COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819
5.3 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY L T P - - 5 RATIONALE The main objective of introducing this subject in the diploma course of food technology is to expose the student with fundamental knowledge on hardware and software of computers. It will also impart knowledge related to the applications of computation in food industries. The relevant theory instructions may be imparted along with practical exercises. DETAILED CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction to computer and related hardware used in food industry (Touch Screens, Hand Held Devices, Palm Tops, Barcode Printers and Scanners, RFID Tags, etc.) 1.2. Introduction to various softwares for their application in food technology (like SAP, justFoodERP, FoodWorks, SERVE, etc.) with relevant case studies. 1.3. Application of MS Excel (latest version) to solve the problems of Food Technology 1.4. MS Excel Basics 1.4.1. Introduction to different menus and commands commonly used in solving problems. 1.4.2. Use of Add-In Tools like MegaStat, etc. for statistical data analysis. 2. Application of MS Excel to solve the problems of Food Technology 2.1. Chemical kinetics in food processing 2.1.1. Determining rate constant of zero order reaction 2.1.2. First order rate constant and half-life of reactions 2.2. Microbial destruction in thermal processing of foods 2.2.1. Determining decimal reduction time from microbial survival data 2.3. Statistical quality control in food processing 2.3.1. Control Charts 2.4. Sensory evaluation of foods 2.4.1. Statistical descriptors of a population estimated from sensory data obtained for a sample 2.5. Mechanical transport of liquid foods 2.5.1. Measuring viscosity of liquid foods using a capillary tube viscometer 2.6. Steady state heat transfer in food processing 2.6.1. Reducing heat transfer through a wall using insulation 2.7. Transient heat transfer in food processing 2.7.1. Predicting temperature in a liquid food heated in a steam-jacketed kettle 2.8. Refrigeration, freezing and cold chain 2.8.1. Pressure-temperature relations for ammonia used as a refrigerant in a vapor compression refrigeration system 2.8.2. Loss of quality in the cold chain 3. Familiarization with the application of computer in some common food industries, (like milk plant, bakery, fruit and vegetable processing, etc.) starting from the receiving of raw material up to the storage and dispatch of finished product with relevant case studies. 4. Basic Introduction to CAD (Computer Aided Designing), CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing), CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) and CAE (Computer Aided/ Assisted Engineering) and application of different softwares (like AutoCAD, Pro-E, Google Sketchup, etc.) in the same.
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
5. Basic Introduction to Application of computers in instrumentation and process control of food industry (PLC, SCADA, etc.), Inventory control and management in food industry using computers. 6. Sensory analysis using sensory analysis softwares (like Compusense 5, SIMS 2000, etc.). 7. Use of statistical packages (MS Excel, MegaStat Excel Add-In (Free Add-In), Graphpad InStat, Graphpad StatMate, Statistica, SPSS, Matlab, etc.) for analysis of data. 8. Use of search engines and online research databases for research on food related topics. 9. Use of word processing software (like MS Word) for creating reports and technical papers with the help of reference managers (like EndNote, Reference Manager, RefWorks, etc.) 10. Working with chemical and biological structures drawing softwares (like ChemBioOffice, ChemDraw, etc.) 11. Familiarization with software related to food industry (like SAP, justFoodERP, LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System), etc. 12. Use of simulation softwares for food industry related problems (like FlexSim, MATLAB Simulink, etc.) 13. Visit to the industries & knowledge of computer application in the same. INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY This is a practical oriented subject. Teacher should lay emphasis on giving hands on practice on computers to the students. Latest software in food technology may be procured and students should be given demonstration and practice on the same. The relevant theory may be given along with practical exercises. Some of the experts from industries may be invited to deliver lectures and demonstration. RECOMMENDED BOOKS 1. Computer Applications in Food Technology: Use of Spreadsheets in Graphical, Statistical and Process Analysis by R. Paul Singh, AP. 2. Computer Applications in Food Technology by Vedpal Yadav, i-proclaim.com. 3. Statistical Quality Control for the Food Industry by Merton R. Hubbard (Kluwer Academic) 4. MS Excel Video Tutorials on http://www.youtube.com (Recommended channel is ExcelIsFun). 5. MS Excel for Dummies. 6. Manuals of MS office
2 Computer Applications in Food Technology
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Table of Contents 1. Introduction 8 1.1. Introduction to computer and related hardware used in food industry (Touch Screens, Hand Held Devices, Palm Tops, Barcode Printers and Scanners, RFID Tags, etc.) ...... 8 1.1.1. Introduction to computer 8 1.2. Other Computer Related Hardware ...... 13 1.2.1. Touch Screens 13 1.2.2. Hand Held Devices 14 1.2.3. Palm Tops 14 1.2.4. Barcode Printers 15 1.2.4.1. Scanners/ Barcode Readers 16 1.2.4.2. RFID Tags 17 1.3. Introduction to various softwares for their application in food technology (like SAP, justFoodERP, FoodWorks, SERVE, etc.) with relevant case studies...... 19 1.3.1. Alphabetical Index of Food Industry Related Softwares 19 1.3.2. Food Service Software Descriptions 23 1.3.2.1. FASTLANE 23 1.3.3. SAP 31 1.3.3.1. Activity table 33 1.3.3.2. Implementation processes 34 1.3.4. justFoodERP 39 1.4. 9 Features every ERP system should have ...... 40 1.4.1. Inventory Management 41 1.4.2. Mobility 41 1.4.3. Financial Integration 41 1.4.4. Real Time Monitoring 41 1.4.5. Recall Management 42 1.4.6. Customizable Barcoding 42 1.4.7. Excellent Support 42 1.4.8. Ease of Use 42 1.4.9. Affordability 42 1.5. Application of MS Excel (latest version) to solve the problems of Food Technology ...... 43 1.6. MS Excel Basics ...... 43 1.6.1. Introduction to different menus and commands commonly used in solving problems. 43 1.6.2. Use of Add-In Tools like MegaStat, etc. for statistical data analysis. 43 2. Application of MS Excel to solve the problems of Food Technology 43 2.1. Chemical kinetics in food processing ...... 43 2.1.1. Determining rate constant of zero order reaction 43 2.1.2. First order rate constant and half-life of reactions 43 2.2. Microbial destruction in thermal processing of foods ...... 43 2.2.1. Determining decimal reduction time from microbial survival data 43 2.3. Statistical quality control in food processing ...... 43 2.3.1. Control Charts 43 2.4. Sensory evaluation of foods ...... 43 2.4.1. Statistical descriptors of a population estimated from sensory data obtained for a sample 43
Computer Applications in Food Technology 3
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
2.5. Mechanical transport of liquid foods ...... 43 2.5.1. Measuring viscosity of liquid foods using a capillary tube viscometer 43 2.6. Steady state heat transfer in food processing ...... 43 2.6.1. Reducing heat transfer through a wall using insulation 43 2.7. Transient heat transfer in food processing ...... 43 2.7.1. Predicting temperature in a liquid food heated in a steam-jacketed kettle 43 2.8. Refrigeration, freezing and cold chain ...... 43 2.8.1. Pressure-temperature relations for ammonia used as a refrigerant in a vapor compression refrigeration system 43 2.8.2. Loss of quality in the cold chain 44 3. Familiarization with the application of computer in some common food industries, (like milk plant, bakery, fruit and vegetable processing, etc.) starting from the receiving of raw material up to the storage and dispatch of finished product with relevant case studies. 45 3.1. Milk Plant – A real case study ...... 45 3.1.1. Introduction 45 3.1.2. Management Information System (MIS) 45 3.1.3. Scope of Work 45 3.1.4. Key Functionalities 46 3.1.5. List of Daily/Monthly/Annual Reports/Statements 46 3.1.6. Important features of the software 47 3.1.7. Documents 47 3.2. Bakery Units ...... 58 3.3. Fruits Vegetable Plants ...... 76 3.3.1. Computer Vision in Sorting and Grading of Fruits and Vegetables 76 4. Basic Introduction to CAD (Computer Aided Designing), CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing), CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) and CAE (Computer Aided/ Assisted Engineering) and application of different softwares (like AutoCAD, Pro-E, Google Sketchup, etc.) in the same. 77 4.1. Computer Aided Design (CAD) ...... 77 4.2. CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) ...... 78 4.2.1. Typical areas of concern: 79 4.2.1.1. Ease in use 79 4.2.1.2. Manufacturing complexity 80 4.2.1.3. Integration with PLM and the extended enterpriseLM to integrate manufacturing with enterprise operations from concept through field support of the finished product. 80 4.2.2. Machining process 80 4.2.2.1. Roughing 80 4.2.2.2. Semi-f 80 4.2.2.3. Finishing 80 4.2.2.4. Contour milling 80 4.3. Software - Large Vendors...... 80 4.3.1. List of CAM companies and Category:Computer-aided manufacturing software 80 4.4. CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) ...... 81 4.5. CAE (Computer Aided/ Assisted Engineering) ...... 82 4.6. AutoCAD ...... 82 4.7. Pro-E ...... 83
4 Computer Applications in Food Technology
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
4.7.1. Engineering Design 84 4.7.2. Analysis 84 4.7.3. Manufacturing 84 4.8. Sketchup...... 84 5. Basic Introduction to Application of computers in instrumentation and process control of food industry (PLC, SCADA, etc.), Inventory control and management in food industry using computers. 86 5.1. Automation ...... 86 5.1.1. Essence of automation 86 5.1.2. Branches of automation 86 5.1.3. Fields contributing to automation 86 5.1.4. Automation tools 87 5.2. Industrial control system (ICS) ...... 87 5.3. Distributed Control System ...... 88 5.4. SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) ...... 88 5.5. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) ...... 90 5.5.1. Features 91 5.6. Human–machine interface ...... 91 5.6.1. Overview 92 5.6.2. Interface design 92 6. Sensory analysis using sensory analysis softwares (like Compusense 5, SIMS 2000, etc.). 93 6.1. Sensory Analysis ...... 93 6.2. Compusense 5 ...... 93 6.3. SIMS 2000 ...... 93 6.3.1. How Sims Software is Used 94 7. Use of statistical packages (MS Excel, MegaStat Excel Add-In (Free Add-In), Graphpad InStat, Graphpad StatMate, Statistica, SPSS, Matlab, etc.) for analysis of data. 95 7.1. MS Excel ...... 95 7.1.1. Basic operation 95 7.1.2. Charts 95 7.1.3. Number of Rows and Columns 95 7.2. MegaStat Excel Add-In (Free Add-In) ...... 95 7.3. Graphpad InStat ...... 95 7.4. Graphpad StatMate ...... 96 7.5. Statistica ...... 96 7.6. SPSS ...... 96 7.6.1. SPSS Statistics (US) 96 7.6.2. SPSS Statistics Developer (US) 96 7.6.3. SPSS Amos (US) 96 7.6.4. SPSS Text Analytics for Surveys (US) 96 7.6.5. SPSS SamplePower (US) 97 7.6.6. SPSS Visualization Designer (US) 97 7.7. Matlab ...... 97 8. Use of search engines and online research databases for research on food related topics. 98 8.1. How to use search engines, including Google, effectively ...... 98
Computer Applications in Food Technology 5
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
8.1.1. Initial search 98 8.1.2. After getting some results... 100 8.1.3. Why you must go beyond Google 100 8.2. Criteria for evaluating databases & search engines ...... 101 8.2.1. Scope 101 8.2.2. Quality 101 8.2.3. Search facilities 101 8.2.4. Ease of use 101 8.3. List of academic databases and search engines ...... 101 9. Use of word processing software (like MS Word) for creating reports and technical papers with the help of reference managers (like EndNote, Reference Manager, RefWorks, etc.) 108 9.1. Introduction ...... 108 9.2. General Organization ...... 108 9.2.1. Abstract. 108 9.2.2. Introduction. 108 9.2.3. Materials and Methods. 109 9.2.4. Results. 109 9.2.5. Discussion. 109 9.2.6. Acknowledgments. 110 9.2.7. Literature Cited. 110 9.2.8. Other Considerations 111 9.2.9. Text Citations. 111 9.2.10. Quotations. 111 9.2.11. Tables and Figures. 111 9.2.12. The Use of Computers in Writing Scientific Papers 112 9.3. EndNote ...... 113 9.4. Reference Manager ...... 114 9.5. RefWorks ...... 114 9.6. Mendeley ...... 115 10. Working with chemical and biological structures drawing softwares (like ChemBioOffice, ChemDraw, etc.) 116 10.1. ChemBioOffice ...... 116 10.2. ChemDraw ...... 116 11. Familiarization with software related to food industry like LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System). 118 11.1. Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) ...... 118 11.1.1. Operations 118 11.1.2. Sample management 119 11.1.3. Instrument and application integration 119 11.1.4. Electronic data exchange 120 11.1.5. Additional functions 120 12. Use of simulation softwares for food industry related problems (like FlexSim, MATLAB Simulink, etc.) 121 12.1. FlexSim ...... 121
6 Computer Applications in Food Technology
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
12.1.1. Application and Uptake 121 12.1.2. Main Features 121 12.1.2.1. Program Structure 121 12.1.2.2. Drag and Drop Controls 122 12.2. MATLAB Simulink ...... 122 13. Visit to the industries & knowledge of computer application in the same. 122 13.1. Computers in Food Manufacturing ...... 122 13.2. Integrated Thinkage-Xybernaut mobile computing ...... 123 13.3. Computers: what's the use? ...... 124 13.3.1. Costing 124 13.3.2. Nutritional computations 125 13.3.3. Experimental designs 125 13.3.4. Getting into computers 126 13.4. 3D printed smart cap can detect spoiled food via embedded sensors ...... 127
Computer Applications in Food Technology 7
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction to computer and related hardware used in food industry (Touch Screens, Hand Held Devices, Palm Tops, Barcode Printers and Scanners, RFID Tags, etc.) During the Past decade, the academic community has expressed considerable interest in enhancing the computer literacy of undergraduate students. The Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) has provided a strong endorsement for the use of computers in food science education. The minimum standards for degrees in food science, as suggested by IFT, “require the students to use computers in the solution of problems, the collection and analysis of data, the control of processes, in addition to word processing." Currently, in most food science curricula offered, the computer applications in food science are limited to writing reports using word processors, plotting experimental data, or using statistical software. There is little or no use of computers in problem solving, data collection and analysis, or the control of processes. 1.1.1. Introduction to computer Welcome to the wonderful world of computing! This help file presumes that you have little or no experience with the device commonly known as the PC (personal computer). Hopefully, this resource will aid you in some of the basic activities that are commonly performed with a PC. This tutorial is divided into the following sections: 1.1.1.1. The Parts of a Computer 1.1.1.2. Computer Terminology 1.1.1.3. Hooking Up a Computer 1.1.1.4. Disk Drives 1.1.1.5. Disk Utilities 1.1.1.6. Starting and Stopping the Computer 1.1.1.7. Using the Mouse 1.1.1.8. Installing and Uninstalling Software 1.1.1.9. Care and Feeding of your Computer
1.1.1.1. The Parts of a Computer A personal computer can take on many guises. The most prevalent type of computer available is the IBM-compatible model. Some schools opt for the Macintosh platform which can be an "all-in- one" unit or a modular unit. Modular units usually consist of the following separate components:
1.1.1.1.1. The Computer 1.1.1.1.2. The Monitor 1.1.1.1.3. The Keyboard 1.1.1.1.4. The Mouse 1.1.1.1.5. The Floppy Diskette Drive 1.1.1.1.6. The CD-ROM Drive 1.1.1.1.7. Peripherals
1.1.1.1.1. The Computer Your "computer" is a collection of devices that function as a unit. The most basic collection includes a Computer CPU, a Monitor, a Keyboard, and a Mouse. The Computer CPU is normally a rectangular box that sits on your desktop (called a "Desktop Case") or next to your knee under the
8 Computer Applications in Food Technology
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 desk (called a "Tower Case"). The computer's CPU is actually a small electronic device inside the case but the term is often used to refer to the whole collection of electronics inside the box.
Figure 1 The Computer 1.1.1.1.2. The Monitor The Computer Monitor is the computer user's window into the workings of the computer. It consists of a television picture tube that had been modified to accept the type of video signal created by the computer's electronics. Conventional televisions can be used as computer monitors if a translation device is used to connect them. The picture quality leaves something to be desired.
Figure 2 The Monitor 1.1.1.1.3. The Keyboard The Keyboard is the primary input device used to communicate with the computer. A computer keyboard closely resembles a conventional typewriter keyboard with the addition of numerous keys that are used specifically for computing functions.
Figure 3 The Keyboard 1.1.1.1.4. The Mouse Named for the resemblance of the wire coming out of it and a mouse's tail, the mouse was introduced to computing in the early 1980's when Macintosh created its graphical user interface
Computer Applications in Food Technology 9
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
(GUI). The mouse is another input device used to point at objects on the computer monitor and select them. Using the mouse and keyboard in combination allows the computer user substantial latitude in how to accomplish a wide variety of tasks.
Figure 4 The Mouse 1.1.1.1.5. The Floppy Diskette Drive Once the most advanced of storage devices, floppy diskettes are normally used a temporary storage containers or transportation media for data. A standard floppy diskette can hold 1.44 MB of computer data. This amounts to a rather large number of pages if translated to the paper standard for textual information. Computer diskettes are not as reliable or fast as the internal storage drives on the computer. They are also the primary vector of virus infection in the computer world.
Figure 5 The Floppy Diskette Drive 1.1.1.1.6. The CD-ROM Drive This modern miracle gained prominence in the late 1980's and has become the primary distribution medium for software to consumers. The Compact Disk-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) disk itself is a collection of concentric circles containing millions of pits and plateaus which correspond to on/off bits of data. The disk is read with an optical laser similar to the one used to scan your groceries at the supermarket. Most disks of this kind are "Read Only" meaning that the computer can retrieve information from the disk, but cannot place information on it. New developments have improved this technology to allow writing and rewriting data to the disk. A different kind of hardware mechanism is needed to employ this innovation.
Figure 6 The CD-ROM Drive 1.1.1.1.7. Peripherals
10 Computer Applications in Food Technology
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Computer peripherals are any electronic devices that can be hooked up to a computer other than the standard input-output devices (monitor, keyboard and mouse). Peripheral devices include speakers, microphones, printers, scanners, digital cameras, plotters, and modems. Peripherals often require special software packages called "drivers". These drivers are usually included with the peripheral at purchase time.
Figure 7 The Printer 1.1.1.2. Computer Terminology Like all things man-made, computers have evolved a lexicon all their own. The following incomplete list should help alleviate misunderstandings of computer-related terms:
1.1.1.2.1. CD-ROM: Another acronym. This one stands for Compact Disk-Read Only Memory. CD-ROM disks are becoming the standard for delivering programs from the software developer to the computer user. CD-ROM's come in a variety of flavors based on the language they are written in (PC, Mac, or Unix). PC's cannot read a Mac CD-ROM, but Macs can read PC CD-ROMS. 1.1.1.2.2. CPU: The brain of the computer. This is located on a circuit board inside the desktop or tower computer case. This component has terms associated with it such as "486", "Pentium" and "Celeron". Most of the CPU's are manufactured by a company called Intel. They are the Microsoft of the hardware world. 1.1.1.2.3. Data: Computer food. Data can be numbers, letters, symbols, mathematical expressions, mouse clicks, or button presses. The CPU translates all this activity to series of zeroes and ones and then performs magic. 1.1.1.2.4. Drivers: Drivers are software packages that are needed to run certain peripheral devices. Printers, monitors, scanners, and network cards all require software drivers so that the computer knows how to communicate and control the device. 1.1.1.2.5. 486: An older CPU that was constructed at the beginning of the Windows 95 revolution. This CPU works great if you are running MS-DOS or Windows 3.1. In general, this is one of the things that should be considered when purchasing a computer. 1.1.1.2.6. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): This is the internal magnetic storage device housed inside the computer case. These come in a variety of sizes, measured in how many bits of information they can contain. A bit of information equals either zero (0) or one (1). To a computer, this is equivalent to turning a light switch off (0) or on (1). Computers operate on bits in groups of 8, called a byte. Every byte contains 8 bits. Bits and
Computer Applications in Food Technology 11
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 bytes can be stored magnetically on material that resembles cassette or 8-track recording tape. The magnetic material stores information as sequences of the digits "0" and "1" (hence the name digital storage). Since it takes many bytes to store such things as letters, words, and sentences, the amount of information that a Hard Drive can store is measured in multiples of 1000-bytes, 1,000,000 bytes, or 1,000,000,000 bytes. Terms such as kilobyte (1000 bytes or 1KB), megabyte (1,000,000 bytes or 1MB), gigabyte (1,000,000,000 bytes or 1GB) and terabyte (1,000,000,000,000 bytes or 1TB) have evolved to represent these storage capacities. When you purchase a computer, get as large a Hard Drive as you can afford. The standard in 1998 was between 4GB and 8GB which in 2009 has come to 2TB. The Hard Disk Drive is often referred to as the "C:" drive. 1.1.1.2.7. Floppy Diskette: The floppy diskette is a removable storage device that is used by the Floppy Diskette Drive (also known as the A: drive or FDD). This storage device is capable of holding 1,440,000 bytes (1.44MB) of data. The Floppy Diskette is inserted and removed from a slotted opening on the front of the computer case. 1.1.1.2.8. Keyboard: The main tool to get information into the computer and the most common way to tell the computer what you want it to do. Most keyboards have the same arrangement of keys as a typical typewriter keyboard. Computer keyboards have additional keys that perform computer-specific functions. 1.1.1.2.9. Modem: A telecommunications peripheral device that allows computer to communicate with one another via conventional telephone lines. Modems are required for home computers to access the Internet or to send and receive facsimile transmissions (FAX). Modems are rated by their speed in moving data from the computer to the telephone line. This speed is measured in bits per second (bps). Standard modern modems are rated at 28,800 bps, 33,600 bps and 56,400 bps. 1.1.1.2.10. Monitor: The "Television" screen that allows you to see what the computer is doing. Many newcomers to computing mistakenly think of the monitor as the computer itself. Computers can operate without a monitor, but computer users cannot. 1.1.1.2.11. Motherboard: The circuit board on which most of the major electronic components are situated. Most manufacturers integrate cable attachment ports on the back-end of the motherboard. They also include slots so that owners can add their own cable attachment ports. The slots are designed to accept cards. These are normally found near the back of the computer case. 1.1.1.2.12. Mouse: A common input device used to tell a computer what it needs to do. With the invention of the Macintosh and Windows operating systems, computer users needed a device to point at objects on the screen and select them. 1.1.1.2.13. MS-DOS: An older operating system that powered personal computers through their beginning years. Prior to the development of the graphics-oriented Macintosh and Windows operating systems, this system relied on typing commands one line at a time to tell the computer what you wanted it to do. This system is still in use in the Windows family of software and still has many practical uses. Windows 3.1 relies on MS-DOS to operate. MS-DOS stands for Microsoft-Disk Operating System. 1.1.1.2.14. Network Card A card that can be installed in one of the motherboard slots to give the computer the ability to talk to other computers with similar cards. A collection of similarly equipped computers connected by
12 Computer Applications in Food Technology
©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 specially designed cables is known as a network. The mechanism (including languages and protocols) used to communicate on a network are varied, but the most common networking designs in use are Ethernet and Token Ring. 1.1.1.2.15. Operating System Software (OS) The instructions that allow the computer to start working and permit it to run other programs. The major OS software types include MS-DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows NT, Macintosh, UNIX, and LINUX. The most popular OS in use at present is Windows 95. Most computers come with one of these pre-installed. 1.1.1.2.16. Platform The computer operating system and/or architecture. Computers that are capable of running MS- DOS, Windows 3.1 or Windows95/NT operating system software typically have the Intel 486/Pentium CPU. Computers running the Macintosh operating system software have a Motorola 68xxx/PowerPC CPU. For the most part, these platforms are incompatible as they have different rules and instructions for performing their tasks. 1.1.1.2.17. Pentium: Faster, larger CPU devices that are designed to allow more computing instructions to occur per second. Most computers manufactured in the past 3 to 4 years contain this device. Peripheral Device: Any device that is connected to the computer in addition to the basic CPU- Monitor-Keyboard-Mouse configuration. External speakers, microphones, joysticks, printers, and scanners are examples of peripherals. 1.1.1.2.18. Printer A peripheral device that allows the computer user to produce paper copies of the information processed by the computer. Common home printers spray ink on paper and are called ink-jet printers. Office and school printers are typically laser printers which work on the same principle as a xerographic copy machine, using electrostatic charges and toner cartridges to place information on paper. 1.1.1.2.19. Program: A complex set of instructions that allow the computer user to process data. Common programs include word-processing, spreadsheets, databases, drawing and painting, Internet tools, and games. Programs are necessary for computers to be useful to humans. 1.1.1.2.20. RAM: This acronym stands for Random Access Memory. RAM is commonly called "memory". Memory is measured in megabytes (MB) and usually comes in multiples of 2 or 4. The more RAM that a computer has, the better it can carry out instructions. It is recommended that a new computer have 512MB, 1GB, or 6GB of RAM. 1.2. Other Computer Related Hardware Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.
1.2.1. Touch Screens A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that the user can control through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus/pen and-or one or more fingers. Some touchscreens use an ordinary or specially coated gloves to work while others use a special stylus/pen only. The user can use the touchscreen to react to what is displayed and to control how it is displayed (for example by zooming the text size).
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
The touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than using a mouse, touchpad, or any other intermediate device (other than a stylus, which is optional for most modern touchscreens). Touchscreens are common in devices such as game consoles, personal computers, tablet computers, and smartphones. They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), satellite navigation devices, mobile phones, and video games and some books (Electronic books).
Figure 8 Interactive table, Ideen 2020 exposition, 2013. 1.2.2. Hand Held Devices A mobile device (also known as a handheld computer or simply handheld) is a small, handheld computing device, typically having a display screen with touch input and/or a miniature keyboard and weighing less than 2 pounds (0.91 kg). Nokia, HTC, LG, Motorola Mobility, BlackBerry, Samsung, and Apple are just a few examples of the many manufacturers that produce these types of devices. A handheld computing device has an operating system (OS), and can run various types of application software, known as apps. Most handheld devices can also be equipped with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS capabilities that can allow connections to the Internet and other Bluetooth- capable devices, such as an automobile or a microphone headset. A camera or media player feature for video or music files can also be typically found on these devices along with a stable battery power source such as a lithium battery. Early pocket-sized devices were joined in the late 2000s by larger but otherwise similar tablet computers. Much like in a personal digital assistant (PDA), the input and output of modern mobile devices are often combined into a touch-screen interface. Smartphones and PDAs are popular amongst those who wish to use some of the powers of a conventional computer in environments where carrying one would not be practical. Enterprise digital assistants can further extend the available functionality for the business user by offering integrated data capture devices like barcode, RFID and smart card readers.
1.2.3. Palm Tops Handheld devices have become ruggedized for use in mobile field management. Uses include digitizing notes, sending and receiving invoices, asset management, recording signatures, managing parts, and scanning barcodes. Recent developments in mobile collaboration systems employ handheld devices that combine video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities to enable multi-party conferencing in real-time, independent of location. Handheld computers are available a variety of form factors, including smartphones on the low end, handheld PDAs, Ultra-Mobile PCs and Tablet PCs (Palm OS, WebOS)
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Users can watch television through Internet on mobile devices. Mobile television receivers have existed since the 1960s, and in the 21st century mobile phone providers began making television available on cellular phones.
1.2.4. Barcode Printers A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of data relating to the object to which it is attached. Originally barcodes systematically represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D). Later they evolved into rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in two dimensions (2D). Although 2D systems use a variety of symbols, they are generally referred to as barcodes as well. Barcodes originally were scanned by special optical scanners called barcode readers. Later, scanners and interpretive software became available on devices including desktop printers and smartphones. An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s. Developed by General Telephone and Electronics (GTE) and called KarTrak ACI (Automatic Car Identification), this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock. Two plates were used per car, one on each side, with the arrangement of the colored stripes representing things such as ownership, type of equipment, and identification number. The plates were "read" by a trackside scanner located, for instance, at the entrance to a classification yard while the car was moving past. The project was abandoned after about ten years because the system proved unreliable after long-term use in the field. Barcodes became commercially successful when they were used to automate supermarket checkout systems, a task for which they have become almost universal. Their use has spread to many other tasks that are generically referred to as automatic identification and data capture (AIDC). The very first scanning of the now ubiquitous Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode was on a pack of Wrigley Company chewing gum in June 1974. Other systems have made inroads in the AIDC market, but the simplicity, universality and low cost of barcodes has limited the role of these other systems until the 2000s (decade), over 40 years after the introduction of the commercial barcode, with the introduction of technologies such as radio frequency identification, or RFID.
Figure 9 A UPC-A barcode symbol Barcodes such as the UPC have become a ubiquitous element of modern civilization, as evidenced by their enthusiastic adoption by stores around the world; most items other than fresh produce from a grocery store now have UPC barcodes.[citation needed] This helps track items and also reduces instances of shoplifting involving price tag swapping, although shoplifters can now print their own barcodes. In addition, retail chain membership cards (issued mostly by grocery stores and specialty "big box" retail stores such as sporting equipment, office supply, or pet stores) use barcodes to uniquely identify consumers, allowing for customized marketing and greater understanding of individual consumer shopping patterns. At the point of sale, shoppers can get
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 product discounts or special marketing offers through the address or e-mail address provided at registration. Barcodes can allow for the organization of large amounts of data. They are widely used in the healthcare and hospital settings, ranging from patient identification (to access patient data, including medical history, drug allergies, etc.) to creating SOAP Notes with barcodes to medication management. They are also used to facilitate the separation and indexing of documents that have been imaged in batch scanning applications, track the organization of species in biology, and integrate with in-motion checkweighers to identify the item being weighed in a conveyor line for data collection. They can also be used to keep track of objects and people; they are used to keep track of rental cars, airline luggage, nuclear waste, registered mail, express mail and parcels. Barcoded tickets allow the holder to enter sports arenas, cinemas, theatres, fairgrounds, and transportation, and are used to record the arrival and departure of vehicles from rental facilities etc. This can allow proprietors to identify duplicate or fraudulent tickets more easily. Barcodes are widely used in shop floor control applications software where employees can scan work orders and track the time spent on a job. Barcodes are also used in some kinds of non-contact 1D and 2D position sensors. A series of barcodes are used in some kinds of absolute 1D linear encoder. The barcodes are packed close enough together that the reader always has one or two barcodes in its field of view. The relative position of the barcode in the field of view of the reader gives incremental precise positioning, in some cases with sub-pixel resolution. The data decoded from the barcode gives the absolute coarse position. An "address carpet", such as Howell's binary pattern and the Anoto dot pattern, is a 2D barcode designed so that a reader, even though only a tiny portion of the complete carpet is in the field of view of the reader, can find its absolute X,Y position and rotation in the carpet. Some 2D barcodes embed a hyperlink to a web page. A capable cellphone might be used to read the pattern and browse the linked website, which can help a shopper find the best price for an item in the vicinity. Since 2005, airlines use an IATA-standard 2D barcode on boarding passes (Bar Coded Boarding Pass (BCBP)), and since 2008 2D barcodes sent to mobile phones enable electronic boarding passes. Some applications for barcodes have fallen out of use; In the 1970s and 1980s, software source code was occasionally encoded in a barcode and printed on paper (Cauzin Softstrip and Paperbyte are barcode symbologies specifically designed for this application), and the 1991 Barcode Battler computer game system used any standard barcode to generate combat statistics.
1.2.4.1. Scanners/ Barcode Readers A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device for reading printed barcodes. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port. The earliest, and still the cheapest, barcode scanners are built from a fixed light and a single photosensor that is manually "scrubbed" across the barcode. Barcode scanners can be classified into three categories based on their connection to the computer. The older type is the RS-232 barcode scanner. This type requires special programming for transferring the input data to the application program.
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
"Keyboard interface scanners" connect to a computer using a PS/2 or AT keyboard–compatible adaptor cable (a "keyboard wedge"). The barcode's data is sent to the computer as if it had been typed on the keyboard. Like the keyboard interface scanner, USB scanners are easy to install and do not need custom code for transferring input data to the application program. On PCs running windows the HID interface emulates the data merging action of a hardware "keyboard wedge", and the scanner automatically behaves like an additional keyboard. Many phones are able to decode barcodes using their built-in camera, as well. Google's mobile Android operating system uses both their own Google Goggles application or third party barcode scanners like Scan. Nokia's Symbian operating system features a barcode scanner, while mbarcode is a QR code reader for the Maemo operating system. In the Apple iOS, a barcode reader is not natively included but more than fifty paid and free apps are available with both scanning capabilities and hard-linking to URI. With BlackBerry devices, the App World application can natively scan barcodes and load any recognized Web URLs on the device's Web browser. Windows Phone 7.5 is able to scan barcodes through the Bing search app. However, these devices are not designed specifically for the capturing of barcodes. As a result, they do not decode nearly as quickly or accurately as a dedicated barcode scanner or PDT.
Figure 10 A handheld barcode scanner
1.2.4.2. RFID Tags Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Some tags are powered by and read at short ranges (a few meters) via magnetic fields (electromagnetic induction). Others use a local power source such as a battery, or else have no battery but collect energy from the interrogating EM field, and then act as a passive transponder to emit microwaves or UHF radio waves (i.e., electromagnetic radiation at high frequencies). Battery powered tags may operate at hundreds of meters. Unlike a barcode, the tag does not necessarily need to be within line of sight of the reader, and may be embedded in the tracked object. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is part of the family of Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) technologies that includes 1D and 2D bar codes. RFID uses an electronic chip, usually applied to a substrate to form a label, that is affixed to a product, case, pallet or other package. The information it contains may be read, recorded, or rewritten.
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
RFID tags are used in many industries. An RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line. Pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses. Livestock and pets may have tags injected, allowing positive identification of the animal. Since RFID tags can be attached to cash, clothing, everyday possessions, or even implanted within people, the possibility of reading personally-linked information without consent has raised serious privacy concerns.
Figure 11 Small RFID chip, here compared to a grain of rice, is incorporated in consumer products, and implanted in pets, for identification purposes The RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile phones, etc. RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time using current devices. In 2011, the cost of passive tags started at US$0.09 each; special tags, meant to be mounted on metal or withstand gamma sterilization, can go up to US$5. Active tags for tracking containers, medical assets, or monitoring environmental conditions in data centers start at US$50 and can go up over US$100 each. Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tags are in the US$3–10 range and also have sensor capability like temperature and humidity. RFID can be used in a variety of applications, such as: Access management Tracking of goods Tracking of persons and animals Toll collection and contactless payment Machine readable travel documents Smartdust (for massively distributed sensor networks) Tracking sports memorabilia to verify authenticity Airport baggage tracking logistics In 2010 three key factors drove a significant increase in RFID usage: decreased cost of equipment and tags, increased performance to a reliability of 99.9% and a stable international standard around UHF passive RFID. The adoption of these standards were driven by EPCglobal, a joint venture between GS1 and GS1 US, which were responsible for driving global adoption of the barcode in the 1970s and 1980s. The EPCglobal Network was developed by the Auto-ID Center, an academic research project headquartered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with labs at five
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 leading research universities around the globe: Cambridge, Adelaide, Keio, Shanghai, Fudan, St. Gallen. At RFID Journal Live 2010 in Orlando, Airbus detailed 16 active projects, IBM and—most recently added to the team—CSC. The two other areas of significant use are financial services for IT asset tracking and healthcare. RFID is becoming increasingly prevalent as the price of the technology decreases. 1.3. Introduction to various softwares for their application in food technology (like SAP, justFoodERP, FoodWorks, SERVE, etc.) with relevant case studies. Softwares in the food field are numerous and can be classified depending upon the tasks these are going to perform or by the nature of the industry in which they will be used.
1.3.1. Alphabetical Index of Food Industry Related Softwares A A&B Process Systems Services in engineering, automation and controls, ASME stainless fabrication and field process installation. www.abprocess.com Advanced FoodSystems Developer of FoodDISTRIBUTE(tm), a food industry distribution package and provider of custom applications software programming services. FoodDISTRIBUTE(tm) handles all aspects of the food industry including the distribution and financial aspect... www.afsi.com MK & Associates Gourmet food brokers of Florida and home of Mr. Broker software. www.angelfire.com Aspen Technology, Inc. / Chesapeake Supply Chain Division Developer of production scheduling/planning and supply chain optimization software. Company also provides related project management and consulting services. The software runs on UNIX and Windows NT platforms. Products are sold to the chemica... www.aspentech.com ASTRA Information Systems, Inc. Developer of DCX(tm) and FDX(tm) accounting and inventory control software and retail point-of- sale turnkey systems. Provider of custom applications software programming services. The integrated accounting packages are customized by combining ... www.astrainfo.com B Bit Corporation Located in New York state, company produces software and automation for the baking and food industry. www.bit-corp.com Bradley Ward Systems www.bwsys.com C Food Service Distribution Software Directory Compare food distribution software using Capterra's free, comprehensive directory. Capterra.com CardTronics Provider of standard and custom-designed magnetic stripe and smart card interface devices to the
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 original equipment and system integrator markets. www.cardtronics.com CAT2 CAT2 is a leading provider of manufacturing execution software to the food and beverage industry. www.catsquared.com Creative Data Research, Inc. Full service provider of a comprehensive and fully integrated management system designed to meet the needs of wholesale distributors. www.cdrsoftware.com Compusense Sensory data collection and analysis software company. www.compusense.com Computer Resource Center, Inc. A manufacturer of electronic forms for grocers, manufacturers, brokers, and manufacturer's representatives, including customer contracts & retail staff management. www.crcivr.com E Eagle Solutions Provider of turnkey computer solutions for the food distribution industry. www.eaglesol.com Solid Software Solutions Software company that specializes in the creation of, installation and support of software for the wholesale food distribution industry. www.ediblesoftware.com Excellence in Computing, Inc. (EIC) Designs business software for food distribution companies. Located in Bellingham, Washington. www.eicsoftware.com Owens Information Services, Inc. Developer of software and provider of custom applications programming services for the food industry. e/MAX(tm) is an EDI translator used for sending/receiving documents in EDI standard formats of UCS and X12 and translating them into various f... www.emaxedi.com F Integrated Management Solutions Producer of software sollutions for order entry, inventory, account management and sales anlysis. www.foodsoft.com FoodSoftware.com Restaurant software, foodservice software and hospitality software catalog and home of IPro Foodservice Inventory and Recipe Software. www.foodsoftware.com Foxboro Supplier of automation systems, open industrial systems, process control, transmitters, instruments, valves, controllers, automation, measurements, environmental monitoring and software. www.foxboro.com G
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Geac Computer Corporation Provides software and hardware for the hospitality, foodservice, publishing and banking industries. www.geac.com Performance Software Technologies Provider of rout sales and service business management software, including pest control, lawn care, water service, beverage and other services. www.gopst.com Gulson & Associates Provider of custom applications software programming services and developer of WiPS(tm), inventory management software. The software tracks production of wine related products and is developed using CASE technology. Software runs on IBM AS/400... www.gulson.com H H & S Computer Systems, Inc. Producer of food distribution enterprise, turn-key solution developed native on the IBM AS/400® specifically for the food distribution industry. www.hscs.com I IBS IBS is a world-leading provider of food distribution software, beverage distribution software and services to food and beverage distribution companies. www.ibs.net Intellution, Inc. Manufacturer of high-performance, easy-to-use industrial automation software. Designer of open, scalable and reliable automation solutions for all industries and of expert system industrial control software. FIX(tm) products are designed for b... www.intellution.com M MCSWin Management Computer Systems ( MCS) has been providing software business solutions to Food Industry Sales and Marketing Agencies since 1975. www.mcswin.com N New England Computer Services, Inc. Provider of custom applications and systems software programming services for food distributors. This company was capitalized by private investment. www.necs.com Lunchbyte Systems Develop Nutrikids brand software for the school foodservice industry. www.nutrikids.com NxTrend Technology Inc Supplier of enterprise-wide software solutions for supply-chain management. www.nxtrend.com P PCS Revenue Control Systems Inc PCS Revenue Control Systems, Inc., the leading national supplier of School Food Service USDA Approved Nutrition, Inventory and Food Production Management Systems and Point of Sale
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Systems for K-12 School Districts. www.pcsrevenuecontrol.com Prime Prodata, Inc. Production, costing, and accounting software and system tools specifically designed for meat and food processors. www.primepro.com R Retalix Limited Company provides enterprise-wide open software solutions that are designed to enable food retailers in the supermarket, convenience store and restaurant market sectors to respond to competitive market requirements and changing consumer preferenc... www.retalix.com Ross Computer Systems Nationwide computer solutions for the distribution and process-based manufacturing industries. www.rossusa.com S Stoltz Enterprises Inc Dedicated to the Food Industry, SEI has been developing software for food and beverage since 1979. www.seihq.com Sensitech, Inc. Manufacturer of temperature and humidity monitoring equipment. Developer of temperature monitoring software programs that run on IBM PCs and compatibles. Products are sold to multiple industries. This company was capitalized by private invest... www.sensitech.com Sales Partner Systems (SPS) Developer of PC and Internet applications for the food industry. www.spsi.com Steton Technology Group Leading provider of business applications based on handheld PC's and other mobile computing devices. Cater to the transportation, leisure/hotel, and food services. www.steton.com Streamware Corporation Specializing in vending software for Windows. www.streamware.com SweetWARE Computer software for restaurants, bakeries, and food manufacturers. www.sweetware.com T Thinque Systems Suppliers of sales force automation software for the consumer goods industry. www.thinque.com TM Software Integrated fisheries and seafood management processing software for quality control and process optimization coupling Navision financial software as its primary accounting system. www.tm-software.com
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 iTradeNetwork Founded in 1999, iTradeNetwork provides subscription-based hosted software solutions to the food industry that facilitate transactions between retail grocers, restaurant chain operators, foodservice distributors and their respective suppliers. www.tradingproduce.com TurningPoint Systems, Inc. In the business of developing, marketing, and supporting computer-based systems for wholesaler & distributors. www.turningpointsystems.com TwinPeaks Software Software for baking industry and business accounting solutions for the wholesaler and retailer. www.twinpeaks.net V Software for Importers and Distributors ERP software designed for importers to manage profit per shipment, inventory visibility and document automation. For small to mid-sized importers. www.ventureinformationsystem.com W Wine Technologies Software for managing wine inventory, keeping a price database and seeing a pictorial view of the configuration of your wine cellar. www.winetech.com
1.3.2. Food Service Software Descriptions 1.3.2.1. FASTLANE FastLane is a meal accountability Point-Of-Service system that is generally used by elementary and alternative schools. In most cases it is loaded on a laptop that the FastLane user carries it to and from the lunchroom to enter meals FastLane users do a data transfer via ComServ each morning. This imports the school’s students along with their Meal status (Free, Reduced or Paid) and account balance. After serving is finished and day end processes are complete, the FastLane user does another data transfer to send information to Central FastLane at the Food Services Office. Central Fastlane allows us to consolidate all sites serving information and translate the data into reports that can be used to claim reimbursement from the State of Kansas. 1.1.1.2. MEAL TRACKER Meal Tracker is the meal accountability Point-Of-Service System that is generally used by middle and high schools. In most cases it is loaded on a desktop in the cafeteria manager's office. When Meal Tracker is opened it automatically imports the school’s students along with their meal status (Free, Reduced or Paid). Student meals are accounted for when their student ID is “swiped” at the serving counter. After serving is finished, day-end processes are completed and meal tracker is closed. At that time, Meal Tracker transfers serving data back to Meal Tracker District POS in the Food Services office. Meal Tracker District POS allows us to consolidate all sites serving information and translate the data into reports that can be used to claim reimbursement from the State of Kansas. 1.1.1.3. VBOSS Cafeteria Managers use VBOSS to place their orders for Food from the Warehouse and the Central Production Facility. This program is accessed through a remote desktop connection to the MISFS1
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 server. VBOSS uses a universal printer client, so if a new printer is installed, notify food services to install it. 1.1.1.4. DYNAMIC COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY FOR FOOD PROCESSING ENGINEERING 1.1.1.4.1. INTRODUCTION Engineers and operations managers have traditionally been unable to use one modeling platform for multiple purposes such as process design, control system checkout (DCS/PLC), advanced control design and testing, training and process optimization. Because of the mathematical rigor required for accurate dynamic models, process design has been dominated by steady-state simulation. Where high fidelity dynamic models were developed, they were usually unsuitable for control system checkout or training because they were too complex to run in real time with affordable computer resources. Embedded control system simulations and many external operator trainers usually required compromises in model assumptions to obtain real time performance, resulting in lower fidelity process simulations. Recognizing the need to combine accurate model fidelity suitable for process and control design and real time operation into a single package, IDEAS Simulation Inc. participated in a development effort to address these issues. The objective was to design a tool for Integrated Design Engineering with Advanced Simulation (IDEAS) that would be a key contributor to the complete life cycle of a process plant, including: Initial Process Conceptual Design Detailed Process Design Advanced Control Design DCS / PLC Checkout Operator and Maintenance Training Process Optimization Definitions 1.1.1.4.2. Dynamic Simulation : "Any process can be modelled mathematically, that is, represented at least approximately by a set of algebraic and differential equations whose variables represent particular characteristics of the process. Simulation is the numerical solution of these model equations. Steady-state simulation produces the time-independent values of the variables while dynamic simulation gives the transient solutions of the equations. A process dynamic simulator can thus be regarded as a program system capable of simulating the dynamic behavior of the plant." (1) 1.1.1.4.3. Worksheet : A layered two dimensional area onto which model objects representing process and control are placed.
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Figure 12 A Typical IDEAS Worksheet 1.1.1.4.4. Dialog Box The user interacts with a block through it's ‘Dialog Box’. The dialog box is a window shown by clicking twice on the graphic (or ‘Icon’) of the block. The dialog box can contain variables, buttons, checkboxes, radio control buttons, data tables, as well as text. These variables, buttons, etc. can be changed by the user by typing in new values or by pointing and clicking with the mouse. A third layer, which normally would be invisible to the user, is the source code. Variables in the dialog box as well as variables received from other blocks are all available to the source code. Output can be sent to plotters which plot while the model is running or, if needed, messages can be sent to the screen. A simulation can also write variables to a report file and/or a debugging file. So the user has all the power of compiled source code at his fingertips but with the flexibility to alter input, insert new model blocks and view results dynamically all without having to enter or even see a line of code.
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Figure 13 A Typical Control Valve Dialog Box Object-oriented programming techniques result in a software system that is well organized and is especially suited to dynamic simulation. The objects become analogous to pieces of process equipment and instrumentation. The messages passed between objects are analogous to the information carried through a process pipe from one piece of control equipment to another. The object-oriented approach also lends itself especially well to an icon-based graphical interface that is essential to ensure acceptance by the process and process control design engineers and practical utilization by plant personnel. An icon- based graphical programming environment ensures that the graphics are an integral part of the model building process. This has productivity advantages over traditional graphics front-ends that require building of the model through non- graphical techniques, then building a graphic and linking it to the appropriate parts of the model. The model is built starting with a blank computer screen upon which objects are placed from various object libraries ( refer to Object Type Descriptions below). Objects are connected using a mouse to build a model analogous to the corresponding flowsheet (P&ID or P&C). Each object is given specific data to give it the same characteristics as its real world counterpart. This is done by opening a dialog box for each object and filling in information. This dialog box appears when the object is selected and double-clicked by the mouse. Figure 2 shows a typical dialog box with information required from the user. 1.1.1.4.5. Model Fidelity The fidelity of a model is a measure of how closely the model parallels the real process. The higher the fidelity the closer the model matches the real process under the same conditions. High fidelity is achieved by using the first principles of physics and chemistry to describe process operations where it is possible and empirical data from field and laboratory testing where it is not possible. The piping network pressure and flow relationship also contributes to the model fidelity. Nearly all dynamic modeling platforms use the physical laws of conservation of energy and mass in solving flows through pipes. The further use of conservation of momentum, however, is not as universal
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 but is really necessary to achieve accurate results in many applications. IDEAS does include the conservation of momentum in its piping network solution. Often the solution techniques used to solve the piping flows and pressures only work with flow going in the positive direction. The technique used in this platform, however, allows reverse flow. If, for example, the piping objects are connected together without check valves, the simulator allows for flow in either direction for all connections and provides for the appropriate mixing calculations to cover these situations for all stream components. The pressure dynamics of the model determine the direction of flow, just like they would in an operating plant. 1.1.1.4.6. Object Type Descriptions. The objects used in IDEAS are classified into seven types: Process Objects Pressure/Flow Network Objects Material Properties/Stream Definition Objects Control Objects Communication Objects Data Collection and Display Objects. Training Objects
The Process Objects have a one to one correspondence to real world equipment. This allows the simulation to be built directly from a P&ID or flow sheet by retrieving objects from a library and connecting them together in the proper configuration on a worksheet using a mouse. Figure 1 illustrates a portion of a model showing these objects and the manner in which they are connected. First principles are used where possible to provide the modeling equations and when not possible empirical relationships are used. The process objects are modeled independently of the fluid being processed. For example, a heat exchanger would function properly regardless of whether it is fed water or oil. It merely processes the materials which arrive in the streams connected to it. The physical properties for each material in the model are available to each object on the worksheet. The Pressure/Flow Objects consist of pipes, valves, pumps, pressure nodes (pipe junctions) and network solver objects for compressible and incompressible fluid flow. The person building the simulation enters the following information in the dialog boxes for each of these items: Table 1 The Object and Parameters Table OBJECT PARAMETERS Pipe • Pipe Diameter • Pipe Length • Pipe Roughness • Fitting Resistances • Compressible Or Incompressible Fluid Valve & Pipe Above plus: • Cv at 100% opening • Linear or Equal Percentage Trim • Percentage open and delta pressure for automatic sizing mode Pump/Suction • All standard pipe parameters for suction piping (above) Pipe Curve fit coefficients for: • Pump Curve (two-dimensional for variable speed or
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
OBJECT PARAMETERS selectable impeller pumps • NPSH Curve • Maximum Flow Curve • Elevation of pump centerline • Flow for sizing mode Pressure Node • Elevation • Compressible/Incompressible Switch Solver • Convergence Limit - Incompressible Flow • Maximum No. of Iterations - Incompressible Flow. • Convergence Limit - Compressible Flow • Maximum No. of Iterations - Compressible Flow.
The solver is capable of reaching a fully converged piping network solution for mass, energy, and momentum every simulation step. The flow in each piping branch is calculated either in the conventional manner using the Colebrook equation for Newtonian fluids or using empirical coefficients for non-Newtonian fluids. The Material Properties/Stream Definition Objects allow the user to define the various materials which will make up a fluid stream in the model. Flowing through each pipe, valve pump, etc., is an array (the stream array) which is comprised of general information about the stream such as temperature and pressure as well as specific information about each component material in the stream such as mass fractions and component flows. Properties for these materials are also available to each object in the model. These material properties include but are not limited to: • Convergence Limit - Incompressible Flow • Maximum No. of Iterations - Incompressible Flow. • Convergence Limit - Compressible Flow • Maximum No. of Iterations - Compressible Flow. The mass fraction proportions of the various materials may be specified at each source location in the model. These proportions, as well as source pressure and temperature, can be dynamically varied during the simulation run. The variations available include random noise, ramps and sine waves. These variations can be programmed to occur from another object outside the source object. The number of components in the stream is adjustable. A recent model of a metallurgical process, for example, used 54 total stream components. The Control Objects have a one to one correspondence with physical instruments such as transmitters, analyzers, stand-alone controllers, etc. or with DCS functions such as PID control algorithms, high/low select blocks, etc. They are used to provide control functions to the process model. The objects can be either generic control objects or objects corresponding to a specific equipment vendor. If the end use of the model is as a stand-alone simulator, the control will be part of the model. If the model will be used for DCS checkout, the control will reside in the actual DCS hardware/software and the process model will interface to this control via a virtual I/O communication card on the DCS. The Communication Objects are used to interface control signals or stream array information to other computers, to the PLC, or to a DCS. These objects operate in conjunction with a communication driver object on the worksheet. DCS interface objects which allow direct communication with Bailey Infi 90™, ABB Advant, Rosemount System 3™and Allen Bradley PLC have been developed and others can be made available within two month's notice.
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The Data Collection and Display Objects allow the user to observe and record various information in the model. Plotter objects can be connected to control signals or to stream variables (by using transmitters to extract the proper variable from the stream array). The Snapshot object allows worksheet conditions to be stored as a file for later retrieval and replay. Plotter objects graphically plot the information as the model runs as well as present the information in tabular form (see Figure 3).
Figure 14 A Plotter Recording Tanks Levels and Flows The Training Objects allow the creation and execution of preprogrammed plant operations scenarios. When the model is configured for training it includes all control functions and communicates directly with a DCS console so that the operator can control the simulated process from the console just as he would the real process. Using the Scenario Manager™ object, the trainer can initiate one or more failure/anomaly scenarios for the operator. Other objects work in concert with the Scenario Manager™ to create changes in setpoints, trip pumps, fail transmitters either high or low, etc. The plotter objects can then be used to record and review the operator’s responses. For example, one scenario could cause the consistency in a stock feeder to increase by reducing dilution flow because of a flow transmitter “failure”. The operator should notice the gradually increasing feeder amperage and manually increase the dilution flow. If the operator failed to do this the internal control logic would, as would the real control system, trip the feeder. Figure 5 shows a typical Scenario Manager for a bleach plant model. 1.1.1.4.7. Operations Management When used during the original process design phase this simulator will result in an optimized plant design with fewer dynamic problems and operational restrictions.
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New installations or plant expansions benefit from reduced start-up time and off-specification product due to operator familiarization with the new process and controls. IDEAS is useful for managing the day to day operations of a process plant. It is a powerful "what- if" tool for use in plant process troubleshooting and maintaining optimal process performance. It can be used to schedule production to minimize product change-over waste, optimize, raw material usage and minimize power consumption. Maintenance outages and start-ups can be scheduled more effectively. Process and control system modifications can be tested prior to implementation to minimize upsets and optimize results. 1.1.1.4.8. BENEFITS
Control Designer's Perspective: Process dynamics are modeled accurately enough to allow development and testing of complex control strategies Complex logic can be tested before startup Control design can be optimized for startup, shutdown and upset conditions Can size control valves, pumps and piping systems simultaneously
Process Designer's Perspective: Improved communications with the client Improved coordination of design between process engineers and control engineers Dynamic capability results in design of the process as a system Optimized design for startups, shutdowns, upset conditions Allow troubleshooting of very complex process problems What-if scenarios allows optimization of process design and equipment sizing Increase in quality by “doing the right thing right the first time”
Plant Perspective: Operator Training Realistic process response to control input Hands-on experience without the potential equipment damage and schedule restrictions Can test what-if equipment/operator failure scenarios Allows familiarization with control equipment and strategies before startup Can spot weakness in operator skills before startup
Operations Management Results in an optimized plant design from both a process and control standpoint Minimized down-time and start-up Optimized ongoing operation Effective maintenance training Planning of production changes and maintenance outages Subsequent process changes can be made with confidence
1.1.1.4.9. CONCLUSION The driving forces of lower operating costs, lower process emissions coupled with higher quality products will push the application of dynamic simulation toward the front-end of process design. Ease of use and transportation of dynamic models will link process designers with process
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1.3.3. SAP
SAP SE is a German multinational software corporation that makes enterprise software to manage business operations and customer relations. Headquartered in Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, with regional offices around the world. The company's best-known software products are its enterprise resource planning application systems and management (SAP ERP), its enterprise data warehouse product – SAP Business Warehouse (SAP BW), SAP Business Objects software, and most recently, Sybase mobile products and the in-memory computing appliance SAP HANA. SAP is one of the largest software companies in the world. SAP's products focus on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). The company's main product is SAP ERP. The current version is SAP ERP 6.0 and is part of the SAP Business Suite. Its previous name was R/3. The "R" of SAP R/3 stood for realtime. The number 3 related to the 3-tier architecture: database, application server and client (SAPgui). R/2, which ran on a Mainframe architecture, was the predecessor of R/3. Before R/2 came System RF, later dubbed R/1. SAP ERP is one of five enterprise applications in SAP's Business Suite. The other four applications are: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) – helps companies acquire and retain customers, gain marketing and customer insight Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) – helps manufacturers with product-related information Supply Chain Management (SCM) – helps companies with the process of resourcing its manufacturing and service processes Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) – enables companies to procure from suppliers Other major product offerings include: the NetWeaver platform, Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) software, Duet (joint offering with Microsoft), Performance Management software and RFID. SAP offers service-oriented architecture capabilities (calling it Enterprise SOA) in the form of web services that are wrapped around its applications. While its original products were typically used by Fortune 500 companies,] SAP now actively targets small and medium sized enterprises (SME) with its SAP Business One and SAP Business All-in-One. SAP's CRM solution now have over 8 million users on its platform. SAP implementation is the whole of processes that defines a complete method to implement the SAP ERP enterprise resource planning software in an organization. The SAP implementation method described in this entry is a generic method and not a specific implementation method as such. It is based on best practices and case studies from various literature sources and presents a collection of processes and products that make up a complete implementation method to allow any organization to plan and execute the implementation of SAP software. The implementation of SAP software, such as SAP R/3 is almost always a massive operation that brings a lot of changes in the organization. The whole process can take up to several years. Virtually every person in the organization is involved, whether they are part of the SAP technical support
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 organization (TSO) or the actual end-users of the SAP software. The resulting changes that the implementation of SAP generates are intended to reach high level goals, such as improved communication and increased return on information (as people will work with the same information). It is therefore very important that the implementation process is planned and executed with the usage of a solid method. There are various SAP implementation methods. An example of how one company, Robert Bosch GmbH, implemented SAP R/3 over 10 years is available. This study shows that designing IT architecture is very critical in SAP implementation practices. IEEE scholar journal reports an industrial case in which the senior management successfully dealt with a troubled SAP R/3 implementation in an international fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) company during 2001 and 2002. Table 2 Overview Concept Definition CHANGE Activities involved in (1) defining and installing new values, attitudes, norms, MANAGEMENT and behaviors within an organization that support new ways of doing work and overcome resistance to change; (2) building consensus among customers and stakeholders on specific changes designed to better meet their needs; and (3) planning, testing, and implementing all aspects of the transition from one organizational structure or business process to another. (www.gao.gov) CHANGE All documentation that is required and being delivered whilst performing MANAGEMENT change management, e.g. the functional test cases and all the other documents DOCUMENTATION. a new end-user of SAP requires and the various tools and approaches used to manage change by the TSO. (Anderson, 2003) COST OF OWNERSHIP Determination of where and when the costs are inquired within the context of ANALYSIS the SAP solution stack and ongoing operations. The analysis addresses all internal and external costs, both one-time as well as recurring (Anderson, 2003) CUTOVER The process of transitioning from one system to a new system DATA CENTER A data center is a facility used for housing a large amount of electronic equipment, typically computers and communications equipment. (www.wikipedia.org) DATA CENTER A requirement for the SAP data center, i.e. a physical requirement like power REQUIREMENT requirements, a rack requirement, a network infrastructure requirement or a requirement to the network server. (Anderson, 2003) DISASTER RECOVERY Requirement that focuses on downtime that lasts many hours to days or even (DR) REQUIREMENT weeks (Anderson, 2003) FUNCTIONAL TEST A set of conditions or variables under which a tester will determine if a certain CASE business process works (www.wikipedia.org) HIGH AVAILABILITY Requirements that describes the amount of time that the system needs to be (HA) REQUIREMENT available to satisfy the needs of the users. (Anderson, 2003) INSTALLATION All documentation related to the installation of an end-to-end SAP solution DOCUMENTATION (Anderson, 2003) OPERATIONS MANUAL The collection of current state system documentation, day-to-day and other regularly scheduled operations tasks, various installation and operations checklists and how-to process documents. (Anderson, 2003) SAP SAP AG is the name of the biggest European software company. The head office is in Walldorf, Germany. SAP was founded in 1972 as Systemanalyse and Programmentwicklung ("Systems Analysis and Product") by five former IBM employees in Mannheim, Germany. (www.wikipedia.org) SAP A comprehensive project plan that contains all products that are delivered
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IMPLEMENTATION whilst performing an SAP implementation project (Anderson, 2003) PROJECT PLAN SOLUTION STACK Set of software subsystems or components needed to deliver a fully functional solution, e.g. a product or service. (www.wikipedia.org) SOLUTION STACK A list of all vendors that deliver the products that make up the SAP solution PARTNERS LIST stack (Anderson, 2003) SOLUTION VISION A vision of the future-state of the SAP solution (Anderson, 2003) STRESS TEST PLAN A test plan that is focused at determining the stability of a given system or entity. It involves testing beyond normal operational capacity, often to a breaking point, in order to observe the results. (www.wikipedia.org) TEST PLAN A detail of how the test will proceed, who will do the testing, what will be tested, in how much time the test will take place, and to what quality level the test will be performed. (IEEE 829) TRAINING The acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relates to specific useful skills (www.practicalsap.com) TRAINING PLAN Consisting of training units, a training plan is the result of hierarchical decompositions of a training goal, tailored according to the learning preferences and prior knowledge of the trainee. A plan is the means by which the trainee satisfies the goal. (www.ece.eps.hw.ac.uk/) TSO Technical Support Organization. The people that are committed to implementation and management of SAP. (Anderson, 2003) TSO CHART A chart that depicts the structure of the TSO. (Anderson, 2003) 1.3.3.1. Activity table The following table provides a summary of all of the activities that form the SAP implementation process. These activities will be described with more detail and elaborated with examples in the rest of this entry. Table 3 Activity table Activity Sub-Activity Description Project Craft solution Refine and communicate a SOLUTION VISION of the future-state of preparation vision the SAP solution, to sketch a design that meets both business and financial requirements. The focus should be on the company’s core business and how the SAP solution will better enable that core business to be successful. Some of the guidance and key requirements for how to put together an ERP and SAP business case for ROI, business benefit, and success includes focusing on competitive pressures, value propositions, and how the solution enables success. Design and initially Design and staff the key positions of the SAP Technical Support staff the SAP TSO Organization (TSO), the organization that is charged with addressing, designing, implementing and supporting the SAP solution. Sizing and Perform cost of Perform a COST OF OWNERSHIP ANALYSIS to determine how to get blueprinting ownership analysis the best business solution for the least money i.e. to determine where and when the costs are incurred within the context of the SAP solution stack. Identify high Determine all HIGH AVAILABILITY and DISASTER RECOVERY availability and REQUIREMENTS, to plan what to do with later downtime of the SAP disaster recovery system requirements
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Engage SAP Select the best SAP hardware and software technology partners for solution stack all layers and components of the SAP SOLUTION STACK, based on a vendors side-by-side sizing comparison Staff TSO Staff the bulk of the TSO, i.e. fill the positions that directly support the near-term objectives of the implementation, which are to develop and begin installation/implementation of the SAP data center. Execute training Train the various members of the SAP TSO, like data center specialists, high availability specialist and network specialists and train the end-users to give all the required SAP knowledge and skills Setup SAP DATA Build a new SAP DATA CENTER facility or transform the current data CENTER center into a foundation capable of supporting the SAP SOLUTION STACK Perform Install the (My)SAP components and technological foundations like installations a web application server or enterprise portal. Round out support Identify and staff the remaining TSO roles, e.g. roles that relate to for SAP help desk work and other such support providing work. SAP functional Address Change Develop a planned approach to the changes in the organization. development Management The objective is to maximize the collective efforts of all people involved in the change and minimize the risk of failure of implementing the changes related to the SAP implementation. Address SAP Create a foundation for the SAP systems management and SAP systems and computer operations, by creating a SAP OPERATIONS MANUAL and operations by evaluating SAP management applications. management Perform Test the SAP business processes, by executing functional tests to functional, ensure that business processes work, integration tests to ensure integration and that the organization’s business processes work together with regression tests other business processes and regression tests to prove that a specific set of data and processes yield consistent and repeatable results. Final Perform systems Plan, script, execute and monitor SAP STRESS TESTS, to see if the Preparation and stress tests expectations of the end users, defined in service level agreements, will be met. Prepare for Plan, prepare and execute the CUTOVER, by creating a CUTOVER cutover PLAN that describes all cutover tasks that have to be performed before the actual go-live Go Live Turn on the SAP system for the end-users 1.3.3.2. Implementation processes Project preparation The project preparation phase, depicted below, focuses at two main activities, i.e. to make a setup for the TSO and to define a solution vision. These activities allow an organization to put it on the right track towards implementation. Design and initially staff the SAP TSO The first major step of the project preparation phase is to design and initially staff an SAP technical support organization (TSO), which is the organization that is charged with addressing, desi Craft solution vision The second project preparation job is to define a so-called solution vision, i.e. a vision of the future- state of the SAP solution, where it is important to address both business and financial requirements
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(budgets). The main focus within the vision should be on the company’s core business and how the SAP solution will better enable that core business to be successful. Next to that, the shortcomings of the current systems should be described and short but clear requirements should be provided regarding availability (uptime), security, manageability and scalability of the SAP system. Sizing and blueprinting The next phase is often referred to as the sizing and blueprinting phase and forms the main chunk of the implementation process. The phase is illustrated below. This phase starts with performing a total cost of ownership analysis (TCO analysis) to determine how to get the best business solution at the lowest costs. This means to compare SAP solution stack options and alternatives and then determine what costs each part of the stack will bring and when these costs will be incurred. Parts of the stack are for example the hardware, operating system and database, which form the acquisition costs. Next to that, there should be taken a look at recurring costs like maintenance costs and downtime costs. Instead of performing a complete TCO analysis for various solution stack alternatives that would like to compare, it can be wise just to do a so- called delta analysis, where only the differences between solutions (stacks) are identified and analyzed. The image at the right depicts the essence of a delta analysis. Identify high availability and disaster recovery requirements The next step is identifying the high availability requirements and the more serious disaster recovery requirements. This is to plan what to do with later downtime of the SAP system, caused by e.g. hardware failures, application failures or power outages. It should be noted that it is very important to calculate the cost of downtime, so that an organization has a good idea of its actual availability requirements. Engage SAP solution stack vendors A true sizing process is to engage the SAP solution stack vendors, which is the next step. This means selecting the best SAP hardware and software technology partners for all layers and components of the solution stack, based on a side-by-side sizing comparison. The most important factors that are of influence here are the estimated numbers of (concurrent) users and batch sizes. A wise thing to do is to involve SAP AG itself to let them create a sizing proposal stating the advised solution stack, before moving to SAP’s technology partners/SAP vendors, like Accenture, HP and IBM. A simplified solution stack is depicted at the right, showing the many layers for which software and hardware has to be acquired. Note the overlap with the OSI model. Staff TSO The TSO (Technical Support Organisation) is the most important resource for an organization that is implementing SAP, so staffing the TSO is a vital job which can consume a lot of time. In a previous phase, the organization should already have staffed the most vital positions. At this point the organization should staff the bulk of the TSO, i.e. fill the positions that directly support the near- term objectives of the implementation, which are to develop and begin the installation/implementation of the SAP data center. Examples are: data center experts, network infrastructure experts, security specialists and database administration experts. There are many ways to find the right people within or outside the organization for all of the TSO positions and it depends on the organization how much time it wants to spend on staffing. Training One of the most vital stages of the implementation process is training. Very few people within an organization are SAP experts or even have worked with SAP software. It is therefore very important to train the end users but especially the SAP TSO: the people who design and implement the solution. Many people within the TSO need all kinds of training. Some examples of these positions: SAP Network Specialists
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SAP Database Administrators SAP Security specialists Documentation specialists Et cetera All of these people need to acquire the required SAP knowledge and skills or even SAP certifications through training. Moreover, people need to learn to do business in a totally new way. To define how much SAP training every person needs, a company can make use of a skillset matrix. With this matrix, a manager can identify who possesses what knowledge, to manage and plan training, by defining the height of expertise with a number between e.g. 1 and 4 for each skill for each employee. Setup SAP data center The next step is to set up the SAP data center. This means either building a new data center facility or transforming the current data center into a foundation capable of supporting the SAP solution stack, i.e. all of the technology layers and components (SAP software products) in a productive SAP installation. The most important factor when designing the data center is availability. The high availability and disaster recovery requirements which should have been defined earlier, give a good idea of the required data center requirements to host the SAP software. Data center requirements can be a: Physical requirement like power requirements Rack requirement Network infrastructure requirement or Requirement to the network server. Perform installations The following step is to install the required SAP software parts which are called components and technological foundations like a web application server or enterprise portals, to a state ready for business process configuration. The most vital sub steps are to prepare your OS, prepare the database server and then start installing SAP software. Here it is very important to use installation guides, which are published for each SAP component or technology solution by SAP AG. Examples of SAP components are: R/3 Enterprise — Transaction Processing mySAP BI — Business Information Warehouse mySAP CRM — Customer Relationship Management mySAP KW — Knowledge Warehouse mySAP PLM — Product Lifecycle Management mySAP SCM — Supply Chain Management mySAP SEM — Strategic Enterprise Management mySAP SRM — Supplier Relationship Management mySAP HCM — Human Capital Management Round out support for SAP Before moving into the functional development phase, the organization should identify and staff the remaining TSO roles, e.g. roles that relate to helpdesk work and other such support providing work. Realization The next phase is the functional development phase, where it is all about change management and testing. This phase is depicted below. Address change management
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The next challenge for an organization is all about change management / change control, which means to develop a planned approach to the changes the organization faces. The objective here is to maximize the collective efforts of all people involved in the change and to minimize the risk of failure of implementing the changes related to the SAP implementation. The implementation of SAP software will most surely come with many changes and an organization can expect many natural reactions, i.e. denial, to these changes. To fight this, it is most important to create a solid project team dedicated to change management and to communicate the solution vision and goals of this team. This team should be prepared to handle the many change issues that come from various sources like: End-user requests End-User regular activities Operations Data center team DBA group Systems management SAP systems and operations management Next thing is to create a foundation for the SAP systems management and SAP computer operations, by creating a SAP operations manual and by evaluating SAP management applications. The manual is a collection of current state system documentation, day-to-day and other regularly scheduled operations tasks, various installation and operations checklists and how-to process documents. Functional, integration and regression testing Testing is very important before going live with any system. Before going live with a SAP system, it is vital to do many different kinds of testing, since there is often a large, complex infrastructure of hardware and software involved. Both requirements as well as quality parameters are to be tested. Important types of testing are: Functional testing: to test using functional use cases, i.e. a set of conditions or variables under which a tester will determine if a certain business process works Integration testing Regression testing All tests should be preceded by creating solid test plans. Agreements will be met. This can be done with SAP’s standard application benchmarks, to benchmark the organization’s configurations against configurations that have been tested by SAP’s hardware technology partners. Again, a test plan should be created at first. Final preparation Prepare for cutover The final phase before going live with SAP is often referred to as the cutover phase, which is the process of transitioning from one system to a new one. The organization needs to plan, prepare and execute the cutover, by creating a cutover plan that describes all cutover tasks that have to be performed before the actual go-live. Examples of cutover tasks are: Review and update all systems-related operations procedures like backup policies and system monitoring Assign ownership of SAP’s functional processes to individuals Let SAP AG do a GoingLive check, to get their blessing to go live with the system Lock down the system, i.e. do not make any more changes to the SAP system Go live & Support
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All of the previously described phases all lead towards this final moment: the go-live. Go-live means to turn on the SAP system for the end-users and to obtain feedback on the solution and to monitor the solution. It is also the moment where product software adoption comes into play. More information on this topic: Product Software Adoption: Big Bang Adoption Product Software Adoption: Parallel Adoption Product Software Adoption: Phased Adoption Critical success factors In order to successfully implement SAP in an organization, there are several things that are of great importance: Choose the correct SAP Consultants to have the correct blueprint. A SAP Consultant is a professional who has the skills to speak to the managers of a company and help them creating the blueprint. For this the SAP Consultant has the business skills of the business area he/she is working with, and also masters this area on SAP. For example, if this is SAP FI (accountancy) Consultant, this person is an expert on accountancy and payments, gained through experience or by the corresponding studies at the University. Also this person knows SAP FI because has gained by the corresponding training, or the course on the SAP Partner Academy or similar. Benefits: As this person knows about Accountancy he or she will understand the needs of the business and will bring it into reality. SAP R/3 implementation is not an IT project, in fact is an Organization Project impacting all levels of a company. So it is very important to get the support from all the people that are involved in implementing SAP, but more important the participation and commitment of all levels, especially managers, of the company. The Blueprint is the keystone used as the lighthouse who must guide the whole project. A blueprint should never be a merely mapping of IT systems. In fact a blueprint is bringing the strategy of a company into execution through defining its processes across all business areas. Many projects have failed because the focus was on having people with SAP knowledge, but with no business skills and so defining something that works...wrongly. Just remember, processes must change across time, and a manual error automated could be repeated infinitely. Always consider changing the way things have been done before implementing SAP. "This has always been done like this and the Consultant should replicate it on SAP" is the start of a big problem. SAP many times could save you time and money as it allows your organization to automate many processes. Test the SAP hardware and software rigorously by testing your business processes, and to ensure that the end-users are ready to use SAP before going live, because there are many known projects that failed because of a lack of support and SAP knowledge. Design and execute a Change Management Program by communicating as early as needed all the information that end users should have to accept the new technology and designing and executing a training plan in order to reassure a knowledge base within the organizations. Why use SAP? Develop fresh and innovative ways to become more customer-driven and differentiated from the competition. Accelerate product development and launch Control trade promotion spend and volume planning Gain direct contacts at the point of sale
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Manage product quality across the supply chain Deliver products consumers want Manage development, recipes, and compliance effectively Optimize promotions to drive baseline volume gains Respond profitably to demand and supply dynamics Leverage flexible, cost-effective logistics management
1.3.4. justFoodERP JustFoodERP is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software product based on the Microsoft Dynamics NAV platform. The product is part of the Certified for Microsoft Dynamics family and intended to assist with finance, manufacturing, distribution, customer relationship management (CRM), supply chains, analytics and electronic commerce for small & medium-sized enterprises specifically for the food and beverage industry. Features JustFoodERP contains the following key industry-specific modules: Recipe Management Quality Assurance (including HACCP compliance) Food and Drug Administration compliance including Bio-Terrorism Act reports) Lot Traceability Automated Recall By-Products and Co-Products Product Costing Nutrition Tracking Ingredient Declaration Preventive Maintenance Shop Floor Integration Freight Reconciliation Integrated Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Vendor Performance Tracking Reporting Estimating/Quoting Direct-Store Delivery Logistics Planning Time and Attendance Labor Scheduling Container/Pallet Management Catch Weights Sales and Purchase Rebates
JustFoodERP floor features include: Receiving and Put-Aways Shipping and Picking Inventory Management Bin Replenishment (FEFO) Quality Audits
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Production (Consumption and Output) Container/Pallet Management Physical Inventory
ERP systems incorporate a full breadth of functionality integrating all elements of your business including sales, inventory, purchasing, planning and forecasting, manufacturing, warehouse management, shipping, and quality management. JustFoodERP provides all this but does so by focusing on the specific needs of food processors and distributors. Powered by Microsoft Dynamics, JustFoodERP is instantly recognizable to your users because it’s a Microsoft product. It also speaks to all the technology your company is using today including Outlook, Excel, Word and back end tools like SQL Server, and SharePoint. Whether implemented standalone, or integrated to JustFoodERP’s full business system, our CRM software powered by Microsoft Dynamics helps you manage relationships with customers by developing your Sales Force Automation, Opportunity Management and Campaign Management. According to the Standish Group, ERP implementations in mid-sized companies have a high degree of failure. However, JustFoodERP’s implementation record is at 97%. A simple sales order form shows how easily JustFoodERP manages complex information. Order details and Customer statistics are just a click away. Inventory positions by location, item substitutions, pricing, discounts, surcharges, commissions, and rebates are calculated automatically. Print or email an order confirmation or bill of lading from the same screen. JustFoodERP supports a variety of sales order processing options including EDI, web orders, standing orders, and simple sales order forms. JustFoodERP provides lot-by-lot inventory visibility across facilities, at a bin or zone level. Full order reservation and first expiry picking principals ensure that your inventory rotates correctly. Integrated planning engine marries forecasted demand against supply and will help direct purchasing and production decisions based on a number of qualifiers. Business Performance Management capabilities are boundless. Whether it’s a plug-in tool for MS Excel™, or a fully integrated Business Analytics tool that features full Dashboard and Key Performance Indicators; JustFoodERP offers the right reporting options for all of your employees from the Shipping Supervisor to the CEO. With JustFoodERP, companies can opt to deploy MS Dynamics CRM for the management of customer communication, workflow, and opportunity management. MS Dynamics CRM is fully integrated to MS Outlook™. Your employees will be instantaneously familiar and at ease. Access account history and contact information offline. Integrate contact information to your smart phone (Blackberry, Windows Mobile, or iPhone) device automatically. Opportunity Management is a great way to ensure your sales team is spending time with key customers, and that you have a forecast that is accurate. A built in workflow engine makes MS Dynamics CRM an ideal tool for business processes like Product Lifecycle Management. JustFoodERP provides workflows out-of-the-box, allowing companies to centralize and standardize key business processes like the R&D cycle. 1.4. 9 Features every ERP system should have There are a number of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems on the market, which makes it hard to find the best solution for your needs. The key is to identify the features your food ERP system needs in order to address your most important requirements and challenges.
Deploying an ERP system isn’t cheap. It takes time, money, and training, but when done right, it transforms a company’s ability to thrive and grow.
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Figure 15 What to look for in an ERP system ©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Unfortunately, not every business can confidently claim they’ve made the right choice. Unless you want to risk falling into that category, you need to look for the following features.
1.4.1. Inventory Management For businesses that deal with food and perishable ingredients, the need for high level tracking is critically important. If you’re going to integrate an ERP system into your organization, there needs to be a robust inventory management solution built in.
This will allow you to automatically monitor product orders, see inventory levels, process shipments, and more. With an accurate view of available stock, pending orders and shipments, you’ll be able to make more strategic decisions.
1.4.2. Mobility We’re in a business world where the cloud runs everything. Cloud-based ERP systems allow for mobility and freedom. This means you can work from the office, home, or airport halfway around the world.
A cloud-based system also reduces your risk of system outages and downtime, and means someone else takes responsibility for your data security and backups — critical elements of your business best left to experts.
1.4.3. Financial Integration One of the biggest reasons food producers adopt ERP systems is to track financials. With the right system in place, you can track financials, organize receipts and purchases, study data, and prepare for future financial decisions.
1.4.4. Real Time Monitoring Not only do the FDA and USDA require mandatory safety and preparation protocol to be followed, but so do consumers. As a business leader you need to ensure the proper precautions are taken to track ingredients, monitor quantities, enhance quality control procedures and track expiration dates.
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
While businesses used to track these items in Excel spreadsheets, that’s no longer a practical approach. If you want accurate visibility and the ability to make data-backed decisions in a timely manner, you need your ERP system to have non-stop monitoring features in place.
1.4.5. Recall Management While an ERP system can’t necessarily prevent a recall, it can make the recall a little easier. When compared to manually recalling products – which is very paper-intensive and requires an “all hands on deck” mentality – recalling products with a supportive ERP system in place can make compliance and food safety that much easier.
1.4.6. Customizable Barcoding When you have barcoding functionality, you can quickly and accurately preform checks across multiple departments and product lines. Customizable barcoding also allows for detailed labeling of products.
For example, let’s say you’re a bakery and some of your items come into contact with peanut oil. Since peanut allergies can be potentially life threatening for some people, it’s wise that you label products with allergen symbols and warnings. An ERP system with custom barcoding can protect your business and customers.
1.4.7. Excellent Support What kind of support comes with the ERP system you’re buying? Do your research and ask around. Is support handled locally or outsourced to a call center halfway around the world? Are the people on the support team passionate, career food experts or overworked programmers? Every vendor offers “support,” but be sure you know what that really means.
1.4.8. Ease of Use How easy is the ERP system to use? Can your employees pick it up quickly without needing to invest in days or weeks of training? Ease of use is a big deal when it comes to purchasing a new ERP system. It doesn’t matter which other features are present; if it isn’t easy to use, you won’t reap the benefits.
1.4.9. Affordability Let’s be honest, price does play a role in your decision. There are products at every price point and it’s critically important that you analyze the features and costs to get an accurate picture of the return on investment you can expect. The difference between one system and another can be significant.
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
1.5. Application of MS Excel (latest version) to solve the problems of Food Technology
1.6. MS Excel Basics
1.6.1. Introduction to different menus and commands commonly used in solving problems.
1.6.2. Use of Add-In Tools like MegaStat, etc. for statistical data analysis. 2. Application of MS Excel to solve the problems of Food Technology
2.1. Chemical kinetics in food processing
2.1.1. Determining rate constant of zero order reaction
2.1.2. First order rate constant and half-life of reactions
2.2. Microbial destruction in thermal processing of foods
2.2.1. Determining decimal reduction time from microbial survival data
2.3. Statistical quality control in food processing
2.3.1. Control Charts
2.4. Sensory evaluation of foods
2.4.1. Statistical descriptors of a population estimated from sensory data obtained for a sample
2.5. Mechanical transport of liquid foods
2.5.1. Measuring viscosity of liquid foods using a capillary tube viscometer
2.6. Steady state heat transfer in food processing
2.6.1. Reducing heat transfer through a wall using insulation
2.7. Transient heat transfer in food processing
2.7.1. Predicting temperature in a liquid food heated in a steam-jacketed kettle
2.8. Refrigeration, freezing and cold chain
2.8.1. Pressure-temperature relations for ammonia used as a refrigerant in a vapor compression refrigeration system
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
2.8.2. Loss of quality in the cold chain
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
3. Familiarization with the application of computer in some common food industries, (like milk plant, bakery, fruit and vegetable processing, etc.) starting from the receiving of raw material up to the storage and dispatch of finished product with relevant case studies. 3.1. Milk Plant – A real case study THE PUNJAB STATE COOPERATIVE MILK PRODUCER’S FEDERATION LTD., SCO.153-155 SECTOR 34-A, CHANDIGARH – 160022 Ph (o) 0172-5041812, 1813, 1853, email [email protected]
SUBJECT:-DEVELOPMENT OF WEB BASED COMPUTER PACKAGE FOR MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM.
3.1.1. Introduction Milkfed, Punjab is an Apex Body at state level. It has 11 Milk Unions at District level operating 10 Milk Plants and more than 5000 Societies at village level having about 3.70 lac members. 3.1.2. Management Information System (MIS) Milkfed intends to have management information system to do the job better and faster way for collecting, processing, storing and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out various functions of management. Accordingly, an MIS system package should have the following provisions:-
Data collection, either manually and/or through other applications in the organization. Data processing, to convert it into the form which provides information. Storage, to provide information as and when desired. Linking to other applications and tools within the organization. Productivity enhancement by providing features like:- Document management with version control Employee directory Polls Bulletin board Shared calendars Contacts management
3.1.3. Scope of Work The scope of work includes the configuration designing, development /customization and hosting on Web Server & thorough training to users as per the mapped requirements. To provide maintenance support for additional three months after the successful implementation of the project. The party shall also design the home page of the package and shall submit three designs for approval of milkfed. The party will do two iterations of the selected design to finalise the page. The party shall nominate a technical Project Manager and team leader for the duration of mapping requirements, designing, development, implementation and hosting of the software who shall interact with Milkfed officers to get any relevant information required for the project. The party shall prepare an action plan with the consultation of the Milkfed for the time bound designing, development and hosting of the software which shall be strictly adhered to.
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
The party should have a team of sufficient numbers of professionals and should have handled similar type of projects. Implementation of application software includes, Milkfed, Head Office, 11 milk unions namely Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Sangrur, Bhatinda, Faridkot, Ferozepur, Mohali, Patiala, Gurdaspur & Amritsar and Milk Plant, Chandigarh, Cattle Feed Plant, Khanna & Ghania-Ke-Bangar. Timely execution of the project shall be the essence of the contract.
3.1.4. Key Functionalities The application software must include the study, Business Reengineering, Design, Development of web based MIS package consisting of information regarding unions like name of the union, union share, date of election of BOD, name of the chairman, information regarding village level milk producers society, milk procurement and milk routes, technical input activities, financial information, feed and fodder activities.
3.1.5. List of Daily/Monthly/Annual Reports/Statements Daily milk procurement of milk unions with comparison from the last two years and the targets of current year. Daily city supply of milk of milk unions with comparison from the last two years and the targets of current year. Daily stock position of milk and milk products/cattle feed etc. at various milk unions/units Consolidation of milk procurement of each milk union on monthly and annually with comparison from the last five years. Consolidation of city supply of milk of each milk union on monthly and annually with comparison from the last five years Consolidation of milk procurement and Technical Input data of each milk union on monthly and on annual basis. Route wise transportation cost of Milk. Milk procurement’s route wise average Fat and Snf. Transit gain/loss statement of each milk union. Sour & curd statement of each milk union with reasons. Classification of societies according to milk procurement, Fat & Snf. Production cum Sale statement of milk products of each milk union/units on monthly basis. Sale cum stock position report of Branch Offices/Units (CFP khanna, Ghania-ke-Banger and SBBF Ropar). Store Inventory report of each major items and total other items Staff statement (no. of staff, salary & Turn over) of each milk union/units/Branch Offices. Handling and conversion capacity utilization of plants with installed capacity. Installed and utilization capacity of each milk product. Fat & Snf recovery at each milk union along with production balance sheet. Comparative Fuel & electricity utilization statement of each milk union and energy saving their off. Vehicles/Tankers utilization report. Cattle Feed Report showing their in production and sale of different variant to milk union’s societies and others. DO Letter Financial Performance report. Private Dairies Report.
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Commercial and Progressive Dairy Farms Report. Comparison of data/information with parameters, targets and previous years. Other relevant reports which may be included during the project finalization.
3.1.6. Important features of the software It should be user friendly. Extensive parameterization. Data validation on entry point. On line alpha numeric search of various field. On line updation of field at the time of entry. On line preview of reports. Web interface. Scalable to more no of users Good performance Convenient data storage and retrieval. Complete data security. System administration features with user account creation/user privileges /authorizations. Use of mouse. Lively visual impact of the application. Simplified structuring of menus.
3.1.7. Documents 1. MIS software Flow Chart – CD Media. 2. Input / Output formats – CD Media & printout. 3. Software Architecture and Design Document. 4. Source Code of Application Software of MIS. 5. User Manual / Installation Manual / Administrator Manual – CD Media & Print out.
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
Second Case- FAO Model Annex 1. Glossary · ADSL: ADSL stands for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. With ADSL, you can have internet access at speeds of up to 25 times that of a normal dial-up connection! Using ADSL will mean that you will never have to dial up to connect to the internet again because the connection is always on. · Broadband: a communications technology that allows for high-speed Internet access. ADSL is one type of broadband technology. · CD/CD-ROM/CD Writer: a small portable optical disk containing computer data; CD-ROM: a CD containing computer data that cannot be altered; CD Writer: a device that can record data on a CD. · Client: a client is the requesting programme, computer or user in a client/server relationship or network. · Computerization Project: an extensive series of tasks requiring concerted effort and planning, and dealing with the introduction of one or more computer technologies. · Database: a large collection of related data tables organized especially for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. · Disk drive: a device which accesses data contained on a removable diskette or high-capacity zip disk. · Dot matrix printer: a special type of old technology computer printer, ideal for printing multiple copy forms and reports. · Extranet: a web site with restricted content intended for the members, associates, clients and partners of an organization. · Hard disk: the most widely used storage media for computers. It consists of a magnetic disc that is fixed inside computers (non removable). · Hub: in data communications, a hub is a place of convergence where data arrives from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more other directions. It is used to interconnect the computers of a local area network (LAN). · ICT: (information and communications technologies) is a term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. · Ink jet printer: a popular type of low-cost but low speed computer printer. · Interface: point of interaction or communication between a computer and any other entity, such as a printer or human operator. Graphic Interface: layout of an application's graphic or textual controls in conjunction with the way the application responds to user activity. · Internet: a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks - in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information or share with other computers. · Intranet: a web site with restricted content intended for a selected group of users. · ISP: Internet service provider. · IT: information technology. See definition of ICT above. · LAN (Local Area Network): a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line and typically share resources within a small geographic area (for example, within an office building). · Machine language: a set of instructions that a computer can understand. · Modem: a device that converts signals from a computer to a form compatible with a telephone line, in order to transmit them to another computer.
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· Microwave: a form of wireless, line-of-sight telecommunications in which electromagnetic signals containing information are broadcast from one antenna to another relay station or receiver that may be many, many kilometers away. · Network: a series of computers interconnected by communication cables and hubs. · Object Code: the resulting computer code after a source code is processed and converted to machine language. It is the form in which most commercial software is sold. · Open source: any programme whose source code is made available for use or modification as users or other developers see fit, usually free of charge. · Operating System: the main programme of a computer, the one that administers its resources. There are many operating systems, such as Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc. · Platform: in computers, a platform is an underlying computer system on which application programmes can run. It consists of hardware, computer programming language and an operating system. · Programming Language: a human language used to design computer software. Some examples are: e BASIC, C, COBOL, DBASE, FOXPRO, ACCES, etc. · ROI (return on investment): for a given use of money in an organization, the ROI is how much profit or cost saving is realised. An ROI calculation is sometimes used along with other approaches to develop a business case for a given proposal. If an enterprise has immediate business objectives, a return on investment might be measured in terms of meeting one or more of these objectives rather than in immediate profit or cost saving. · Router: device in a network that handles message transfer between computers and networks. · Sensitivity analysis: a cost-benefit methodology which allows the analyst to examine how different supply/demand, risk or price conditions, or "what if" scenarios might affect project outcomes. · Server: a computer in a network that is dedicated to provide services (access to files or shared auxiliary equipment, such as printers, or routing of e-mail) to other computers in the network. · Spreadsheet: a computer programme which allows the manipulation of tabular numerical data and databases such as Microsoft Excel, and which can also easily generate useful charts. · Source code: consists of the programming statements that are created by a programmer in a certain language. These files are later compiled (converted to machine language). · UPS (uninterruptible power supply): is a device that allows your computer to keep running for at least a short time when the primary power source is lost. · WAN (Wide Area Network): a geographically dispersed telecommunications network. · Web or World Wide Web (WWW): a distributed network of related documents, one of the services of the Internet. · Web site: a public information resource, component part of the World Wed Web, created and administered by an individual or organization. · Word processing programme: a computer programme that is used in the preparation of typed documents for printing.
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Annex 2. Checklist for each stage of the computerization process These are a series of checklists that allow you to make sure that you are ready to evolve to the next step of the computerization project: from assessing the environment to the execution stage. Assessing the project enabling environment: a) Have you identified the strengths and weaknesses of the cooperative’s existing business information management system? b) Have you assessed and identified the information processing needs of all the stakeholders involved: management, elected leaders and members. c) Have all project risks been identified? Preparation of a business plan a) What is the business objective of computerization? b) What type of computerization is proposed? c) What are the expected benefits, costs and risks of computerization? d) Can the cooperative afford it? How? Project implementation plan design: a) Do you have a comprehensive project implementation plan? b) Have you obtained strong elected leadership and member support? c) Did you define measurable success indicators at the end of each stage? d) Did you estimate all resources needed (economic, personnel, equipment, installations)? e) Is funding identified to maintain project viability? f) If you are hiring a software developer, make sure you have a contract in place that includes the source code, maintenance, documentation and user support Execution and project evolution: a) Is the software thoroughly documented? b) Is there a software bench-testing plan? c) Has a plan for system backup been implemented? d) Is there a plan for hardware servicing? e) Is there a procedure for user support, to repair software errors and plan software updates? f) Is there a training plan for employees, elected leaders and regular members?
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Annex 3. Example of a project plan prepared by cooperative XYZ The organization XYZ is a small dairy cooperative in a rural area that has existed for over 20 years and has experienced rapid growth during the last two years. It now has over 500 members. The cooperative has traditionally maintained all its records using a manual accounting system. Consequently, its members do not know exactly how much the cooperative owes them for milk delivered until a balance is done every three months. But now they have too many members to manage manually, and the cooperative is starting to pay late, causing member dissatisfaction. Meanwhile, a company from a nearby city has offered to buy all their production for their dry-milk plant, at an attractive price, but they require that the cooperative also provides them with daily reports on individual production and quality information on each batch. Furthermore, they would like to be frequently informed about the cooperative’s milk production projections for the future. The elected leaders have realized that this will require the use of computers and development of a computerized member record system. One member, who is familiar with computer systems and works in the administration of the cooperative, has offered to help in designing a plan. Elected leaders have designated this member as project manager. The internal environment About one quarter of the cooperative’s members are founders of the institution, and most are traditional farmers. New members are younger and a growing number of them have some knowledge of computers. In order to gain member support for the proposed computerization initiative, the elected leadership of XYZ added this issue to the agenda of the last general meeting. To prepare for that meeting, the project manager prepared a short proposal (a "Business Case") that explained the advantages of having a computerized accounting system, in terms of financial benefits, speed of information flow, accuracy of data collected and used, and the economic prospective of these advantages. Furthermore, he invited a member from a neighbouring cooperative that had already computerized to explain what they had done in computerizing and what their experience was. Members approved the proposed project and work then began on developing a detailed implementation plan to determine the exact cost, resources and time frame of the project. The Business Plan Example of a simple Business Plan: a summary of expected benefits, costs and risks. Business goal: Computerize administrative information and offer improved member services that our cooperative needs in order to increase its business competitiveness Objectives: - Automate accounting, tax and administrative records. Permit the introduction of improved systems for mobilizing member capital to finance cooperative business operations - Develop a computerized system that will generate daily reports on the individual milk production - Provide members with daily access to information on the value of shares held and transactions with the cooperative via e-mail reports or by telephone - Allow for the analysis of historical data used to project future scenarios and trends Outputs: - Local area network with 3 computers, printers, Internet connection - Own software developed according to our specific needs and wishes
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- Staff trained in the use of computers and software Potential risks: - Electrical network in the office has to be updated. Internet access still not available at local phone call cost (have to research if it will be available soon) - Have to deal with employee fears regarding complexity of loss of their job - Lack of technical consultants in the area (have to research and ask other cooperatives) Expected benefits: - Expected savings in external accounting and administrative services and expenses about 60 per cent - Increase general financial savings levels by 10 per cent, and reduce membership loss by 50 per cent - New business with dry milk plant for $30,000 a year Expected costs: - Computer hardware, software, cabling and installation, basic software: $6,000-$8,000 - Software development: $15,000 - Training: $2000-2500 - Regular maintenance costs (hardware, Internet): $200-300 Funds required: Approximately $22,000-28,000 in 15 months. We estimate that we can use $10,000 of the funds saved for technological upgrade, the rest through a bank loan at a 10 per cent interest rate. We estimate that the savings that the system will provide can allow us to pay the loan back in 3 years Expected start and finish dates: Fifteen months from start date The team Once the initial business plan has been approved by the elected leadership, the project manager established a 3-person project team to assist in gaining a more detailed understanding of the information needs of the manager, elected leaders, staff and members, refine the project’s objectives and begin working with the hired consultant on the design of the detailed project implementation plan. The external environment Over the last few years, computers have become more popular in the region. There are computer vendors in the city and a few small software development companies have started providing software development and support services. The cooperative has hired a computer consultant to help them in their planning stage. There are dial-up services to connect to the Internet, though the prices are still quite high because you need to make a long distance call to the ISP(Internet Service Provider) located in the nearest city. Computer system solution selected The project manager and the consultant reviewed the suitability of available packaged software in the region and found that none of the packaged software application systems satisfied their exact needs, so they have decided to: 1) develop their own software for the cooperative business management plus 2) buy a packaged accounting tool, one that is commonly used in the region. In the first stage they will install two computers: one will be used for accounting, invoicing, letter writing, e-mail and other administrative tasks. This computer will have the accounting tool installed, besides other software. The second computer will have the business tool and will be dedicated to member services. Hardware
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016
The consultant has determined that the cooperative does not need to buy the latest and most expensive high-tech equipment: Two medium range PC-compatible computers (Fast, stable, with large hard disc capacity) One modem to connect to the Internet One external CD-ROM writer to do backups One dot matrix printer for reports and invoices One colour ink jet printer for letters and fancy reports Software Operating system was included in the cost of the computers Two packages of office tools (word processor, spreadsheet and presentation) and email software One package of administrative and accounting software Two licences of antivirus software Installation The computers were installed as a local area network, connected by cables and a hub. Even though there are only two computers the cabling was designed to accommodate the addition of two more workstations next year. The electric cabling was redone in compliance with local norms. Since the electrical power is not stable all the time, a UPS and stabilizer have been installed to protect computers against power surges and the cooperative has decided to purchase a small gasoline-powered electric generator to keep the system functioning in case of an electricity blackout. A telephone cable was added for occasional connection to the Internet via dial-up. A surge protector was installed to protect the computers from electrical discharges, common on telephone lines where there are storms in the region as well as in many other areas. Services: It was also decided to: Open a dialup account with a local Internet Service Provider company so that the cooperative could connect to the Internet, and; Purchase an insurance policy for the equipment. Other Paper, blank CDs, ink cartridges, training manuals and books for a small library available to members and employees. Training Plan Realizing the importance of starting a programme of continuous staff training in the use and maintenance of the new system, the cooperative decided to hire a short-term computer teacher to help train their staff and members, and to design support manuals and keep files for the software that they will develop. The four persons operating the computers will be trained on the general use of computers, printers, operating system, use of office tools, email and web. One of them, who has more technical background, will learn to solve general problems and perform backups and maintenance. The manager and assistants will be trained on the reports and interpretation of the data the systems produce. Implementation Plan A summary description of the XYZ Dairy Cooperative’s implementation and expenditure plans are found in Annex 4. Table 4 Implementation plan Stage Task Sub-tasks Month Define General stakeholder - Hold consultative meetings with key 1
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Stage Task Sub-tasks Month information consultation stakeholders needs - Reach preliminary consensus on project scope, objectives and expected outputs Assess external Define technical - Verify reliability of electricity supply, telephone 1 environment requirements (hardware) and Internet communications; availability of IT support in region Software - Define the information systems need for the 1-2 software, by consulting staff, members and managers - OUTPUT-> general information systems need (draft) Approval Get Board OK and initial - Collect information on project costs, potential 3 funding of project risks and expected benefits - Prepare a Business Case to justify project and obtain Board approval/OK - Present case to Board Design Establish project team - Assign members of internal project team 3 - Determine availability of each Detailed stakeholder - Select 30 members and ask for their input 2-3-4 consultation - Select a bench-testing group - Hold workshop with staff and manager to define needs in detail - OUTPUT: Detailed information on processing needs. - Analyse existing software that satisfies these needs -> decide whether to develop or buy Detailed project - Write a detailed plan including: tasks, person 4-5 implementation plan responsible, expected end date, outputs and needs - Define expected success indicators Briefing session with - Inform on project plan and expected benefits 5 managers - Output: OK to proceed with project Execution Hiring of computer - Find a computer professional to assist in 5 professional and designing software solution programmer - Write and sign contract Accounting Software - Research and compare available accounting 4-6 software that satisfies needs - Choose one solution - Sign licensing contract Programming of - Approve programming plan in stages 5-10 management software - Supervise programming, report on on progress, testing Briefing session with - Inform on project plan, status and expected 5, 7, 9 managers benefits Briefing session with - Inform on project plan, status and expected 6, 10 members benefits Hardware acquisition and - Determine specifications of two computers and 7 installation two printers - Obtain several quotations on equipment.
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Stage Task Sub-tasks Month Consider support options and warranty Electric cabling, UPS, - Install new independent electric outlet and one 6 backup UPS - install additional telephone line for computer/Internet connection - Buy a CD writer to perform backups Software installation and - Install accounting software 7-8 testing - Install first version of management software Initial Training of users - Assess computer knowledge of each person 7-10 (staff, board) - Design two courses: one basic and one advanced - Hire computer teacher - Buy books or CDs for additional self-paced training Project Evaluate project - Analyse member satisfaction 12 evaluation implementation - Analyse staff satisfaction, training needs - Analyse expected deadlines vs. reality and delays Evaluate system - Measure results 14/15 performance compared to - Check results obtained against expected results original requirements - Analyse member, staff, managers, satisfaction - Do an ROI updated analysis Report to managers and - Report findings to board members and 15 members on the project managers - Prepare report to members Maintenance Hardware maintenance - User support on hardware problems TBD* and evolution - Hardware upgrade plan Software maintenance - Software error correction plan TBD Software evolution - Software upgrade plan TDB
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Figure 16 Simplified pert chart for installation of network
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Table 5 Expenditure plan EXPENDITURE Month PLAN 1-5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 External resources Computer 1 1 200 1 200 1 1 200 1 800 800 800 consultant 200 200 200 Programmers - 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 Hardware Computers with - 400 400 400 400 modem CD ROM writer - 100 Printers - 200 Installations Electric cabling - 450 Network cabling - 300 and hub Surge supressor - 30 UPS, generator - 900 Software Accounting - 2 300 software Office tools - 750 Operating - - system/e-mail Antivirus - 200 Services Training - 300 300 300 300 100 100 Equipment - 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 insurance Internet - 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 connection Technical support - 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 Electricity - 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Other Books, training - 120 80 80 80 materials Paper, ink - 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 cartridge Monthly total 1 4 400 6 285 2 2 995 2 1 815 1 915 1 015 315 215 200 995 595 Total 15 months $25 745
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3.2. Bakery Units Source- http://www.bakerycomputing.com Software- Modules Include Bakery Reconciliation Inventory Control Nominal Ledger Overview Planned Maintenance & Hygiene Tracking Product Specification Production Planning & Works Order Processing Purchase Ledger Purchase Order Processing Raw Material Utilisation Rebate Ledger Recipe Management Sales Forecasting Sales Ledger Bakery Sales Order Processing Own Shops Reconciliation Trace Traceable Sales Order Processing (CTSOP) Van Sales Today, many people in the Baking and Food Industries are only too aware that they face many challenges: Escalating costs year on year More and more pressure is being placed on selling price and margins Complex and restricting EU directives, including QUIDs, packaging and other legislation Different and incompatible computer systems Little or no management and user reporting To address this, we have asked our customers and prospective customers: “What would you like from your I.T. system”? The general response can be broken down into the following categories: It must cover the complete production & sales cycles It must be user friendly and intuitive It must be flexible for the different types of business requirements It must provide industry standardisation It must be fully integrated and efficient to reduce data-input workload The system must adapt to meet the changing needs or our business and customers Finally we need a reliable after sales service and support service By responding to and exceeding these demands we can provide the market leading systems we offer today. Our CERES software solution offers a complete suite of modules specifically designed to fulfil the needs of the Baking and Food Manufacturing Industries. Order processing can be handled by a number of ways, including direct entry, EDI and e-commerce solutions. Web-based order entry can also allow your customers to place their orders over the internet. Fully integrated financial facilities, including Sales, Nominal and Purchase ledgers, along with Purchase Order Processing and Cash Book options allow for easy management of accounts. Management reports allow full and clear delivery of all accounting information.
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Stock and Production Control, along with traceability and full inter-departmental reconciliation are also offered. Reporting and data-interrogation have never been easier with exhaustive and flexible reporting features, fully compatible with DB2, ODBC and DAO. This ensures all facets of your business can be tracked and controlled to your requirements. Utilising the power of the IBM iSeries Server, all modules can be accessed from multiple hardware platforms, including PCs, cutting edge wireless devices such as Pocket PCs and Thin Clients. This, along with VPN , internet and dial-up data connections, allows for effective collaboration between different sites and areas of your business. Our ongoing policy of improvement and development guarantees that Bakery Computing software fulfils the needs of Bakers and Food Manufacturers, reassuring you of a solution that always exceeds your needs and leaves you to focus on your business. What is CERES? A Fully integrated accounting and bakery control system with an extensive database to provide The right information, at The right time, to The right people. To try to convey the overall concept and capabilities of CERES, we would pose, then attempt to answer the following questions. What is it? What does it do? How does it do it? What does it achieve?
CERES comprises, computer programs and manual procedures which cover all aspects of bakery accounting and control. Programs and procedures are grouped together, these groupings are referred to as Modules. In this way Sales Ledger and Sales Order Processing are considered as separate modules, even though they are inter linked and interdependent. Integration has been designed into all modules rather than being added at a later stage, for this reason the installation of CERES can be phased by module, which will build into a comprehensive management tool.
What does it do Processing all outgoing and incoming business accounting data, in addition acts as a central information repository.
How does it do it Fully detailed database which records all information in the lowest practical denominator for all subjects. Being fully multi-user working on a central database, provides access for the appropriate people to the appropriate information.
What does it achieve Having the correct information presented in a manner that is understandable, will assist all users in the control of the business and in the execution of their job, be they the managing director, credit controller, dough maker or van salesman
Conclusion
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Having the best Bakery Software package is only part of the solution, your internal infrastructure the resources you have, coupled with both your and Bakery Computing's commitment will ensure, not only a successful installation but also continued growth and benefit from the system. In many respects all computer systems are a compromise, speed against functionally, ease of use etc. etc. There is no, one right way, tastes and user perceptions also change. I am sure that other systems will have features that cannot be used in Ceres, as Ceres has many features and abilities that are not available in other software. In designing Ceres we have first of all taken into account the Baking Industry, its needs, the confines within which it works and the resources that are at its disposal, then designed a robust package which is constantly being enhanced and expanded to meet the needs of the baking industry. Bakery Reconciliation The need to monitor and control finished and part finished products, through production, packing and finally to despatch is paramount. This is complicated by some product passing through the production to despatch process and leaving the site within a couple of hours. While other products are held in part finished, retarded, finished, or frozen states in different parts of the bakery. The most efficient method of control is when all parts of the process, from receipt of raw materials, recipe costing and raw material usage is fully integrated. Where full integration is operational reconciliations are carried out at all stages. This module deals with the control and reconciliation of all products which will eventually be sold. Reconciliation Reconciliation is carried out daily with a weekly summary. Good Production - is reconciled to - Gross Despatches Like products may be grouped together in order to accommodate wrapper changes. Example : The same large white loaf is used for many different lines, Thick, Thin, Medium, plus own label wrapper. One total production figure may be entered for large white, the reconciliation program would automatically reconcile Thick, Thin etc against this production figure showing the gross variance. Stocks Facilities are provided for the input of stocks of finished products at various points. Bakery Waste Bakery waste per product, with the ability to specify area and the reason why the waste produced. Enquiries Enquiry features to view the present situation of any stock point. Ability to compare this weeks waste with historical data. Reports Daily report on units and value produced broken down into the various cost centres within the bakery. Inventory Control Inventory Control handles the recording of stock movements for raw materials, packing materials to optimise the advantages of our Raw Material Utilisation and Recipe Costing modules. The module provides on-line maintenance of inventory stock quantity, costs and values across a multi-company, multi-warehouse and multi-location environment. All required information is obtained from goods received and Purchase Order Processing. A printout produces details of the stock position of each item with its value at the latest, average or standard price.
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To provide better management control, the number of weeks stock holding at the latest usage rate is also given. Stock levels can then be kept in control as a realistic reorder level can be set. Full transaction history can be retained on-line and extensive free format text can be maintained for each item. Inventory Control is fully integrated Purchase order processing and uses the supplier details from the Purchase Ledger module. Nominal Ledger Overview The Nominal ledger provides the core, around which the fully integrated CERES/400 accounting package operates. Containing many features including a built in report generator. CERES/400 Nominal Ledger handles the collection and presentation of all financial transactions, including journal posting.
Multi company Single location enterprise or multi-company environment. Supports twelve monthly periods or thirteen four weekly periods. User defined calendar.
Structured coding Report generator A user-defined and flexible coding structure supports the powerful management reporting facility in which the accountant may define his own reports for either one-off or repetitive use.
Features Standard charges and automatic reversal of prior period accruals are supported functions, multiple periods may be held open as desired even if sales or purchase ledger periods have been closed. Budgets Facilities for budgeting and comparisons to forecast on an individual account basis. All posting from other modules are made immediately so that the latest values can be presented through comprehensive enquiry and reporting options.
Year to date Period or year to date details can be accessed for each account. Fully detailed, or summarised information can be held, selectable by accounts. Interfaces with and contains the control files of all other CERES/400 modules The user defined, flexible coding structure supports a powerful management reporting facility in which the accountant may define his own reports for one-off or repetitive use. Standard charges and automatic reversal or prior period accruals are supported functions and multiple periods may be held open as needed. All postings from other modules are made immediately so the latest values can be presented through comprehensive enquiry and reporting options. Planned Maintenance & Hygiene Tracking The Planned Maintenance module provides the ability not only to generate regular service tasks but also ad-hoc repairs. Multiple Locations and Areas, may be defined in the system which also supports the ownership of tasks and their allocation to operatives. Tasks may be selectively printed to provide fully detailed Job Sheets together with summaries for each operative. Reminders are issued where planned tasks have not been completed. Various management information reports and displays to assist in the efficient operation of either the maintenance or hygiene departments.
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In addition to the planning aspect the system also provides the necessary tracking and traceability functions to meet the demands of the most demanding customer, certification or regulatory body and may assist in providing information where it is necessary to prove that “due diligence” was taken. This module may be integrated with other Ceres modules or may be operated as a stand alone module. Hygiene Tracking can operate independently from other Ceres modules. Regular and ad-hoc hygiene tasks can be scheduled, job sheets and supervisor inspection summaries are printed. An audit trail is maintained when the system is updated with the completion of each task. The CERES Hygiene Planner enables the Hygiene Manager not only to plan, but to monitor and record progress. Operative instructions can be maintained for each task, these instructions can optionally be printed as an instruction manual or individually on each operator's job sheets. Product Specification Product consistency is essential both for customer satisfaction and profit. The Ceres central database is designed to originate and monitor a day to day overview of this area for senior management. In addition to recipe details and a product specification, the Recipe Costing modules also has an integrated scratch pad that not only allows you to expand and fully specify a product and all raw materials, but to supplement photograph numbers of the finished product. The Product specification module provides a structured database which hold such details as Weights, Dimensions, Volumes, Barcodes, Quality History plus a full descriptive text section for Methods, Ingredient declaration and Label text. On-line screen displays show all information held in the system to allow comparison with actual day to day weighing, measuring and inspections. A feature is also available to enable scores and comments on individual products to be keyed in for later use. Production Planning & Works Order Processing Reporting for the production department is taken to its logical conclusion by Production Planning. This allows you to automatically schedule finished products and mixing requirements. The module can adjust the needs of each stage of production and account for factors like expected waste, damaged levels and efficiency time that may vary due to shortage of staff. By combining information from the Sales Order Processing and Recipe Costing modules, it provides detailed production breakdowns for each section by day and shift. Warnings are given when normal working hours will be exceeded. The system also provides information on production balancing, early scheduling of long life products, part finished stock control, full production logging and wastage control. In conjunction with the production recording possible at the production line using both hand held devices, rugged weigh heads and other entry devices the production plans and works orders can be traced through out the factory on a real time basis. Purchase Ledger CERES Purchase Ledger handles the maintenance of supplier master details and the control of all purchase transactions in either a single or a multi-company environment.
Multi-currency Multi-currency facilities are included and an invoice registration system can be linked to the ledger to provide control of invoices received but not yet approved.
History
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Full transaction history can be viewed on-line.
Enquiries Account enquiry facility which can display items that are awaiting payment or have been paid, also those that are still in the invoice register.
Payments Flexible payment routines allow selection of unpaid items for user approval before the cheque or remittances advice is printed. Settlement can be made by cheque, giro or electronic transfer via BACS/IP or your banks own payment entry system.
Cash Commitment Comprehensive supplier account or analysis information is available through enquiry or report options, and a cash requirements facility provides advance warning of cash commitments. Integration Integrates with CERES Purchase Order Processing, Invoice Registration and Nominal Ledger modules.
Purchase Invoice Registration CERES Invoice Registration provides a control of suppliers invoices from the time of there receipt through authorisation until approved for payment in the purchase ledger.
Nominal codes Nominal analysis breakdown may be entered when the invoice is first entered or when approved. In addition invoices matched to purchase orders are automatically analysed for Nominal breakdown, including flexible sub-code substitution for branches or department categories.
Authorisation Provides control of invoices which are “out” for approval, with reports on which authorised signatory should approve the invoice.
Purchase Order Processing CERES Purchase Order Processing has been designed to be used where you wish to control your purchasing using approved suppliers of authorised items. The system has details of all items (Articles) and which suppliers are Authorised to supply these articles and at what price. Any orders raised will be checked against the article and supplier information. Control emphasis therefore, correctly changes from Invoice Approval to that of Authorisation of Order. In addition to being able to add text to the order, text may also be added to individual lines within the order. Authorised Orders may be printed or transmitted by FAX or e-mail. This module handles the entry, maintenance, authorisation and printing of all Purchase Orders. Receipt of goods is handled by the Inventory module and subsequent matching of the supplier invoice by the Purchase Ledger module. Although spanning several modules data is all held within a common database, separate modules permit the different departments to work on different cycles (stores weekly, purchase ledger monthly) and for access to different parts of the data to be controlled. Each order has a “status” which changes as the order progresses through the system. Completed orders are archived for historical purposes and may be viewed at any time.
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On receipt of goods: details are entered from the delivery note, this is checked against the order. On receipt of the invoice: full invoice matching, together with price and quantity checks against the original order, so that discrepancies are highlighted, if there are no discrepancies the invoice is automatically posted to the purchase ledger. Where the quantity received differs from the quantity ordered or goods are received without an order being raised by using the “No Order” feature, a record is generated that alerts the Buyer to the anomaly. Anomalies can only be cleared by authorised personnel. This module provides comprehensive enquiry and reporting options and integrates with the Purchase Ledger and Inventory.
Raw Material Utilisation As the Ceres database is fully integrated, it allows all departments to benefit from the same information. Raw Material Utilisation is an on-going control with two main functions: 1. Ingredients to be dispensed information is provided in the form of weigh down sheets from the recipe costing files. 2. Theoretical Usage calculates the standard usage of every ingredient and wrapping material, which is then compared to the actual usage figure. Actual usage is obtained by the system being “aware of” all goods inwards movements and actual opening and closing stock quantities. Alternatively where all stock is issued to the production departments, these issues can form the basis of the actual usage figures. Weekly reports show quantities used and differences both in quantity and value terms. Comparison reports are available with historical weeks to identify trends.
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Figure 17 Flow Pattern of Production
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Rebate Ledger/Retro Management System provides a controllable method of applying retrospective discounts to customers, based on the level of their weekly trade. Calculation of amounts to be paid, are generated automatically when invoices are posted to the sales ledger and credits can be optionally raised against the Sale ledger account. Alternately the rebates can be accrued in the Nominal Ledger. Within the recipients master file a comprehensive range of criteria are used, based on which rebates are calculated. In the Bakery Sales Order Processing a customer's trade can generate up to nine completely separate rebate amounts. The recipients of these amounts need not be the same as the customer, or each other. Full enquiry facilities, including a history feature, of payments made in the past year. Integrated with Ceres Sales Order Processing and Ceres Nominal Ledger.
Recipe Management The heart of any bakery control system is Recipe Costings. Ceres takes the work out of calculations by providing immediate and precise costing of any finished or part finished product or base recipe. Each finished product can be given an individual target gross margin and the program will then suggest a price at which it should be sold to maintain your margin. By keeping files up to date with relevant information on ingredient prices, base mixes, finished recipes and wrappings, any product can be quickly and easily re-costed. Even differing levels of labour content for each product can be computed to accurately assess controllable production costs. There are a number of distinct and separate reasons why accurate recipe costings should be maintained: Product development Regular re-costing of products Promotions and Sales “What if” To Calculate a Theoretical Usage
Product development From the conception stage through the product development process, a special section in this module enables you to quickly and easily carry out a full recipe costing. Provision is made for the inclusion of ingredients, existing base recipes and ingredients plus other costs, which are not normally used, or have been obtained as samples.
Re-costing You set the level of gross profit you wish to achieve for each individual product. Regular ongoing re- costing of all products to monitor manufacturing costs and the selling prices of products. A Gross Profit and Net Contribution for each and every product. A Suggested selling price to achieve your gross profit standard.
What if Extensive “What If” capabilities, which enable you to measure the effect of anticipated raw material or yield changes. Ability to calculate the net contribution of any product, taking into account different discounts and promotional offers.
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Theoretical Usage Check your actual usage against your theoretical to ensure that what you are costing is what is actually happening in the bakery. There is no point in having a costing which specifies using a scaling weight of 500 grams when the bakery are actually scaling in at 550 grams.
Versioning Multiple recipe versions can be maintained, developed and released to the production department and a full history of all versions are maintained. . Sales Forecasting The Sales Forecasting module is primarily designed for use with CTSOP it may also be useful where Bakery SOP is used. As it relies on the data held in the Article File, this file must contain details of products to be involved in the Sales Forecasting process. Forecasts are always entered and recorded in Sales Units. Forecasts once set can be exported to the CTSOP Totals files or the BSOP Ad-Hoc totals file, where they may be used to plan production or project future raw material requirements. Forecasts can be maintained as required in line with current sales levels. Sales Forecasting has been designed to enable the system to compute weekly figures without the need for actual weekly sales estimates to be entered, this assists greatly in the practical maintenance of sales estimates. Forecasts can be entered for single or groups of customers, for normal or special/promotional orders. Ultimately the Sales Forecasting quantity is broken down into days, for entry purposes figures may be entered for periods of 1,7,30,90,180, or 365, this is achieved by entering Quantity Type together with a start and end date which enables the system to calculate the number of elapsed days between these dates. A mixture of periods may also be used depending on the pattern of your sales. Where trade is constant throughout the year a period of 365 and a single entry for the estimated annual sales will suffice. On the other hand where trade is subject to seasonal swing it may be necessary to enter say one figure to cover the first quarter of the year then six separate monthly figures finishing up the year with another quarterly amount. The normal order forecast can be supplemented with say a promotional order forecast for a number of weeks at the height of the season, this promotional order forecast will automatically be added to the normal order forecast to produce a composite forecast. Various enquiry and reporting features are available to enable you to get the most advantage from the forecasting process. Sales Ledger CERES Sales Ledger handles the maintenance of customer details and control of all sales transactions in a multi-company or single location environment.
Open Item The sales ledger is fully open item with any cash being allocated against individual invoices. Statements may be produced at any time for selected customers. The monthly statement will give details of all invoices cleared against the cash received. Outstanding invoices and non-allocated cash are shown separately.
Periods Twelve monthly or thirteen four weekly periods. The month end routine removes all cleared invoices and places them in a history file.
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Settlement Settlement discounts can be set up to give required percentage discount over and above individual customers line discounts.
Cash allocation A variety of methods of allocating cash including automatic allocation Selectable by customer.
Reporting A comprehensive reporting system is incorporated in the Sales Ledger, including sales analysis, budgets, aged debtors by category or route.
Groups Customer may have multiple branches, may be consolidated for credit control purposes or payment matching in the powerful cash allocation system.
History Full transaction history can be retained on-line and extensive free format narrative, such as notes on debt collection activity, may be maintained for each account.
Integrated Fully integrated with the nominal ledger and Bakery sales order processing. Bakery Sales Order Processing Ceres Bakery Sales Order Processing, allows you to receive and collate orders from any source for each day of the week and for many weeks in advance. Telephone orders can be keyed directly into the computer at normal conversation speed. Customers orders vary for different days of the week, order amendments can be made at any time, temporarily or permanently. Cumulative totals and sub-totals are constantly maintained for each product and displayed or printed for production runs, despatch and sales planning. The system can handle wholesale or shop orders and important procedures like van reconciliation's and weekly shop settlements are compiled automatically. Ceres computes mixing batch requirements based on the latest amended orders and yields. Allowance can be made for goods to and from the deep freeze, retarded or good stock. Totals may be converted to trays and racks depending on your needs. Printouts of delivery notes in predefined sequences together with total summaries of each product range can be provided as often as necessary. At the packing stage, 'shorts' and overs marked on delivery notes can be entered on the computer. Weekly or daily invoicing automatically updates all appropriate ledgers. Forward Orders Forward orders which have been keyed into the special forward orders file will take precedence over base week data on an individual product bases. In this way if the base week contains a standing order for 20 Jam Swiss Rolls but the customer has placed a forward order for 15 Jam Swiss roll in week ten. When generating week ten, the week generate procedure will first copy the standing order from the base week into the new week ten. The program will then processes the forward orders file replacing the order for 20 with the order for 15.
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All totals will be automatically adjusted, the record containing the forward order is marked as having been processed and will be removed by the housekeeping program. Operation Non Sales Ledger Customers As Sales Order Processing is fully integrated with and dependant on the sales ledger, orders cannot be processed for Non sales ledger customers. Own Shops In the case of own shops who strictly speaking are not sales ledger customers, special provisions have been made so that there orders can be processed in the normal way. Special Lines As the system is designed to process orders from known customers of known products, customer details must have been entered into the customer file and product details entered into the product file. In addition to processing orders for known products, facilities are provided to enter and charge none product file items to known customers. Celebration Cakes Facilities are provided for the inclusion of celebration cakes to known customers. Order Entry Various programs are provided to accommodate different methods of entry, whether the order is being called over the telephone, is for one or multiple days, whether it is a complete order or amendments only. Daily Orders Appropriate Day, week/year are entered, customers existing order for the specified day may be viewed, amended, or products added or deleted. The whole order need not be viewed as a Go-to command is provided. Weekly Orders Appropriate week/year is entered customers existing order for the complete week is displayed and may be amended, as required for all days in the week. Telephone Order Replace Where customers wish to replace their entire daily order with a new order, an appropriate program is provided which enables the operator to remove the old order then process the new order as it is being called over the telephone by the customer. Order Fluctuation Keying mistakes can happen, this can be simply pressing the wrong button, or wrong interpretation of a written or spoken order. Order fluctuation will trap many of these errors, by detecting that the order as entered varies from the order that the system expects by more than the tolerance for that customer for that product. A warning will be given, the operator may override this warning and accept the quantity as keyed. See Order Fluctuation Concepts for more details on this feature. Product Availability Not all products are available on every day of the week. This feature allows you to define which products are available on which day. The system will warn if a product is ordered but is not available on that particular day. This warning may be overridden by the operator. Automatic routines are available to remove products from customers orders where availability has been changed. See Product Availability Concepts for more details on this feature. Product Restriction
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Certain products may be restricted to certain customers, this allows in addition to own label operation, test marketing, own shops special lines to be accommodated. See Product Restriction Concepts for more details on this feature. Orders Audit Trail As each order is entered or amendment is made a special orders audit log is updated with details of the amendment, the time the amendment was entered, and which terminal entered the amendment. This orders log will typically hold all entries for the past seven days. Enquires Product Search The ability to quickly and easily search the entire order database displaying or printing the results of the search by individual customer and total. Totals Display or print of any of the automatically maintained totals, Grand Totals, Route Totals, Production Sub-total 1 or Production Sub-total 2. All days in the selected week are shown. Selective criteria such as product type or reference number range may be entered for selective displays. Orders Audit Log The Orders Audit Log can be selectively interrogated to print reports on amendments processed for specified days in specific weeks for individual or ranges of products. The ability to access such information will provide the answer to queries that might otherwise remain a mystery. Reports A full and comprehensive range of reports is provided, each report is fully described in the appropriate reports section together with information on how you or system tailoring can effect the contents. Delivery Notes Different layouts and formats are available, details printed will vary according to the way in which the customer is set-up. Delivery notes may be printed showing all the customers products, or products selected according to product type, where packing is carried out in distinct areas using the delivery note as the packing document. Two opportunities are provided for the printing of messages. At the base of the every delivery note the system will print a company message. In addition the facility is provided for a single line message which is customer specific. Picking Notes Where packing is carried out in distinct locations and you wish to send customers a single delivery note containing all products rather than multiple delivery notes by product packing area. You can print picking notes in a similar format to delivery notes for packing purposes only. Picking notes are also useful where orders are preassembled then stored, as say in the case of Fresh Cream lines which have to be stored under refrigerated conditions. The picking note would remain with the goods for recognition purposes. Picking Report Where packing or order assembly is carried out on a product basis, this report which shows orders for a single product for multiple customers is available. Mixing Sheet Mixing sheets may be printed using either the Grand Total or any of the automatically maintained Route or Production sub-totals.
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The format of these reports include the total order for all the products made from each dough, converted to mixes. Allowance is made for amendment to totals to take into account stock or retarder/deep-freeze stock movements. See Mix Numbering Concepts for further details on this subject. Divider or Schedule Sheets Works in the same way as Mixing Sheets, but takes the categorisation of products one step further in that like products are added together to give more detailed production information. See Mix Numbering Concepts for further details on this subject. Invoicing Invoicing, may be weekly or daily based. Some customers can be daily while the majority are weekly invoiced, or visa versa. Invoicing can be accomplished in separate runs where there is a need to produce some invoices while all details are not ready for the complete run. Copy Invoices can be printed for as long as the data remains on the disk in the Invoice Archive See Invoicing Concepts for further details on this subject. Credits The Order Processing module also processes all credits. Credits in the same way as orders are definable and controllable by customer, by product. At entry time the operator specifies the reason for the credit, an analysis of all credits and reasons is available on a weekly basis. Two of the credit reasons are “Date Controlled” in that you can say the latest date on which a particular customer can receive a credit for that reason. This feature is useful where Sale or Return is to be allowed for a limited time only. For charging purposes credits can either be included in the customers weekly invoices to provide a net invoice, or a completely separate credit note which is considered as a separate financial transaction, can be produced. See Credits Concepts for further details on this subject. Sales Analysis When invoices and credits are posted to the sales ledger a special set of bakery files are automatically updated. These files are week based, unlike the Sales Ledger file which are month or period based Sales Analysis "1" You may select on an individual customer basis whether and how the customers sales are to be recorded, individually or by customer group. Reports specific to the way in which the baking industry trades are produced to enable you to operate the correct level of control on your business. Sales Analysis "2" Operate using the same logic as Sales Analysis 1. Sales Analysis 2 allows you to define your product file using different criteria. This might be useful either for providing details to a customer who uses different criteria than those you chose to use in Sales Analysis “1”. Or to provide you with less or greater sales analysis details. You may select on an individual customer basis whether and how the customers sales are to be recorded, individually or by customer group. Sales Analysis "3" Unlike Sales Analysis “1” and Sales Analysis”2” where you choose how you wish to define the criteria for analysing your product file, Sales Analysis”3” uses the product discount groups as the source of the split of sales. As with Sales Analysis “1” & “2” you may select for which customers you wish to record this information individually.
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Example Sales Analysis One might be defined into different product types breaking down both bread and confectionery into say 12 different types. Sales analysis Two might be defined to break the product file into two types say Bread and Non Bread. Sales analysis Three would simply break the product file down as defined by product discount group. How you wish to define your sales analysis will depend on the sales emphasis of your business. Own Shops Reconciliation Individual shop reconciliation is achieved through the Shops Reconciliation module which in integrated with Sales Order Processing. Each shop unit may be reconciled weekly or daily, to include opening and closing stocks, short deliveries and goods transferred between shops. Cash sales of items like crisps and soft drinks can be controlled separately as can materials brought in for snack production. The system is flexible enough to take into account money paid from the till for services such as window cleaning, cash collected by the bakery and monies banked, till floats and deposits for cakes. The valued reconciliations may be on a daily, weekly or period basis and as the other CERES modules, you can program report headings and descriptions to meet your own requirements. Trace Trace - Inventory Tracking of all raw materials and packaging from the moment of receipt, through your quarantine and acceptance procedures, storage and issue to the production department. Individual batch and lot identification. Integrates with Purchase Order Processing Trace - Production Follows on from the Raw Material Traceability in tracking raw materials used in individual mixes. Facilities to trace the mixes through multiple stages of production to the finished product. Integrates with Sales Order Processing & Production Planning. Trace - Product Sales (CTSOP) The final stage in traceability utilises information from the packing and despatch departments to track which customers have received which finished products. This module requires that the Raw Material & Work in Progress Traceability are fully operational. All with easily definable “Recall” search routines to keep to a minimum the effect on customers and the business. Traceable Sales Order Processing (CTSOP) Ceres Traceable Sales Order Processing (CTSOP) is extremely powerful in that, in addition to providing all the normal functions found in normal Sales Order Processing (SOP) systems, has the capability of linking to the other Ceres Traceable modules for Inventory and Production to provide the last link in the supply chain as to which customer had precisely what production and what that production batch contained. If required CTSOP can be run in FIFO mode or simply as a normal sales order processing system where full traceability is not required or is to be implemented at a later date. CTSOP differs from the normal SOP in that each and ever order is treated individually and will be invoiced separately, there is no provision for weekly invoicing. Master Files There are two Master Files, one for Customers and one for Products. Each customer may be defined differently for each and every product. Pricing is on an individual customer basis with
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Route Reconciliation Each van is unit reconciled on a daily basis, enabling tight controls to be maintained. Week to date and historical weekly information is available. Sales ledger All customers are handled by the CERES sales ledger to which all sales are automatically posted. Integration Integrated with Ceres Bakery Sales Order Processing, Ceres Sales Ledger, Rebate ledger and Commission. Routes (Rounds/Vans/Journeys) The term Route is used within the system to describe a Round/Van/Journey. Every customer, be they a Vansales Customer or an Ordering Customer is allocated to a Route. There is provision for customers to have different Routing on Sundays, Monday-Fridays, and Saturdays. Ordering (Customer Typing) Orders for the Vansales Customers are the responsibility of the Van Salesman, he accumulates the requirements of his Vansales customers into his Bulk Order. Non-vansales orders are entered directly into the system on a customer by customer basis. Totalling & Packing Depending on how customers are defined in their master file their orders are accumulated to provide Total Requirements for the production department and Packing documentation for the despatch department. Individual customers orders may be shown separately, the Vansalesman's Bulk order for his vansales customers is shown and packed as one order. Sales Ledger The integrated sales ledger handles all transactions for all types of customer and produces debtor control documentation on a Route basis in addition to the normal account number basis. Pricing & Discounts Variable by customer, promotions and special offer facilities. Products There is no system restriction, on the type of product which may be sold via the vansales operation. Restrictions Products may be restricted to selected customers only. Full details of all products are held in the Product master file. Availability Product availability and restriction features are operative for vansales customers, as for direct customers. Ordering Cycles Products may have different ordering cycles: 1 Day order lines - e.g. Bread etc 2 Day order lines - e.g. Confectionery / Morning Goods 3 Day order lines - e.g. Specials etc. Long life cake etc. Special procedures may apply or can be included with other products. Packing & Despatch Reports Different packing procedures will demand different types of reports. This module may be tailored to accommodate these different packing and despatch methods. Van Bulk Order The Bulk Order for the route is packed as a single order, it may be printed in a variety of formats to suit packing and loading conditions, it may also be split by product type to facilitate early packing of two and three day order products in different parts of the bakery.
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Separate packing (Packed in Bakery) The Vansalesman's bulk order will include all his vansales customers, he may also have one or more customers who are not included in his bulk order, because they have to be packed, and or loaded separately from his main load. Long life cake Long life cake, may be treated in the same way as normal products, alternatively they may be despatched separately. For example you may be using either a secure store, or self service with checkout to control these items. Chronological Operation The following outline is in roughly chronological order, through the various stages in the ordering, despatch, and delivery cycles. Order Office Van ordering sheets For each delivery day the system will produce order sheets each vansalesman. 1 Day Sheet - ordering Bread etc. for tomorrows order 2 Day Sheet - ordering Confectionery for the day after tomorrow 3 Day Sheet - ordering products for the day after the day after tomorrow Van Bulk Order Although it is unusual the system will provide for more than the normal one bulk order for each route if required. As a new week is generated the van bulk orders will be copied from the base week into to new week in the same way as other orders. It is the Vansalesman's responsibility and prerogative to amend this order as he sees fit as he is in turn responsible for the van waste. Van stocks The vansalesman will wish to amend his bulk order, not only to reflect how he estimates his requirements, but also to take into account any stock he may be carrying on the van. Bulk Order Amendments The vansalesman amend his bulk order by writing adjustments + or - in the adjustments column. Do not write the total required. Correct Thin Sliced + 100 Brown Tin - 10 Wrong Thin Sliced 850 Brown Tin 765
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3.3. Fruits Vegetable Plants 3.3.1. Computer Vision in Sorting and Grading of Fruits and Vegetables Producers of man-made products like pharmaceuticals, integrated circuits, household products and soft drinks have traditionally had an arsenal of computer vision capabilities at their disposal. These computer vision systems could perform inspection tasks at rapid speeds and for a multitude of products as long as the component being inspected was well defined and in a controlled environment. Because natural products are not well defined, typical computer vision techniques cannot be adapted for their inspection. Patented techniques were designed specifically for these difficult inspection tasks. Object identification software can locate natural objects within a factory setting. Once an object is located, the following operations can be performed in real time: - Classify - Measure, either two-dimensional (length and width) of volumetric - Perform image analysis As was the case in the transportation industry, computer vision techniques will revolutionize the identification and inspection aspects of the food processing industry. All other applications will remain the same as discussed in the Milk and Bakery industry.
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4. Basic Introduction to CAD (Computer Aided Designing), CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing), CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) and CAE (Computer Aided/ Assisted Engineering) and application of different softwares (like AutoCAD, Pro-E, Google Sketchup, etc.) in the same. 4.1. Computer Aided Design (CAD) Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. Computer-aided design is used in many fields. Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation, or EDA. In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA) or computer-aided drafting (CAD), which includes the process of creating a technical drawing with the use of computer software. CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the objects of traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing the overall appearance of designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space.
Figure 18 Example: 2D CAD drawing
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Figure 19 Example: 3D CAD model CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals, often called DCC (Digital Content Creation). The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry. The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called computer- aided geometric design (CAGD). 4.2. CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer software to control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of workpieces. This is not the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common; CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage. Its primary purpose is to create a faster production process and components and tooling with more precise dimensions and material consistency, which in some cases, uses only the required amount of raw material (thus minimizing waste), while simultaneously reducing energy consumption. CAM is now a system used in schools and lower educational purposes. CAM is a subsequent computer-aided process after computer-aided design (CAD) and sometimes computer-aided engineering (CAE), as the model generated in CAD and verified in CAE can be input into CAM software, which then controls the machine tool.
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Figure 20 CAD model and CNC machined part Traditionally, CAM has been considered as a numerical control (NC) programming tool, where in two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) models of components generated in CAD software are used to generate G-code or M-code etc., which may be company/controller specific, to drive computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines. In modern day Controllers, CNC Machines, simple designs such as bolt circles or basic contours do not necessitate importing a CAD file for manufacturing operation.
As with other “Computer-Aided” technologies, CAM does not eliminate the need for skilled professionals such as manufacturing engineers, NC programmers, or machinists. CAM, in fact, leverages both the value of the most skilled manufacturing professionals through advanced productivity tools, while building the skills of new professionals through visualization, simulation and optimization tools. 4.2.1. Typical areas of concern: High Speed Machining, including streamlining of tool paths Multi-function Machining 5 Axis Machining Feature recognition and machining Automation of Machining processes Ease of Use Over time, the historical shortcomings of CAM are being attenuated, both by providers of niche solutions and by providers of high-end solutions. This is occurring primarily in three arenas: 1. Ease of useage 2. Manufacturing complexity 3. Integration with PLM and the extended enterprise
4.2.1.1. Ease in use For the user who is just getting started as a CAM user, out-of-the-box capabilities providing Process Wizards, templates, libraries, machine tool kits, automated feature based machining and job function specific tailorable user interfaces build user confidence and speed the learning curve.User confidence is further built on 3D visualization through a closer integration with the 3D CAD environment, including error-avoiding simulations and optimizations.
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4.2.1.2. Manufacturing complexity The manufacturing environment is increasingly complex. The need for CAM and PLM tools by the manufacturing engineer, NC programmer or machinist is similar to the need for computer assistance by the pilot of modern aircraft systems. The modern machinery cannot be properly used without this assistance.Today's CAM systems support the full range of machine tools including: turning, 5 axis machining and wire EDM. Today’s CAM user can easily generate streamlined tool paths, optimized tool axis tilt for higher feed rates, better tool life and surface finish and optimized Z axis depth cuts as well as driving non-cutting operations such as the specification of probing motions. 4.2.1.3. Integration with PLM and the extended enterpriseLM to integrate manufacturing with enterprise operations from concept through field support of the finished product. To ensure ease of use appropriate to user objectives, modern CAM solutions are scalable from a stand-alone CAM system to a fully integrated multi-CAD 3D solution-set. These solutions are created to meet the full needs of manufacturing personnel including part planning, shop documentation, resource management and data management and exchange. To prevent these solutions from detailed tool specific information a dedicated tool management 4.2.2. Machining process Most machining progresses through many stages, each of which is implemented by a variety of basic and sophisticated strategies, depending on the material and the software available. The stages are: 4.2.2.1. Roughing This process begins with raw stock, known as billet, and cuts it very roughly to shape of the final model. In milling, the result often gives the appearance of terraces, because the strategy has taken advantage of the ability to cut the model horizontally. Common strategies are zig-zag clearing, offset clearing, plunge roughing, rest-roughing. 4.2.2.2. Semi-f This process begins with a roughed part that unevenly approximates the model and cuts to within a fixed offset distance from the model. The semi-finishing pass must leave a small amount of material so the tool can cut accurately while finishing, but not so little that the tool and material deflect instead of shearing. Common strategies are raster passes, waterline passes, constant step-over passes, pencil milling. 4.2.2.3. Finishing Finishing involves a slow pass across the material in very fine steps to produce the finished part. In finishing, the step between one pass and another is minimal. Feed rates are low and spindle speeds are raised to produce an accurate surface. 4.2.2.4. Contour milling In milling applications on hardware with five or more axes, a separate finishing process called contouring can be performed. Instead of stepping down in fine-grained increments to approximate a surface, the workpiece is rotated to make the cutting surfaces of the tool tangent to the ideal part features. This produces an excellent surface finish with high dimensional accuracy.
4.3. Software - Large Vendors
4.3.1. List of CAM companies and Category:Computer-aided manufacturing software The top 20 largest CAM software companies, by direct revenues in year 2011, are sorted by revenues:
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Dassault Systèmes Siemens PLM Software Delcam Vero Software PTC Tebis Open Mind Technologies Cimatron C&G Systems Missler Software CNC Software CG Tech DP Technology SolidCAM SesCoi NTT Data Engineering Systems Nihon Unisys BobCAD-CAM Geometric Technologies SharpCam Surfware Dolphin CAD/CAM USA Global flight RoutCad&RoutBot
4.4. CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process. This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions. Through the integration of computers, manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone, although the main advantage is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes, based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing.
Figure 21 Manufacturing Systems Integration Program, NIST 2008. Further Reading: http://www.technologystudent.com/rmprp07/intman1.html
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4.5. CAE (Computer Aided/ Assisted Engineering) Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the broad usage of computer software to aid in engineering analysis tasks. It includes Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Multibody dynamics (MBD), and optimization.
Figure 22 Nonlinear static analysis of a 3D structure subjected to plastic deformations 4.6. AutoCAD AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3Dcomputer-aided design (CAD) and drafting — available since 1982 as a desktop application and since 2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based app marketed as AutoCAD 360. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, Inc., AutoCAD was first released in December 1982, running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics terminal. AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers, engineers, designers, and other professionals. It is supported by 750 training centers worldwide as of 1994. As Autodesk's flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide. As of 2014, AutoCAD is in its twenty-ninth generation, and collectively with all its variants, continues to be the most widely used CAD program throughout most of the world.
Figure 23 View 2 AutoCAD WS Mobile App (iOS)
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Figure 24 View 2 AutoCAD WS Mobile App (iOS) http://www.autodesk.com/products/autodesk-autocad/overview
4.7. Pro-E PTC Creo, formerly known as Pro/ENGINEER is a parametric, integrated 3DCAD/CAM/CAE solution created by Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC). It was the first to market with parametric, feature-based, associative solid modeling software. The application runs on Microsoft Windows platform, and provides solid modeling, assembly modelling and drafting, finite element analysis, direct and parametric modelling, sub-divisional and nurbs surfacing, and NC and tooling functionality for mechanical engineers. It features a suite of 10 applications which work within the same program. Versions for UNIX systems were discontinued after the release of version 4.0, except Solaris on x86-64. The Pro/ENGINEER name was changed to Creo Elements/Pro, also known as Wildfire 5.0 on October 28, 2010, coinciding with PTC’s announcement of Creo, a new design software application suite. Creo Elements/Pro will be discontinued after version 2 in favour of the Creo design suite. Creo Elements/Pro and now Creo Parametric competes in the market with CATIA and Siemens NX. Creo Elements/Pro (formerly Pro/ENGINEER), PTC's parametric, integrated 3D CAD/CAM/CAE solution, is used by discrete manufacturers for mechanical engineering, design and manufacturing. Created by Dr. Samuel P. Geisberg in the mid-1980s, Pro/ENGINEER was the industry's first successful rule-based constraint (sometimes called "parametric" or "variational") 3D CAD modeling system. The parametric modeling approach uses parameters, dimensions, features, and relationships to capture intended product behavior and create a recipe which enables design automation and the optimization of design and product development processes. This design approach is used by companies whose product strategy is family-based or platform-driven, where a prescriptive design strategy is fundamental to the success of the design process by embedding engineering constraints and relationships to quickly optimize the design, or where the resulting geometry may be complex or based upon equations. Creo Elements/Pro provides a complete set of design, analysis and manufacturing capabilities on one, integral, scalable platform. These required capabilities include Solid Modeling, Surfacing, Rendering, Data Interoperability, Routed Systems Design, Simulation, Tolerance Analysis, and NC and Tooling Design. Companies use Creo Elements/Pro to create a complete 3D digital model of their products. The models consist of 2D and 3D solid model data which can also be used downstream in finite element analysis, rapid prototyping, tooling design, and CNC manufacturing. All data are associative and interchangeable between the CAD, CAE and CAM modules without conversion. A product and its entire bill of materials (BOM) can be modeled accurately with fully associative engineering
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 drawings, and revision control information. The associativity functionality in Creo Elements/Pro enables users to make changes in the design at any time during the product development process and automatically update downstream deliverables. This capability enables concurrent engineering – design, analysis and manufacturing engineers working in parallel – and streamlines product development processes. Summary of capabilities[edit] Like any software it is continually being developed to include new functionality. The details below aim to outline the scope of capabilities to give an overview rather than giving specific details on the individual functionality of the product. Creo Elements/Pro is a software application within the CAID/CAD/CAM/CAE category, along with other similar products currently on the market. Creo Elements/Pro is a parametric, feature-based modeling architecture incorporated into a single database philosophy with advanced rule-based design capabilities. It provides in-depth control of complex geometry, as exemplified by the trajpar parameter. The capabilities of the product can be split into the three main headings of Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing. This data is then documented in a standard 2D production drawing or the 3D drawing standard ASME Y14.41- 2003. 4.7.1. Engineering Design Creo Elements/Pro offers a range of tools to enable the generation of a complete digital representation of the product being designed. In addition to the general geometry tools there is also the ability to generate geometry of other integrated design disciplines such as industrial and standard pipe work and complete wiring definitions. Tools are also available to support collaborative development. A number of concept design tools that provide up-front Industrial Design concepts can then be used in the downstream process of engineering the product. These range from conceptual Industrial design sketches, reverse engineering with point cloud data and comprehensive free-form surface tools.
4.7.2. Analysis Creo Elements/Pro has numerous analysis tools available and covers thermal, static, dynamic and fatigue finite element analysis along with other tools all designed to help with the development of the product. These tools include human factors, manufacturing tolerance, mould flow and design optimization. The design optimization can be used at a geometry level to obtain the optimum design dimensions and in conjunction with the finite element analysis. 4.7.3. Manufacturing By using the fundamental abilities of the software with regards to the single data source principle, it provides a rich set of tools in the manufacturing environment in the form of tooling design and simulated CNC machining and output. Tooling options cover specialty tools for molding, die-casting and progressive tooling design.
4.8. Sketchup
SketchUp (Formerly: Google Sketchup) is a 3D modeling program for applications such as architectural, interior design, civil and mechanical engineering, film, and video game design. A freeware version,SketchUp Make, and a paid version with additional functionality,SketchUp Pro, are available.
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SketchUp is currently owned by Trimble Navigation, a mapping, surveying, and navigation equipment company. SketchUp was independent from 2000 to 2006 and then owned by Google from 2006 to 2012. The program claims to be easy to use. There is an online Open source repository of free-of-charge model assemblies (e.g., windows, doors, automobiles, etc.), 3D Warehouse, to which users may contribute models. The program includes drawing layout functionality, allows surface rendering in variable "styles", supports third-party "plug-in" programs hosted on a site called Extension Warehouse to provide other capabilities (e.g., near photo-realistic rendering), and enables placement of its models within Google Earth.
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5. Basic Introduction to Application of computers in instrumentation and process control of food industry (PLC, SCADA, etc.), Inventory control and management in food industry using computers. 5.1. Automation Automation or automatic control, is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely automated. The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labor, however, it is also used to save energy and materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision. The term automation, inspired by the earlier word automatic (coming from automaton), was not widely used before 1947, when General Motors established the automation department. It was during this time that industry was rapidly adopting feedback controllers, which were introduced in the 1930s. Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic and computers, usually in combination. Complicated systems, such as modern factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these combined techniques. 5.1.1. Essence of automation Control system – a device, or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or system. Industrial control system (ICS) – encompasses several types of control systems used in industrial production, including supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and other smaller control system configurations such as skid-mounted programmable logic controllers (PLC) often found in the industrial sectors and critical infrastructures. Industrialization – period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. Numerical control (NC) – refers to the automation of machine tools that are operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to controlled manually via handwheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. Robotics – the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. 5.1.2. Branches of automation Autonomous automation – autonomous software agents to adapt the controllers of computer controlled industrial machinery and processes Building automation – advanced functionality provided by the control system of a building. A building automation system (BAS) is an example of a distributed control system. Home automation – control system of a home. Office automation – the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks. 5.1.3. Fields contributing to automation Cybernetics – the interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory systems. Cognitive science – interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works.
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Robotics – the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. 5.1.4. Automation tools Artificial neural network (ANN) – mathematical model or computational model that is inspired by the structure or functional aspects of biological neural networks. Human machine interface (HMI) – operator level local control panel that control monitors the field devices, Laboratory information management system (LIMS) – software package that offers a set of key features that support a modern laboratory's operations. Industrial control system – encompasses several types of control systems used in industrial production, including supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and other smaller control system configurations such as skid- mounted programmable logic controllers (PLC) often found in the industrial sectors and critical infrastructures. Distributed control system (DCS) – control system usually of a manufacturing system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in which the controller elements are not central in location (like the brain) but are distributed throughout the system with each component sub-system controlled by one or more controllers. Manufacturing execution system (MES) – system that manages manufacturing operations in a factory, including management of resources, scheduling production processes, dispatching production orders, execution of production orders, etc. Programmable automation controller (PAC) – digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. Programmable logic controller (PLC)A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC or Programmable Controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. The abbreviation "PLC" and the term "Programmable Logic Controller" are registered trademarks of the Allen-Bradley Company (Rockwell Automation). PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a hard real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation will result. – Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) – generally refers to industrial control systems (ICS): computer systems that monitor and control industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based processes, as described below:* Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes. Simulation#Engineering Technology simulation or Process simulation
5.2. Industrial control system (ICS) Industrial control system (ICS) is a general term that encompasses several types of control systems used in industrial production, including supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
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Figure 25 NIST Industrial Control Security Testbed
ICSs are typically used in industries such as electrical, water, oil, gas and data. Based on data received from remote stations, automated or operator-driven supervisory commands can be pushed to remote station control devices, which are often referred to as field devices. Field devices control local operations such as opening and closing valves and breakers, collecting data from sensor systems, and monitoring the local environment for alarm conditions. 5.3. Distributed Control System DCSs are used to control industrial processes such as electric power generation, oil and gas refineries, water and wastewater treatment, and chemical, food, and automotive production. DCSs are integrated as a control architecture containing a supervisory level of control, overseeing multiple integrated sub-systems that are responsible for controlling the details of a localized process. Product and process control are usually achieved by deploying feed back or feed forward control loops whereby key product and/or process conditions are automatically maintained around a desired set point. To accomplish the desired product and/or process tolerance around a specified set point, only specific programmable controllers are used.
5.4. SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a system operating with coded signals over communication channels so as to provide control of remote equipment (using typically one communication channel per remote station). The supervisory system may be combined with a data acquisition system by adding the use of coded signals over communication channels to acquire information about the status of the remote equipment for display or for recording functions. It is a type of industrial control system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer-based systems that monitor and control industrial processes that exist in the physical world. SCADA systems historically distinguish themselves from other ICS systems by being large-scale processes that can include multiple sites, and large distances. These processes include industrial, infrastructure, and facility- based processes, as described below: Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.
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Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, wind farms, civil defense siren systems, and large communication systems. Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), access, and energy consumption. A SCADA system usually consists of the following subsystems: Remote terminal units (RTUs) connect to sensors in the process and convert sensor signals to digital data. They have telemetry hardware capable of sending digital data to the supervisory system, as well as receiving digital commands from the supervisory system. RTUs often have embedded control capabilities such as ladder logic in order to accomplishboolean logic operations. Programmable logic controller (PLCs) connect to sensors in the process and converting sensor signals to digital data. PLCs have more sophisticated embedded control capabilities, typically one or more IEC 61131-3 programming languages, than RTUs. PLCs do not have telemetry hardware, although this functionality is typically installed alongside them. PLCs are sometimes used in place of RTUs as field devices because they are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable. A telemetry system is typically used to connect PLCs and RTUs with control centers, data warehouses, and the enterprise. Examples of wired telemetry media used in SCADA systems include leased telephone lines and WAN circuits. Examples of wireless telemetry media used in SCADA systems include satellite (VSAT), licensed and unlicensed radio, cellular and microwave. A data acquisition server is a software service which uses industrial protocols to connect software services, via telemetry, with field devices such as RTUs and PLCs. It allows clients to access data from these field devices using standard protocols. A human–machine interface or HMI is the apparatus or device which presents processed data to a human operator, and through this, the human operator monitors and interacts with the process. The HMI is a client that requests data from a data acquisition server. A Historian is a software service which accumulates time-stamped data, boolean events, and boolean alarms in a database which can be queried or used to populate graphic trends in the HMI. The historian is a client that requests data from a data acquisition server. A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands (control) to the SCADA system. Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the remote terminal units. Various process and analytical instrumentation
The term SCADA usually refers to centralized systems which monitor and control entire sites, or complexes of systems spread out over large areas (anything from an industrial plant to a nation). Most control actions are performed automatically by RTUs or by PLCs. Host control functions are usually restricted to basic overriding or supervisory level intervention. For example, a PLC may control the flow of cooling water through part of an industrial process, but the SCADA system may allow operators to change the set points for the flow, and enable alarm conditions, such as loss of flow and high temperature, to be displayed and recorded. The feedback control loop passes through the RTU or PLC, while the SCADA system monitors the overall performance of the loop.
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Figure 26 SCADA's schematic overview Data acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings and equipment status reports that are communicated to SCADA as required. Data is then compiled and formatted in such a way that a control room operator using the HMI can make supervisory decisions to adjust or override normal RTU (PLC) controls. Data may also be fed to a Historian, often built on a commodity Database Management System, to allow trending and other analytical auditing. SCADA systems typically implement a distributed database, commonly referred to as a tag database, which contains data elements called tags or points. A point represents a single input or output value monitored or controlled by the system. Points can be either "hard" or "soft". A hard point represents an actual input or output within the system, while a soft point results from logic and math operations applied to other points. (Most implementations conceptually remove the distinction by making every property a "soft" point expression, which may, in the simplest case, equal a single hard point.) Points are normally stored as value-timestamp pairs: a value, and the timestamp when it was recorded or calculated. A series of value-timestamp pairs gives the history of that point. It is also common to store additional metadata with tags, such as the path to a field device or PLC register, design time comments, and alarm information. SCADA systems are significantly important systems used in national infrastructures such as electric grids, water supplies and pipelines. However, SCADA systems may have security vulnerabilities, so the systems should be evaluated to identify risks and solutions implemented to mitigate those risks. SCADA can be a great tool while working in an environment where operational duties need to be monitored through electronic communication instead of locally. For example, an operator can position a valve to open or close through SCADA without leaving the control station or the computer. The SCADA system also can switch a pump or motor on or off and has the capability of putting motors on a Hand operating status, off, or Automatic. Hand refers to operating the equipment locally, while Automatic has the equipment operate according to set points the operator provides on a computer that can communicate with the equipment through SCADA. 5.5. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC or Programmable Controller is a digital computer used for automation of typically industrial electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. PLCs are designed for multiple analogue and digital inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a hard real-time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation will result.
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5.5.1. Features
Figure 27 Control panel with PLC (grey elements in the center). The unit consists of separate elements, from left to right; power supply, controller, relay units for in- and output The main difference from other computers is that PLCs are armored for severe conditions (such as dust, moisture, heat, cold) and have the facility for extensive input/output (I/O) arrangements. These connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLCs read limit switches, analog process variables (such as temperature and pressure), and the positions of complex positioning systems. Some use machine vision. On the actuator side, PLCs operate electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays, solenoids, or analog outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may have external I/O modules attached to a computer network that plugs into the PLC.
Figure 28 Allen-Bradley PLC installed in a control panel 5.6. Human–machine interface Human–machine interface is the part of the machine that handles the human–machine interaction. Membrane switches, rubber keypads and touch screens are examples of that part of the Human Machine Interface which we can see and touch.
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Figure 29 A human–machine interface usually involves peripheral hardware for the INPUT and for the OUTPUT. Often there is an additional component implemented in software, like e.g. a graphical user interface. 5.6.1. Overview In complex systems, the human–machine interface is typically computerized. The term human– computer interface refers to this kind of system. The engineering of the human–machine interfaces is by considering ergonomics (Human Factors). The corresponding disciplines areHuman Factors Engineering (HFE) and Usability Engineering (UE), which is part of Systems Engineering. Tools used for incorporating human factors in the interface design are developed based on knowledge of computer science, such as computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages. Nowadays, we use the expression Graphical User Interface for human–machine interface on computers, as nearly all of them are now using graphics. Primary methods used in the interface design include prototyping and simulation. 5.6.2. Interface design Typical human–machine interface design consists of the following stages: interaction specification, interface software specification and prototyping: Common practices for interaction specification include user-centered design, persona, activity-oriented design, scenario-based design, resiliency design. Common practices for interface software specification include use cases, constrain enforcement by interaction protocols(intended to avoid use errors). Common practices for prototyping are based on interactive design based on libraries of interface elements (controls, decoration, etc.).
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6. Sensory analysis using sensory analysis softwares (like Compusense 5, SIMS 2000, etc.). 6.1. Sensory Analysis
Sensory analysis (or sensory evaluation) is a scientific discipline that applies principles of experimental design and statistical analysis to the use of human senses (sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing) for the purposes of evaluating consumer products. The discipline requires panels of human assessors, on whom the products are tested, and recording the responses made by them. By applying statistical techniques to the results it is possible to make inferences and insights about the products under test. Most large consumer goods companies have departments dedicated to sensory analysis. Sensory analysis can mainly be broken down into three sub-sections: Effective testing (dealing with objective facts about products) Affective testing (dealing with subjective facts such as preferences) Perception (the biochemical and psychological aspects of sensation) 6.2. Compusense 5
Compusense® five is a robust, trusted sensory software solution that gives the flexibility to create your first lab. Yet with its powerful features we can customize our tests and make panel training more cost-effective and efficient. Simply install it on your local area network, and in no time flat, you’ll be running tests. Now, imagine having the power to cut your panelist training times in half. With Compusense’s FCM® (Feedback Calibration Method), exclusive to Compusense five, we’ll have access to a state-of-the-art tool that’s ideal for panelist training, calibration and performance management. Plus, because it’s designed for sensory specialists, Compusense five’s intuitive design interface makes it simple to conduct a test, right from the planning stage through to results analysis. Not only that, it’s easier than ever to replicate our tests and we can count on Compusense five to deliver immediate access to trusted, actionable results. As an industry leader, in sensory software and testing for over 25 years, committed to leveraging the world’s best sensory science knowledge to keep their clients at the forefront of their field. http://www.compusense.com/
6.3. SIMS 2000
With SIMS, the process is streamlined, which allows Sensory, R&D, and Marketing Research experts to concentrate less on mechanics, and more on analysis and results. SIMS is the most accurate and complete solution for automating sensory data and marketing research data collection and analysis available today.
• Designed for Sensory Professionals • Easy, intuitive, and fun to use • 100% Windows Graphical Interface • Descriptive, Affective, Discrimination • All Questionnaire Types • Experimental Designs • Unlimited Data Collection • Unlimited number of simultaneous tests
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• WYSIWYG Questionnaire Design • Full Multimedia Capabilities • Sensory Data Warehouse • Automatic SAS Advanced Analysis • Automatic JMP Advanced Analysis • Automatic Excel Advanced Analysis • Extensive Graphics and Reports • Wireless Network & Touch Screen Support • On-Site Installation & On-Site Training • 100% Reliable Microsoft SQL Server Database
6.3.1. How Sims Software is Used With SIMS, you can measure any sensory attribute characteristic, such as Appearance, Flavor, Texture and Aroma. The SIMS Designer package lets clients prepare questionnaires, experimental designs, rotation plans, and panelist setup and maintenance. Using SIMS Data Collector, clients collect data in traditional research lab settings, portable laptop and handheld computers, and interactive multimedia kiosks. SIMS Basic and Advanced Analysis packages give clients instantaneous finished reports suitable for immediate inclusion in final reports. Analysis includes Means, Frequencies, Standard Deviations, ANOVA, Mean Separations, Adjusted Means, Multivariate, Panelist Comparisons, Cross Tabulations, Fisher's Exact Tests, Duncan Tests, Tukey Tests, Positional Analysis, Top Two Bottom Two Box Analysis, Cross Tabs / Sub Groups, and more. Full automatic test data exporting available for MS Excel, SAS, JMP, SPSS, Camo Unscrambler, Statistica, CSV Files, ASCII text data delimited files, and more. www.sims2000.com
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7. Use of statistical packages (MS Excel, MegaStat Excel Add-In (Free Add-In), Graphpad InStat, Graphpad StatMate, Statistica, SPSS, Matlab, etc.) for analysis of data. 7.1. MS Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. 7.1.1. Basic operation Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager). It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule, analyze the results, make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. 7.1.2. Charts Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object. These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells changes. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design. 7.1.3. Number of Rows and Columns Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (216 = 65536) rows and 256 columns (28 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 can handle 1M (220 = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (214 as label 'XFD') columns. 7.2. MegaStat Excel Add-In (Free Add-In)
MegaStat is an Excel add-in that performs statistical analyses within an Excel workbook. Although MegaStat performs many different statistical options the various dialog boxes all work the same way and have standard Excel objects (input boxes, buttons, checkboxes, etc.).
7.3. Graphpad InStat
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Most statistics programs are designed by statisticians, for statisticians. These programs are feature- packed and powerful, but can overwhelm scientists with thick manuals, obscure statistical jargon and high prices. GraphPad InStat is different. InStat is designed by a scientist for scientists. With InStat, even a statistical novice can analyze data in just a few minutes. http://graphpad.com/scientific-software/instat/
7.4. Graphpad StatMate
GraphPad StatMate takes the guesswork out of evaluating how many data points you'll need for an experiment, and makes it easy for you to quickly calculate the power of an experiment to detect various hypothetical differences. Its wizard-based format leads you through the necessary steps to determine the tradeoffs in terms of risks and costs. There is no learning curve with StatMate because it is self-explanatory. All the documentation you need is built right into the program. http://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/statmate/
7.5. Statistica
http://www.statsoftindia.com/ 7.6. SPSS
7.6.1. SPSS Statistics (US) Identify your best customers, forecast future trends, and perform advanced analysis.
7.6.2. SPSS Statistics Developer (US) Integrate the power of R and Python with the core functionality of SPSS Statistics.
7.6.3. SPSS Amos (US) Easily perform structural equation modeling (SEM) for more accurate results.
7.6.4. SPSS Text Analytics for Surveys (US) Analyze survey text and discover valuable, hidden insights.
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7.6.5. SPSS SamplePower (US) Easily identify the appropriate sample size - every time - for any research criteria.
7.6.6. SPSS Visualization Designer (US) Easily create and share compelling visualizations that communicate your analytic results.
IBM® SPSS® solutions are a key component of IBM’s broad business analytics portfolio that helps organizations make informed and optimized decisions everywhere to improve outcomes and manage risk. SPSS products enable your organization to apply analytics to decision-making whenever and wherever it is needed. These products can function independently but are designed to work together to address the full spectrum of analytics needs. Organizations can benefit from analytics faster when multiple capabilities are integrated into a single solution. http://www-01.ibm.com/software/in/analytics/spss/ 7.7. Matlab
MATLAB® is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, you can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in math functions enable you to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java™. You can use MATLAB for a range of applications, including signal processing and communications, image and video processing, control systems, test and measurement, computational finance, and computational biology. More than a million engineers and scientists in industry and academia use MATLAB, the language of technical computing. http://www.mathworks.in/products/matlab/
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8. Use of search engines and online research databases for research on food related topics. 8.1. How to use search engines, including Google, effectively Anyone can type a couple of words into a search engine and get lots of results, but are they necessarily the bestresults? This page aims to help you get the most out of search engines. It also has a section about the limitations of search engines, entitled Why you must go beyond Google! 8.1.1. Initial search It is important before starting a search to stop and sort out in your own mind what sort of information you actually want. Jot down a definition of your research topic, and make it as succinct as possible. Decide what sort of information you require and, at the same time, what sort of information you don’t want!. Choosing and combining search terms - general advice Search terms are often subject keywords but can also be names, molecular formulae, significant numbers, depending on what you are searching for and the source you are using. This page is focused on choosing subject keywords. A good way to identify the important search terms for a search: Define the subject in one sentence, for example; o The impact of coastal pollution in Britain
Split this sentence into concepts, discarding words which merely describe the relationship between one concept and another; o Coastal Pollution Britain
For each of the concepts think of synonyms (words with similar meaning) or related terms that would be useful. Some databases, abstracts and indexes have a thesaurus which can help. Look up your terms in the thesaurus and this will tell you related or preferred terms, for example: o Costal; coast, coasts, beach, beaches o Pollution; oil, sewage o Britain; United Kingdom, UK, England, Scotland, Wales, British Isles, Ireland
Use these terms in your search. The way that you input and combine terms will depend on the source that you are using. Most databases, and the library catalogue, allow you to add truncation or masking symbols to words. For example, entering coast* into a catalogue search will find any word beginning with coast, including coast, coasts and coastal. A printed guide to 'Advanced searching on the Web catalogue' explains more fully, as does help on the system. Some databases use a thesaurus or controlled indexing which will help you to choose the preferred term, and indicate related terms. If you are searching for more than one search term see combining search terms below. Back to top
Combining search terms in your searches When you carry out a Basic Search using the 'Find in all fields' or 'contains' options on the Library Catalogue (https://www.lib.bris.ac.uk/ALEPH/), it automatically links the search terms you have input and displays results which have all the terms present, i.e. term 1 and term 2 and .... However, on the Catalogue and most other databases, you can specify how the search terms are combined. To do this you need to use Boolean logic or logical operators, AND, OR, and NOT or their equivalents on the system you are using. The
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Advanced search option, accessed via the Advanced Search link on the Basic Search page of the Catalogue, gives these options for you to choose between on the screen. You can also use one or more of these operators to combine a number of terms within a search box in Advanced Search or Basic Search on the Catalogue. The following examples show how the different operators work. AND Use AND if you want to retrieve references that contain both of the terms you are using. This can narrow a search to find fewer, more relevant, references.
eg Pollution AND Oil spills OR Use OR if you want to retrieve references that contain either one of the terms you are using, or both terms together. This can broaden a search to find more references.
eg Pollution OR Oil spills NOT Use NOT if you want to exclude references that contain a particular term. Use with caution!
eg Pollution NOT Oil spills Brackets Also, many databases allow you to use brackets to make more complicated searches, for example: (Pollution OR Oil) AND Seabirds. The brackets indicate the order that the combining of terms is made in. Alternatives to AND, OR, and NOT Some databases and search engines may use other symbols in the place of AND, OR, and NOT. For instance, with Google: 'Pollution Seabirds' is equivalent to Pollution AND Seabirds (the AND is implied) +oil means that oil must be present OR is used as above -music is the equivalent of NOT music To get the best out of search tools we recommend you look at the help on the system to find out how to enter and combine search terms effectively.
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Google - Basic search help - a Google help page which includes searching for phrases, capitalization, excluding words and word stemming Google - Search tools and filters - a Google help page which describes how to use the 'Search tools' and 'More' options to refine / filter your search results. Google - Search operators - a Google help page which includes special search operators, including OR Search, Domain Search. Some of these are available as options on the Advanced search page, accessed via the gear icon. Google Tips & Tricks - Google's list of tips and tricks for searching and special features, including calculator, weather, currency conversion, time, definition Hold on though, is the Google web search the best option for this search anyhow? Or should I be using: Google Scholar - provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature, though it has limitations (see below) Google Directory - this is no longer available and Google recommends its Web search instead. If you prefer to browse the web by topic arranged in categories, you could try the Open Directory Project at dmoz.org More Google options These links focus on Google, but you should be able to find similar help pages for any search engine. Links to many search engines and subject gateways are available in our Internet searching page. 8.1.2. After getting some results...... examine them carefully and see if they are what you were hoping for. Advice on evaluating search results is available; one key consideration is can you trust the information! If you are not happy with the results, don’t give up! A successful search on the Internet will often take several tries. You can always refine your searches by adding new terms which spring to mind once you have seen your initial results; or you may choose to limit your results if you feel you have retrieved too many. Always remember to look at the "Help" or "Search tips" pages offered by the particular search engine you are currently using. Not all search engines operate in the same way, and you should never make assumptions. 8.1.3. Why you must go beyond Google Search engines like Google can be a quick and easy way of finding information. However, they have their limitations, especially if you aiming to do a systematic search of the literature of a subject. Some of the limitations of Google and other search engines: information 'hidden' from search engines : many sources of academic information, including important journals, are hidden from search engines, and older references may be less likely to be on the web. quality of information : search engines can lead you to incorrect information, or information at the wrong level. Google Scholar is better in this respect, but still has the other limitations. quantity of information : a particular journal article reference can turn up many times in a search engine results set, whereas in a database search it would only appear the once. limited search options : keyword type searching is the main search facility on search engines. Databases can offer additional options, including controlled vocabulary searching (using a thesaurus, subject headings) and citation / cited reference searching. For some subjects, specialised search options may also be available, eg chemical structure searching on some chemistry databases.
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Going beyond Google means not relying solely on search engines to find books, journals, cases and maps (and all the other resources that you might need to complete an assignment or report) on the Internet. To help you go beyond Google, you could use the University of Bristol’s MetaLib gateway to find and link to resources, such as databases, that academics and researchers use to locate the information they need. These resources can save you time, help you focus your search (no more lists of results that are over 450,000 long), return information of a better quality, and make your search more comprehensive and systematic. So the next time you need information, bear in mind the limitations of Google and other search engines, and consider using databases and other resources available through MetaLib. Another page explains how you can go about evaluating databases and search engines.
8.2. Criteria for evaluating databases & search engines Look at the "Help" or "Search tips" pages offered by the particular database or search engine to answer the following questions. Other sources of information are the description of resources on our MetaLib resource gateway (click on the i button to see the 'Info' for a particular resource), knowledgeable colleagues or your Subject Librarian. Another page covers how to use search engines, including Google, effectively and the limitations of Google. 8.2.1. Scope What years does it cover? What types of publications are included? How up to date is it? Does the subject coverage match my topic? Is it suitable for a comprehensive search of the literature? or does it only cover a proportion of the literature? 8.2.2. Quality Is it a database of peer reviewed academic journal articles? Or a search engine that will find material of any quality or level? Will a particular article give one hit (typical for a database), or multiple hits (more likely for search engines)? 8.2.3. Search facilities Are the search facilities suitable for my topic? Does it allow citation searching? Controlled vocabulary searching? If I am looking for chemical compounds can I search by molecular formula or structure? 8.2.4. Ease of use Is it easy to access? Is it easy to refine searches by date, document type, etc Does it just provide journal references? Or does it link to full text where possible (perhaps using our Get it! linking service)? Can I import search results from it into my bibliographic management software, eg EndNote 8.3. List of academic databases and search engines Table 6 List of academic databases and search engines Name Discipline(s) Access Cost Provider(s)
[2] Academic Search Multidisciplinary Subscription EBSCO Publishing
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Name Discipline(s) Access Cost Provider(s)
African Journals Multidisciplinary Free abstracts; African Journals OnLine[5]
OnLine (AJOL) Subscription full- text
AGRICOLA: Agriculture Free & Produced by the United States Agricultural Online Subscription National Agricultural Library. Free
Access access provided by NAL.[7]Subscription access provided by ProQuest,[8]OVID.[9]
AGRIS: Agricultural Agriculture Free Produced by the Food and
database Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.http://agris.fao.org AGRIS
[11] Analytical Abstracts Chemistry Subscription Royal Society of Chemistry
Analytical sciences Analytical chemistry Free National Science Digital Library and
digital library the Analytical Chemistry Division of theAmerican Chemical Society[12]
[18] arXiv Physics,Mathematics,C Free Cornell University omputer science,Nonlinear sciences,Quantitative biology andStatistics
BASE: Bielefeld Multidisciplinary Free Bielefeld University[23] Academic Search
Engine
Beilstein database Organic chemistry Subscription Available from Elsevierunder the product name Reaxys[24]
[25] Biological Abstracts Biology Subscription Available from Thomson Reuters
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Name Discipline(s) Access Cost Provider(s)
[26] BioOne Biology,Ecology, Free Abstract & Available from BioOne andEnvironmental References, Science Subscription Collections, and an Open Access Collection
Bioinformatic Biology,Bioinformatics Free Available from Liebel-Lab[1] KIT
Harvester Karlsruhe Institute of Technology [2]
[29] CAB Abstracts Applied Life Sciences Subscription CABI
[30] Chemical Abstracts Chemistry Subscription American Chemical Society
Service
[31] ChemXSeer Chemistry Free Pennsylvania State University
[33] Cochrane Library Medicine,Healthcare Subscription Wiley Interscience
[35] CiNii Multidisciplinary Free abstracts; National Institute of Informatics Subscription full- text
[39] CiteSeerX Computer Free Pennsylvania State University science,Statistics,Math ematics, becoming Multidisciplinary
[40] CogPrints: Cognitive Science(General) Free University of Southampton Sciences Eprint
Archives
[42] Compendex Engineering Subscription Elsevier
Current Index to Statistics Subscription American Statistical Association and
Statistics theInstitute of Mathematical Statistics[44]
[45] Current Contents Multidisciplinary Subscription Thomson Reuters
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Name Discipline(s) Access Cost Provider(s)
[46] Directory of Open Journals Free Lund University
Access Journals
Food Science and Food science,Food Subscription Produced by theInternational Food
Technology Abstracts technology,Nutrition Information Service. Access provided by OVID, Web of Knowledge, Dialog,DataStar and ST N International[52]
[55] Golm Metabolome Mass spectrometry Free online search; Golm Metabolome Database
Database offline use by subscription
[56] Google Scholar Multidisciplinary Free Google
[57] GoPubMed Medicine Free Transinsight
[58] HubMed Medicine Free Alf Eaton
[59] IEEE Xplore Computer Subscription IEEE Science,Engineering,El ectronics
Index Copernicus Multidisciplinary Free Index Copernicus International[61] science
Information Bridge: Multidisciplinary Free United States Department of Department of Energy Energy, Office of Scientific and Scientific and Technical Information[62]
Technical Information
[63] Informit Multidisciplinary N/A RMIT Publishing
[64] IngentaConnect Multidisciplinary Free searching; Ingenta Subscription full- text
[65] Indian Citation Index Multidisciplinary Subscription ICI
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Name Discipline(s) Access Cost Provider(s)
[66] Inspec Physics,Engineering,Co Subscription IET mputer Science
[68] Intute Multidisciplinary Free Intute
[69] JournalSeek Multidisciplinary Links to journal's JournalSeek home page and publishers
JSTOR: Journal Multidisciplinary Subscription JSTOR[70]
Storage (Historical)
[69] JournalSeek Multidisciplinary Links to journal's JournalSeek home page and publishers
[71] Lesson Planet Education (K-12) Free Abstract; Lesson Planet Subscription full- text
[72] LexisNexis Law (general) Subscription Reed Elsevier
[75] Mendeley Multidisciplinary Free Mendeley
Merck Index Chemistry,Biology,Phar Subscription Produced by Merck & Co.. Available macology fromCambridgeSoft Corporation,Dialog, Knovel,Medicin esComplete, STN International[76]
Meteorological and Meteorology,Astrophy Subscription Produced by the American Geoastrophysical sics,Geology Meteorological Society. Available [77] [78] Abstracts from Dialog and CSA.
Microsoft Academic Computer Science and Free Microsoft
Search a limited extent on information science
National Diet Library Multidisciplinary N/A National Diet Library[83]
Collection
PubChem Chemistry Free National Center for Biotechnology Informationand the U.S. National Library of Medicine[92]
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Name Discipline(s) Access Cost Provider(s)
Pubget Multidisciplinary Subscription Pubget
PubMed Biomedical Free National Institutes of Healthand the U.S. National Library of Medicine[93]
Questia: Online Multidisciplinary Subscription Questia[94]
Research Library (Historical)
[98] Retina medical search Biomedical Free Retina medical search
[100] Russian Science Scientific journals Free Scientific Electronic Library
Citation Index
SafetyLit Multidisciplinary Free Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University[101] and theWorld Health Organization's Department of Violence and Injury Prevention[102]
[103] SciDiver.com Multidisciplinary Free SciDiver.com
SciELO Journals Free FAPESP, CNPq andBIREME
Science.gov Multidisciplinary Free Science.gov Alliance, 18 scientific and technical organizations from 14 federal agencies that contribute to Science.gov.United States Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information serves as the operating agent forScience.gov.[104]
Science Accelerator Multidisciplinary Free United States Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information.[105]
[106] Science Citation Index Science(General) Subscription Thomson Reuters
[107] ScienceDirect Multidisciplinary Subscription Elsevier
[108] Scopus Multidisciplinary Subscription Elsevier
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Name Discipline(s) Access Cost Provider(s)
[109] SearchTeam Multidisciplinary Free Zakta
[111] Socol@r: Socolar Multidisciplinary Free abstracts; Socolar Links to full-text
[115] SpringerLink Multidisciplinary Free abstract & Springer preview; Subscription full- text
[116] Ulrich's Periodicals Periodicals Subscription ProQuest
Directory
[118] Web of Knowledge Multidisciplinary Subscription Thomson Reuters
[119] Web of Science Science(General) Subscription Thomson Reuters
[120] WorldCat Multidisciplinary Free & OCLC Subscription
WorldWideScience Multidisciplinary Free The WorldWideScience Alliance, a multilateral partnership, consists of participating member countries and provides the governance structure for WorldWideScience. United States Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information serves as the operating agent for WorldWideScience.[121]
Zasshi Kiji Sakuin: Journals N/A National Diet Library's Online Japanese Periodicals Catalog,[122]MagazinePlus,[123]CiNii[12 4] Index
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9. Use of word processing software (like MS Word) for creating reports and technical papers with the help of reference managers (like EndNote, Reference Manager, RefWorks, etc.) 9.1. Introduction Scientific activity is not complete until the results are shared with other scientists. Generally, this is done through scientific journals, and other refereed publications. The first step, however, is the preparation of a manuscript or written report based on your research. Type your paper using a word processor or personal computer. In writing a paper one should describe the materials that were used and the results that were obtained. Additionally, one should relate the results to existing knowledge and suggest future study. Remember the reader should be able to duplicate the study from the information in your paper. The reader also should see a full presentation of results, free of any attached interpretations, in order to reach his or her own conclusions. The organization of scientific reports has four main parts: introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion. Of equal importance is the presentation of data in tables and figures and the style for citation of literature within the text and bibliographic entries. Although there are several guides to technical writing (e.g., Alley 1987, Booth 1979, Katz 1986 and McMillan 1988) the standard references for organization and style used in biological, journals are the CBE Style Manual (1983), and Scientific Writing for Graduate Students (1986), both published by the Council of Biology Editors. Students also should examine several issues of the journal Ecology. The articles in this journal can be used as models for preparation of scientific reports in biology.
9.2. General Organization As stated before, a scientific report is usually organized into the following sections:
1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Materials and Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Acknowledgments 7. Literature Cited
9.2.1. Abstract. This is a brief, concise summary of your results. For example, "the effect of pH on 10 aquatic plant species was studied for 10 weeks. Growth of Duckweed was reduced by 80% in pH . . ." The results suggest that Duckweed would not be suitable for remediation of acidic runoff in South Carolina lakes. This section is written last and is a complete summary of all section of the paper. It is usually a short section and is intended to give the potential reader an overall view of the following paper. It is one of the most important sections in that it describes the not only the purpose of the paper, but how the work was carried out, the results, and the conclusions. These topics are then described in more detail in the body of the paper.
9.2.2. Introduction.
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One way to begin an introduction is with an observation in nature, or a conclusion drawn from a survey of the literature that stimulated your interest. Then one should briefly recount the historical and current state of knowledge about the topic. The bulk of the introduction comes from your synthesis of previously published results, as a result, the majority of statements made in the Introduction must be referenced. The Introduction is written in third person using active voice. In the introduction one should indicate the specific objectives or testable hypotheses that will be studied. Your hypothesis should be either supported or refuted by the results of your study.
9.2.3. Materials and Methods. This section answers the questions about the way the project was conducted: where, when, and how. This section should be written in past tense as it describes what you did to generate data. Where. In field studies, give the location and features of the study site, e.g. vegetation, climate, and topography. In laboratory studies, give the location and identify the instrumentation used for the research. In both cases, explain why you chose the site for research. When. When relevant, give the time periods of the study (year, month, day, time of day). Describe any special conditions that prevailed during the study period. How. Explain how you collected the data, conducted experiments, and specify the equipment used. If previously published standard procedures and equipment were used you may reference these published descriptions, otherwise, give enough detail that the reader can duplicate the study. State the procedures used to record, summarize, and analyze the data, including literature citations.
9.2.4. Results. Summarize the data and observations obtained in your study. Any data sheets or other raw data should be included in an appendix. Summarize the raw data utilizing written text, tables, and figures so the reader can observe any general patterns and gain a sense of the amount of variability within the data. Begin with the most general features of the data and proceed toward the most specific. The text should relate your data to those of the literature. Text, tables, and figures will have their unique capabilities for presentation of results. In general, the presentation of data as a table or figure is sufficient. The same data should not be presented in both ways. Concentrate on general patterns, trends, and differences in the results. When presenting information about your statistical results, combine statements about the significance of differences examined by statistical tests with a precise indication (commonly in parentheses) of the test used and the probability level chosen. For example, one might say, the difference between means of the two samples was highly significant (paired t test; t = 6.35, DF = 11, P < 0.01)". It is essential that the reader be able to ascertain all of the above information for each test utilized; however all of the information may not be needed in each parenthetical expression if it can be found elsewhere in the paper. Finally, data is not interpreted in the "Results" section. Although it is tempting to tell why the data turned out as they did or what they mean, this is not the function of this section.
9.2.5. Discussion. In this section, you should interpret the data in relation to the original objectives or hypotheses. Then, relate your interpretations to the present state of knowledge and future needs for research. Make this section genuinely interpretive and not just restated generalities from the Results section. If you can answer "Yes" to the following questions you have written a good discussion section: 1. Did you reach conclusions about the initial hypotheses?
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2. Did you compare conclusions to those of others? 3. Did you identify sources of error and basic inadequacies of technique? 4. Did you speculate upon broader meanings of the conclusions reached? 5. Did you identify further steps needed in research on the problem? 6. Did you suggest improvements of methods? Back to Links
9.2.6. Acknowledgments. In this section, give credit to those who helped in the project by contributing work, advice, permission, technical assistance, funds for conducting the actual work, and help with preparation of the paper. It should not include those who contributed significantly to the paper and are listed as authors.
9.2.7. Literature Cited. List authors alphabetically that are referred to in the text. Although the format for references has not become fully standardized in the scientific literature the format recommended by the CBE Style Manual is followed by many American journals. We recommend the format adopted by the journal Ecology. It is perhaps the simplest format that provides all the essential information. The format for three types of common references follows:
Journal Meeting Proceeding Edited Volume Book Each of the preceding types of references has their own particular format. Moreover, many journals have specific formats that must be followed. If you are sending a manuscript to a journal for publication, the proper reference format can be obtained either directly from the journal publisher or from "instructions to authors" found in the front or back of many journals.
Journal Article: Steward, K. K. and W. H. Ornes. 1975. The autecology of sawgrass in the Florida Everglades. Ecology 56:162-171. (This reference includes the name of the author or authors, the year of publication, the article title, the fully spelled journal name, and the volume and page numbers of the article itself.) Article from Proceedings of a Meeting: Sajwan, K. S., W.H. Ornes, and T. V. Youngblood. 1996. Feasibility of using fly ash with sewage sludge and animal wastes as a soil amendment. Pages 459-462 in Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment Vol. II, September 18-22, 1995, Hamburg, Germany. Article in Edited Volume: Ornes, W. H. and R B. Wildman. 1979. Effects of cadmium on aquatic vascular plants. Pages 304-312 in D. D. Hemphill, editor. Trace substances in environmental health-XIII. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA. (This reference includes the article author, date of publication, article title, pages in volume, names of volume editors. volume title, and the publisher's name and location.) Book: Sokal, R R, and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. W. H. Freeman, New York, New York, USA. (This reference gives the author, date of publication, title, and the publisher's name and location.) For the format for citing other types of publications, see either the CBE Style Manual or a current issue of Ecology.
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9.2.8. Other Considerations One of the major considerations when writing a scientific paper (or any paper for that matter) is the idea of plagiarism. While it may be seem to be simple to use the words of another, it is a very serious offense and is a violation of the USCA Academic Code of Conduct. Because the path of scientific advancement is based on the work of others, one must be careful to give credit to those whose work is used as a basis for any current work. Any statement made in a scientific paper that is not an original thought by the author must be referenced to give credit to the original author. Most original thoughts are created in to Discussion section for obvious reasons - this is the one place where the author of the paper must explain his/her interpretation of the data. In contrast, very little in the Introduction is original and must therefore be referenced. There are various ways to use text citations to give credit to the original author. Some of these ways are shown below.
9.2.9. Text Citations. Scientific papers do not use footnotes. Sources of information are referred to in the narrative or text of the paper. This may be done in several ways: "Ornes (1996) found that...." "Aquatic plants can help clean up water (Ornes 1997)... "In aquatic plants (Ornes et al. 1995), mineral uptake..." (This last form is used when more than two authors exist. The abbreviation et al. is for the Latin phrase meaning "and others".) When reading scientific papers, take time to notice the ways in which the author cites the work of others within the text. There are other types of citations that are included in the text of a paper. For example, in the Methods section specific reagents or instruments used are normally cited. These citations include the name and location of the supplier. (e.g., ...polybrene (Sigma, St. Louis, MO)...). Finally, notice the way in which citations are noted in the Reference section of the paper. These are all useful ways in which to learn how to write a well-formatted scientific paper.
9.2.10. Quotations. Use quotations only (1) because it is this exact wording that is the focus of discussion, or (2) because the wording is so striking it cannot be paraphrased easily. Using the exact wording of other authors is plagiarism, and is a violation of copyright law. Plagiarism in the preparation of papers carries very severe penalties at USC Aiken (see Other Considerations). In general, direct quotations should not be used in a scientific paper. Ideas taken from other sources should be digested and rewritten in ones own words.However, because the idea for these words was not original, it must be cited and referenced properly. In other words, just because you rewrite something taken from another author, does not make the words (or ideas) yours. Do not get caught plagiarizing the work of others!
9.2.11. Tables and Figures. Prepare tables and figures according to those shown in scientific journals such as Science, Nature, Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, and Ecology. In your paper, place them on pages separate from the text, one table or figure per page, unless directed otherwise.
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Number tables (Arabic numerals) and title them fully in a legend placed above the table. Within the table, use headings to identify the nature and units of the data given. Keep vertical lines to a minimum in tables or better, do not use them at all. Number figures (Arabic numerals) and provide a full legend placed below the figure. The axes of the figure (if it is a graphical presentation of data) should be specified clearly and the units identified and scaled appropriately. Legends for both tables and figures should give enough information that they can be understood without reference to the text. Leave adequate margins on pages with tables and figures, just as for text pages. Refer to all tables and figures by parenthetical citations: e.g. (table l) or (figure 3), at appropriate points in the text discussion. When making these references, do not write, "Table 1 contains data on Selenium in several aquatic plants." but rather, write something significant about these data, "Aquatic plant species varied considerably in uptake of Selenium. (Table l)."
9.2.12. The Use of Computers in Writing Scientific Papers The ability to put together a scientific paper containing text, tables, figures, and other information has been greatly enhanced by the availability of word processing computer programs. These programs such as Microsoft Word and Claris Works allow one to integrate text with figures generated in spreadsheets (e.g., Microsoft Excel). Moreover, spreadsheets allow the manipulation and analysis of large amounts of data, which can then be integrated into a scientific paper with very little difficulty.
Some Final Points 1. All pages should be numbered. 2. Italicize all scientific names (indicate by underlining in typed manuscript when italic type is unavailable). 3. Use the metric system and other international units whenever possible. 4. Write numbers as numerals whenever they are associated with measurement units (e.g., 3meters) or are parts of dates or mathematical expressions. In other cases, spell them out for numbers less than 10 (e.g., five rabbits), and give them as numerals for larger values (e.g., 14 rabbits). 5. When citing sources such as Ornes (1996), vary your style in the following manner: Ornes(1996) studied Ornes (1996) spoke of checked considered investigated described examined warned looked at/into felt evaluated contended catalogued agreed listed formulated recorded complained tabulated wrote indexed asserted tallied cautioned filed stated indicated pointed out inventoried demonstrated denoted conceived of
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signified approached designated held that since specified proposed manifested admitted implied that referred to revealed has shown disclosed suggested exhibited thought that presented questioned characterized accounted for scheduled reviewed intimated created clarified observed that experimented with distinguished between raised the question as to made the distinction compared the mean scores observed that
9.3. EndNote EndNote is a commercial reference management software package, used to manage bibliographies and references when writing essays and articles. It is produced by Thomson Reuters. EndNote groups citations into "libraries" with the file extension *.enl and a corresponding *.data folder. There are several ways to add a reference to a library: manually, exporting, importing, copying from another EndNote library, connecting from EndNote. The program presents the user with a window containing a drop-down menu to select the type of reference they require (book, newspaper article, film, congressional legislation, etc.), and fields ranging from the general (author, title, year) to those specific to the kind of reference (ISBN, abstract, reporter's name, running time, etc.) Most bibliographic databases allow users to export references to their EndNote libraries. This enables the user to select multiple citations and saves the user from having to manually enter the citation information and the abstracts. There are some databases (e.g. PubMed) in which the user needs to select citations, select a specific format, and save them as .txt files. By then going to EndNote, the user can then import the citations into the EndNote software. It is also possible to search library catalogs and free databases such as PubMed from within the EndNote software program itself. If the user fills out the necessary fields, EndNote can automatically format the citation into whatever format the user wishes from a list of over two thousand different styles. In Windows, EndNote creates a file with an *.enl extension, along with a *.data folder containing various MySQL files with*.myi and *.myd extensions. EndNote can be installed so that its features, like Cite While You WriteTM, appear in the Tools menu of Microsoft Word and OpenOffice.org Writer. EndNote can export citation libraries as plain text, Rich Text Format, HTML or XML. The current version of EndNote has networking capabilities, and files can reside on a central server. It does not, however, have multi-user capabilities for editing a single bibliographic file. Endnote can also organize PDFs on the user's hard drive (or full text on the web) through links to files or by inserting copies of PDFs. It is also possible to save a single image, document, Excel spreadsheet, or other file type to each reference in an EndNote library. Starting from EndNote X version 1.0.1, formatting support for OpenDocument files (ODT) using the Format Paper command is supported.
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EndNote Web, a web-based implementation of EndNote, offers integration with the ISI Web of Knowledge. http://endnote.com/
9.4. Reference Manager Reference Manager is a commercial reference management softwarepackage sold by Thomson Reuters. It was the first commercial software of its kind, originally developed by Ernest Beutler and his son, Earl Beutler, in 1982 through their company Research Information Systems. Offered for the CP/Moperating system, it was ported to DOS and then Microsoft Windows and later the Apple Macintosh. Reference Manager is most commonly used by people who want to share a central database of references and need to have multiple users adding and editing records at the same time. You can specify whether users are allowed to make edits to the database. Competing packages EndNote and ProCite do not offer this functionality. Reference Manager offers different in-text citation templates for each Reference Type. When writing papers, you may want to have a different in-text citation style depending on the reference type you are citing, or journal you are writing for. For example, if you insert a reference for a Book which appears as (Smith, 1999), using Reference Manager you can also insert a reference for a Journal, and it could appear differently, e.g. Smith, 1999 (without the brackets). Reference Manager allows the use of synonyms within a database. For example, one could specify that "Animal" is a synonym of "Animals", so that in searches for references containing "Animal", references containing "Animals" are also returned. Reference Manager Web Publisher allows publishing a reference databases to an intranet or internet site. This allows anyone with a web browser to search and download references into their own bibliographic software. Others can even edit the reference information (so that it is wise to password protect the site). Web Publisher includes functionality to interact withSOAP and WSDL standard services. http://www.refman.com/
9.5. RefWorks RefWorks is a web-based commercial reference management softwarepackage. It is produced by RefWorks-COS, a business unit of ProQuest LLC. RefWorks was founded in 2001 and was marketed by Cambridge Scientific Abstracts from 2002 until being acquired by ProQuest in 2008. Users' reference databases are stored online, allowing them to be accessed and updated from any computer with an internet connection. Institutional licenses allow universities to subscribe to RefWorks on behalf of all their students, faculty and staff. Individual licenses are also available. The software enables linking from a user's RefWorks account to electronic editions of journals to which the institution's library subscribes. This linking is accomplished by incorporating an institution'sOpenURL resolver. Many bibliographic database providers have implemented the ability to export references directly to RefWorks. In some cases (e.g. PubMed) reference citations must be saved to the user's computer as text files and then imported into RefWorks. In 2005 the bibliographic database Scopus formed a partnership with RefWorks to allow enhanced integration between the two products. A word processor integration utility called Write-N-Cite enables users to insert reference codes from their RefWorks accounts into Microsoft Word documents, which can then be formatted to
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9.6. Mendeley Mendeley is a desktop and web program for managing and sharing research papers, discovering research data and collaborating online. It combines Mendeley Desktop, a PDF and reference management application (available for Windows, OS X and Linux) with Mendeley Web, an online social network for researchers. On September 23, 2013, Mendeley announced iPhone andiPad apps that are free to install. Mendeley requires the user to store all basic citation data on its servers—storing copies of documents is at the user's discretion. Upon registration, Mendeley provides the user with 2 GB of free web storage space, which is upgradeable at a cost. http://www.mendeley.com/
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10. Working with chemical and biological structures drawing softwares (like ChemBioOffice, ChemDraw, etc.)
10.1. ChemBioOffice
ChemBioOffice is a scientifically intelligent, integrated suite of personal productivity tools that enables scientists and researchers to capture, store, retrieve and share data and information on compounds, reactions, materials and their properties. ChemBioOffice helps chemists and biologists to efficiently keep track of their work, visualize and gain a deeper understanding of their results and correlate biological activity with chemical structures. ChemBioOffice includes the following applications: ChemBioDraw is used by hundreds of thousands of scientists around the world to quickly and effectively draw molecules, reactions and biological entities and pathways for use in documents and electronic lab notebooks; to search databases, now including SciFinder; and to generate accurate names from structures and to predict properties and spectra. ChemBioDraw for Excel adds chemical intelligence to Excel spreadsheets so that chemists can use Excel’s analysis, sorting and organization tools to further manipulate and enrich sets of compounds and data and explore structure-activity relationships ChemBio3D generates 3D models so that chemists can view their compounds in three dimensions to assess shape and properties to maximize activity or specificity. ChemBioFinder is a chemically-intelligent personal database system that scientists use to organize their compounds and to search for and correlate structures with properties and to transform data into easy to understand graphs to easily discern structure-activity relationships CDSL Mobile is a site-deployable version of ChemDraw for iPad for Site Subscription customers https://www.cambridgesoft.com/Ensemble_for_Chemistry/ChemBioOffice/
10.2. ChemDraw
ChemDraw is a molecule editor developed by the cheminformatics companyCambridgeSoft. The company was sold to PerkinElmer in the year 2011. ChemDraw, along with Chem3D and ChemFinder, is part of the ChemOffice suite of programs and is available for Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. A simplified, touch optimized version for the iPad was released in late 2013. ChemDraw is the drawing tool of choice for chemists to create publication-ready, scientifically intelligent drawings for use in ELNs, databases and publications and for querying chemical databases. A chemical drawing solution that chemists across multiple chemistry disciplines can trust to accurately handle and represent organic, organometallic and polymeric and biopolymer materials (including amino acids, peptides and DNA and RNA sequences) and to deal with advanced forms of stereochemistry. Chemists who use ChemDraw to predict properties are able to save time and reduce costs by identifying compounds that are likely to have the desired properties before actually synthesizing them.
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Chemists can also save time and increase data accuracy using ChemDraw to generate spectra, construct correct IUPAC names, and calculate reaction stoichiometry. A powerful set of tools to handle substructural query types (such as variable points of attachment, Rgroups, ring/chain size, atom/bond/ring types, and generic atoms) ensures that compounds are quickly and accurately located by searches, no matter how they are stored in commercial, public or in-house databases. http://www.cambridgesoft.com/Ensemble_for_Chemistry/ChemDraw/
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11. Familiarization with software related to food industry like LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System). 11.1. Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) A Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS), sometimes referred to as a Laboratory Information System (LIS) or Laboratory Management System (LMS), is a software-based laboratory and information management system that offers a set of key features that support a modern laboratory's operations. Those key features include — but are not limited to — workflow and data tracking support, flexible architecture, and smart data exchange interfaces, which fully "support its use in regulated environments." The features and uses of a LIMS have evolved over the years from simple sample tracking to an enterprise resource planning tool that manages multiple aspects of laboratory informatics.
Figure 30 Laboratories around the world depend on a LIMS to manage data, assign rights, manage inventory, and more. The definition of a LIMS is somewhat controversial: LIMSs are dynamic because the modern laboratory's requirements are rapidly evolving and needs often vary significantly from lab to lab. Therefore, a working definition of a LIMS ultimately depends on the interpretation by the individuals or groups involved. Dr. Alan McLelland of the Institute of Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow highlighted this problem in the late 1990s by explaining how a LIMS is perceived by an analyst, a laboratory manager, an information systems manager, and an accountant, "all of them correct, but each of them limited by the users' own perceptions." Historically the LIMS, LIS, and Process Development Execution System (PDES) have all performed similar functions. Historically the term "LIMS" has tended to be used to reference informatics systems targeted for environmental, research, or commercial analysis such as pharmaceutical or petrochemical work. "LIS" has tended to be used to reference laboratory informatics systems in the forensics and clinical markets, which often required special case management tools. The term "PDES" has generally applied to a wider scope, including, for example, virtual manufacturing techniques, while not necessarily integrating with laboratory equipment. In recent times LIMS functionality has spread even farther beyond its original purpose of sample management. Assay data management, data mining, data analysis, and electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) integration are all features that have been added to many LIMS, enabling the realization of translational medicine completely within a single software solution. Additionally, the distinction between a LIMS and a LIS has blurred, as many LIMS now also fully support comprehensive case-centric clinical data. 11.1.1. Operations The LIMS is an evolving concept, with new features and functionality being added often. As laboratory demands change and technological progress continues, the functions of a LIMS will likely also change. Despite these changes, a LIMS tends to have a base set of functionality that defines it.
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That functionality can roughly be divided into five laboratory processing phases, with numerous software functions falling under each: 6 the reception and log in of a sample and its associated customer data the assignment, scheduling, and tracking of the sample and the associated analytical workload the processing and quality control associated with the sample and the utilized equipment and inventory the storage of data associated with the sample analysis the inspection, approval, and compilation of the sample data for reporting and/or further analysis There are several pieces of core functionality associated with these laboratory processing phases that tend to appear in most LIMS: 11.1.2. Sample management
Figure 31 A lab worker matches blood samples to documents. With a LIMS, this sort of sample management is made more efficient. The core function of LIMS has traditionally been the management of samples. This typically is initiated when a sample is received in the laboratory, at which point the sample will be registered in the LIMS. Some LIMS will allow the customer to place an "order" for a sample directly to the LIMS at which point the sample is generated in an "unreceived" state. The processing could then include a step where the sample container is registered and sent to the customer for the sample to be taken and then returned to the lab. The registration process may involve accessioning the sample and producing barcodes to affix to the sample container. Various other parameters such as clinical or phenotypic information corresponding with the sample are also often recorded. The LIMS then tracks chain of custody as well as sample location. Location tracking usually involves assigning the sample to a particular freezer location, often down to the granular level of shelf, rack, box, row, and column. Other event tracking such as freeze and thaw cycles that a sample undergoes in the laboratory may be required. Modern LIMS have implemented extensive configurability, as each laboratory's needs for tracking additional data points can vary widely. LIMS vendors cannot typically make assumptions about what these data tracking needs are, and therefore vendors must create LIMS that are adaptable to individual environments. LIMS users may also have regulatory concerns to comply with such as CLIA, HIPAA, GLP, and FDA specifications, affecting certain aspects of sample management in a LIMS solution. One key to compliance with many of these standards is audit logging of all changes to LIMS data, and in some cases a full electronic signature system is required for rigorous tracking of field-level changes to LIMS data. 11.1.3. Instrument and application integration Modern LIMS offer an increasing amount of integration with laboratory instruments and applications. A LIMS may create control files that are "fed" into the instrument and direct its
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12. Use of simulation softwares for food industry related problems (like FlexSim, MATLAB Simulink, etc.) 12.1. FlexSim FlexSim is a discrete event manufacturing simulation software developed by FlexSim Software Products, Inc. The FlexSim family currently includes the basic FlexSim simulation software and FlexSim Healthcare Simulation (FlexSim HC). It uses an OpenGL environment to realize real-time 3D rendering and it is declared to be the only simulation software that incorporates a C++ IDE and compiler in the graphic modeling environment. FlexSim Developer(s) FlexSim Software Products, Inc. Stable release 7.3.0 / July 31, 2014 Operating system Windows XP/Windows Vista/Windows 7/Windows 8 License Proprietary Website http://www.flexsim.com/products/flexsim/ 12.1.1. Application and Uptake As general purpose simulation software, FlexSim is widely used in many fields: Manufacturing: Production assemble line, Logistics and distribution: Container terminal operation, supply chain design, distribution center work flow, service and storage layout, etc. Transportation: Highway system traffic flow, transit station pedestrian flow, maritime vessel coordination, custom traffic congestion, etc. Others: Oil field or mining process, networking data flow, etc. FlexSim is used by many large companies engaged in simulating for different applications. These include manufacturing companies, such as Coca-Cola, Volkswagen, Boeing, Michelin, etc.; logistic companies, such as FedEx, DHL, APM Terminals, etc.; transportation companies, such as Norfolk Southern, etc., and many others. 12.1.2. Main Features 12.1.2.1. Program Structure
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FlexSim uses object-oriented design as its software structure. FlexSim objects are defined and programmed in four classes: fixed resource class, task executer class, node class and visual object class. Fixed resource class: these are the major objects of the simulation which determines the flow of the simulation model (objects include the source, queue, processor, sink, conveyor, etc.); Task executer class: the objects inherited from this class obtain tasks from the objects inherited from the fixed resource class and assign the tasks to other objects (objects include the operator, transporter, etc.); Node class: the objects inherited from this class are used to design the working route of objected inherited from task executer class (objects include network nodes and traffic control); Visual object class: the objects inherited from this class are used to display and collect the input/output messages (icons, diagrams and tables). 12.1.2.2. Drag and Drop Controls Users can build the model by dragging and dropping the abstracted, predefined 3D objects from different classes to layout, link and functionalize the model. For the senior users, the entire dragging and dropping procedures can be realized and the object parameters and behaviors can be modified using both FlexScript and C++ programming languages. 12.2. MATLAB Simulink Simulink, developed by MathWorks, is a data flow graphical programming language tool for modeling, simulating and analyzing multidomain dynamic systems. Its primary interface is agraphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of blocklibraries. It offers tight integration with the rest of the MATLABenvironment and can either drive MATLAB or be scripted from it. Simulink is widely used in control theory and digital signal processing for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design.
13. Visit to the industries & knowledge of computer application in the same. 13.1. Computers in Food Manufacturing Food manufacturing and processing is one of the success stories of the global economy. Food production is now not just a local industry as food products are now transported across the globe allowing a huge variety of products to be available on our supermarket shelves. One of the reasons for food productions success has been the embracing of modern technology that has allowed many processes in the food production industry to be automated. The food industry does pose unique challenges when it comes to automation and computerisation such as the prevalence of water in food production areas. Various laws and good working practices mean that food production areas are regularly washed or hosed-down. This can cause obvious problems to computer or touchscreen if they are used nearby as water will have catastrophic effects on any computer system. Many food production of manufacturing areas turn to waterproof computer enclosures to protect their computer systems from wash down. Industrial computer enclosures are designed to international guidelines to ensure they can operate safely in washdown environments with the waterproof PC enclosure even allowing the systems to be hosed down themselves. The European IP 65 or International NEMA 4 rating system are often used to describe the waterproofing of a computer enclosure. Many wash down areas contain IP 65 computer enclosures as they can also be manufactured out of food grade stainless steel ensuring they don't corrode and can continually be kept clean.
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Waterproof LCd enclosures and waterproof touchscreen enclosures can also be manufactured from the same material. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Richard_N_Williams 13.2. Integrated Thinkage-Xybernaut mobile computing Using a computing device while in transit. Mobile computing implies wireless transmission, but wireless transmission does not necessarily imply mobile computing. Fixed wireless applications use satellites, radio systems and lasers to transmit between permanent objects such as buildings units will be showcased during the snack food trade show (SNAXPO) at the Thinkage booth (#1143) March 21-23 in Philadelphia, PA.
The complete "kit" consists of a Xybernaut computer with standard Windows software, a wireless networking See wireless network. solution for transferring captured data and web-based resources (such as BOC Think Gates(R)) for viewing and managing the captured information.
The integrated Thinkage-Xybernaut Atigo computing units are part of Thinkage's Think Gates(R) process monitoring service from BOC. Thinkage deploys the Think Gates service for use in food processing plants and food supply networks to enable customers to monitor and control their food inventories as well as the state of their food product as it moves from one processing cell to another. The service allows customers access to real-time information so they can reduce or eliminate process yield fluctuations, downtime and product inconsistency.
Thinkage, which has been a member of Team Xybernaut(TM) for more than three years, has been working with Xybernaut to develop and deploy integrated platforms for a variety of critical business functions.
"Our customers have already accepted joint Xybernaut-Thinkage solutions - using Xybernaut's Mobile Assistant IV and V platforms - as a reliable and cost effective means of managing information, so it was a natural progression to extend our process management capabilities to the Atigo product," said Mark Grace, president of Thinkage.
Steven A. Newman, president and COO, Xybernaut Corporation, said, "The Thinkage-Xybernaut mobile/wearable solution offers logistics support, enhanced operations management and greater flexibility throughout the food process workflow. Using the joint solution, inspectors or quality assurance technicians are dispatched to monitor any part of the process to capture various types of data."
Thinkage and Xybernaut are also working closely together to identify, develop and capture new business opportunities in food plant, food supply and related industry sectors. The companies share relevant business development strategies and information to help anticipate evolving customer needs.
Both companies are leaders in their respective markets -- Xybernaut in mobile/wearable computing, and Thinkage in process management for food service industries.
Thinkage, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, is a premier process management company with specialized expertise in optimizing operations of food plants and food supply networks. Further information about Thinkage LLC and the Think Gates(R) service can be found at
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Xybernaut Corporation is the leading provider of wearable/mobile computing hardware, software and services, bringing communications and full-function computing power in a hands-free design to people when and where they need it. Headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia, Xybernaut has offices and subsidiaries in Europe (Germany) and Asia (Japan). Visit Xybernaut's Web site at www.xybernaut.com. 13.3. Computers: what's the use?
"Marketing wants two more prototypes by Wednesday. They should have fewer than 250 calories and less than 300 mg sodium--and be under 92 cents."
"Wednesday!" you reply. "Do they have to be edible?"
How well you meet such a challenge may well depend on your acquaintance with a computer.
"Computerize or die" is a strong directive, but a company's competitiveness hinges on efficient utilization of resources. Formulation of products is a prime function of R&D. One-man shops and complex research centers alike are increasingly turning to computers to augment this effort.
Programs do everything from evaluation of alternative "what if" scenarios to sophisticated statistics of surface response optimization. Even inexpensive and simple computers can rule out unprofitable avenues of effort at each stage in product development.
Cost, nutritional profiles and quality characteristics must be considered when formulating. Software programs can save time in the analysis of these parameters.
13.3.1. Costing
Cost analysis is often a formulator's first introduction to the use of a computer. If formulas contain ingredients that in themselves are formulas, the time saved at calculations can be striking.
You can type a formula, ingredient costs and the calculations you want to perform onto a spreadsheet such as Lotus 1-2-3. This enables experimenters to see instantly what happens to overall cost when the amounts of various ingredients change.
The endeavor becomes easier (more "user friendly") with product development programs now available. Software may cost less than $1,000. User success requires only putting in a floppy disk, turning on the computer, and working the keyboard--and sometimes not even that! Additionally, these programs store information on ingredient costs in a database. Whenever the user defines a formula, the computer automatically retrieves ingredient prices and calculates overall formula cost.
Significant savings can result when personal computers formulate products with quantifiable end characteristics. Jae Park, director of technical services for SeaFest?JAC Creative Foods, Motley, Minn., implemented a least-cost linear program for the company's surimi-based products. A formula based on measurements of color, flavor and texture directs the blending of lots of surimi so properties of the final product fall within target ranges.
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"It's a good price-negotiating tool because the computer tells me how far I can give on the various parameters and still stay within specifications," says Park.
13.3.2. Nutritional computations
Even a superficial glance at the food industry in the last few years shows the massive R&D effort dedicated to developing products with specific nutritional profiles. Some software programs, equipped with nutritional databases, estimate nutritional characteristics of proposed formulas.
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 will require companies with food sales over $50,000 to provide nutritional information for packaged food products. What methods the USDA and FDA will allow to derive the information will have a tremendous impact on cost to the companies. The standard nutritional analysis currently costs about $300 per sample.
Patricia Bishop, marketing director for a nutritional database research and software company, believes the USDA and FDA may allow nutritional databases to generate the information for lables. Such programs carry data on 30 or more nutrients in over 5,000 food items.
Information is gathered from USDA Handbook 8, ingredient manufacturers such as L.J. Minor, Diehl and Pfizer Chemical, as well as private analytical research. Information in Handbook 8 can be obtained on floppy disks, but the data is difficult to use and some values are based on a limited number of tests. Large corporations such as Kraft General Foods often develop their own nutritional databases.
13.3.3. Experimental designs
Appearance, flavor, texture, shelf life--even safety--are among the quality parameters of a finished product. Physical, chemical, microbiological or sensory tests can quantify those characteristics. Factors determined in the initial development stages of the product affect the parameters.
Many veteran formulators use gut instinct to decide which ingredients--and what levels--will be important to the final quality of a product. "Trial and error" is the easiest approach. A product developer gambles that the first few combinations will result in the best formula.
A slightly more systematic approach involves varying each factor individually and evaluating its effect. For example, to examine the effect of five factors, such as egg, gum, emulsifier, water and mixing time, on cake volume, you would need to perform 3.sup.3 or 243 experiments to try each factor at three levels. "Designed experimentation" allows several factors to be varied statistically in the same experiment.
Conceptually, the first phase of product development involves discovering the important factors. The second stage concerns optimizing them. In both stages you:
* choose the significant factors and the finished product quality parameters you want to work on;
* propose an equation (whether linear or higher order polynomial) to predict the effects of the factors on the end parameters;
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* select an experimental design to test the equation;
* do the bench work to obtain data that is analyzed statistically.
Both selection of an experimental design, which minimizes the amount of bench work, and possession of adequate statistical software are critical to saving time and money. James Kirk, vice president of Campbell Soup Co.'s Institute of Research and Technology, says Campbell used computer optimization in the development of LeMenu Healthy entrees. It saved countless hours during manufacturing scale-up, according to Kirk.
Chris Nachtsheim, associate professor with the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, has worked with several food companies. He thinks the food industry has lagged behind the automotive and electronics industries in use of experimental design for several reasons.
Japanse competition threatened those two industries most, so they looked to Japan to see what it was doing. Additionally, food product development includes factors that cannot always be quantified or handled analytically.
Nachtsheim says experimental design during the screening stage may allow you to obtain results with only eight or 16 experiments rather than the 243 tests mentioned in the cake volume example. At the optimization stage, the 243 tests may be reduced to 27 runs combining fractional factorial and a central composite design.
One key point, says Nachtsheim, is that, with the statistical packages now available, you don't have to know the statistics behind the program to use experimental designs.
13.3.4. Getting into computers
Computer systems can be as simple and inexpensive as a single personal computer with accompanying video display terminal, keyboard and printer (as low as $1,000 for a modest unit) or as sophisticated as the multimillion-dollar mainframes.
Typical system requirements for some basic costing, nutritional profiling and statistical software packages require only a personal computer with DOS 3.0 or higher, 640K RAM memory and 1.2 to 6 megabytes on a hard disk. Machtsheim believes some of the best statistical design programs have been written for personal computers.
One staff member with an inclination toward computers can drive the progress of whole departments. Allowing seemingly unproductive time to be spent in this discipline can be difficult for technical managers, especially if they are not comfortable with computers themselves.
However, personal computers can be addictive. {PCs are a time stealer," says Patricia Fehling, a prominent food industry consultant. R&D departments will generate reams of formulas, but they may not take the time to try them. Bench work is necessary to determine how close they are to reality.
R&D departments often question whether their support should come from the company's mainframe computer or individual personal computers. The trend is toward personal computers,
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Stan Andrews, vice president of technical services with Chef Francisco, Eugene, Ore. finds mainframes difficult to work with. "Mainframes required MIS support, and R&D nutritional information is a low priority with that department," says Andrews. "We found we can do things more quickly on the PCs."
The difference between Macintosh and IBM-compatible personal computers is narrowing, but IBMs predominate in technical service departments. Says Bishop: "Ninety percent of the sales of our food industry version nutrient analysis software are for IBM compatibles."
Computers will continue to make in-roads with food formulators as they have in all facets of our lives. But remember computer-facilitated costing, nutritional profiling and statistical applications are available to help, not replace, research and development personnel.
A veteran developer says, "It's hard to let a computer formulate for you. It may come up with the right numbers, but it's no good if the product tastes like slop."
13.4. 3D printed smart cap can detect spoiled food via embedded sensors 3D printing has come a long way in the last few years, but most of the items produced by 3D printers are all plastic. Printing electrical components would allow these machines to be much more useful, and a team at UC Berkeley might have a solution. To test this circuit printing system, the team created a smart cap that can detect food spoilage with the aid of 3D printed embedded sensors. Polymers are the preferred material for 3D printing for many reasons, including their flexibility and low cost. They don’t work well for electronic circuits, though. To get around this limitation, the Berkeley researchers printed their circuit design in a combination of plastic and wax (wax standing in for the conductive parts). When the wax was removed, it left hollow tubes which could then be filled with conductive metal, and there you have your circuit. 3D electronics
Figure 32- 3D printed Electronic Circuit Caps The designs include an electrical resistor, inductor, capacitor and an integrated inductor-capacitor system. To show how such components could be used, a smart cap was designed and printed. The
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 cap contains a small reservoir that captures a sample of the liquid (milk in this case) when inverted. This exposes it to a capacitor and inductor to form a resonant circuit that can monitor the electrical properties of the milk. As the milk starts to go bad, bacteria multiply and the change can be detected by the smart cap. A radio frequency probe was used in this experiment to relay the information to researchers.
Figure 33- Schematic Diagram of 3D Printed Electronic Circuit Cap The smart cap in this experiment was able to effectively gauge the rate of bacterial growth in the milk, which is just one example of how this 3D printing technology could be used. This makes sense for simple electronics with a handful of components, and consumers might be able to print such circuits in the not too distant future. This doesn’t mean you’ll be printing a smartphone any time soon, though. The integrated circuits in modern electronics are far too complicated for 3D printing, at least right now.
Science! By Ryan Whitwam Jul. 21, 2015 3:16 pm URL- http://www.geek.com/science/3d-printed-smart-cap-can-detect-spoiled-food-via-embedded- sensors-1628500/
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INDEX 3D printing ...... 124, 125 IBS ...... 21 486 ...... 11, 13 ingredient...... 121, 122 A&B Process Systems...... 19 Installing ...... 8 Accounting ...... 51, 54 Integrated Management Solutions ...... 20 Advanced FoodSystems ...... 19 Intellution, Inc...... 21 Aspen Technology, Inc. / Chesapeake Supply Chain Internet ...... 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54 Division ...... 19 Introduction to computer ...... 8 ASTRA Information Systems, Inc...... 19 Inventory Control ...... 55, 57, 58 Bakery ...... 55, 56, 57, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73 iTradeNetwork ...... 23 Bakery Reconciliation ...... 55, 57 Keyboard ...... 8, 9, 12, 13 Bakery Sales Order Processing ...... 55, 63, 65, 70, 71 Linux ...... 46 Bit Corporation ...... 19 Lunchbyte Systems ...... 22 Bradley Ward Systems ...... 19 Manufacturing ...... 55 BSOP ...... 64 MCSWin ...... 21 Capterra.com ...... 20 MEAL TRACKER ...... 24 CardTronics ...... 20 Milk Plant ...... 42, 43 CAT2 ...... 20 MK & Associates ...... 19 CD-ROM ...... 8, 10, 11 mobile computing ...... 22, 120, 121 Center ...... 20 Modem ...... 12 CERES ...... 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 64, 69, 70, 71 Monitor ...... 8, 9, 12, 13 Compusense ...... 20 Motherboard ...... 12 Computer ...... 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 123 Mouse ...... 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 Computer Resource Center, Inc...... 20 MS-DOS ...... 11, 12, 13 Computer Terminology ...... 8, 11 Network Card ...... 13 Computerize ...... 121 New ...... 10, 19, 21 Computers in Food Manufacturing ...... 119 New England Computer Services, Inc ...... 21 Cost analysis ...... 121 Nutritional computations ...... 122 Costing ...... 121 nutritional database ...... 122 CPU ...... 8, 11, 13 NxTrend Technology Inc ...... 22 Creative Data Research, Inc ...... 20 Owens Information Services, Inc ...... 20 CTSOP ...... 55, 64, 69 PCS Revenue Control Systems Inc...... 22 current ...... 43, 64 Pentium...... 11, 13 Data ...... 11, 20 Performance Software Technologies ...... 21 Disk Drives ...... 8 Peripherals ...... 8, 11 Disk Utilities ...... 8 Planned Maintenance & Hygiene Tracking ...... 55, 58 Drivers...... 11 Platform ...... 13 Eagle Solutions ...... 20 Prime Prodata, Inc ...... 22 Excellence in Computing, Inc. (EIC) ...... 20 Printer ...... 13 Experimental designs ...... 122 processor ...... 50 FASTLANE ...... 23 Product Specification ...... 55, 59 FDA ...... 122 Program ...... 13 Floppy Diskette ...... 8, 10, 12 Programming ...... 46, 51 Food Service Distribution Software Directory ...... 19 project ...... 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 64 Food Service Software ...... 23 Purchase Ledger ...... 55, 58, 59, 60, 61 FoodSoftware.com ...... 20 Purchase Order Processing ...... 55, 56, 58, 60, 69 formula cost ...... 121 RAM ...... 13, 123 Foxboro ...... 21 Raw Material Utilisation ...... 55, 57, 61 Fruits Vegetable Plants ...... 73 Research ...... 20, 123 Geac Computer Corporation ...... 21 Retalix Limited ...... 22 Getting into computers ...... 123 Ross Computer Systems ...... 22 Gulson & Associates ...... 21 Sales Forecasting ...... 55, 64 H & S Computer Systems, Inc...... 21 Sales Ledger ...... 55, 56, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71 Hard Disk Drive (HDD) ...... 11 Sales Partner Systems ...... 22 Hooking Up a Computer ...... 8 Sensitech, Inc ...... 22 IBM ...... 8, 21, 22, 124
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©Vedpal Yadav, Lecturer in Food Technology, Government Polytechnic, Mandi Adampur, Hisar, Haryana, India-125052. e-mail- [email protected] Mobile- +919416589819 Last Updated- 15 June 2016 software ...... 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 120, 121, Traceable Sales Order Processing ...... 55, 69, 70 122, 123, 124 TurningPoint Systems, Inc ...... 23 Solid Software Solutions ...... 20 TwinPeaks Software ...... 23 Starting ...... 8 type ...... 8, 9, 121 Steton Technology Group ...... 22 Uninstalling ...... 8 Stoltz Enterprises Inc ...... 22 USDA ...... 22, 122 Stopping ...... 8 Using the Mouse ...... 8 Streamware Corporation ...... 22 VBOSS ...... 24 SweetWARE ...... 23 VPN ...... 56 Thinque Systems ...... 23 Wine Technologies ...... 23 TM Software ...... 23 Xybernaut ...... 120 Trace ...... 55, 69 Xybernaut Corporation ...... 120
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