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TABLE OF CONTENTS: Vol. 46, No. 5, September 1993 ARTICLES Grazing Management 378 Viewpoint: “Invisible colleges” and citation clusters ln stocking rate research by Richard H. Hart 383 Research Observation: Chemical repellants to reduce grazing intensity on reclaimed sites by Terrance J. Osko, Robert T. Hardin, and Bruce A. Young Plant-Animal Inieracrion 387 Sites, mowing, 2,4-D, and seasons affect bitterbrush values by Vincent M. Kituku, Jeff Powell, and Richard A. Olson 394 Factors influencing pine needle consumption by grazing cattle during winter by James A. Pfister and Don C. Adams 399 Nutritional quality of browse after brush management on cross timbers rangeland by Roderick B. Soper, Robert L. Lochmiller, David M. Leslie, Jr., and David M. Engle 410 Forage value of native and introduced browse species in Tanzania by Rashid B.R. Msangi and Linda H. Hardesty 416 Seasonal grazing of locoweeds by cattle in northeastern New Mexico by Michael H. Ralphs, David Graham, Russell J. Molyneux, and Lynn F. James Soils 421 Old World bluestem response to fire and nitrogen fertilizers by William A. Berg Plant Physiology 425 Soil water extraction and photosynthesis in Gutierrezio surothe and Sporobolus cryptandrus by Changgui Wan, Ronald E. Sosebee, and Bobby L. McMichael 431 Dinitrogen fixation and transfer in legume-crested wheatgrass mixtures by Dick L. Gebhart, Christopher A. Call, and Richard W. Weaver 436 Characterization of crown node elevation in Punicoid grasses by C.R. Tischler and P.W. Voigt Plant Ecology 439 Viewpoint: Plant community thresholds, multiple steady states, and mui- tiple successional pathways: legacy of the Quaternary? by Robin J. Tausch, Peter E. Wigand, and J. Wayne Burkhardt 448 Factors influencing eastern redcedar seedling survival on rangeland by Published bimonthly-January, March, May, July, September, November Thomas L. Schmidt and James Stubbendieck Copyright1993bytheSocietyforRange 452 Effect of N-P-K fertilization on yield and tiller density of creeping blue- Management stem by Rob S. Kalmbacher, Frank Gi Martin, and Jack E. Rechcigl INDIVIDUAL SUBSCRIPTION is by membership in the Society for Range Management. Economics LIBRARY or other INSTITUTIONAL SUBSCRIP- TIONS on a calendar year basis are $56.00 for the 458 Returns to grasshopper control on rangelands in southern Alberta by United States postpaid and $66.00 for other coun- Blair A. Shewchuk and William A. Kerr tries, postpaid. Payment from outside the United 462 Revegetation strategies for Kaho’olawe Island, Hawaii by Steven D. States should be remitted in US dollars by interna- tional money order or draft on a New York bank. Warren and Stefanie G. Aschmann BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE, concerning sub- scriptions, advertising, reprints, back issues, and related matters, should be addressed to the Manag- TECHNICAL NOTE ing Editor, 1639 York Street, Denver, Colorado 467 A containerized technique for studying root systems by Russell K. Engel, 80206. James T. Nichols, and Joe E Brummer EDITORIALCORRESPONDENCE, concerning manu- scriptsorothereditorial mattersshould beaddressed to the Editor, Gary Frasier, 1300 Wheatridge Ct., BOOK REVIEWS Loveland, Colorado 80537. Page proofs should be 470 Natural and Prescribed Fire in Pacific Northwest Forests edited by J.D. returned to the Production Editor, 1639 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206. Walstad, S.R. Radosevich and D.V. Sandberg; Mushrooms and Truffles INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS appear on the of the Southwest by Jack S. States; and Countryside Planning Policies for inside back cover of most issues. A Style Manual is the 1990s by Andrew W. Gilg. also available from the Society for Range Manage- ment at the above address @$4.00 for single copies. THE JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT (ISSN 0022-409X) is published bimonthly for $56.00 per year by the Society for Range Management, 1839 York Street, Denver, Colorado 00206. SECOND CLjASS POSTAGE paid at Denver, Colorado, and PRINTED IN USA additional offices. POSTMASTER: Return entlre journal with address chang?RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED-to Society for Range Management, 1839 York Street, Denver. Colorado 80206. Managing Editor ASSOCIATE EDITORS G. FRED GIFFORD HERMAN S. MAYEUX, JR. CHARLES B. (BUD) RUMBURG DON ADAMS Environmental and Resource USDA-ARS 1839 York Street West Central Res. 8 Ext. Center Sciences/l86 808 E. Blackland Road Denver, Colorado 60206 Route 4 1000 Valley Road Temple, Texas 76502 Box 46A University of Nevada KIRK MCDANIEL Editor North Platte, Nebraska 69101 Reno. Nevada 89512-0013 GARY FRASIER Dept. of Animal & Range Science 1300 Wheatridge Ct. DONALD BEDUNAH MARSHALL HAFERKAMP Box 31 Loveland, Colorado 80537 School of Forestry Livestock 8 Range Res. Station New Mexico State University University of Montana Route 1 LaS Cruces, New Mexico 88003-0003 Copy and Production Editor Missoula, Montana 59612 Box 2021 PATRICIA G. SMITH Miles City, Montana 59301 RICHARD F. MILLER Society for Range Management JOHN A. CRAWFORD Squaw Butte Exp. Sta. 1839 York Street Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife KRIS HAVSTAD Highway 205 Denver, Colorado 60206 Nash 104 USDA-ARS, Dept. JJER Burns, Oregon 97720 (303) 3557070 Oregon State University Box 3003, NMSU Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 JAMES A. PFISTER Book Review Edltor DAVID ENGLE USDA Agriculture Research Service DAVID L. SCARNECCHIA Agronomy Department JERRY HOLECHEK 1150 East 1400 North Department of Natural Resource Sci Oklahoma State University Animal 8 Range Science Logan, Utah 64321 Washington State University Stillwater. Oklahoma 74078 Dept. 3-l Box 30003 Pullman, Washington 99164-6410 New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico 68003-0003 J. Range Manage. 46:376-362, September 1993 Viewpoint: “Invisible colleges” and citation clusters in stocking rate research RICHARD H. HART Author is range scientist, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, High Plains Research Station, 8408 Hildreth Road, Cheyenne, Wyo. 82009. Abstract Research on the response of livestock grin to stocking rate tends Development of Stocking Rate Theory to cluster into 5 “invisible colleges”, represented by 5 citation Stocking rate theory deals with determining the shape of the networks which only occasionally intersect. Each college is built stocking rate-animal gain response curve and calculating the around a paradigm of the stocking rate-gain response as developed parameters of the curve for various pasture and animal types. The in 2 key papers sharing 1 or more authors. Researchers tend to cite theory provides a basis for the design and interpretation of grazing the paradigm developed by authors in their field of research or in studies, and input-output functions for economic analysis. The their geographic area. Therefore conficting pardigms have existed growth of stocking rate theory, as mapped by citations of previous side-by-side for decades, an unusual occurrence in most fields of publications, is plotted in Figure 1. science. Research is needed to critically evahrate the empirical and conceptual soundness of these paradigms. Noy-Mslr 1978 ---------\ Key Words: citation analysis, solidarity groups, sociology of science -1 The term “invisible college” appears to have been coined by the British natural philosopher Robert Boyle. Boorstin (1983) writes “...in 1656...Boyle himself had already christened this informal companionship of scientific enthusiasts wherever they were as the Invisible College.” This invisible college became the nucleus of the Royal Society, founded in 1661. Later the term “invisible college” came to symbolize divisions within science or within a field of science. Crane (1972) revived the term “invisible colleges” to define the communications networks linking nonintersecting sub-groups, each containing a few very productive scientists and many less productive ones. Mullins (1968) and Griffith and Mullins (1972) refer to Crane’s Fig. 1. Development of stocking rate-animal gain theory; a “citation nonintersecting sub-groups as “solidarity groups,” which they cha- pyramid.” Solid or broken lines and arrow8 point from citing paper to racterise as small, coherent, activist, and voluntarily and self- cited papers. consciously organized. They provide loose but effective communi- Harlan (1958) plotted “a hodge-podge of (gain per animal) data” cation networks within a team of students and junior colleagues as a double exponential function of stocking rate. Riewe (1961), headed by a productive researcher. using much of the same data, concluded that gain per head of cattle Cairns (1980) agrees that any discipline “is subdivided into loose increased linearly with decreasing stocking rate, except at very low networks of scientists with varying degrees of cohesiveness and stocking rates where it might remain constant or even decline. continuity.” Hagstrom (1965) concluded that strong leaders, Harlan (1958) and Riewe (1961) were cited by many other “whose brilliance and skill lead others to emulate them,” are the researchers in stocking rate theory, but were seldom cited by those nucleus around which “monasteries” form. doing stocking rate experiments, so did not found “invisible In this paper, “invisible colleges” in stocking rate research are colleges.‘* defined by nonintersecting or seldom-intersecting citation net- Mott (1960) calculated that the ratio of gain per animal to gain works (Price 1965 and 1976), each based on 2 key publications by per animal at optimum grazing pressure was a power function of an individual or team. These publications in turn define a para- the ratio (stocking rate)/(stocking rate at optimum grazing
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    Bibliography Abella, S. R. 2010. Disturbance and plant succession in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the American Southwest. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7:1248—1284. Abella, S. R., D. J. Craig, L. P. Chiquoine, K. A. Prengaman, S. M. Schmid, and T. M. Embrey. 2011. Relationships of native desert plants with red brome (Bromus rubens): Toward identifying invasion-reducing species. Invasive Plant Science and Management 4:115—124. Abella, S. R., N. A. Fisichelli, S. M. Schmid, T. M. Embrey, D. L. Hughson, and J. Cipra. 2015. Status and management of non-native plant invasion in three of the largest national parks in the United States. Nature Conservation 10:71—94. Available: https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.10.4407 Abella, S. R., A. A. Suazo, C. M. Norman, and A. C. Newton. 2013. Treatment alternatives and timing affect seeds of African mustard (Brassica tournefortii), an invasive forb in American Southwest arid lands. Invasive Plant Science and Management 6:559—567. Available: https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-13-00022.1 Abrahamson, I. 2014. Arctostaphylos manzanita. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Fire Effects Information System (Online). plants/shrub/arcman/all.html Ackerman, T. L. 1979. Germination and survival of perennial plant species in the Mojave Desert. The Southwestern Naturalist 24:399—408. Adams, A. W. 1975. A brief history of juniper and shrub populations in southern Oregon. Report No. 6. Oregon State Wildlife Commission, Corvallis, OR. Adams, L. 1962. Planting depths for seeds of three species of Ceanothus.