminary forms before reaching the printed stage in Students of Folklife studies will find much of interest 1854, along with other brief poems by Schandein. in Schandein's easy references to folk procedures, But he continued to make changes and to experiment beliefs and values in nearly every verse. So much with words, ideas and effects until it appeared in the escaped the formal historians for so long! Farm ten­ third edition a more cohesive unit with a perceptible ancy, planting and harvest, social cohesion of the story line throughout most of its length. Some evi- village group all turn up in minor references, yet

25 there are gems of information for the searching. at a time when the crops they had planted would yield Schandein' alliterative line: " Roppt Rose 'raus un ' the harvest to their successors. Ro marin'," was picked up by Birmelin in hi s search for Ludwig Schandein presumed to try to save for pos­ Waardeschpie/erei. But see how the author also ties terity those dialect speech patterns of the past which, in the sorrow in the graveyard and the need for even in hi s time, were threatened. He had an obvious remembrances as the migrant head out toward America: feeling for hi s subject and for the dear Bauernvolk there are the rosemary and the fresh gravesite soil who spoke the dialect so effortlessly. It was a mar­ as symbols of both grief and hope. Albert Becker ve lous way to express thoughts exactly. To be factual, in hi s Plci/zer Vo/kskunde (Bonn:Schroeder, 1925), Schandein changed the text quite considerably from its wrote "the evergreen strong-scented rosemary plays its first appearance in 1854 (when for in stance Heenerich part in baptism, death and marriage; at a burial, forfeited only " sei ' Sache" - hi s things, not hi s Teil) mourners, officials and pallbearers, indeed each and to the improved, cohesive and more polished version every participant, wear strands of rosemary." (p. 11 7.) of 1892. It is the latter we have printed here. Nevertheless, he also points out, in certain parts of This Ludwig Schandein is surely a preservationist the Southern Palatinate, the young girls seem to tie who would fit into our present mood in that regard. it to the age-old search for a mate: He was not only conscious of the world they were Rosmarin und Thymian about to lose; he was one who would not yield without wachst in unserm Garten. a struggle. But his strongest force, his most convincing Mutter gib mir einen Mann, power is his ability to tell his story, to paint the ich kann nicht langer warten! verbal picture. He does that in grand style. Per­ Rosemary and Thyme haps it is both interesting and appropriate that the Grow in our garden. final poem in hi s little book, this chief claim he Mother, do send me a husband, For I can wait no longer! has to fame, closes with these lines: Mei ' Lied is aus. Och war es wor, Describing the people of this Western Palatinate Ja dar-es treilich sich erfille! region, Schandein in 1854 used a phrase from Rhine­ Ich hall demit e' Bild eich vor, land folk usage which has a precise parallel in Penn­ [ch hann kee' Macht, nor gure Wille: sylvania: "Wie aber das Land, so auch die Leute, das Der Dichter lebt nor in sei'm Lied, Volk." (But as the land is, so also are the people.) Un'was er singt, er singt es frei; Un' wo sei' Aah was Scheenes sieht - The pattern of land use is important to the story Do is aah ganz sei Herz debei! line: Heenerich states hi mall defiance of the system My song is done. Ah, were it true, by failing to report when called for military duty, It really would fulfill itself! so his punishment was loss of the Dee/ (Tei/ or Therefore [ bring a picture before you, tenant-right.) Small difference that made to Heenerich, Though [ have no power, only good will: for he had already ned to America. But his aged The poet lives only in his song father and the relatives who found the farm-work And what he sings, sings freely forth: And where his eye spies something beautiful too burdensome without his young strength - they were He puts his whole heart into it therewith! all denied continued use of the land for Heenerich was key to the tenure. The terror such a move brought Translations in this article have been made expressly to farm folk is shown by the forced evacuation even for this printing by the EDITOR.

Frohlich Pfalz

Gott erhalt's!

26 Die Pfalz - - The Palatinale (Ihen Bavarian) - -A ugust Becker, Die Pfalz u. die Pjti lzer, 1857

DIE AUSWA NERER: THE EMIGRA TS: DE' LIEWE LAN SLELT' IN AMERIKA DEAR COUNTRYMEN IN AMERICA

Ludwig Schandein (nach 1848) Ludwig Schandein (after 1848) Es dur-eem allemol so weh, It always causes so much pain Wann eens soweit ewegg muss geh' When one must go so far away; For immer in die Welt enaus, Forever out into the world Das Halle mer un' ehr net aus. That he and we cannot endure it. So hot es dann mich a'getribb, So then that has in fact impelled me Ich hann for eich es hi'geschribb To write it down for you: Was dodebei gedenkt ich hann, Whatever I have thought about it; Ich hann's geda' sogut ich kann. Which I've thought out the best I can. Wie weit ehr eich aah dun entferne, As far away as you may travel Ehr solie net die Sprooch verlerne, You shall not lose the language once learned, Die Sprooch, die wo so herzvertraut, The tongue which is so dear to the heart Wie keeni jo so heemlich laut. That noone whispers it about in secret. Un' gang se je 'mol eich verlor, Should anyone though start to lose it So lese das Gedicht do vorl Then just read out this poem aloud! Un' dun-er das, so denken als Ana doing that, then think about us An's Weschterich un' an die Palz! In the Westrich District of the Palatinate.

So manjem geht' sei' Glick in Trimmer, For many, their luck just goes to pieces Un' manjes jaht umsunscht d'rnoh; And many hunt it for years in vain. Will dann eens fort, ja fort for immer, If one departs then, gone forever So steh'-mer diefbekimmert do. All us there stand so deeply grieved. Wie dut mei' Herz doch an eich hanke, How must my heart hold attachment to you Nau gehn-er noh Amerika! Now that you go for America! Ehr liewe Leit', was dun-er denke? Your dear, dear folks, what do they now think Den weire Weg in alte Dah'? Of the road ahead in their old days? 27 Doch ' is ve rbei. Was will m' r mache? Still , all that is past. What is to be do ne? Der Wa h teht Fe rtig vo r der Der, The wagon stands ready outside the door, Da Neri gscht dru f vun ehre Sache, Necessities of life ato p your own things 's i ni x vergess, die Fracht i chwer: Nothing fo rgotten, wha t freight weighs mo re? Guck Spinnerad un " Faierschippche, See spinning wheel a nd fire shovel, Das Scha ffgescherr wo hackt un ' haut, Sheep-shears which cut and chopped about, Aa h ' Potehabche, 's Millichdippche, The leg-restraints, the old milk-dipper Ja 's Stannerche for ' Sauerkraut. and "stenner" - can fo r sourkrout.

Un' in der Kischt di e A'gedenker Remembrances are in the trunk now Vun Gross un' Klee', vun all e Leit'; From bi g and small, from a ll such folk; Der Na me druf vun jerem Schenker The na mes on them from all the do nors. Un ' beigeleht for jeri Zeit Now la id asid e for other times Bin Reimcher noch mit gure Lehre, Are little rh ymes to teach good lessons So ebbes net noh Wunsch geschi eht; And something else to ma ke wi she come true; Aah Bichelcher fo r drei ze bere - Such little books to make his prayers from - Di e hann- e dann vum Parre kriehl. They came from the Pastor to be sure.

Vor a ll em bleibt en' li eb un ' daier Above a ll remain s a dear and beloved 's Familjesti ck, e' Stat un' Pracht, Old famil y- pi ece, of statu and pride. Ehr Heeligdum bei jerer Feier - Our sacred thing a t every celebra tion - Die Spieluhr, wo die Musik macht: The music box where tune reside: Si e spi elt vum Rhei' die freie Li erer, It play the free songs of the Rhineland So deck ges ung aus hellem Hals So o ft en sung with lo ud cl ear voice; Kann 's Leiblied aah der fro he Brirer - Knows the favorite song of joyful brothers - Das is " Der Jager aus Kurpalz". The" Jaeger aus Kurpfalz" their choice.

Si e bin in Kerch hi '. Vo ll Vertraue You' re in church here. Fultconfident Werd noch urn Gottes Seh gefl eht; Of the winnowing of God' bles ing; Der Pa rre mahnt uf Gott ze baue, The pastor wants us to build upon God, Die ganz Gemee' leiht im Gebel. The whole congregation ta kes strength in prayer. Di e Kerch i aus ... Jetz heeszt' ich schi cke Church i over .. . Now we are called to send ourselves Zum schwere Ga ng, zum Adje ah' ; To most difficult departure, to the spoken " Good-bye ." Si e denke deck: " Ja werd's aah gli cke? " They think moreover: "Will it go well? " Doch 's zieht se noh Amerika. For he is leaving for America.

Amerika! Ehr Leib un' Lewe' , America! One's entire life work, Ehr eenziger, der is jo dort! One's only son, he's over there! Der wollt for Freiheet sich erhewe He wants to stand up for freedom Muss t dann in Nacht un' Newel fort: Must then take off into foggy night: Ehr Heenerich, sunscht so gutmirig, Their Henry, otherwise so good-natured, Is 'nannernoh in's Dowe kumm, Increasingly became enraged. Hot sich vergriff un' hot wie wirig As if mad, he houldered other' burdens, De' Sawel for die Sens genumm. Took up the sword in place of scythe.

28 Wer soil de' Plugg im Acker fe hre? Who hall guide the plow in farm field ? Wer holt das Strasel, haut das Holz? Who fetch the fuel, chop the wood? Wer maht das Hai un' dre cht die Aehre, Who mow for hay and thre he grain, Ja wer is so uf 's Schaffe stolz? Really, who i 0 proud of hi work? Wer gebbt dem Gaul sei' gures Furer Who makes the be t dri er for the hor e, Un' sorgt im SLall che fo r di e Gees? Care for the goat in their lillie tall? Oer Heeneri ch. Un' a ll das dur-er, ure, Henry! And he doe all that Out mehner als no r jeman' weess. Pl u more indeed than people know.

Sell is verbei. Der Bu is driwe, All that is pa l. The boy is yonder, Hot ausgesta nn noch Angscht un ' No t; Endured si nce then both fear and need. Is besser dra n alswie do hi we, He's better for that than he was before it; Verdient sich dort sei' sche' Sti ck Brot. He earned thereby hi s sli ce of bread. 's is in sei'm Schreiwes das e lese - In hi s letter one can read it - Oer ha lt jo letzscht so gut geschribb: He wro te so well more recently: Si e soll en eilings zu ihm reese They speeded up his need to travel In 's freie Lann, glei uf der Stipp! .. . In to the free la nd , now rig ht away!

Es zieht se richt enaus zum Acker, The farm fi elds draw them straight away, Sie hann gequalt sich un ' geschunn, They worried much o f who's to blame Sich brav gehall un' allzeit wacker, Held up quite well in that hard time. Sie hann gesat - nau' ni x devun : How they sowed - Now nothing from it: "0 Herr im Himmel, schitz die Halme, " 0 God in Heaven, protect the lea f- blades, Schick Dau un' Reh, schi ck Sunneschei' ! Send dew and rain , send sunshine ! Kee' Schlosse loss die Frucht vermalme - Let no hail damage cut the crop down - Soil aah die Aernt net unser sei'! " Shall a ll the harvest not be ours! "

Es word en' kalt un' word en' warem, But be it cold or be it sultry Sie hann geschunn sich un' gequalt They blamed themselves and worried more For eweviel, dass Gott erbarem ­ That God should spare them - but in vain - Was sie erowert, 's is verdeelt: What beat them was reass ignment of the land: Der Heenerich, der kam ins Ziehe, H enry, of age for the military drawing, Word ei ' gereiht, war nimi do; When his turn came, failed to appear; For dene Bu dann doch ze kriehe, For this young boy thus to dispute it Do word sei ' Deel ihm ei'gezoh. The forfeit was his inheritance-share.

Sie stehe do uri' gucken urn sich, They just sta nd there and look around them, Sie bin in 's Gucke ganz verlor: In looking, are completely lost; 's hot nie so lieb noch ausgenumm sich Never had things looked so lovely Un' nie so trib doch kam's en' vor: Nor so sad, as they stepped out to count the cost: "Adje du Feld, ehr grine Wisse, "Farewell to fields and your green meadows, Du Dannewald, du Dal, du Heh! Pine forest, valley and the heights! For immer vun eich fortzemisse - Obliged to go from you forever - 's is gar ze hart, na' dann adje! " Entireb too harsh, but now, Farewell!"

29 ie ge hn erum noch in de' Haiser, They went about throughout the houses Hann nie aah net e' Kinn gekrankt: And not a sin gle child fell ill: Do klaht een laut un' dort eens lei er, Here one fu ssed aloud, there one cri ed softly, Wi e' ganz Dorf doch an en' hankt! How the whole village followed around! M' r drangt ich bei di e Hann ' ze dricke, They crowded in to press hands ti ghtl y, ie reis e mit Gewalt ich los: Then tore away, it took some force: "Gott name dann! " M' r muss sich schicke ­ "In God's Name, then!" We must just send him - Oem hartschte Herz, dem gebbt's e' Sto s. The hardest heart beat extra loud .

Vum Gram ge kracht un' dief in Trauer Shattered by sadness and deep in sorrow Ver uche sie de' chwerschte Gang: They attempt the most difficult departure: 1m Kerchhof dort an seller Mauer, There, in the cemetery, just along the wall Do leiht' A 'mrielis noch net lang! Lay AnnaMarieElizabeth, though not long there! Es war net schwachli ch, net gebrechlich, She was not sickly nor an invalid, Ja 's hot sich niemols net geklaht; In fact, she had never yet complained; Sei' Heenerich, der war haabt achlich Her Henry, he was particularly E' Nachel an sei' Dorelad. A nail into her coffin.

Sie knie' n am Grab so ganz im Stille - They knelt at the grave in total silence - Wa batt dann aah das laut Geklah? For what complain to Heaven's skies? Sie gewe sich in Gottes Wille, They accepted this as will of God. Doch 's Wa er chiesst en' hell in' Ah. Still, tears came streaming to their eyes. Un' wer's erlebt hot 0 ze trau're - Those who lived through that sad experience, M' r wees es jo, 's versaht eem 's Wort: We know for sure, observed his word fulfilled: Die alte Leit', sie dun' eem dau're, The Old Folks mo t surely felt the sorrow. Sie wolle still vum Kerchhof fort. Silently from the graves, they'd just depart.

Doch kann nor ie net los sich reisse, Still they could not quite tear themselves away, Roppt Rose 'raus un' Rosmerei' , Plucked out a rose or rosemary, Brecht Nachelcher vun dene weisse - Broke some lilacs off this white bush - Das soil ehr letzscht Gedenkes sei' . That must be the last memento. Nemmt Grunn vom Grab mit in die Scherwel, Bring from the grave in this small flow.erpot Wo vum A'mrielis noch is do; Ground still visible where Amrielis lies; Un' 's Grab, das werd vum Annebarwel As for the gravesite, Anna Barbara Als Gartelche dann ufgezoh. Will tend it like a garden small.

Ja 's Annebarwel,' Nochbersmare, This AnnaBaerbel, neighbor's daughter, Oem dut's so leed, es mecht jo mit She was so sorry, she would like to go along Zum Heenerich, doch mus es here, To Henry, but she must remain, Sei' Vatter hot's jo net gelitt: Her father did not come with her today: Was aus den Auhe nor ze lese How sad to read just from the eyes Den' alte Leit', die dun sich schwer, Of older people, they feel it most. Das dat's en' dort, 's liess net sich heesse - But that must be, yet don't detail it 's greint heemlich an der Garteder . They weep in secret at the garden post.

Sie bin zerick sich fertig mache. They have come back to make last things ready. Nau' noch e' Gang dorch's ganze Haus! Now still one trip through all the house! Was do verblibb vun ehre Sache, And what remains of all their small things, Nemmt nau' alswie verwast sich aus: Take now or else stays here abandoned: Guck 's Viehche trauert, dut so traulich, Look now the animals even sadden, Der Bummerhunn, der Gaul im Stall, That lazy dog, the horse in its stall; Un' 's Gees'che maxt eraus so raulich - The little goat bleats out so miserably - Ei meent m'r net, die wissten's all? Don't tell me that is not known to all!

30 Di e Zeit i urn . Wer wi ll 's en' wehre? Then, time i up! Ju t \\ho \,ill halt it? Der Wah teht a'ge pannt chun do; The wagon tand there already hitched; n ' au de' Fen chter, aus de' Dere nd from the \\ indo\\' , from the doon\ ay Do winkt e' letzschter Gru s noch noh. ignal final greeting ti ll. Un' ebbe Leit' noch laafe zamme: nd till orne more people run together: " Adje, Adje!" ruft' umdieReih; "Farewell , Farewell." call in u ce ion, Jetz nemmen eich nor fe cht ze a mme - In tight mall c1u ter till the bunch up - Ich wollt, der Ab chied war erbei. I wi h the parting had already ended.

So lewe wul, ehr Freind', ehr a lte, Enjoy life th en, dear friend, old fello\\-, Do is mei ' Hann, G li ck uf die Ree hake hand, Good Lu ck the journey through! De' li ewe Herrgottlosse waite, And may Dear God Him elf protect ou Dann der e wul am beschte wee ! He know be t ju t ho\ to do! Un' machen eich kee' Gram, kee' o rj e, ake for your elf no pain nor orrow Uf Gott gebaut nor a il e Da h' : But build on God in a ll your day: Der sorgt for heit, er orgt for morje - Care for today, that care for the morrow - och sorgl er in Amerika. Even care fo r thing in merica !

Un' dun-er dort de' Borem baue, Build there upon a good foundation, Ja hann-er Naring, ha nn-er Glick, Come fooli hne s, come be t of luck; Un' mangelt's net un' hann kee' Raue, And do not skimp nor be regretful ; So denke dann an uns zeri ck! Think now and then of us back here! Un' spielt die Spieluhr eich die Lierer, Re-play those songs upon your music-box So deck ges ung au hellem H a ls: Which we did ing from youthful throat Vergesse net uns treie Brirer - Do not forget us, your true brothers - et 's Weschterich un' net die P a lz! or the Westerich, nor yet the Pfalz!

Nau' bin-se fort, ja fo rt for immer, ow he is gone, yes, gone forever; Guck 's Owendrot am Himmel dort: See evening red in heavens blend: Schun i e spot - un ' noch der Schimmer, Already later, though till faint li ght, AI wollt der Dah vun un net fort. The day itselr wants not to end. Der goldig Glanz mer doch aah Sorje, Its golden rays make orrowful warning Mer manjerlee Gedanke macht: Though many thought a re clearly right: Bei eich dortdriwe werd's nau' Morje - For you overseas there now, it's morning­ Bei un dohiwe - werd es Nacht. For us right here - it will be night.

Costumes oj the Old Palatinate in approximately 1860. -Albert Becker, Pfalzer Volkskunde

31 Jlbs+l'ac+ of Bial'Y of llial'l'en G. Bean, 1899

By Willoughby W. Moyer

Warren G. Bean was born in 1866, the son of William Johnson Bean and Mary Grater Gottshall. The farm along the Skippack Creek at the eastern end of Skippack Township had been in the family William J. Bean and Mary Gottshall Bean circa 1861 since 1710. W. J. Bea n was born in 1835, so he had reached the age of 64 in 1899. Warren had taken over active responsibility for the management of the farm in 1896, when he wa 30. His parents moved into the "Grossdaadi" wing of the house. Warren was married in 1887 to Anna W . Kolb and in 1897 was ordained into the Mennonite ministry.

Warren G. Bean and Anna Kolb Bean 2 July 1886

Warren G. Bean and Anna Kolb Bean 1941

32 ABSTRACT FROM THE DIARY 1899 JA UA RY 4 Took orne ice from the creek. 5 Cleaned up wheat. 10 Got hor e shod and at mill. PM killed hog. 12 Did away butchering. PM Brought load of coal. 18 Sawed walnut tree and cherry tree down. MAR H Killed hog. P Hauled wood. Took hog Lo 19 moked meaLs. awed ~ood. 21 Hauled manure. braham' weighed 247 Ib . 25 Sa wed wood. 3 Father [William J. Bean] went to market. 26 Took wheaLto La nde' Mill ; 19-1 1/ 60 bu. at 70<1:. 6 AM Br ought Sarah Kulp [midwife]. Mary K. 27 Went to market, roads very rough. Bean born. [5th of hi 6 children] 28 Sawed wood. 8 Butchered hog and took the arne to Abr. al 0 cow. 2191bs. LasL week 247 Ib . week before 222 Ibs. Total 688 Ib . @5- V2 = $37. 4. 9 AM Thrashed orne wheat. 16 Ha ul ed manure and pread . 17 CuL corn stub . 18 WenLto ci ty (Phila.) for eeds. 21 Kill ed hog then thrashed wheaL out. 22 did away butchering. 23 Cleaned up wheat. 30 Took 26 bu. to Landes' Mill 70<1: .

Snow scene on the Bean farm along th e Skippack Creek.

FEBRUARY I Cleaned snow off the ice. 2 Hauled ice. 3 Hauled ice. Ice was 5 in. thick. 7 Did away butchering. 9 Shovelled snow 4 hours. 10 Opened road to go to market, 4 hours. APRIL 14 Put 4 horses on bobsled and went to Kriebles Mill - 3 John W. Koffel entered into my employ. PM He through the fields all the way. brought a load of coal. 15 AM opened roads. PM Put 4 horses on sled and 4 Cut corn stub . PM Thrashed oat. worked out to store a nd from there to College­ 5 AM Finished thrashing oats. PM Hauled manure ville and brought back a load of coal. in truck patch and pl owed the same. Then com­ 16 AM Took a load of corn to Collegeville with 4 menced to plow for oats. horses for Johnsons. PM Took a load of corn to 6 Ploughed, dug garden . Krieble's Mill . 7 Ploughed a while. 17 Opened our lane. Shovelled each *2 hours at the 8 Cleaned up oats. road along Green Hill. 10 Hauled manure. Sowed clover eed in fi rst fie ld 20 Helped Abraham [his brother on adjacent farm] to across road on other sid e of meadow. fill ice house. Ice was from 9 to 14 in. thick. 11 Sowed clover seed back of orchard. Hauled 21 AM Butchered 2 hogs. PM Shovelled snow I- V2 manure in field at barn. hours. PM Went to mill. Took a hog to Abra­ 12 Plowed corn ground. Prepared truck patch and ham's which weighed 223 lbs. planted 5 rows of peas. 22 AM Did away butchering. Charles shoveled snow 13 Finished plowing corn ground. Prepared patch in 3 hours. PM I shovelled snow 2- V2 hours, Charles meadow. Planted radishes, potatoes and straw­ [hired man] 1 hour. berries. 23 Thrashed some wheat. PM Got horse shod. 14 Sowed oats. Finished harrowing. 27 Ice went off the creek during night. Smoke meat. 15 Rolled and went to mill. 28 AM We opened road on island and along creek - 17 Hauled and spread manure. 3 hours both. 18 Hauled and spread manure.

33 19 Plowed potatoe patch in orchard. Prepared same and planted 9 row. Then hauled 3 loads of manure on 2nd patch. Took cow (j.way to Abr. 20 AM John rolled sad fie ld. PM Plowed 2nd patch in orchard. Th~n began to plow sad in fie ld at barn. 21 Plowed, finished one piece. JUNE 22 Rolled. 3 AM In Market. 24 Began to plow sad in field at the woods. Pre­ 5 Replanted corn in lower fie ld. pared truck patch. Planted 2 rows of peas,S of 6 Replanted corn in large field. Harrowed potato corn, 1- \h of lima beans. patch and truck patch. 25 Plowed sad by garden. 7 Replanted corn in field at barn. 26,27 & 28 Plowed sad . 8 Finished replanting corn in field at barn. Then 29 Fini hed plowing sad in large field. picked peas. 12 Planted corn for cows. Harrowed corn. 13 Planted cabbage. Harrowed corn, picked cherries. 14 Culti vated corn. 15 Harrowed corn, planted cabbage, picked cherries [He was at Boyertown for the following week on church business.] 23 Prepared for market. 24 Cultivated corn, finished in large field . 26 Cradled around part of wheat fie ld. Mowed some MAY with scythe. 2 Rolled large field then began to plow sad in field 30 Cultivated corn. at the barn. 3 Plowed sad in field at barn. Harrowed peas. 5 Finished plowing sad . Rolled some. Hauled manure on potato patch. 6 Planted potatoes. 8 Dug garden. Harrowed a while until it rained too much. 9 Rolled field at barn then ha rrowed. 10 Finished harrowing in field at barn. Then marked out crosswise. 12 Plowed and harrowed truck patch. Harrowed in lower field. 13 Harrowed. Planted sugar corn, cucumbers, lima beans, &c. Haying in an upper field, Bean farm near the Skippack. 15 Planted corn in field at barn. Went to cow and hog Warren G. Bean forking hay onto the wagon. sale at Trappe. Bought 6 shoats and I cow. $34.00 $12.75 . JULY 16 Harrowed and began to mark out. I Cultivated corn. 17 Marked out. Finished one way. 3 Mowed grass in back field at road. Took rye off 20 A . Kratz took load of hay away. Hauled manure with binder. Hauled 2 loads of hay in. on truck patch. 4 Mowed grass. Took 3 loads of hay in, 1 load of 22 Planted corn in lower field. rye. 23 Finished planting corn in big field. Plowed truck 5 Finished putting away rye and wheat. Took 3 patch. Worked in potato patch. loads of hay home. 25 Planted bean poles. Sowed corn and planted 3 6 Took one load of hay in. J. Farringer took one rows potatoes. load of hay away. 26 Harrowed strawberry patch. 7 Mowed grass in field across meadow. Took 3 27 In market. Came home about quarter past 10. loads in. 29 Repaired fence. Replanted corn whole field at barn. 8 Loaded load of hay for J. Farringer then brought 30 Replanted corn. Harrowed truck patch. rakings home. 31 Planted truck. Made fence. 10 Mowed grass. Took 3 loads in.

34 II Finished cutting grass also wheat that was left tand­ Prepared for market. ing on account of grass in. Took hay in an I load 21 Took out potatoe in or hard. of wheat that I mowed ye terday. 22 Cleaned fence. 12 Thrashed wheat rakings. 23 Thra hed orne oat. leaned up the arne. 13 Cultivated corn and took last of wheat raking in. 24 Cleaned fence. 14 Culti vated corn. 28 Plowed rye tubble. 15 Cultivated corn . 29 Made cider at reamery - 3 gallon $1.04. 17 Cultivated corn. At cow ale of M. Swartley. 31 Rolled. Bought I @ $39.75. 18 At cow sale at Collegeville. Bought cow @ $35.00. 20 Began to cut oats. 21 Finished cutting oats. 22 Bound oat. Hauled 875 sheave home. 24 Made fence. Turned orne oats. 25 C leaned up wheat. Took wheat to Lande' Mill 1639/ 60 bu. @ 60(t. 27 Plowed wheat stubble. Bound oats and took 2 SEPTEMBE R loads in. Brought Y2 ton of pho phate from Shatz a t 28 Plowed. Bound up oats and took 2 loads in. Graterford. 29 Finished binding up oats and put away the arne. 4 Made hor es. 31 Hauled manure. 5 Thrashed wheat, made hor e. At ale of H. B. Cassel. 7 Harrowed. 8 Harrowed, cleaned up wheat. 11 Brought I-Y2 ton of phosphate from Rahns Station. 12 Gathered apples. Got apple made to cider at Creamery. 114 gallons. 13 Made horses. Boiled apple butter. AUGUST 14 , IS & 16 Plowed. I Hauled manure. Boiled applebutter. 18 Plowed . Cut corn. Took out potatoes. 2 Hauled manure. 19 Plowed, harrowed and rolled until rained. 3 Spread manure. 20 Cleaned up wheat. Took home cow that I had 4 Hauled manure. bought. Cut corn a nd thrashed with flail. 5 Brought 3 cows from 1. K. Gottshall. Hauled 21 Thrashed with flail. Put potatoes in cella r. manure out of stable. 22,23 Cut corn. 7 Plowed wheat stubble. 25 Cut corn, harrowed and plowed. [Following week he was away at Harvest Meetings 26 Thra hed with flail. Cut corn. at various churches. ] 27 Cut corn. 14 Finished plowing oats stubble. Gathered apples. 28 Cut corn and went to mill. 16 Made cider and boiled apple butter. 29 Cut corn and plowed. 17 Thrashed oats rakings with flail. 30 Finished cutting corn. Plowed.

View of the main farm buildings from the road along the Skippack, on the Warren G. Bean farmstead tract. 35 NOVEMBER 7 Brought load of coal. Hauled 6 loads of fodder. 8 Finished hauling fodder in large field . [He tra velled for a week in Ches ter County on church business .] 16 Thrashed some rye that was in barn. 20 Took turnips out and buried some. 22 Went to mill. Hauled and spread manure. OCTOBER 23 Spread manure. 2 Fini hed plowing. Harrowed and drilled wheat 27 Killed hog. 4 Began to eed rye. [Travelling on church business. ] 7 In market. 10 Hu ked corn. Hauled 3 loads home. DECEMBER II Husked corn and hauled home, also pumpkins. 5 Cleaned up rye and oats. Began to thrash rye 12 Picked tone, 102-hor e loads. tack, 350 sheaves. 13 Thrashed ISO sheaves of oats. Hauled corn 6 Finished thrashing rye sLack. fodder . 7 Brought load of coal. 14 Harrowed for seeding. Seeded 1% acres rye, II Brought I ton of bran from P . M. Markley. $19.00. corn ground. 12 Cleaned up rye. 16 Picked apples. 14 Sawed tree down. Went LO mill. Patched house 17 Picked apples and got cider made at Creamery. roof. 76 gallons. IS Prepared for market. 18 Boiled apple butter twice. 18 Sawed white oak tree down and split same. Went 19 Husked corn. Got cider made. to Lederachville cow sale. 20 Husked corn, hauled 2 loads home. 19 Sawed tree down at little woods and sawed at same 21 Husked corn, hauled home. until it rained . 23 Husked corn, 92 hocks and hauled 3 loads home. 20 Sawed cherry tree down across meadow and worked 24 Husked corn, hauled 4 loads home. at same. 25 Husked corn, hauled 4 loads home. 21 Sawed up cherry tree across meadow and sawed 26 Husked corn, hauled 2 loads home. another down. 27 Finished husking corn in large field . Hauled 2 27 Hauled wood home. loads home. 28 Cleaned out ice hou e. 28 Hauled corn home. Thrashed some oats. 29 Prepared for market. 30 Husked corn and hauled 2 loads home. 30 lee is 4 inches thick.

The Bean homestead fronted by a shale stone retaining wall along the Skippack Creek Road.

36 6:umbcrlanb 6:ountlJ ~cat~ 20fC

By Mac E. Barrick

Cumberland County, Pennsylva nia, is ituated near "the traditional burial of Chri t Him elf, looking ea t­ the middle of the Great Valley extending from the ward, show that the ceremony of Orientation wa at Delaware River into the southern hi ghlands. The great lea t practised in the earlie t day of the Church,"2 highways crossing it from colonial times to the pre ent a nd there is trong ugge tion that the tradition tem have made it a crossroad of cultural influence. Yet from primitive su n-wor hip. As for the day of re ur­ these cu ltural currents have left along its mountains rection, that may not be far off. A man in Mount and other rural areas backwaters little affected by Holly Springs declared in March 1968 that "the year change until relatively recent time. Settled by Scotch­ two thou and is the end. The world ain't su ppo ed Irish Presbyterians in the mid-eighteenth century, Cum­ to stand thousand." This equates with a complex berland County became a terminus of Germanic but common belief once held in the area that the migration by the end of that century, and these two world was created about 4000 B.C. in accordance with groups have remained since then, often at odds with Archbishop James U her' famou calculation, and that each other, the dominant ethnic forces in the county's ince "a thousand years is a a day in the ight of development. Even today people of other backgrounds the Lord" (Psalms, xc, 4), 4000 years before Chri t represent less than ten percent of its total population. and 2000 years after represent the six days of the earth's The Black population is small but visible (1,767 of creation (read existence); thus the Second Coming of 156,156 in 1970), and recent immigrants include Ie s Christ, the beginning of the seventh or Lord's day, extensive numbers of Greeks, Italians and Vietnamese. will occur about the year 2000 A.D., give or take The county's religious life, until the ecumenical a few years for miscalculations. changes of the mid-twentieth century, reflected the same The following storie illustrate a more typical folk conflict between the Anglo and Germanic groups, attitude toward the Second Coming a nd the Last descendants of English ancestry usually forming the Judgement: professional and landowning elite and attending the There wa two fella , they went out fishin' an more urban-oriented Presbyterian and Methodist they caught a whole bunch of fi sh, and on the way churches, while the people of German descent, usually home they passed a cemetery . And they had two laborers and farmers, joined Lutheran, Reformed, big fi h an' they left them lay at the gate. Left United Brethren or Winebrennerian congregation. them lay at the gate an' went into the cemetery Whatever the church name, Fundamentalism was its with the rest a the fish. An' two people come along an' they heard these two fellas in the ceme­ doctrine. Strict adherence to the Bible in its only tery di vidin' the fish. "One fer me and one fer inspired (i .e., King James') version was the rule, to the you, one fer me an' one fer you," till they were extent that one local man, as late as 1950, declared done dividin' the fish. Then they said, "Now that the earth must be flat since the Bible speaks of we'll git them two at the gate." An' the two "the four corners of the earth." Such thinking has people at the gate thought it was the Lord and the Devil dividin' an' they were comin' ta git them. 3 naturally infiltrated local beliefs about death and its aftermath. And a local Pentecostal preacher once said in a sermon, One practice associated with this religious funda­ "1 was talking to a preacher friend of mine and he told mentalism is that of burying the dead with their me, 'My church will be the first to get to heaven.' feet towards the east, "so that when they rise from the I said, 'Well, I've got a pretty good church.' He said,

dead they'll be facing east." 1 The practice is an ancient 'Well, mine will go to heaven first. Don't you know one with European parallels in the placement of cathe­ the Bible says the dead in Christ shall rise first?' ". drals on an east-west axis, the elite who were buried Though burial facing the east still occurs in older and within them having their feet toward the main altar rural cemeteries, contemporary public burial grounds (i.e., the east). Frederick T. Elworthy noted that are usually landscaped in elaborate geometrical designs

37 . .~ --

r . 11". A II I f. foresta ll ed, it can be foreseen. Natural and super­ natural signs are often interpreted as predicting it. Perhap the most commo n natural omen is a bird fl ying into th e house. "If a bird fl ew in the hou e, it meant he come to take one of the family out. " 8 Variations N. JWH of this include such id eas as "A bird fl yin g against the ,. " I J t Figure 1 Ashland window is a sign of death ,"9 " When a bird fli es into Cemetery on the edge of Carlisle follows the a window it means death of a loved one" (Gardners, elaborate design of Ja n. 1976), a nd " When a bird runs into a glass a nd dies, someone will die" (Shippensburg, Oct. 1976). "A S,lu h" S ,. ,. nineteen f h -cen t ury I \ rooster crowing late at ni ght (or at midnight) is a sign ~ r "rural cemeteries. " that one of the family will die." 'o And the ill -omened owl hooting near the ho use was an ancient sign of where placement is terrain oriented (see fig. I). As death ." one loca l undertaker remarked (J u ne 1976), " They The behavior o f animals is also cl osely watched. u ually want them buried with the head uphill , so in that "A dog whining at ni ght is a sign that omeone one cemetery lip there they' re buried every whi ch way." in the fa mily will die soon" 12 is a commonly held As a ide-note to the manner o f burial, a Carli sle beli ef, so common in fact that it is mocked by an country-music di c jockey once stated on hi s radio pro­ earl y newspaper editor: gram that "When I die, they' re gonna bury me face To hear a death-watch, denotes that there is a down," implying that hi s manner of life wa uch that little insect near you. To hear a dog howl is he was headed the other way. l However, when he was ~ ure .sign .that he has lungs. To see strange killed in an automobile accident a year o r 0 later, he li ghts, IS a sIgn that there is something to cause was buried in the normal manner. them, or that your head is disordered; and that some­ Death with it accompanying rite i one a rea in which one will surely die after it. To see a n apparition or to be be-witched, is an incontestible evi d e nc ~ the church still exerts a strong influence. In rural that you are lacking in common sense. (Carlisle Cumberland County, interment frequently takes place American Volunteer, Feb. II, 1819, p. 4) in the yard of the church where the decea ed held mem­ bership, and a number of local churches still provide Less common is the belief that when a cow "washes" free burial space for members. The days when the (licks) another cow, it means a funeral. IJ And the family burial ground was located at the ancestral home­ observation by a Black woman in Carlisle on seeing stead are long past but such ites, often fenced and well a cat licking a doorstep, "Somebody in the house will tended but occasionally overgrown with green briers, die," 14 is unusual. can till be een at the corner or even in the center of Domestic death omens noted in Cumberland County a cultivated field. Since the 1930's, however, more and include the creaking of the house at night, 'l and a more families are acquiring lots in public cemeterie , picture falling from the wall ("Someone in the family but even there, for a long while, family plots were will die" ). '6 Two such omens involve sitting at the sometimes surrounded with ornate cast iron fe ncing, table: "It's unlucky to have thirteen at the table, prompting less ostentatious plot owners to wonder if because Judas was the thirteenth at the Last Supper. the fence was there to keep other people out or to One of them will die" " ; "When the clock strikes keep those people in .6 The difficulty of mowing and twelve on Monday, if you're settin' at the table, you'll maintaining such plots eventually led to the prohibition hear of a funeral before the week is around." '8 and even the removal of such individual fences. One unusual belief relates to sweeping, a household In keeping with the trend toward public burial practice that in terms of homeopathic magic uggests grounds, each year fewer funeral services are held with­ the sweeping away of the soul. A young woman in the church building itself, since local funeral homes in Newville related that her grandmother, Mrs. Annie provide new and adequate facilities. One church­ Mentzer (1858-1951), once warned her about sweeping related custom has disappeared completely, that of ring­ dirt out the door after sunset, "I f I die, you'll ing the church bell to announce a death. "Back in besorry." '9 McClure's Gap they use' to toll the bell, once for each Parsley, a seemingly innocuous but tasty little herb, year the person was old,'" but this has not been done has an ominous significance in rural outhern Penn­ for twenty or thirty years. sylvania. "I f you plant parsley," it is believed, "for Resigned acceptance of the inevitability of death is each stalk you plant, you plant a member of the reflected in a frequently-heard comment at funerals, family. " 20 A related belief collected in Shippensburg referring to the deceased, "He's done his. We got ours (October 28, 1976) is, "I f you plant parsley seeds to do yet." Of course, even though death cannot be in the ground instead of laying them out on a board,

38 someone in you r family wi ll die." Parsley, of cour e collection . Lyl1\\ood lontell' Gho {s along {he was regarded by the ancien t as acred to the dead and umberland (pp. 4 -60) contain man e ample from it sti ll bears a strong a sociation v.ith death through- outhern Kentuck) but fe\\ eem to 0 ur in Penn­ ou t urope. 2 I n southwestern ngland, \\-e are told, yl ania. lIa . no\\ berger reported one intere ting form from Penn Ivania, from Blair ount, noted it is da ngerou to transplant it and fatal to be gi en perhap a hundred year ago: a plant as a gift. li ghtly safer way i for the owner to indicate a bed of par ley si lently and Dan \\ a a mere bo . On returning home one for the reci pi ent to come a nd dig it up in pretended evening \\-ith hi brother Jake from their \ ork ecrecy. It is afcr to ow it and this i a 10"- on a lime ta k in the i inity of the Phi l proces , for it goe down to Hell three time _ Ken inger place, in T aylor to\\ n hip, Dan a\ a some ay as many a nine - before it prout. il er dagger ai l through the air. He de lare It is said to grow best if it is sown with cur e nothing e er wa any clearer or plainer before hi a nd beller for a bad ma n tha n a good o ne but eyes. It \ a about t\ 0 feet long. Glittering in the all i made afe if it i sown on Good riday late unlight, it floated in a graceful a rc hi gh 0 er after coming back fro m church ." head. Hilt and keen edged blade were natural a po sible. The point wa turned in the direction of One o ther planting omen coll ected In umberland the· now berger home. It pas ed from ie abo e. o unty i , " T o mi a row when planting i a sign the nearby wood. Jake could not ee it at a ll. Wha t did it mean? Their brother e ley died that you' ll mi o ne of the family. One' ll die. " 23 oon afterward. Did it portend hi death? 30 uriou Iy, uch widely-held belief as " Rocking an empty cradle or rocking cha ir means death," " A The only omen of thi nature coll ected in umber­ falling star mean someone has died o r a o ul i going land County is o ne from a 6 -year old woman from to heaven ," and " A green C hristmas mean a fat McClure Gap the day after her hu band died in churchyard" have not been noted in Cumberland 1942: " I saw a black tar in the room the ni ght County. And a large group of supersititio ns tha t are my baby died, and I saw that arne black tar la t el ewhere reported a death omens (e. g., opening a n ni ght." The rarity of uch o men i pos ibly due to umbrella in the ho use, breaking a mirror, carrying a fear of ridicule; but then not too many people 111 a shovel into the ho use) are here o nl y suggestive of in Cumberland County ee flying a ucer either, at bad luck, perhaps because of a relu ctance to talk about lea t not that they talk about. death and d yin g,2. o r possibly because they have lost Though the supernatural no lo nger play a role in their original ig nificance. If thi is the ca e, belief the foretelling of the imminence of death , it has o n change gradually from awesome certainties to vague o r occasion been important in other way. J . Raymond ambiguous suggestions, reflecting per hap the ability of Bear (1896-1972), pro li fic folk narrator from Ba rnitz,l ' medical cience to deal now with once terminal disease. near Carli Ie, recalled that an uncle of hi named One belief where the nature of the bad luck is ob­ Ben Finkenbinder once sought out the aid of a n elderl y viously fata l i tha t " It ' bad luck to ay, 'I'll be seein' Bl ack " witch doctor" in Harri burg, after earcher ya' to an undertaker" (Oakville, June 1972). And an had o ught in vain for the body of a little boy intere ting example of a bad luck o men given new drowned in the Conodoguinet Creek, even to the ex tent and personal meaning was the idea expre ed by a of d yna miting for everal miles below the spot of the Carlisle underta ker, himself lo ng ince dead , tha t a accident. 32 " When he got there, the old lady' place, black cat cros ing the road meant a death, not in hi he knocked 't the door, and she appeared, an' she family but a funeral coming to him . said, ' Well , [ know your name and [ know what Dream are occasio na ll y interpreted to foretell death . you're here for.' And he ji t told ' im traight out, "To dream of muddy water i a sig n of death " ' Your name is Ben Finkenbinder, and,' he said, 'you ' re frequently reported. 25 Even more widespread is the huntin' tha t little boy that drowned, an' [ kin tell belief that "If you dream you ' re falling a nd don' t ya he ain't more th'n twenty feet from where he wake up before you hit bottom, you ' ll die. " 26 The drowned,' she said, 'he's holdin' a, a black elm root, reason no one has ever dreamed of hitting bottom 'th one hand, and,' he say, 'That's where you'll should be obvious. The general rule for interpreta­ find ' im. ' He goe back, goes up ... there the next tion is that dream go by opposites. Thus" I f you day, and a man 'at could dive went down 'n' dream of a marriage, it's a sign of a funeral," " picked im' off a the root" (Utech, p. 221). Another and conversely, "If you dream of a death (or a funeral), widely noted method of locating drowning victims, it's a sign of a wedding." 28 The my tica l number that of floating a loaf of bread in the water. JJ is three occurs in the belief that funerals, like other mis­ apparently no longer known. fortunes, come by threes. 29 Since death occurs now usually in hospitals or under Psychic tokens of death are rarely reported, though medical attention - there is even a joke about a man there are undoubtedly many instances that have e caped who died without the aid of a doctor, i.e .• of natural

39 cause - friends or relatives rarely are required to wit­ in fection, since so me of them died after contact with ness the moment of ex piration, but thi s was o nce a diseased bodies. 39 Fear of premature burial was solemn ceremony involving as ma ny members of the another factor influential in the in troduction of em­ family and close friends as poss ible (Ari es, p. 13 7) . balming. Severa l affli ctions, including a form of The common practice of holding a mirror in front epi lepsy, produced death-like comas, and stories are of the mouth to determine when breathing stopped often told of subsequent exh umation of corpses th at (MEM, July 1978) i now rarely practiced. had turned around in the coffin or raised a hand When death does occur, whether in a hospita l or at over the fa ce, evid ence that the person had been home, the body is taken away a lmost immediately by buried a li ve . Despite such popular fears, many church­ an undertaker. It was not a lways so. Formerly, men regarded the morticians who first practiced em­ neighbors came to the home and helped to wash a nd balming as murderers, a curious irony, considering clothe the corpse for burial, interment usua ll y occurring the alterna ti ve. the nex t day. Friends and relative "sat up" with Perhaps associated with this, a nd poss ibly a factor the body during the ni ght, ome say to gua rd it from adduced as evidence of premature interment, is the ev il spirits or animal who mi ght ha rm it, others say belief that the hai r a nd nai ls of the corpse continue to watch for movement or other signs of life to pre­ to grow after the burial. Stories are told of graves vent premature burial. Such per onal involvement being opened when cemeteri es must be moved, not onl y no longer happens. Even such once universal practices in Cumberland County, but else where. For example: as placi ng coin on the eyes of the deceased have disappeared. One local undertaker said (J une 1976), A little cousin of mine who years before had died at the age of two, had in that time grown hair "I haven' t seen that for twenty years. " The practice more than a foot long. Before opening the coffin is often explained as a means of keeping the eyes of one of my uncles, hair was perceived sticking closed,34 but the question arises as to why coin, out through the cracks along the cover. Inside rather than pebbles or other weights, were used . This they found the casket fairly packed with hair, sounds like a survival of an a ncient cu tom of pro­ enough to fi ll a bushel basket. Thi caused great amazement, for no one hereabouts then knew that viding payment for the voyage across the ri ver of death, hair is a vegetable growth.'o especially when it is noted that in the Norfolk Fenland of England the so-called "corpse money" is placed on the The motif occurs frequently in literature.'! forehead rather than the eyes, 3S a nd a mong the Ita lians One curious belief about the ma nner of embalm­ of Northampton County, a dollar and a handkerchief ing heard in Carli Ie abo ut twenty years ago is that, were placed in the corpse's pocket. 36 Of course the instead of using the femoral artery (Feegel, Autopsy, coins on the eyes were sometimes returned to the family, p. 41), the undertaker uses the big toe: " There's but W. F. Hoffman does indicate that they were once a vein in the bi g toe where all the blood comes to, placed in the coffin (JAF, 2[1889], 30). and the undertaker sticks a needle in the big toe Most of the old customs about the death-room are to draw out the blood and inject the embalming Fluid . gone. Today's undertakers express amusement when I f they don't move then, they're dead. " asked if they've ever seen covered mirrors or pictures People of strict religious upbringing often objected turned to the wall" in the home where someone has to the use of cosmetics to improve the appearance died. Of course death is a more frequent caller to of the deceased. Relatives have frequently remarked hospital or nursing home rooms than to private residences at funerals that "Aunt Millie told me if they put these days. With the professionalization of funeral any rouge on her I was to take my handkerchief directing, fewer funerals are held in the home and there and wipe it off." The author witnessed this being is an increasing tendency to perform even the religious done on one occasion in the 1950's. Modern funeral services in the funeral parlor rather than in the church. directors use colored lighting to produce the desired The funeral home, rarely used by rural families in effect. Where once the intent was to create the im­ southern Pennsylvania before 1930, and once an expan­ pression that the corpse was merely asleep, at present sion of the undertaker's residence, is today often a the sought-for effect is to make it lifelike (Aries, specially designed building with facilities adequate for p. 148). A common comment at funerals is, "My conducting several funerals the same day, if necessary. 38 don't he look natural," and sometimes the deceased The undertaker is solely responsible for the prepara­ is buried wearing glasses because "he just don't look tion of the body for burial. Though Formalin was like himself without them." introduced about 1915 (other chemicals and even whis­ Blacks in Cumberland County once thought it was key were sometimes used before then), embalming was a bad omen if the hands of the corpse were soft, not commonly practiced in the smaller towns until thinking that it meant bad luck.42 Now of course much later, and then less for the preservation of the embalming prevents that, which explains the tendency body than for protecting the undertaker from contagious for undertakers in the Caribbean Islands to use ex-

40 cess ive amount of embalming nuid, in jecting It dir ec tl~ of three a nd po ib l ~ fo ur publi egment . The) a re into the muscl e ti ss ue in man) case~ (l W , June 19 J. the \ ie \\ lIlg, the fu nera l en ice, the rema rk a t th A a sidelight on the funera ls o f Blacks, o ne under­ gra ve, a nd , ometime ,a return to the ho me. taker' as istant, though he a ffirmed t:lat " in this bu i­ The \ ie\\ ing, a ocia l gathering \\ hi h rela ti\ e a nd ne s we don't dare be super titio ll s," admitted tha t e\ en di ta nt acquaintance o f the decea ed attend , "we used LO ay that to rub the head o f a dead egro ha replaced the o lder form of \\ ake and no\\ la t wa good lu ck" ( arli Ie, J une 1, 1976). o nly t \\ 0 or three hour in contra t to the all-night ndertakers' a sistants are amaLin g source o f folk \ igil \\ hi ch the fo rmer rite entailed. The corp e lie humor, often of a morbid kind as mi ght be expected . in tate, surrounded b noral memorial ent by famil One uch man from a rli Ie stated that extra chair and a ociate. o t long ago the iev ing \ a a olemn a re a lway kept in the viewing room "0 rI gor occasion during \\ hi ch the famil at mournfull to the mortis can et in." But an earli er a i tant wa more ri ght of the casket to recei e the condolence of each morbid , as revealed in this anecdote: new arrival throughout the e ening (cf. ontell, no. 245). 0\\ olemnit i re er ed for the funeral er­ Yo u knew lark [Dunkelberger] didn't you? He' dead now. The ventriloqui t. He wa working for vi ce and the iewing i a not-unplea a nt occa ion Lutz o ne time a nd there wa a funeral down where friend gather to talk, regretting only that the there a t the o ld graveyard . They were carryi ng the gue t of honor i unable LO participate. ' uch oc­ coffin inLO the cemetery a nd they were a ll colo red , ca ion· often give .ri e LO Ie ity. One man \ ill re­ o he aid , lik e it was coming from the coffin, mark that he goe LO all the viewing he can . " Let me down easy, boys." They just dropped it a nd ran . He got fired for that, LOO." "After a ll ," he ays, "if I don't go to their ie ing, they won't come LO mine. ".. nother might ay, The coffin selected by mo t familie a finely- " I a ked him [the man in the coffin] what he wa polished natural color wood model (oak is popular"), doing in there and he a id nothing. " " though metal ca ket a re being used more frequently The viewing provide an emotio na l relief for the these days . When a mall child dies, the coffin i fami ly and for the friend who vi it with them, a almost a lways white to ugge t innocence (cf. Montell, re pite of o rts between the overwhelming feeling of no. 198) . Custom dictates that the body be fully 10 that come with the mo ment of death and the clothed, including hoes, and that it be placed with elfish de pair of the funeral ser ice it elf with its the left ide LO the rear of the coffin, unle s unu ual climacti c mo ment of cl o ing the coffin . The friend circumstances dictate otherwise. In 1942, for instance, comment o n the beauty of the noral display (and an elderly man who died in hi s sleep in a fetal ecretly compare the one they ent with those of other position wa placed the opposite way because post­ mourner ), remini ce a mong them el e about recent or mortem li vidity had di colored the ide of the face significant contacts with the decea ed, and exchange that would have been mo t vi ible. The hand are wo rd of sympathy with the bereaved. There i a l 0 the usually positioned acros the abdomen with the left opportunity for the exercise of a common uper ititous hand holding the blanket which covers the lower pa rt practice, touching the corpse. An unidentified woman of the body. Coffins with divided lids are not u ed at a viewing in Carli Ie, January 19, 1973, tated, in this area, a nd the old glass-windowed viewing coffin, "When I was a kid and I'd see omebody dead, ealed LO prevent odors before modern embalming I' d see them fer a week or two after that. Then methods were used , is now a mu eum curiosi ty. somebody told me that if you touched them, they In ociological terms, " the fact of death provides wouldn' t bother you after that."H Then she marched a central focus around which human cuiture develop up to the coffin and with tudied deliberation placed in two main ways. Fir tl y, there is what we may 100 ely her own hand on the dead man's. Book Roth, a call the conceptual aspect of death ; econdly, the Carli Ie funeral director, ob erved that parents fre­ organizational. Or to put it another, and not a lto­ quently insist that children touch a dead person so gether overlapping, way, there is the anticipation of their fear of the dead will leave. Of course the true death and the actuality of death, the ideology a nd the intent is often hidden under uch innocent-appearing interment.""S As noted, the interpretation of omens tratagem as, "Ju t ee how cold Uncle Harry's foretelling death is a matter of individual behavior. hands are!" The rites surrounding the final display and inter­ Today' viewing is invariably held in the local ment of the corpse after death , howe er, are a matter funeral home. However, a recently as 1949, when of ethnoreligious tradition . The community expects Curt Raudabaugh died in Bloserville, his wife Tillie certain element of behavior ~t this time and is troubled insi ted on an "old-fashioned" funeral and had the when they are absent. viewing in the parlor of their home, with the body The traditional rural Prote tant funeral as it is being transported to the church building for the funeral presently structured in central Pennsylvania consists the next day.

41 nominational background. Most preachers seek to comfort the fami ly, like one Carli sle minister speak­ ing at the service of a man who di ed of cancer at an earl y age; he chose hi s text from second Timothy (iv, 7): " I have finished my course, I have kept the fa ith," and ex pl ain ed that this ma n had sim pl y finished hi s earthl y course sooner than others. Another preacher took the dyin g words of a boy fatally injured by a farm tractor, " I' m going home," and reminded the pa rents that the boy was now in heave n. There Figure 2 Memorial have been less sensitive preachers, one for example card typical of the at the funeral of a sui cide who stated flatl y that late Victorian per­ the man had died unrepentant of an unforgive n si n iod. a nd was now in hell ,'9 to the despair of survivi ng relatives. Evangeli cal-minded preachers occasionall y seize the opportunity to convert members of an audience not otherwise accessible to them and preach a he ll ­ fire and brimstone sermon. The funeral service proper ends, usually with a The contemporary funeral service may be held in prayer, then the funeral director invites the audience the church or at the funeral home though the latter to come forward and view the remains for one is usually preferred for convenience. During this ser­ last time, starting fro m the rear of the auditorium vice friends are seated to the left and fa mily members so that the immediate fa mily members are last to ap­ bers to the right of the center aisle, the closer the proach. The most heart-rending moment occurs when relationship generally the closer to the front. The the closest female relatives draw the blanket up over officiant is usually the deceased's pastor,_ though oc­ the chest and sometimes plant a fa rewell ki ss on the casionally a gues't preacher, possibly a former pastor dead (cf. Puck le, p. 75) before leaving the funeral or an old family friend, assists' him . Devotional director and hi s assistants to close the casket. The readings by the pastor open the service after a pre­ six pallbearers, invariably male and usually close fri ends lude of organ music (now played on tape through of the deceased rather than relatives, carry the casket a central speaker system unless the service is in the to the hearse, placing it so the deceased's head is always church). A short prayer follows and then the pastor. toward the front. so Meanwhile the undertaker's (or the guest preacher if there is one) reads a brief assistants carry the floral arrangements to a second obituary, which is often provided to the guests in a hearse for transport to the cemetery. This" flower printed booklet reminiscent of the elaborately morbid wagon" leaves immediately so that the sprays and wreaths memorial cards of the Victorian era. The sermon are arranged around the grave when the entourage itself varies according to the preacher and his de- arrives. For the funeral procession itself, a careful orchestra­ tion arranges the vehicles in traditional order, the pallbearers preceding the hearse along with the minister, and the immediate family next behind it, with the order of precedence according to the relationship to the deceased (see Puckle, p. 118) . No longer does the funeral procession proceed at the sedate pace of yester­ year, particularly since it often moves now on Inter­ state highways. Member vehicles in the procession are identified by lighted headlights and often in addition by a "Funeral" placard or magnetic flag on the front. A police escort sometimes leads the group through urban areas since a funeral procession, by tradition if not by law, has the right of way over other traffic, a possible survival of an ancient superstition that it is bad luck for a funeral to stop on the way to the cemetery.SI Of course no one counts the number of Figure 3 Contemporary memorial folder provided by vehicles in the procession; that's bad luck, S2 just as it's afuneral director in Carlisle. bad luck to count the number of people at the funeral. S3

42 Once at the cemetery, the mourner foll ow the coffin In modern time the public pha e of the funeral end to th e grave in ro ughl y the same o rd er as in the pro­ at thi point. T here may be orne \ ho are relu tant to cession. The grave is rarely hand-dug anymo re; ceme­ be the first or the la t to lea e the cemeter , but no one tery compani es own back-hoes and most churchyard eems to recall the uper tition a 0 iated \ ith thi . caretaker have acce s to them as well . Every attempt The practice of remo ing a ro e or a carnation from the is made to avoid th e ugge ti on that the grave i grave to pre s in a family Bible i lill common, a hole in the ground ; the space around it i carpeted though some view it with caution. One woman note, in green and the mound o f earth, if not removed from " They ay it's bad luck to take anything off a gra e, but the area before the ervice, is also covered wi th green I don't believe it" (E , Carl i Ie, Ma 29 , 1965), hile cloth and the floral displays or else is hidden behind another tates flatl y, " They ay if you lake a fl ower from the protecti ve awning erected in case of bad weather. the grave, you will repl ace it. My aunt did that, a nd The weather on the day of the funeral is the subject three week later she pas ed away." 59 of numerous super titions. Rain on that day is con­ The custom of inviting mourners back to the hou e fo r sidered a bad omen, at least in Cumberland County: refreshments is gradually fading. In the hor e a nd "If it rains in an open grave, there's going to be another buggy days, the social nece si ty o f pro idng food fo r death in the family soon" ;54 or " If it rains the day of trave ll ers before they tarted their journey home wa a funeral, another wi"lI follow. " 55 I n other area , rain widely recogni zed. However, a Puckle noted , " much is seen as a good sign, indicating that the decea ed is as it may have contributed to the continuatio n o f the going to heaven .56 u age, ho pitality WilS certainly not the origin of the One strange superstition involving an open grave is funeral feast" (Funeral Customs, p. 102) , for it i a rite practiced, for obvious reasons, before the day of the which developed in pre-Christian times. If the cu tom funeral. Sam Burkholder, the late pharmacist and local is observed at all today, few outside the immediate historian of Newville, Pa., once recalled: family partake of the cold andwiche, alads and pie A woman called me up and asked me if I u ually offered. As a side-note, raisin pie, once 0 wide­ had any open graves out at the cemetery, and ly erved on such occasion that it is generically called I said, "Yes." And she a ked if she could use "funeral pie," ha now yielded to the abundance of it. And 1 asked her what she had in mind and convenience foods. It still figures in folk humor: "Why she said, "I have a four-year-old who wets the bed." So I told her to go ahead. She aw do they always have raisin pie at funerals? - To eat. " 60 me afterwards and said he'd only wet the bed Raisin s are always in eason of course and becau e of once in six weeks. Of course, I think it scare their black color are appropriate funereal food (cf. him out of it, urinating in an open grave. (Jan. Puckle, p. 108). 16,1969) The funeral meal, because it synthesized grief and

The belief is widely reported, 57 sometimes wi th the pleasure, fulfilled an important psychological and socio­ stipulation that it be practiced at night, or that the logical function in that it returned the bereaved to the grave must be a "new grave of a baby" (Bedford world of normal social behavior at a moment when Co., Sept. 17, 1976). eating and entertaining were farthest from the mind. The graveside service is brief, consisting of a prayer, Then as the guests gradually departed, the deceased's a few words from the minister, perhaps scriptural family wa finally alone to contemplate the events of quotations regarding immortal life or the resurrec­ the day with mixed feelings, torn between the emotions tion of the flesh and usually ending with the passage of despair at their 10 s and relief that the ordeal was from the Book of Common Prayer, "earth to earth, over at last. ashes to ashes, dust to dust; in sure and certain hope of the Resurrection unto eternal Ii fe," and the final commendation of the body to the ground. The moment, though serious, is often remembered with levity. One Figure 4 Mid-nine­ hears of a minister who suppo edly said at this juncture, teenth-century tomb­ "Here lies the shell; the nut has gone to heaven" (JRB, stones were elaborately 1965), or of an ungodly man whose service no preacher decorated, even in this would conduct; and a friend, feeling the need to say Mennonite cemetery something appropriate, intoned, "Ashes to ashes, dust near Newville, PA. to dust; if the Lord won't take him, then the devil must." 58 It was once the custom to lower the coffin into the grave as the final act of the service but this is now felt to be too emotional an experience for the sur­ vivors. The coffin is now lowered and the grave filled only after the mourners are safely away.

43 I, FA:'-1T AUCHTER

- ~ -'"""-- - -~ Figure 5 Children's gra ves were ofl en Figure 6 Former residenls galher for lhe annual cleaning of an marked with an effigy of a lamb, f rom abandoned cemelery in Henry's Valley, Pen ), Counl)', somelime in lhe mid-IBOO' 10 lhi Slone of lhe 1950's lhe early 1930's. Some of lhese people walked miles across lhe near Carlisle. moun lain f rom Cumberland Counly 10 honor relalives buried lh ere. The subsequent memorialization of the dead ta kes Another annual remembrance rite is the decoration several fo rms in Cumberla nd Count y. Beyond the erec­ of the graves before the Memoria l. Day weekend in May. ti o n of a tombstone - a nd tomb LO ne styl e preference Formerly whole families gathered for a sort of pi cni c re­ over the years de erves addi ti o nal tudy·' - there a re union to trim grass a nd weeds and to plant flowers, annual opportunities, on the a nnive rsary of the loved somewhat reminiscent of the All Souls' Day celebra­ o ne's birthday or deathdate, to publi h adve rti sements tions in Europe and Latin America, but this is no longer in memoriull1, con isting of simple a nnouncements, necessary since commercial cemeteries now provide traditio na l verses or poem written for the occasion. "perpetual care." Geranium are still pl a nted on the These sometimes take o n the quality of fo lk ballads, grave at this time, but many people resort to the plasti c lik e the following honoring a young aucti oneer who di ed ephemera offered by flori ts and discount stores, not in 1978 : only for Memorial Day but for other holidays a well. It i not unusual to see garish heart-shaped arrangements In Loving Memory on graves at Valentine's Day or cross-shaped designs at o Brother, Dear Bubber you have gone away Easter, but the more traditional pine (albeit artificial) For the Master has call ed and shown you the way. Our hearts are heavy and the teardrop fall wreath prevails at Christmas. And our aching heart yearn to hear your call. Naturally one should be careful when visiting cemeteries No more will we see your kind happy face not to walk on a grave!3 or the person buried there will And the jovial spirit that was filled with grace. come back to haunt you (Mercer Co., July 1976). The a uctioneer inging hi s happy song Closely associated with this is the eerie belief that On hi s horse called Major as he rode along He loved all life and he fought a good fight "when you shudder, someone's walking over your grave. " •• And in spite of reverses hi s face shone with a light. But don't worry, the rapidity with which funeral cus­ How he loved to laugh and sing and play toms are changing and the ease with which the old For football was his life playing it night and day. beliefs are disappearing, chance are that by the time And playing the game right wa dear to his heart you need that grave, in-ground burial will no longer As he drove every si new and muscle apart. o gallant soul never more will we see be in fashion. Your proud erect figure standing straight as a tree. Your corn cob pipe now lie silent and still NOTES Cowboy hat and pointed boots now lay unfilled. ' Ella Barrick, Carlisle, AprIL 27 , 1963 . The practice is widespread You served your country well both on land and sea. in Pennsylvania; ee Thomas R. Brendle a nd Claude W . Unger, And held fast to Old Glory serving her constantly. Folk Medicine of th e Pennsylvania Germans ( orri IOwn, t 935), You were known by many as the Colonel who cared. p. 37 ; Isaac S. Simons, " Dutch Folk-Beliefs," Pennsylvania Dutch­ And your life was left open, no one could ever ensnare. man,S (Mar. 15, 1954) , 2-3; Jo hn Joseph lOud t, Pennsylvania­ You left us a son and three wonderful daughters German Folk Art (AllenlOwn, 1966, p. 17. Cf. Conrad Richter, And Charley boy loves football like his spirited Father. Th e Trees (New York, 1940), p. 62: "Worth had dug the hole o Brother, Dear Bubber you have gone away east and west like selliemenl graves were 0 the sun would shine in the For the Master has called and shown you the way.·2 the faces of the dead when th ey sat up o n resurrectio n morn." ee also William L. Mo ntell, Ghosts alon!? the CUlllberland (Knoxville,

44 1975), p. 2, and Benram S. Pucl.le, funeral CustOlll.l (London, LB, \Ia) 1963 f. Brown olleellon, no. 209; ogel, no . 1926), pp 14 -149. 20. 29 , Grumbllle. p 2 6; \1 ener, " Local uper titlon ." -b",onh}, The Lnll:.ye (london, I 95), p. 66 Lancasler Counll H,st oc Journal. 9. no. (1904). _42, Hoff­ J . Ru \\cll Barriel.. recordcd In Carli\le, Jan 5, 1973 Thomp\on man. JAF, 2 (I 9), 3 I, chulll. p. 14; Ifred \Iathe\\ and u tin Ii\t\ tim a\ t}pe 1791, motif X424 . See thc exten~i\e bibilograph) III Hungerford, History of the COl/nl/es of Lelu~h and arbon I rne,t \\ . Baughman, Tlpe and \IIolif Index of the / olAtale.l of (Philadelphia, I 4), p. 3 ; G. \\ . Huntle), Sinnalllahone (Bo\ton, I:.lIxlalld alld vorth Alllerica (The Hague. 1966), p. 47. to \\ hieh add 1945), p. 25 ; Dunl.elberger, p. 327 ; eorge Kor on, \/lIIslrel of Ihe William P. Shoemaker, "T\\o r oll.tale,," PeIlIlH'!I'anw Dutchlllan, \IIine Patch (Hatboro, 1964), p 142; Donald Brenslllger, Pelln )"1- I Cpl. 15, 1949),2; Leonard Roben;, Old Greasyheard. Talesfrolll I'an/O Dutch Allllanac Beliefs (Penn burg, 196 ), p. 12; "Iontell, the IIl11berlalld Gap (Detroit, 1969), p. 160- 162; George Care), pp. 34-35. Fifteen counlle report the belief III the I nde\ of Penna. \IIarylalld I olklore and I olAltfe (Cambridge, ,vld., 1970). pp. 31 -32 ; rol Beliefs. ·\ilontell , pp. I 6- 1 7; Julian Gore, Jokes Galore (\\ ashington. 1917), Bertha Gutshall. arli5le, ;\I a} 1963 . r. imon~, p. 2: "be- p. 17; E. V. Whllc. l et's Lauxh (Demon. Tex., 1940), p. 34; t\\een the horns." and Alfrcd Shocma l- er, Reading Caxle. 0\.3. 194 ,p. 19. 'Reported In 1965. Bro",n olleetion, no. 51 ,add, "for the cat cleans the pa sage for the corpse." f. Thompson, motif BI47.1.2.2 "Cat as beast of ill-omen." 'Carll\le, I 0\. 17, 1968. Variant In Bob Phillips, The If orld's ' EB, Ma) 1963. Bro",n olleellon, no. 504. f. lontell, no. Createst Colleel/oll of Cleall Jokes (Santa Ana, Cal., 1974), p. 34 . 54. Also reported from nyder and omerset Countle 'The suggestion 1\ not unique; see Herben Ha lpen, "'The • B, Ma) I , 1963; harlie li ller, e\\ville, ept. 2 , 19 World Will Turn pSlde Do\\n': An nusual BUrial Explanallon In Brown ollectlon, no. 5065. Cr. Phillips, no. 20; Fogel, no. 52 f oil-lore and Lileratu rc. " In f olklore Today, ed. linda Degh, hoemaker, Proverbs, p. I ; Hand, KFQ, 4, no. 133 ; Robert H. ct al. ( Bl oomington, 1976), pp. 193-207; Jacqueline Simpson, "The Byington, " Popular Belief, and uper tlllOn from Pennsyl\ania," World p\ide Down hall Be: A ote on the Fo lkl o re of Dooms­ KI-Q, 9 ( 1964), ; A . Monroe urand, Popular HOllie Remedle and da)," JOllrnal of Alllerican Folklore. 9 1 ( 197 ),559-567. Super tllions of the Pennsylvania Germans (Harrisburg, 1941) , p. 29; , f. Baughman, motif J 1499.9, to "hieh add: M ildred Jordan, Montell, no. 45. xample from Bedford, McKean, Potter, and en­ The DISlel{illk COlllltry of the Penllsy!l'ania Dlltch ( e\\ York, ango ountie are in the Index of Penna. Folk Beliefs. 197 ), p. 2. ' EB, May 18 , 1963. Baughman, motif DI273. 1.6. 1. ee F. T . JRB, Carlisle, No\. 26, 1963. Cf. W. J . Hoffman, "Folklore Elworthy, The Evil Eye ( ew York, 195 ), p. 406; American otes of the Pennsylvania Germans," JAF, 2 (I 9), 30; G. F. Dunkel­ and Queries, 4 ( I 89), 4; Brown Collection, no . 5073-77. f. berger, Th e Story of SlIyder COllnty (Selinsgrove, 194 ), p. 607; a l 0 the following, a ll without reference to the La tupper: Al fred L. hoemal-er, "Old Funeral Customs," Penn yll'anw Dutch­ Phillips, no. 56; Fogel, no. 547; Simons, p. 2; Aurand, p. 30. /lion , I (June 2, 1949), 3; L. E. Riegel, " Reminiscence of BG, arli sle, May 1963 . f. Fogel, 0.501,5 12,556. Centerpon," Pellllsy!l'all ia /- olklife, 14 , no. 2 (1964 ), 43; cott F. 'Collected May 1967. Brown Collection, no. 5 111 . Brenner, Penllsy!lw//a Dutch (Harrisburg, 1957), p. 147. ee al 0 '"Elsie Snyder, Carli Ie, July II , 1972. f. Brown Collecl/on, Puckl e, pp. 2- 3; Enid Poner, The Folklore of East Anglw no. 4889; Hoffman, JAF, I (I 8), 130; Fogel, no. 966-969; (TOIO \\ a, N. J ., 1974), p. 37. Schultz, p. 15; o rman A . Smith, "From M y otebook," Penn­ 'EB, Carli sle, A pr. 27, 1963; Betty Miller. ewvi ll e, Sepl. 25, ylval7la Dutchman, I (Nov. 1949), 3; MacEdwa rd Leach and Henry 1978. See a lso Ed\\in 1. Fogel , Beltefs and SlIpersl/l/ons of the Glassie, A Guide for Collectors of Oral Traditions (Harrisburg, Penllsylvall/a Gertl/{/n 5 (Philadelphia, 19 15), no. 54 1; E. Grumbi~e, 1968), p. 49. Brensinger (Almanac Beliefs, p. 4) notes: " A woman "Folk-Lore a nd Supersit itous Be li ef of Lebanon Coumy," Papers. will 10 e her husband ifshe transplant parsley." of the Lebanon County Histoncal Soc., 3 (1905-6), 284; J. R. , See Funk and Wagnall's Standard Dictionary of Folklore ( ew chult z, "Crawford Count y Folklore," Keystone Folklore Qllarterly, York , 1972), p. 45; Handl..Qrterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, 4. no . 3-4 (1959), 14 ; Henry W . Shoemaker, Scotch- Irish and En­ I (Berlin , 1934-35), 1528 . glish Proverbs (Reading, 1927), p. 23; Will iam J . Rupp, Bird " Katharine M . Brigg , The Folklore of the Cotswolds (Totowa, allies and Bird Lore ( orri to\\ n, 1946) , p. 256; Wayland Hand , .J ., 1974), p. 119. An informant from Bedford County reports: "More Popul a r Beli e f and uperstiti o ns,' in Two Penny Ballads and " The seeds of par ley go even times to the devi l before they Four Dollar li'hiskey, ed. K. S. Goldstein and R. H. Byington germinate. " (Hatboro, Pa ., 1966), no. 14 2; Amos Long, The Pennsylvania Gerlllan " EB, May 1963 . Cf. Fogel, no. 569 (pla nting o ni o ns); Aura nd, Falllily Farm (Breinigsville, 1972), p. 103; Momell, no. 11 5; The p. 29; Long, p. 54. Frank C. Brown Collection of orth Carolilla Folklore, V II " Philippe Aries, " The Reversal of Death : Changes in Attitudes (Durham, 1964), no. 52 O. The Index of Penna. Fo lk Belief at Toward Death in We tern ocieti es," Dea th in America, ed . David Shippensburg tate Coll ege cont ai ns examples from Bedford . Bl air, E. Stannard (Philadelphia, 1975), p. 135 . Cambria, Mifnin, Monto ur, a nd POller ount ies. A LU Lerne ounty HE ,Carli Ie, June 1964: "Sickness or death" ; JRB, June 1964. informalll adds, " It must be taken o ut a li ve o r there \\ill be a death Brown ollection, no. 5175; Frederick tarr, "Some Pennsylvania in the family. " German Lore," JAF, 4 (I 91), 321 ; Fogel, nos. 257-261; Montell, no. 65. The Index of Penna. Fo lk Beliefs contains examples from 'Carlisle, Nov. 30, 1976; Newville , Sepl. 2 , 197 . Cr. Mo nt ell , Arm trong, nyder a nd ni on Countie . no. 113 ; Mildred Jordan, Apple in the Allic (Ne\\ York, 1942) "Commonly reported in Carli sle, 1946-5 1, and Shippensburg, p. 114. The Index of Penna. Fo lk Beli efs contains example from 1972-76 . Cf. Brown Collection, no. 3754; Mo ntell, no. II . Also Bedford, Fulton Mc Kean, No nhumberland, Potter, nion, a nd reported frolll Blair, Bradford, Franklin, La wrence, Luzerne, orlh­ Wayne Coumies. umberland, nyder and \ ayne Counties. Cf. " If you dream of ,o EB, May 18, 1963. See also Montell , no . 103; Brown Collection, hitting bottom, it will kill you" (Mercer Co., July 1976). no . 5260-65 . Cr. Ann Hark, Blue Hills and Shoofly Pie (Phila­ " EB , ber. 1950. Bro wn Collection, nos. 4974-83; Starr, p. 321; delphia, 1952), p. 185 : "A rooster's crow at ni ght means the pas age Fogel, no. 277 ; Mo nt ell, no . 17-1 ; Standard Dictionary of Folk­ 0\ erhead of the Deat h Angel." lore, p. 325. Examples from twelve o ther counties appear in the " Mary Ellen McGill, Wormleys burg, July 1978. Bro\\'n Collec­ Index of Penna. Folk Beliefs, tion, nos. 5305 fr. Cr. Henry Phillips, " Fir t Contribution to the " o t recorded in Cumberland County, but the Index contain Folk-Lore of Philadelphia a nd It s Vi cinit ," Proceedings of the repo rt from Arm, tro ng, Blair, C learfield, Fulton, Franklin and Lu­ Alllerican Philosophical Sociely, 25 (1888), 161 ; H . L. Fisher, ze rne Counties. See also Brown Collection, nos. 4390 ff.; Fogel, Olden Times (York , 1888), p. 362; Fogel, no. 572; Simon, p. 2; no. 252, 264; Simons, p . 2; Hand, "More Beliefs," no. 119; Wayland Hand, "Popular Beliefs and Superstitions from Penn yl­ Jesse Rosenberger, The Pennsylvania Germans (Chicago, 1923), va ni a," KFQ, 4, nos. 1-2 (1959), no. 127. Examples from It a li an, p, 131; Aurand, p. 25. Po li h and Slovak informants in McKean, Momgomery and We t­ ""We had to go to a funeral yesterday. You know they always moreland Coulllies are in th~ Index of Penna. Folk Beliefs. say, if there's one, there'll be three in a m onth. That was the

45 thi rd one" (Wa nda Minnich, a rli Ie, Feb. 197 1) . Also report ed from Feegel, AUlops), (. ew York, 1975), p. 152. Cf. Ra mon de Va ll e­ Philadelphia (1964) , Franklin Count y (1 976) a nd Huntingdo n Coun­ In cla n, Sonala de inviemo (M adrid, 1933 ), p. 143 ; Shirl ey A rora, ty (1977). ee Brown olleclioll, no. 4903; Ha nd. KFQ, IV , no. Proverbial CO lll parisolls in Ricardo Palllla 's " Tradiciones peruanas" 129; hoema ker Proverbs, p . 18; Mo nte ll, no. 190. (Berk eley, 1966), pp. 152- 153. JO Snowberger, RecolleCliolls of Bygoll e Days iiI Ih e Cove, 9 (1941) , " " If the corpse is limber, there will be a not her death in the ho me 64 . W .H . Egle no ted a c'lse of th e image o f the deceased a ppearin g with in a year" (AchultL, p. 15; c f. Fogel, no. 582). to hi s fa mily a t the moment of hi s death (Noles alld Qll el'l eS, " L. R. Mo ffi tt , ewvill e, Sept. 25, 1978. Hislorical, Biographical and Gell ealogical, 13t-2 nd ser., II [1 8951. " Buria l in oak-tree coffin s da tes from th e earlier part of the 91) . Mrs. Ma ri e hiffer recorded sto ri es of severa l such super­ No rthern - uro pean Bronze Age; see Gordon C hilde, Piecillg Togelher na tura l o mens for the Uni o n o unty Ora l Trad it ions Progra m Ihe pasl ( e\\ Yo rk , 1969), pp. 65 -8 5. (tape 33 R) a t Lewi sburg. " Jack Good y, " Deat h a nd th e In te rpretation of C ulture," in " ee Eugene Utech, " J . Raymo nd Bear's O lde T yme G host Ta les Dealh ill A lllerica, p . I. o f C umberl a nd Count y," KFQ, 12 (1967), 2 11 -228. " V. Monroe Au rand , Wil and Hlllllor of Ihe Pennsylvania " Cf. Willia m W . Worn er, " A rks and Ra ft s o n the usqueha nna," Germalls (H a rrisbu rg, 1946) , p. 29 . Lanc.lSIer CO llllly Hislorical Sociely , 34 (1930), 46-47; a no n., A " JRB, Carli sle, bef. 1950 . C f. a lso T wo Hundred Years in Cum­ PiClllre of Lycolll ing Co unly (Willia msport, 1939), p. 156; Jim berland COUllly. ed. D. W . Thom pson, et a l. (Carl isle, 1951), Kint er, " Ra fting Day o n the Susqueha nna ," M iliers l'ilie- Pellll p. 104 : " Did you ever go down to the eastern end of Mai n Manor CO llllllllllily HiSlory, ed . R. . Coley, et a l. (Millersburg, street at the fo rk of th e Trindle Spri ng a nd Yo rk roads a nd callout 1976), p. 52. 'Do na ll y, wha t we re you hung fo r?' ' Not hing,' was the sil ent "" In the prin g o f the year, 18 16 , a young ma n was un ­ repl y. " fortuna tely dro wned in the Junia ta Rive r, nea r Mill erstown. Eve ry " Motif E3 41.1 5; Bro wn Colleclion, no. 542 1; Fogel, no. 593 ; exerti o n was made by the peopl e of the neighbo rh ood to find the Mo nt el l, no. 209; Puck Ie, p. 75 (Scotl a nd). bod y; but wi thout effect. An old ma n wh o lives near Millersto wn "Cf. Mont ell , no. 13 7. In fac t, su ici des we re lo ng deni ed bu ri a l in pro posed to find it, if a ny person would procure a loaf o f bread ho ly gro und, even a mo ng Protesta nts. and a sma ll quantit y o f quicksil ve r. These a rt ic les we re immedi a tely " George Fa rling, Bl oservill e, June 1976. Bro wn Colleclion, no. procured; th e quicksil ver was put into a q uill a nd in sert ed in the 5436; cf. Montell , p. 76. loaf, a nd put int o th e ri ve r. a t o r near the place where the young " Fogel, no. 587; Brown Colleclio n, no. 5459. ma n was dro wn ed; a nd , a ft er d rifting down the ri ve r nea rl y " EB, May 1963 ; a lso repo rted fro m Leba no n County. See ha lf a mile, th e loaf was observed to rema in sta ti o na ry. A boat Bro wn Colleclion, no. 5454; Fogel, no. 588; Simo ns, p. 2; Schultz, was immedi a tely d is pa tched to the pl ace a nd the dead body was p. 14 ; Ha nd , KFQ, 4, no. 136; Aura nd , Rellledies, pp. 29-30; actually found directl y under the loaf! The a bove may be relied Mont ell , p . 77. on, as strictl y true" (Pittsburgh Mercury, May 7, 18 19 , p. 2). "EB, May 1963. Bro wn Colleclion, no . 5455 . See a lso Fogel, no. 622; Lo ng , p. 153 ; Aura nd , p. 29; Feli x "EB, 1959. Brown Colleclion, no. 55 15; Fogel, no. 575. Reichma nn , " Bread of Our Fo re fat hers ," Hislorical Review of Berks " Mary Reiber, Carl is le, October, 1976 . Counly , 9 ( 1943), 13 . " Simo ns, p . 2; Mo nt ell, no. 260; Elizabeth M . Davison and Ellen )' EB , April 27, 1963, specifying pennies. Bro wn Colleclioll , no Mc Kee, A IIn al of Old Wilkinsburg (Wilkinsburg, 1940), p. 399: 5424; Ho ffman , l A F, 2 (1 889), 30; Va ughn E. Whis ker , Tales/rolll " Ha ppy the corpse th e ra in fa ll s o n." Ih e A llegheny Foolhills (Bedfo rd , 1975 ), p, 4 ("large cent "); " See Hoffm a n, l A F, 2, (1889), 28; Fogel , no . 1481 ; Simo ns, Burllve , Wayfaring Slranger(New Yo rk , 1948), p. 29. p. 3; Brendle a nd Unger, p. 189 ; Aura nd , Remedies, p. 10 . C f. " Enid Po rter, The Folklore of EaSI A nglia (Totowa, N .J. , 1974) , Al fred Shoemaker, "Coll ectanca," PF, 10, no . 1 (1959) , 41 : pp. 36-37. C f. Puc kl e, pp. 51 -5 2: " This i indeed a reli c o f the " A commo n bed-wetting cure in the Menno nite and Amish sectio ns primitive superstiti o n tha t mo ney .. . cannot be di pen sed with In was to fill a bottle with the child 's urine and place it in a coffin the future sta te." a nd bury it wiLh a corpse." "Carla Bianco, The Two Roselos (Bloomingto n, 1974) , p. 211 . "e. K. Snyder, arlisle, be f. 1950. " " The o ld Dutch peopl e a lway used to turn the mirror to the " From an unidentified fema le on the WHYL (Carlisle) radio pub­ wa ll " (C la ir Killian Newburg, July 31 , 1978). C f. Ho ffma n, lAF, li c opinio n program, Friday, August 13 , 1976. A Blair County 2, 30; Fogel, nos. 619, 624 ; Bro wn Colleclion, no . 5414; Montell , informant notes, "If you bring n owers ho me from a funeral, you'll no. 186 . Mo re commonly, the mirrors were covered ( ee Aurand, ta ke a good fri end back." C f. Fogel , no. 600; Shoemaker, Proverbs, p. 30; Fogel, no. 617 ; Byington , KFQ, 9 [19641. 8; Bi a nco, p. p. 12 ; Long , p . 55 ; Bro wn Col/eclion, no. 5496. 2 11 ), especially in Jewi sh and Russian cultures; c f. Marvin Kalb, " Ken Whisler, ewville, June 18 , 1972. The meal it self was often " Pasternak's Russia," Salurday Revie w, March II , 1967, p. 70 . the subject o f folk humor; c f. Baughman, mo tif WI65(a) and Thomas " The assistant a t one establi hment in Carlisle recalled an oc­ R. Brendle a nd William S. Troxell , Pennsylvania German Folk casion when the hearse was required at another cemClery while a Tales (No rri stown, 1944), pp. 85 -86. Black funeral service was in progress: " It always takes them a lo ng "Cf. , e.g., Angus K. Gillespie, "Grave tones and Ostentation," time with their speakers and so forth, so we thought we'd be back PF, 19, no. 2 (1969-70) , 34-43 , and Phil R. Jack, "Gravestone in time. Sure enough, we got back a n hour later and they were Symbo ls o f Western Pennsylvania," Two Penny Ballads and Four still reading the telegrams." Dollar Whiskey, pp. 165-173.

)9 James Witmer, Carlisle , June, 1978. " Carli sle Evening Senlinel, March 3, 1978. Cf. Jan Brunvand, " Edith Brower, " Lillie Old Wilkes- Barre As I Knew It " Th e Sludy of American Folklore ( ew York, 1978), p. 93. Proceedings of Ih e Wyoming Hislorical Sociely , 18 (1922), 8. " EB, bef. 1955. Brown Col/eclion, nos. 5490-95; H and, KFQ, 4, A si milar story was told by Annie Stover, near Carlisle, ca. 1944. no. 137; c f. Montell, no. 274. "E.g., Conrad Richter, The Trees (New York, 1940), p . 60; " EB, bef. 1955 . Brown Col/eclion, no .4921-23; Montell, no. 57; John Updike, Rabbil Redux (New York, 197 1) , p. 94; John R. Puck Ie, p. 19.

46 Planning continues for the Third Annual Educator ' choice of reli gion, some of the Deitsch were born \ an­ Conference sponsored by the Education ommillee of derer , \ hile o ther tra elled for bu ine or tudy or the Pennsylvania German ociety, aturday, 22 Septem­ for greater econo mic opportunity. They al 0 had fol­ ber, 1979, at the onrad Weiser High chool, Robe­ lowers of a willow-the-\ i p \ hich told them pa ture sonia, PA. Program and arrangements take shape now were greener and bu ine more rewarding in di tant under the direction of Parre Ri chard Druckenbrod and place. hi ommittee, including Mary Ali ce Minderhout, John any of the e Pennsylvania German , more fre­ Zug, Irwin Klinger and Marie Graeff. Program and quently Church German or men without any firm regi tration forms will soon be available from them or religious con iction to the contrary than from among from ociety Headquarters at Breinigsvi ll e, PA . the Plain Folk, served in local and national war o r with volunteer/ militia forces. From the time of After nearly a decade of ex perimenting with a schedule French and Indian Wa rs or the Pennamite War again t of five issues of PEN SYLVA fA FOLKLIFE a n­ Connecticut incursions into Pennsylvania, to the rna - nually, we wi ll , a s earlier announced, revert once again ive manpower demand of both ides in the Civil to four is ue per year beginning with Volume 29, War and the two World War within a quarter­ of which the Autumn 1979 issue is umber I. Thu century in our recent lifetime, they went. Those who in manner of celebrating the changeover, your editor urvived had een whole new kinds of life tyle and had intended that the Summer 1979 iss ue (Vol. 28 , #4,) a nd were often rewarded, if victoriou , with land be devoted [0 Migration. For a number of rea ons bounties o r bonus money which afforded them a chance various articles originally intended for thi i sue wi ll to venture back to place they had een in their in stead be spread over at least the next three i ues. travels. To make this eries of article available to the readers The lure of gold in 1849 carried as many of the i , in our view, to honor tradition et by both Alfred seemingly sedentary and es entiall y agrarian P ennsyl­ hoemaker a nd Don Yoder in previous editorial vania Dutchmen as those of any other ethnic group out tints. In doing 0, we notice as well that theorie into the wi ld and untamed we t of California, Colo­ regarding immigration, pioneer, emigration a nd migra­ rado, Nevada and Utah. They went si ngly and in com­ tion tudies (along with method of expre sing our- panie , in numbers which leave us ab o lutely astounded elves on those ubjects) have developed entirely new today. We will try to take our reader through the pattern of approach a nd of expo ition since thi publi­ words of both travell er a nd researchers on those very cati o n began as The Pennsylvania Dutchman in 1949. real journeys from the o ld ho mela nds not only out of In fact, a combina ti on of o ld and new pre entations Swabia and the Palatinate, but also away from Penn­ how quite clearly in thi Summ er i ue. We wi ll sylvania, Virginia a nd Ohio. try to continue the proce s of printing the best and Th e Dutchman - Pennsylvania Folklije has also most in tere ting of old-style format a lo ngside new a nd built much of its impre sively faithful circulation through original approaches . the Immigrant Lists and C hurch Registers of past issues. One lo ngstanding m yth which o ught to be di pelled We plan more such items but with the reminder that is the notion tha t o nce the Penn ylvania Dutchma n even a shipli t tell us orne different things today set his roots into Penn ylvani a oil, he never budged than it did twenty-five or fifty years ago. Or rather, we from here generation in and generation out. Of course are a sembling the data gathered from such informa­ that is true for som e of us who a re ninth , tenth, tional li stings to make different kind of assessments or even twelfth generation Pennsylfaanisch a nd have and deductions than were possible in earlier years. never had a home outside the narrow bounds of Penn' Several articles along these lines are approaching com­ Woods sin ce 1749 or 1683 or 1717 or whatever date pletion now and we hope to bring them to interested of arrival. But in every generation from the first to readers before the la t pages of Volume 29 (1979-1980) arrive until now, no matter how great the attraction have been printed. Your comments and concerns of productive soil, economic opportunity and a free are soli ci ted herewith.

47 Subscriber and readers who take the time to corrob­ samplers, as well as the works of fine art and folk art orate, correct, chastise or congratulate the editor are fraktur you expect to find on a museum jaunt. There the source of joy and encouragement to him . Still is a nominal admission charge. the urge to put together one full is ue absolutely This vi iting season (from now until December) free from typographical errors or editorial flaws begins there is special reaso n to pay a cali on them, thanks to press more heavily upon this editor as time pro­ to the im aginatio n and care of Bruce Schumacher and gres es. We are spared the literal pur uit of that goal hi s staff. They have a n exciting comparative exhibit by the old reminder attributed (though probably in mirror-room a rrangement, of items by Pennsylvania erroneously) to an aging Mennonite scrivener who de­ Germans from Lancaster County and quite imilar, liberately wrote one error into every Vorschrift or almost imita ti on piece, made in the Pennsylvania decorated drawing in ce the perfect product could be German communitie of Upper Canada settled by expected only from a Divine hand. To this moment, colonies of Lancaster Countia ns on the move. It is this editor has not been faced with that problem, one of the finest examples of comparative cu ltural to be ure. development your editor has been fort unate enough to see. Both the concept and the result a re engaging. Another bonus which accrued in our editorial search­ Make the hort trip there a nd judge for yourself. ing has been the cheerful assistance and cooperation Another Summer seaso n of Living History Exhibits, of library and archives personnel at the various in­ C raft Di splays and Folk Festivals will have flown stitutions and organizations where we worked locating, rapidly by a you read this notice, though unless our verifying and clarifying points in question to properly timing is too far off, you should find the time sti ll prepare each iss ue. This editor has made extensive o n the calendar for a day at the two-day Feschling use either book or manuscript holdings at Myrin that i the always interesting local spectacular: The Library of Ursinus College; the Van Pelt Library of Goschenhoppen Folk Festi val, li sted for 10 and II the University of Penn ylvania; Library of the German August 1979 at New Goschenhoppen Park , East Green­ Society of Pennsylvania at 611 Spring Garden Street, ville, Pa. Energetic planning for the celebration of Philadelphia; Moravian Archives in Bethlehem; the His­ folk cultura l remains and evidences of one formerly torical Society of Pennsylvania and the Genealogical isolated valley sy tem has done well each year and as Society of Pennsylvania, back to bac k at 1300 Locust usual, has something for each member of the family. Street in Penn's fair city; Mercer Museum of the Bucks I f you mi ss the Goschenhoppen Sing-Gemeinde, a County Historical Society; and in particular, at the choral group dedicated to the study and preservation Historical Society of Montgomery County. of religious as well as secular folk traditions in music, In the tradition of our forbears, the like of Francis on II August at the Go chenhoppen Fescht, they will Daniel Pastoriu , Christopher Sauer, Bi shop Spangen­ also be participating as a group in special services at berg, James Logan and the illustrious Benjamin Franklin Delp' Meeting House (Herrite) and at Kline's Meeting himself, library and archives personnel hold to schedule, House, both near Harleysv ille, on Sunday afternoons maintain bridges of communication and spend count­ 19 Augu t, 2 September and 7 October, 1979. Watch less hours searching for the seemingly irretrievable. for further notice. And that to humor, assist, improve and correct the In the pages of AIdes un Neies, we attempt to bring ideas and wild notions of editors and authors on the you notice of meeting, gatherings and organizations trail of an elusive gem of knowledge they absolutely of interest to readers, but operate alway under our must have, though no one else has ever heard of it. especially precise page limitation. In order to consider Books are indeed our friends, but so much more are notice for inclusion (and election and editing must the people who make them available. As a mark of obviously be re erved to our best judgment) we must our respect and thanks, we will attempt to designate have notices in hand in ufficient time to meet our all pagination for Volume 29 consecutively throughout. normal publication schedule. Since we revert to four This will also aid us in future indexing. issues per year starting with the Autumn 1979 Penn­ sylvania FolkliJe (Vol. 29, # I,) copy for Autumn Incidentally, all our readers who are keeping their iss ues must regularly be received before I June preceding; Summer plans close to home as a tribute to the gasoline copy for Winter is ues must get to me before the pre­ situation, will wish to consider a visit to the Heritage ceding I September, and for Spring is ue , not later Center of Lancaster County in Lancaster city, on the than I December prior to the date of appearance. Center Square where King and Queen Streets cross. No responsibility is assumed for the appearance of any You will want to see their regular displays of period particular notice in any given issue, or for lack of space, rooms and exhibits just replete with the fine hand­ that it will appear at all, because of problems of dead­ crafted products of Lancaster County artisans: fine lines, arrangement of articles and illustrations, and clocks, pewter and copperware, quilts, coverlets and pagination. We will surely try to be timely.

48 PENNSYL VANIA FOLK LIFE SOCIETY ARCHIVES COLLECTION

30 1 Myrin Library Hours: Monday 2:00-4:00 p.m. Ursinus College during school term or by Collegeville, Pa. appointment Tues. - Fri. 19426 9: 15 am - 4:00 pm.

Welcome to the Archi ves Collection of the Penn­ and 4:00 p.m. or at other times by pecial arrange­ sylvania Folklife Society. We are housed in Room ment in advance. lnquirie should be directed to: 301 Myrin Library at Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pa. The Collection, a result of some thirty years Professor William T. Parsons, Archivist of accumulation, donation and purchase, includes old Pennsylvania Folklife Society and local books and imprints. It also contains many Box 92, documents, records and manuscripts, some photo­ Collegeville, Pa. 19426 graphs and color slides, audio-tape cassettes and other materials pertinent to the Pennsylvania German (popu­ larly called the Pennsylvania Dutch) settlements of COLLECTIONS Pennsylvania and neighboring areas. These materials are supplemented by printed sources about the Penn­ Charles R. Roberts Manuscript Collection sylvania Germans and similar materials on other groups Account books, ledgers, order books and other for comparative study done by various societies and bound manuscript items (1762-1818), especially organizations in the United States and Europe. those of Peter Rhoads and Frederick Schenkel; The Pennsylvania Folklife Society Archives Collec­ letters and documents 1756-1875 , including some tion functions as a research center for all facets of correspondence of the Reverend Abraham Blumer history and culture of the Pennsylvania Germans, (1736-1822) . but especially for the folklife, folk culture and all that Walter Boyer Collection these encompass. In the Myrin Library the scholar Books, pamphlets and prints in German and En­ may consult the Alfred L. Shoemaker File, a unique glish; Rhineland and Pennsylvania imprints, on index to folk-cultural information explicitly about the hi story, dialect, folk culture and heritage museums or cultural-historical collections. It consists of the Pennsylvania Germans, including some of 80,000 cross-reference cards listing information from items purchased by Boyer from the earlier Henry books, journals and newspapers. In addition, ab­ S. Bornemann Collection. stracted information from thousands of folk-cultural William T. Parsons - Evan S. Snyder Cassette Collection informants' interviews, letters and other comments is Audio-tape cassettes of Fersommlinge, Karriche­ to be found in the files. The letters and interview dinscht and other program use of Pennsylfawnisch notes may be used, also, for research purposes. Deitsch (the Pennsylvania German Dialect); inter­ Photographs, color slides and audio-tape cassettes views and commentary in Deitsch and English; of activities in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country are Folk Culture and Oral History from Pennsylvania another useful part of the collection to be found in Dutch Studies Classes at Ursinus; Rhineland and Room 301. A personality card file has been begun Pennsylvania Dutch Folksongs. which documents names, families, points of origin and William T. Parsons Color Slide Collection locations of American settlements having thousands Approximately 750 slides of items, artifacts, loca­ of Pennsylvania German migrants. tions and personalities in the Pennsylvania Dutch The Archives of the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Country, reflecting the heritage of the Pennsyl­ in Room 301 Myrin Library are open regularly on vania Germans; slides of German and Swiss loca­ Monday afternoons of the school term between 2:00 tions from which these travelers emigrated. The Festival and its Sponsorship The Kutztown Folk Festival is sponsored by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society, a nonprofit educational corporation affiliated with URSINUS COLLEGE, College­ ville, Pennsylvania. The Society's purposes are threefold: First, the demonstrating and displaying of the lore and folkways of the Pennsylvania Dutch through the annual Kutztown Folk Festival; second, the collecting, studying, archiving and publishing the lore of the Dutch Country and Pennsylvania through the publi­ cation of PENNSYLVANIA FOLKLIFE Magazine; and third, using the proceeds for scholarships and general educational purposes at URSINUS COLLEGE.

FOR THE FOLK FESTIVAL BROCHURE WRITE TO: Pennsylvania folklife Society College Blvd. & Vine. Kutztown. Pa. 19530