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Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Unit XIII Treatment of Abnormal Behavior PD Unit Overview Psychologists work hard to identify the causes and symptoms of psycho- • Evaluate the pros and cons of using operant conditioning logical disorders. But the goal of that hard work is not just identification. principles in therapy. Psychologists hope that such identification of causes and symptoms will • Distinguish the goals and techniques of cognitive therapy and lead to the development of treatments for disorders. The treatments dis- cognitive-behavioral therapy. cussed in this unit cover the gamut of perspectives described throughout • Analyze the goals and benefi ts of group and family therapy. this book. From psychoanalysis to biological therapies, these treatments • Analyze the eff ectiveness of psychotherapy from the perspective highlight the underlying theories of what causes some people to struggle of the client, the clinician, and the outcome. with psychological illness. Some disorders are treated more effectively with certain treatments and not others. Knowledge of all these treatments could • Evaluate which psychotherapies are most eff ective for specifi c help you or someone you care for get the kind of help needed to address disorders. a potential struggle with mental illness. Receiving the right treatment can • Analyze alternative therapies using scientifi c inquiry. make a positive difference in someone’s life. After reading this unit, stu- • Determine the 3 elements shared by all forms of psychotherapy. dents will be able to: • Analyze how culture, gender, and values infl uence the therapist– • Diff erentiate among psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, and an client relationship. eclectic approach to therapy. • Identify some guidelines for selecting a therapist. • Explain the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis and how • Explain the rationale of preventive mental health programs. they’ve been adapted to psychodynamic therapy. • Describe the various drug therapies. • Describe the basic themes of humanistic therapy, specifi cally the • Explain how double-blind studies work to evaluate the goals and techniques of Rogers’ client-centered approach. eff ectiveness of drug therapies. • Contrast behavior therapy with psychodynamic and humanistic • Describe how psychosurgery and brain stimulation techniques therapies. treat disorders. • Describe how exposure therapies and aversive conditioning work. • Analyze how a healthy lifestyle’s eff ect on depression refl ects the • Explain how operant conditioning principles can inform biopsychosocial systems. therapeutic techniques. Alignment to AP® Course Description Topic 13: Treatment of Abnormal Behavior (7–9% of AP® Examination) Module Topic Essential Questions Module 70 Introduction to Therapy • What does it mean to be mentally well? Psychoanalysis and • Can mental illnesses be treated by exploring our unconscious? Psychodynamic Therapy Humanistic Therapies • How important are listening and support to effective therapy? Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Unit XIII 707a MyersPsyAP_TE_2e_U13.indd 1 3/3/14 8:44 AM Module Topic Essential Questions Module 71 Behavior Therapies • How can we unlearn maladaptive behaviors? Cognitive Therapies • How can changing our thoughts change our maladaptive behavior? Group and Family Therapies • How important are family members and other people to effective therapy? Module 72 Evaluating Psychotherapies • How do we know a therapy is effective? Preventing Psychological Disorders • How do we prevent mental illness? Module 73 Drug Therapies • Are drug therapies effective? Brain Stimulation • How does altering the brain’s electrochemistry affect mental health? Psychosurgery • How important to our mental health are different parts of the brain? Therapeutic Lifestyle Change • How important is it to change our lifestyles to promote mental health? Unit Resources Module 70 Module 72 STUDENT ACTIVITIES STUDENT ACTIVITY • Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help • Fact or Falsehood? • Fact or Falsehood? FLIP IT VIDEOS • The Self-Concealment Scale • Evidence-Based Practice: Applying Science to Therapy • Role-Playing to Demonstrate Client-Centered Therapy Module 73 Module 71 MyersAP_SE_2e_Mod70_B.indd 707 1/21/14 9:36 AM STUDENT ACTIVITY STUDENT ACTIVITIES • Fact or Falsehood? • Fact or Falsehood? FLIP IT VIDEO • Practicing Systematic Desensitization • How Drug Therapy Works • Modifying a Phobia • Positive and Negative Symptoms • Frequency of Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire TEACHER DEMONSTRATION • Using Systematic Desensitization to Treat Eraser Phobia FLIP IT VIDEO • Counterconditioning: How It Works 707b Unit XIII Treatment of Abnormal Behavior MyersPsyAP_TE_2e_U13.indd 2 3/3/14 8:44 AM TEACH Unit XIII TRMTRM Common Pitfalls Some of your students may currently be seeing a psychotherapist, coun- Treatment of Abnormal selor, psychiatrist, or clinical psycholo- gist for any number of personal or family issues. Be sensitive to this pos- Behavior sibility as you teach this module. Use Student Activity: Attitudes Modules Toward Seeking Professional Psy- chological Help from the TRM to 70 Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and assess student attitudes toward Humanistic Therapies psychotherapy. 71 Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies 72 Evaluating Psychotherapies and Prevention Strategies 73 The Biomedical Therapies ay Redfi eld Jamison, an award-winning clinical psychologist and world ex- pert on the emotional extremes of bipolar disorder, knows her subject fi rst- K An Unquiet Mind, hand. “For as long as I can remember,” she recalled in “I was frighteningly, although often wonderfully, beholden to moods. Intensely emo- tional as a child, mercurial as a young girl, fi rst severely depressed as an adolescent, and then unrelentingly caught up in the cycles of manic-depressive illness [now known as bipolar disorder] by the time I began my professional life, I became, both by necessity and intellectual inclination, a student of moods” (1995, pp. 4–5). Her life was blessed with times of intense sensitivity and passionate energy. But like her father’s, it was also at times plagued by reckless spending, racing conversation, and sleeplessness, alternating with swings into “the blackest caves of the mind.” Then, “in the midst of utter confusion,” she made a sane and profoundly help- ful decision. Risking professional embarrassment she made an appointment with a therapist, a psychiatrist she would visit weekly for years to come. He kept me alive a thousand times over. He saw me through madness, despair, won- derful and terrible love affairs, disillusionments and triumphs, recurrences of illness, an almost fatal suicide attempt, the death of a man I greatly loved, and the enormous pleasures and aggravations of my professional life. He was very tough, as well 707 MyersAP_SE_2e_Mod70_B.indd 707Pacing Guide 1/21/14 9:36 AM Module Topic Standard Schedule Days Block Schedule Days Module 70 Introduction to Therapy Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy 1 Humanistic Therapies 1 Module 71 Behavior Therapies Cognitive Therapies 1 Group and Family Therapies Module 72 Evaluating Psychotherapies Preventing Psychological Disorders Module 73 Drug Therapies 1 1/2 Brain Stimulation Psychosurgery Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Unit XIII 707 MyersPsyAP_TE_2e_U13.indd 707 3/3/14 8:45 AM 708 Unit XIII Treatment of Abnormal Behavior as very kind, and even though he understood more than anyone how much I felt I was losing—in energy, vivacity, and originality—by taking medication, he never was seduced into losing sight of the overall perspective of how costly, damaging, and life threatening my illness was. Although I went to him to be treated for an illness, he taught me . the total beholdenness of brain to mind and mind to brain (pp. 87–88). “Psychotherapy heals,” Jamison reports. “It makes some sense of the confusion, reins in the terrifying thoughts and feelings, returns some control and hope and possibility from it all.” TEACH TRMTRM Discussion Starter Module 70 Use the Module 70 Fact or Falsehood? activity from the TRM to introduce the Introduction to Therapy, and concepts from this module. Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies ENGAGE Enrichment Module Learning Objectives Image Source RF/Sydney Bourne/Getty Images As noted in Unit XII, Dorothea Dix psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, eclectic 70-1 Discuss how and an began her crusade for the humane approach to therapy differ. treatment of mentally ill patients when she started to tutor inmates at 70-270-2 Discuss the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and describe how they have been adapted in psychodynamic therapy. a women’s prison. Men and women who were mentally ill or disabled were 70-370-3 Identify the basic themes of humanistic therapy, and describe the being housed there with hardened specifi c goals and techniques of Rogers’ client-centered approach. female criminals. Dix advocated for reforms in all existing U.S. states and throughout Europe. he long history of efforts to treat psychological disorders has included a bewildering T mix of harsh and gentle methods. Well-meaning individuals have cut holes in people’s heads and restrained, bled, or “beat the devil” out of them. But they also have given warm baths and massages and placed people in sunny, serene environments. They have ad- ministered drugs and electric shocks. And they have talked with their patients about child- hood experiences, current feelings, and maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. Reformers Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix pushed for gentler, more humane
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