DOCSLIB.ORG

A Cephalometric Analysis of the Cranial Base and Frontal Part of the Face In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Cephalometric Analysis of the Cranial Base and Frontal Part of the Face In Strana 534 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Vojnosanit Pregl 2014; 71(6): 534–541. UDC: 616.314-089.23:616.716.1/.4-007]:[611.714:572.087 ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI: 10.2298/VSP121212011C A cephalometric analysis of the cranial base and frontal part of the face in patients with mandibular prognathism Kefalometrijska analiza kranijalne baze i prednjeg dela lica kod osoba sa mandibularnim prognatizmom Tatjana ýutoviü*†, Nebojša Joviü†‡, Ljiljana Stojanoviü§, Julija Radojiþiü¶, Irena MladenoviüŒ, Stevo Matijeviü†**, Ružica Kozomara†‡ *Department of Orthodontics, ‡Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, **Department of Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia; †Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia; §Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; ¶Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia; ŒDepartment of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Foþa, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract relationship analysis indicated a statistically significant negative correlation between the cranial base angle Bacground/Aim. The literature suggests different views (NSAr) and the angles of maxillary (SNA) and mandibular on the correlation between the cranial base morphology (SNB) prognathism, as well as a positive correlation be- and size and saggital intermaxillary relationships. The aim tween the angle of inclination of the ramus to the cranial of this study was to investigate the cranial base morphol- base (GoArNS) and the angle of sagittal intermaxillary re- ogy, including the frontal facial part in patients with man- lationships (ANB). Sella turcica dimensions, its width and dibular prognathism, to clarify a certain ambiguities, in depth, as well as the nasal bone length were significantly opposing viewspoints in the literature. Methods. Cepha- increased in the patients with mandibular prognathism, lometric radiographies of 60 patients were analyzed at the while the other analyzed frontal part dimensions of the Dental Clinic of the Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, face were not changed by the malocclusion in comparison Serbia. All the patients were male, aged 18–35 years, with with the eugnathic patients. Conclusion. This study no previous orthodontic treatment. On the basis of dental shows that the impact of the cranial base and the frontal and sceletal relations of jaws and teeth, the patients were part of the face on the development of profile in patients divided into two groups: the group P (patients with man- with mandibular prognathism is much smaller, but cer- dibular prognathism) and the group E (the control group tainly more complex, so that morphogenetic tests of the or eugnathic patients). A total of 15 cephalometric maxillomandibular complex should be included in further parametres related to the cranial base, frontal part of the assessment of this impact. face and sagittal intermaxillary relationships were meas- ured and analyzed. Results. The results show that cranial Key words: base dimensions and the angle do not play a significant mandible; prognathism; cephalometry; skull; facial role in the development of mandibular prognathism. Inter- bones; sella turcica. Apstrakt kog pola, starosti od 18 do 35 godina koji ranije nisu bili ortodontski leÿeni. Bolesnici su prema dentoskeletnim od- Uvod/Cij. U litetaruri postoje razliÿiti stavovi o povezano- nosima vilica i zuba bili svrstani u dve grupe: grupu P (bole- sti morfologije i veliÿine kranijalne baze i sagitalnih meĀuvi- snici sa mandibularnim prognatizmom) i grupu E (kontrol- liÿnih odnosa. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita morfologija na grupa ili grupa eugnatih bolesnika). Izmereno je i analizi- kranijalne baze, ukljuÿujuýi i prednji deo lica, kod ispitanika rano 15 kefalometrijskih parametara koji su se odnosili na sa mandibularnim prognatizmom da bi se razjasnile nedou- kranijalnu bazu, frontalni deo lica kao i sagitalne meĀuviliÿ- mice donekle suprotnih stavova u literaturi. Metode. Anali- ne odnose. Rezultati. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da ni di- zirani su rendgenkefalometrijski snimci ukupno 60 bolesni- menzije kranijalne baze, ni njen ugao ne igraju znaÿajnu ulo- ka Klinike za stomatologiju VMA. Svi bolesnici bili su muš- gu u nastanku mandibularnog prognatizma. Analizom me- Correspondence to: Tatjana þutoviý, Department of Orthodontics, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11 000 Belgade, Serbia. Phone: +381 11 3608 138. E-mail: [email protected] Volumen 71, Broj 6 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Strana 535 Āuzavisnosti ustanovljeno je da postoji statistiÿki znaÿajna gnate bolesnike. Zakljuÿak. Pokazalo se da je uticaj krani- negativna korelacija izmeĀu ugla kranijalne baze (NSAr) i jalne baze i prednjeg dela lica na ispoljavanje profila kod uglova maksilarnog (SNA) i mandibularnog (SNB) progna- bolesnika sa mandibularnim prognatizmom mnogo manji ali tizma, kao i pozitivna korelacija izmeĀu ugla nagiba ramusa svakako složeniji, pa bi u dalja istraživanja trebalo ukljuÿiti prema kranijalnoj bazi (GoArNS) i ugla sagitalnih meĀuvili- morfogenetska ispitivanja maksilomandibularnog kompleksa ÿnih odnosa (ANB). Dimenzije sedlaste jamice (sella turcica), kod ocenjivanja ovog uticaja. njena širina i dubina, kao i dužina nosne kosti statistiÿki su znaÿajno poveýane kod bolesnika sa mandibularnim prog- Kljuÿne reÿi: natizmom, dok ostale analizirane dimenzije prednjeg dela li- mandibula; prognatizam; kefalometrija; lobanja; lice, ca nisu bile izmenjene kod ove malokluzije u odnosu na eu- kosti; sela turcika. Introduction termaxillary sagittal and vertical relationships dominate, primarely as a result of overdevelopment of the mandible. The cranial base plays an important role in the devel- There are still dilemmas, whether the cranial base really opment of face, especially in achieving sagittal and vertical plays such a decisive role in etiology, as the authors have intermaxillary relationships, primarily because of the differ- often reported. In mandibular prognathism, the cranial base ent ways of ossification of its synchondrosis. It also repre- angle is sharper and the cranial base is shorter in comparison sents a central skeletal axis which achieves its final size very with skeletal Class I patients, while the case of skeletal Class early – long before the face. II patients is completely opposite 3, 5, 6, 10. All the bones that form the cranial base (apart from Some authors believe that the temporomandibular joint temporal) are of cartilaginous origin and created by encho- is placed in more anterior position precisely because of the dral ossification which already begins prenatally and ends in reduction of the cranial base angle, which results in a pro- early childhood (especially the growth of sphenoethmoidal gnathic facial profile. However, Singh et al. 6, 7, 9 and Proff et and sphenofrontal synchondroses ends early), following the al. 5 have demonstrated in their extensive studies that the growth of sphenooccipital synchondroses which is completed biological basis of anterior positioning of the temporoman- approximately at the age of 12–16, so that the length of the dibular joint lies in the posterior cranial base. The same frontal cranial base becomes defined in a very early pe- authors suggest that the reason could be the premature ces- riod 1, 2. In postnatal period, especially in puberty, the frontal sation of the growth of petro-spheno-occipital complex, in sinus enlargement and remodelling of its frontal surface oc- other words, that a premature synostosis is responsible for cur, which also influence the nasal bone 3. deficient orthocephalization (horizontalization) of the cranial The opinions, that the growth, dimensions and shape base angle in Class III malocclusion. Therefore, the reduced of the cranial base influence the middle face growth have posterior part of the cranial base can be a primary factor in been accepted. Apposition and remodelling of the cranial skeletal Class III etiology. base sutures until the age of 5 affect the growth and posi- Consequently, the shape of cranial base could deter- tion of the maxilla, thus forming the maxillary sagittal po- mine facial profiles and represent the key factor in develop- sition to the cranial base very early. Afterwards, when the ing skeletal class malocclusions. Is this really true since that growth of the cranial base sutures stops, it is replaced by MP is a developmental disorder, which reaches its full mani- the growth of the sutures connecting the maxilla with the festation until after puberty, and the cranial base ossification cranial base, thus moving the maxilla forward and down- occurs in early childhood? wards. According to another theory, the growth of the en- In almost all cephalometric analyses of the neurocranium tire cranial complex gradually decreases from the age of 3– and the viscerocranium, sella turcica (ST) takes a central place. 7 years, when remains active only in the mandibular con- More precisely, the cental point (sella point – S) is a part of dyle, so that the mandible grows smoothly, changing par- many reference planes by which other structures are oriented. tially its sagittal position to the cranial base until general Thus, ST shape, dimensions and position in relation to the sur- somatic growth is completed 4. ronding structures are of great importance. For a long time, Anatomically speaking, the middle face is set in such a authors have had a tendency to determine ST dimensions as pre- way that the maxilla
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Soft Tissue Characteristics and Gender Dimorphism in Class III Malocclusion: a Cephalometric Study in Adult Greeks
    10.1515/bjdm-2017-0028 Y T E I C O S L BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE A ISSN 2335-0245 IC G LO TO STOMA Soft Tissue Characteristics and Gender Dimorphism in Class III Malocclusion: a Cephalometric Study in Adult Greeks SUMMARY Smaragda Kavvadia1, Background/Aim: Class III malocclusion case are considered Sossani Sidiropoulou-Chatzigianni1, 2 1 complex problems associated with unacceptable esthetics. The purpose Georgia Pappa , Eleni Markovitsi , Eleftherios G. Kaklamanos3 of the present study was to assess the characteristics of the soft tissue profile and investigate the possible gender differences in adult Greeks with 1Department of Orthodontics Class III malocclusion. Material and Methods: The material of the study School of Dentistry Faculty of Health Sciences comprised of 57 pretreatment lateral cephalograms of adult patients with Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Class III malocclusion aged 18 to 39 years. Eleven variables were assessed. Thessalonki, Greece The variables were measured and the mean, minimum and maximum and 2Private practice, Greece standard deviations were calculated. Parametric and non-parametric tests 3Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of were used to compare males and females patients. Results: The total sample Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, was characterized by concave skeletal profile. Male patients exhibited Dubai, United Arab Emirates greater nose prominence and superior sulcus depth, longer distance from subnasale to the harmony line, more concave profile, thicker upper lip and larger upper lip strain. Conclusions: Many significant differences were noted in soft tissue characteristics between males and females with skeletal Class III malocclusion, suggesting possible gender dimorphism.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Anterior Crossbite in Skeletal Class III Malocclusion (Case Report)
    Advances in Health Science Research, volume 8 International Dental Conference of Sumatera Utara 2017 (IDCSU 2017) Treatment of Anterior Crossbite in Skeletal Class III Malocclusion (Case Report) Erna Sulistyawati Muslim Yusuf Department of Orthodontics Department of Orthodontics Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, Indonesia Medan, Indonesia Syarwan Resident of Orthodontics Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, Indonesia Abstract–A female patient of 23 years old with skeletal II. CASE REPORT Class III malocclusion (ANB -3°), crossbite anterior, A 23 years old patient came to RSGMP Orthodontic prognated mandible (SNB 90°), proclination of upper clinic on FKG USU with crowded, lower anterior teeth anterior teeth (I : SN 121°), normal inclination of lower position in front of the upper anterior teeth (anterior anterior teeth (I : MP 96°), counter-clockwise rotation crossbite). Extraoral examination revealed a concave mandible (MP:SN 23°). The patient was treated with Edgewise system by protracting upper anterior teeth and facial profile (Figure 1) retracting lower anterior teeth. Progress treatment showed that crowded and discrepancy upper and lower anterior teeth were corrected. After 30 months, the results showed good interditation. Keywords–skeletal class III malocclusion, crossbite anterior, prognated mandible. I. INTRODUCTION Figure 1. Pretreatment facial photos. Anterior crossbite in class III skeletal malocclusion can be easily identified. This condition often found on Intraoral examination showed poor oral hygiene, true and pseudo claass III malocclusion. The ability to poor gingival condition without tooth mobility. identify the type of maloclussion is needed to determine Gingivitis in region 17, 16, 15, 14, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, the treatment plan and to achieve a stable treatment 42, 41, 31, 32, 33, 34 with 36 missing.
    [Show full text]
  • Sagittal Relationship Between the Maxillary Central Incisors and the Forehead in Digital Twins of Korean Adult Females
    Journal of Personalized Medicine Article Sagittal Relationship between the Maxillary Central Incisors and the Forehead in Digital Twins of Korean Adult Females Seoung-Won Cho 1,2,† , Soo-Hwan Byun 1,2,3,† , Sangmin Yi 1,2,3, Won-Seok Jang 1,2, Jong-Cheol Kim 1,4, In-Young Park 2,3,5 and Byoung-Eun Yang 1,2,3,* 1 Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Korea; [email protected] (S.-W.C.); [email protected] (S.-H.B.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (W.-S.J.); [email protected] (J.-C.K.) 2 Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; [email protected] 3 Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea 4 Daegu Mir Dental Hospital, Daegu 41940, Korea 5 Division of Orthodontics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-380-3870; Fax: +82-31-380-1726 † Both authors have contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Objective: Digital twins of adult Korean females were created as a tool to evaluate and compare the sagittal relationship between the maxillary central incisors and the forehead before and after orthodontic treatment. Methods: Digital twins were reconstructed for a total of 50 adult female patients using facial scans and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The anteroposterior position of the maxillary central incisor and the forehead inclination were measured. Results: The control group presented a mean of 6.7 mm for the sagittal position and 17.5◦ for forehead inclination.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationship Between Skeletal Class II and Class III Malocclusions with Vertical Skeletal Pattern
    original article Relationship between skeletal Class II and Class III malocclusions with vertical skeletal pattern Sonia Patricia Plaza1, Andreina Reimpell1, Jaime Silva1, Diana Montoya1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.24.4.063-072.oar Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish the association between sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns and assess which cephalometric variables contribute to the possibility of developing skeletal Class II or Class III malocclusion. Methods: Cross-sec- tional study. The sample included pre-treatment lateral cephalogram radiographs from 548 subjects (325 female, 223 male) aged 18 to 66 years. Sagittal skeletal pattern was established by three different classification parameters (ANB angle, Wits and App-Bpp) and vertical skeletal pattern by SN-Mandibular plane angle. Cephalometric variables were measured using Dolphin software (Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif, USA) by a previously calibrated operator. The statistical analysis was carried out with Chi-square test, ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test, and an ordinal multinomial regression model. Results: Evidence of associa- tion (p < 0.05) between sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns was found with a greater proportion of hyperdivergent skeletal pattern in Class II malocclusion using three parameters to assess the vertical pattern, and there was more prevalent hypodivergence in Class III malocclusion, considering ANB and App-Bpp measurements. Subjects with hyperdivergent skeletal pattern (odds ratio [OR]=1.85- 3.65), maxillary prognathism (OR=2.67-24.88) and mandibular retrognathism (OR=2.57-22.65) had a significantly (p < 0.05) greater chance of developing skeletal Class II malocclusion. Meanwhile, subjects with maxillary retrognathism (OR=2.76-100.59) and man- dibular prognathism (OR=5.92-21.50) had a significantly (p < 0.05) greater chance of developing skeletal Class III malocclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • 3D Cephalometry and Artificial Intelligence
    DOI: 10.1051/odfen/2018117 J Dentofacial Anom Orthod 2016;19:409 © The authors 3D cephalometry and artificial intelligence J. Faure1, A. Oueiss2, J. Treil3, S. Chen4, V. Wong4, J.-M. Inglese4 1 DFO Specialist, University Lecturer and Hospital Practitioner, Private Practice 2 DFO Assistant, Nice. DDS, Dip. Orthodontics (Toulouse III, Anthropobiology) 3 Neuroradiologist (Pasteur Clinic, Toulouse) 4 Research and Development Department, Carestream Health Rochester NY 14608 USA SUMMARY Orthodontists today work more and more in a three-dimensional (3D) universe with cone-beam exam- inations occurring more frequently, now supplemented by digital prints and 3D portraits. So far these documents are used primarily as esthetic imagery; superimposition techniques, issued from geometric morphometrics, allow a pseudoquantified approach. The implementation of true cephalic biometrics requires consideration of the complete craniofacial set at different anatomical levels (alveolodental/basic bone/frame or overall architecture) and in three dimensions. It must lead to a quantified description of the anatomy, dysmorphism, and the necessary therapy to correct it. A parametric approach is needed to choose the landmarking, the definition of the orthogonal refer- ence, the definition, and selection of parameters. Given the number of parameters required for a description without fault, the use of a simple tool with artificial intelligence is inevitable. KEYWORDS 3D cephalometry, 3D biometrics, dental landmarks, bone markers, choice of parameters, artificial intelligence
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Assessment of a Novel Photo‐Anthropometric Landmark‐Positioning Approach for the Analysis of Facial Structures O
    J Forensic Sci, May 2019, Vol. 64, No. 3 doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13935 TECHNICAL NOTE Available online at: onlinelibrary.wiley.com ANTHROPOLOGY Marta R. P. Flores,1 M.Sc.; Carlos E. P. Machado,2 Ph.D.; Matteo D. Gallidabino ,3 Ph.D.; Gustavo H. M. de Arruda,4 Ph.D.; Ricardo H. A. da Silva,5 Ph.D.; Flavio B. de Vidal,6 Ph.D.; and Rodolfo F. H. Melani,1 Ph.D. Comparative Assessment of a Novel Photo-Anthropometric Landmark-Positioning Approach for the Analysis of Facial Structures on Two-Dimensional Images* ABSTRACT: Positioning landmarks in facial photo-anthropometry (FPA) applications remains today a highly variable procedure, as tradi- tional cephalometric definitions are used as guidelines. Herein, a novel landmark-positioning approach, specifically adapted for FPA applica- tions, is introduced and, in particular, assessed against the conventional cephalometric definitions for the analysis of 16 landmarks on ten frontal images by two groups of examiners (with and without professional knowledge of anatomy). Results showed that positioning repro- ducibility was significantly better using the novel method. Indeed, in contrast to the classic approach, very low landmark dispersions were observed for both groups of examiners, which were usually below the strictest clinical standards (i.e., 0.575 mm). Furthermore, the comparison between the two groups of examiners highlighted higher dispersion consistencies, which supported a higher robustness. Thus, the use of an adapted landmark-positioning approach proved to be highly advantageous in FPA analysis and future work in this field should consider adopting similar methodologies. KEYWORDS: forensic science, facial analysis, anthropometry, cephalometry, facial identification, facial image Facial photo-anthropometry (FPA) is the sub-field of physical Since facial measurements have been correlated with several anthropology that deals with the systematic study and measure- individual characteristics, FPA has found large applications in a ment of human facial traits from two-dimensional images (1–3).
    [Show full text]
  • I. Craniometry Technique Used to Measure Dry Skull After Removal of Its Soft Parts
    BASIC OF CRANIOMETRY and CEPHALOMETRY I. Craniometry technique used to measure dry skull after removal of its soft parts II. Cephalometry technique used to measure the head Both are the branches of physical anthropology A landmark on the skull from which craniometric/ cephalometric measurements can be taken are craniometric / cephalometric points Cephalometre I. Cranimetry Points . Unpaired: nasion, glabella, bregma, akanthion, lambda, orale, opisthocranion, basion, staphylion . Binate: pteryon, porion, euryon, zygion, gonion, endomolare orale endomolare staphylion basion bregma glabella lambda nasion opistocranion akanthion gnathion pteryon porion euryon zygion gonion Size of the skull Length: glabella - opisthocranion Width: euryon - euryon High: bregma - basion Size of the face Length: nasion - gnathion Width: zygion - zygion Size of the palatum Width: endomolara - endomolare Length: orale - staphylion Cephalic index the ratio of the maximum width of the head multiplied by 100 divided by its maximum length (i.e., in the horizontal plane, or front to back Dolichocephalic x - 74,9 (long-headed) Mesocephalic 75,0 - 79,9 (medium-headed) Brachycephalic 80,0 - x (short-headed) Facial index the ratio multiplied by 100 of the breadth of the face to its length Leptoprosopic 90,9 - x (long narrow face) Mesoprosopic 85,0 - 89,9 (average width) Euryprosopic x - 84,9 (short broad) Palatomaxillary index the ratio of the length of the hard palate to its breadth multiplied by 100 called also palatomaxillary index Leptostaphylic x - 79,9 (narrow palatum) Mesostaphylic 80,0 - 84,9 (average width) Brachystaphylic 85,0 - x (broad palatum) II. Cephalometry . Is used in dentristy, especially in orthodontics, to gauge the size and special relationships of the teeth, jaws and cranium .
    [Show full text]
  • The Ontogeny of Basicranial Flexion in Children of African and European Ancestry Catarina M
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Anthropology Senior Theses Department of Anthropology Spring 4-24-2019 The Ontogeny of Basicranial Flexion in Children of African and European Ancestry Catarina M. Conran University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Conran, Catarina M., "The Ontogeny of Basicranial Flexion in Children of African and European Ancestry" (2019). Anthropology Senior Theses. Paper 190. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses/190 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ontogeny of Basicranial Flexion in Children of African and European Ancestry Abstract This study examined ontogenetic changes in the cranial base angle in individuals between the ages of 2 and 25 years old. Also, variation in the cranial base angle between males and females, and between blacks and whites was examined. This study was initially conceived as an examination of the spectrum of human variation in the growth and development of the basicranium, as well as its possible correlation to language development. This study was designed to replicate Lieberman and McCarthy’s 1999 examination of the processes of basicranial flexion, with additional consideration of variation by sex and by race. To that end, this study assessed a sample of 39 individuals, composed of 10 black males, 10 black females, 10 white males, and 9 white females. Individuals were drawn from the Krogman Growth Study, a mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional dataset housed at the Penn Museum. A total of 7 cranial base angles were measured, of which 5 were borrowed from Lieberman and McCarthy (designated CBA 1-5), and 2 from Zuckerman (1955) (designated Z1-2), to more thoroughly capture changes in spatial relationships between cranial bones.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION Anthropometry Literally Means the Measurement of Man. It Is Derived from Greek Words, Anrhropos Which Means Man
    INTRODUCTION Anthropometry literally means the measurement of man. It is derived from Greek words, anrhropos which means man and metron which means measure. As an early tool of physical anthropology, it has been used for identification, for the purpose of understanding human physical variation. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human factors (vol. I) narrated that the word Anthropometry was coined by French naturalist Georges Cuvier. In view of the fact that no two individuals are ever alike in all their measurable characters (except perhaps monozygotic twins) and that the later tend to undergo change in varying degrees, hence persons living under different conditions and members of different ethnic groups and the offspring of unions between them frequently present interesting differences in body form and proportions. It is therefore, necessary to have some means of giving quantitative expression to the variations exhibited by such traits. Anthropometry constitutes a means towards this end, The anthropologists are concemed with functional relationships among traits and between traits and the environment. Anthropometry as defined by Juan Comas is a systematized body of techniques for measuring and taking observations on man, his skeleton, the skull, the limbs and trunk etc., as well as the organs, by the most reliable means and scientific methods." HISTORICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The journey of the concept of anthropometry began in the age of early man when they start to fullfill there needs in the pre-historic times. The units of measurement were probably among the earliest tools invented by humankind. It was this concept of measurement which first initiated the ways of comparison between the ecofacts and artifacts, shapes and sizes of inorganic materials like tools and organic materials like plants and animals and later on man began his/her comparison with others in view of morphology, strength of the body, behaviour,etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Accuracy and Reliability of Craniometric Measurements on Lateral Cephalometry and 3D Measurements on CBCT Scans
    Original Article Accuracy and reliability of craniometric measurements on lateral cephalometry and 3D measurements on CBCT scans Bruno Fraza˜o Gribela; Marcos Nadler Gribelb; Diogo Campos Fraza˜oc; James A. McNamara Jrd; Flavio Ricardo Manzie ABSTRACT Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article-pdf/81/1/26/1391179/032210-166_1.pdf by guest on 15 January 2021 Objective: To compare the accuracy of craniometric measurements made on lateral cephalo- grams and on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: Ten fiducial markers were placed on known craniometric landmarks of 25 dry skulls with stable occlusions. CBCT scans and conventional lateral headfilms subsequently were taken of each skull. Direct craniometric measurements were compared with CBCT measurements and with cephalometric measurements using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). All measurements were repeated within a 1-month interval, and intraclass correlations were calculated. Results: No statistically significant difference was noted between CBCT measurements and direct craniometric measurements (mean difference, 0.1 mm). All cephalometric measurements were significantly different statistically from direct craniometric measurements (mean difference, 5 mm). Significant variations among measurements were noted. Some measurements were larger on the lateral cephalogram and some were smaller, but a pattern could be observed: midsagittal measurements were enlarged uniformly, and Co-Gn was changed only slightly; Co-A was always smaller. Conclusion: CBCT craniometric measurements are accurate to a subvoxel size and potentially can be used as a quantitative orthodontic diagnostic tool. Two-dimensional cephalometric norms cannot be readily used for three-dimensional measurements because of differences in measurement accuracy between the two exams.
    [Show full text]
  • Cephalometric Evaluation of Vertical and Anteroposterior Changes Associated with the Use of Bonded Rapid Maxillary Expansion Appliance
    O RIGINAL A RTICLE Cephalometric evaluation of vertical and anteroposterior changes associated with the use of bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance Moara De Rossi*, Maria Bernadete Sasso Stuani**, Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva*** Abstract Introduction: Bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliances have been suggested to control increases in the vertical dimension of the face after rapid maxillary expansion but there is still no consensus in the literature concerning its actual effectiveness. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vertical and anteroposterior cephalometric changes associ- ated with maxillary expansion performed using bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliances. Methods: The sample consisted of 25 children of both genders, aged between 6 and 10 years old, with skeletal posterior crossbite. After maxillary expansion, the expansion appliance itself was used for fixed retention. Were analyzed lateral teleradiographs taken prior to treatment onset and after removal of the expansion appliance. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance did not significantly alter the children’s vertical and anteroposterior cephalometric measurements. Keywords: Bonded rapid maxillary expansion appliance. Rapid maxillary expansion. Cephalometry. INTRODUCTion the maxilla, extrusion and inclination of maxil- Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is a wide- lary and mandibular molars, clockwise rotation ly accepted procedure recommended for the of the mandible, with a resulting increase in fa- correction of maxillary atresia related to poste- cial height and anterior open bite.4,14,15,20,21,26 rior crossbite.7,8 The opening of the midpalatal In 1860, Angell1 reported the first maxillary suture causes increases in maxillary width and expansion case using an appliance with a screw dental arch perimeter, allowing the coordina- placed across the maxilla.
    [Show full text]
  • Dose Optimisation in Contemporary Digital Lateral Cephalometry by Rahul Khiroya Bds Mjdfrcs
    DOSE OPTIMISATION IN CONTEMPORARY DIGITAL LATERAL CEPHALOMETRY BY RAHUL KHIROYA BDS MJDFRCS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS THE DENTAL SCHOOL ST CHAD’S QUEENSWAY BIRMINGHAM B4 6NN OCTOBER 2012 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT AIM To investigate whether health risk may be reduced in a patient population when taking a lateral cephalogram. METHOD A laboratory study to determine the minimum effective radiation dose required to obtain a digital lateral cephalogram capable of being analysed by an on‐screen method within an acceptable degree of clinical error. To survey hospital based orthodontic departments in the West Midlands and use the gathered information to estimate what effective dose patients are being exposed to from lateral cephalometric exposures. RESULTS Using the mean of each of the 10 recruited clinicians’ cephalometric measurements with 95% confidence intervals for the mean defined, cLinically significant error appears not to have affected cephalometric measurements taken from any of the seven lateral cephalograms analysed down to a minimum effective radiation dose of 0.06µSv.
    [Show full text]